Skip to main content

Pravin Nemade

Savitribai Phule Pune University, Environment Engg, Faculty Member

S. B. Patil College of Engineering, Indapur, Pune, Civil Engineering, Faculty Member

Followers

23

Following

7

Co-author

1

Public Views

Principal and Professor, S. B. Patil College of Engineering, Indapur, Dist: Pune
PhD Civil & Environ from I.I.T., Bombay
M. Tech Civil & Environ. from I.I.T. Kharagpur
B.E. Civil from Pune University
Approved PhD Guide from Pune University in Civil and Environmental Engg
Address: India

less

InterestsView All (7)

Uploads

Papers by Pravin Nemade

Simple electrocoagulation set up using cloth filter for arsenite removal from aqueous solution

Enhancing color and chemical oxygen demand degradation in distillery spent wash by electrocoagulation and ozone assisted electrocoagulation

by manoj wagh and Pravin Nemade

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT

Distillery spent wash (DSW) is a highly complex, cumbersome, and recalcitrant effluent. Treatment... more Distillery spent wash (DSW) is a highly complex, cumbersome, and recalcitrant effluent. Treatment for these DSW's is very difficult and expensive. The present technologies implemented for the industry to remove certain pollutants like COD and color, to safe and acceptable limits for final disposal into surface water or on land and to meet the requirements of regulatory standards. In this context, various methods such as electrocoagulation, ozone assisted electrocoagulation treatments were studied. Pair of Al-Al electrodes degrade the COD by 54.45%, color by 52.35%. Punched aluminum electrodes minimize the COD and color 61.75% and 58.45%, respectively. Continuous EC process degrades the COD and color 94.88% and 78.65%, respectively. Ozone assisted EC Process using conventional electrodes to removes COD and color 72% and 92%, respectively. Ozone assisted punched electrodes enhance the degradation rate of COD and color by 87.2% and 92%, respectively. Continuous ozone assisted EC process with punched electrode remove COD and color 97.27% and 98.72%, respectively. Ozone assisted EC was found more beneficial as compared to plain EC. A pilot plant was designed to treat the complex, cumbersome, recalcitrant, caramelized distillery spent wash, and satisfactory results were obtained which are discussed in result and discussion of this manuscript.

An influence of experimental parameters in the treatment of anaerobically treated distillery spent wash by using ozone assisted electrocoagulation

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT

In the present study post treatment of anaerobically treated distillery spent wash having residua... more In the present study post treatment of anaerobically treated distillery spent wash having residual BOD (5000-15000 mg l-1) and COD (6000-43000 mg l-1) was further treated with electrocoagulation [EC] which was further investigated in the presence of aeration by using a pair of the aluminum plate. Ozone assisted electrocoagulation has been implemented to study the effect of different parameters such as pH, voltage, and electrolysis time on the COD and colour removal efficiency. Oxidation of organic components present in the effluent and sludge were analyzed by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Ozone assisted electrocoagulation process achieved maximum decolourization 92% and COD removal 72% at current density 9.75 A cm-2 , initial COD concentration 3875 mg l-1 having initial pH 7.4 and ozone gas flow rate 2 gm h-1. Carbon-carbon double bond of melanoidin structure started to cleavage due to combined effect of oxidation and ozonolysis which result into reduction in organic compounds. During the process technology energy consumption increased from 0.31 to 8.39 kWh m-3 and electrode consumption increased from 0.0146 to 0.1503 kg Al m-3. The first-order kinetic was studied based up on COD removal and consumption of electrode.

Evaluation of the properties of Red Mud Concrete

Red mud is a waste material generated by the Bayer Process widely used to produce alumina from ba... more Red mud is a waste material generated by the Bayer Process widely used to produce alumina from bauxite throughout the world. The aim of the present research work was to investigate the possibility of replacing the Portland cement by red mud. Because of storing issues, the waste negatively affects the environment. To solve this problem, Portland cement was replaced up to 40 % RM by wt of cement. And evaluating its compressive and splitting tensile strength of red mud concrete. This study examines the effects of red mud on the properties of hardened concrete. The test results show that how its compressive strength & splitting tensile strength decreases with increase red mud content, it is concluded that Optimum percentage of the replacement of cement by weight is found to be 25%.By this percentage replacement we can have strength is equal to the strength of controlled concrete.

Treatment of municipal wastewater using laterite-based constructed soil ﬁlter

The present study reports the performance of municipal wastewater treatment plant located at Mumb... more The present study reports the performance of municipal wastewater treatment plant located at Mumbai, India using laterite soil-based constructed soil filter (CSF) system monitored over 17 months. The results indicated increase in dissolved oxygen levels and reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from 135.4 ± 79.4 to 28.8 ± 19.5 mg/L with first order rate constant (K d) of 0.23 h −1. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) reduced from 92 to less than 10 mg/L with K d of 0.35 h −1 ; suspended solids reduction from mean 188 to 12-18 mg/L and turbidity reduction from mean 140 to 5.0 ± 3.4 NTU. The seasonal data showed 3.2 ± 0.9, 2.8 ± 0.4 and 2.85 ± 1.0 log order removal for total coliform, fecal coliform and heterotrophic plate count, respectively. The unique features of the system include a single unit, low HRT, high hydraulic loading, no chemicals, pretreatment and mechanical aeration, odor free, low energy requirement (0.04 kWh/m 3), and green ambience.

Arsenic and iron removal from water using constructed soil filter-a novel approach

Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2008

... Table 4 shows the natural oxidation of As (III) to As (V). A nearly complete conversion of As... more ... Table 4 shows the natural oxidation of As (III) to As (V). A nearly complete conversion of As(III) to As(V) takes place and further arsenic removal by co ... In all experiments, the residual arsenic in water was found to be &amp;amp;amp;lt;10 µg/l in compliance with WHO drinking water standard. ...

Municipal wastewater treatment using novel constructed soil filter system

Chemosphere, 2008

The study gives a new approach for contaminant removal from municipal wastewater using constructe... more The study gives a new approach for contaminant removal from municipal wastewater using constructed soil filter (CSF) and presents performance of two CSF units located in Mumbai, India. In this system, natural weathered rock is formulated which combines sedimentation, infiltration and biochemical processes to remove suspended solids and oxidisable organics and inorganics of the wastewater. Results show elevated dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, removal of COD (136-205 to 38-40 mg l À1 ) and BOD (80-125 to less than 12 mg l À1 ) suspended solids from 135-203 to 13-18 mg l À1 and turbidity from 84-124 to 8-11 NTU, bacterial removal of 2.4-3.1 log order for Total coliform and Fecal coliform from site I which is almost 8 years old facility, and site II which is 3 years old. Estimated hydraulic retention time of 0.5-1.0 h, hydraulic loading of 0.036-0.047 m 3 m À2 h À1 , no pretreatment, high DO levels in the effluent, no bio-sludge production, no mechanical aeration, low energy requirement (0.04 kW h m À3 ) and green aesthetic ambience are its unique features.

Treatment of municipal wastewater using laterite-based constructed soil filter

Ecological Engineering, 2009

The present study reports the performance of municipal wastewater treatment plant located at Mumb... more The present study reports the performance of municipal wastewater treatment plant located at Mumbai, India using laterite soil-based constructed soil filter (CSF) system monitored over 17 months. The results indicated increase in dissolved oxygen levels and reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from 135.4 ± 79.4 to 28.8 ± 19.5 mg/L with first order rate constant (K d ) of 0.23 h −1 . The bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) reduced from 92 to less than 10 mg/L with K d of 0.35 h −1 ; suspended solids reduction from mean 188 to 12-18 mg/L and turbidity reduction from mean 140 to 5.0 ± 3.4 NTU. The seasonal data showed 3.2 ± 0.9, 2.8 ± 0.4 and 2.85 ± 1.0 log order removal for total coliform, fecal coliform and heterotrophic plate count, respectively. The unique features of the system include a single unit, low HRT, high hydraulic loading, no chemicals, pretreatment and mechanical aeration, odor free, low energy requirement (0.04 kWh/m 3 ), and green ambience.

Wastewater renovation using constructed soil filter (CSF): A novel approach

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009

Constructed soil filter (CSF) also known as Soil Biotechnology (SBT) is a process for water renov... more Constructed soil filter (CSF) also known as Soil Biotechnology (SBT) is a process for water renovation which makes use of formulated media with culture of soil macro-and microorganisms. CSF combines sedimentation, infiltration and biodegradation processes to remove oxidizable organics and inorganics of wastewater in a single facility. Operating experience shows hydraulic loading in the range of 0.05-0.25 m 3 /m 2 h and organic loading up to 200-680 g/m 2 d. The results show increase in dissolved oxygen levels, COD removal (from 352 mg/l to 20 mg/l); BOD removal (from 211 mg/l to 7.0 mg/l); suspended solids removal (from 293 mg/l to 16 mg/l); turbidity reduction (from 145 NTU to 5.3 NTU); iron (from 5 mg/l to 0.3 mg/l); arsenic (from 500 g/l to 10 g/l); total coliform and fecal coliform removal (from 145 × 10 5 to 55 CFU/100 mL and 150 × 10 8 to 110 CFU/100 mL respectively), with desired pathogen levels as per WHO standards, i.e. ≤10 3 CFU/100 mL. CSF reveals advantages such as low HRT (0.5-2.0 h), low energy requirement (0.04 kW h/m 3 ), no pre-treatment, high dissolved oxygen levels in the effluent, no biosludge production, no mechanical aeration and no odor, fish compatible water quality and evergreen ambience.

Residence time distribution and oxygen transfer in a novel constructed soil filter

Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 2010

BACKGROUND: The constructed soil filter (CSF), also known as soil biotechnology is a system for w... more BACKGROUND: The constructed soil filter (CSF), also known as soil biotechnology is a system for water renovation, which makes use of formulated media, culture of soil micro- and macro-organisms, additives and plantation to purify water and wastewater. The process gives benefits in terms of applicability across very small to large scale, natural aeration, absence of moving parts, no biological sludge generation, odor free green aesthetic ambience.RESULTS: Residence time distribution (RTD) studies were carried out using laboratory scale CSF. Pulse potassium bromide tracer tests were carried out to determine RTD, and the Peclet number found to be 9–13 for a 2 m bed, and 2–3 for a 0.30 m bed with oxygen transfer of 0.08 h−1.CONCLUSION: The two-channel dispersion model for flow behavior shows a good fit to the experimental data, indicating a reactor Peclet number 9–13 for a 2 m bed and 2–3 for a 0.3m bed. Oxygen transfer studies carried out using various methods gave an oxygen transfer coefficient of about 0.08 h−1. Wastewater purification studies indicate overall COD removal rate of around 50 mg L−1 h−1, suggesting that highly aerobic conditions are prevalent in the CSF system. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

Removal of iron, arsenic and coliform bacteria from water by novel constructed soil filter system

Ecological Engineering, 2009

The present paper presents results of the study in removal of iron, arsenic and total coliform fr... more The present paper presents results of the study in removal of iron, arsenic and total coliform from drinking water using single-pass constructed soil filter (CSF). Results indicated that arsenic levels ranged from 0.5 to less than 10 g l −1 levels; iron from 5 to less than 0.3 mg l −1 and coliform from 10 −5 to less than 5 CFU/100 ml. The results revealed very high removal efficiency, i.e., over 99% and water quality as per WHO standard.

Pathogen removal from municipal wastewater in Constructed Soil Filter

Ecological Engineering, 2008

Bacterial removal rate constant Pathogen removal a b s t r a c t

Oxidation Wastewater Recycling

Constructed soil filter (CSF) also known as Soil Biotechnology (SBT) is a process for water renov... more Constructed soil filter (CSF) also known as Soil Biotechnology (SBT) is a process for water renovation which makes use of formulated media with culture of soil macro-and microorganisms. CSF combines sedimentation, infiltration and biodegradation processes to remove oxidizable organics and inorganics of wastewater in a single facility. Operating experience shows hydraulic loading in the range of 0.05-0.25 m 3 /m 2 h and organic loading up to 200-680 g/m 2 d. The results show increase in dissolved oxygen levels, COD removal (from 352 mg/l to 20 mg/l); BOD removal (from 211 mg/l to 7.0 mg/l); suspended solids removal (from 293 mg/l to 16 mg/l); turbidity reduction (from 145 NTU to 5.3 NTU); iron (from 5 mg/l to 0.3 mg/l); arsenic (from 500 g/l to 10 g/l); total coliform and fecal coliform removal (from 145 × 10 5 to 55 CFU/100 mL and 150 × 10 8 to 110 CFU/100 mL respectively), with desired pathogen levels as per WHO standards, i.e. ≤10 3 CFU/100 mL. CSF reveals advantages such as low HRT (0.5-2.0 h), low energy requirement (0.04 kW h/m 3 ), no pre-treatment, high dissolved oxygen levels in the effluent, no biosludge production, no mechanical aeration and no odor, fish compatible water quality and evergreen ambience.

Simple electrocoagulation set up using cloth filter for arsenite removal from aqueous solution

Enhancing color and chemical oxygen demand degradation in distillery spent wash by electrocoagulation and ozone assisted electrocoagulation

by manoj wagh and Pravin Nemade

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT

Distillery spent wash (DSW) is a highly complex, cumbersome, and recalcitrant effluent. Treatment... more Distillery spent wash (DSW) is a highly complex, cumbersome, and recalcitrant effluent. Treatment for these DSW's is very difficult and expensive. The present technologies implemented for the industry to remove certain pollutants like COD and color, to safe and acceptable limits for final disposal into surface water or on land and to meet the requirements of regulatory standards. In this context, various methods such as electrocoagulation, ozone assisted electrocoagulation treatments were studied. Pair of Al-Al electrodes degrade the COD by 54.45%, color by 52.35%. Punched aluminum electrodes minimize the COD and color 61.75% and 58.45%, respectively. Continuous EC process degrades the COD and color 94.88% and 78.65%, respectively. Ozone assisted EC Process using conventional electrodes to removes COD and color 72% and 92%, respectively. Ozone assisted punched electrodes enhance the degradation rate of COD and color by 87.2% and 92%, respectively. Continuous ozone assisted EC process with punched electrode remove COD and color 97.27% and 98.72%, respectively. Ozone assisted EC was found more beneficial as compared to plain EC. A pilot plant was designed to treat the complex, cumbersome, recalcitrant, caramelized distillery spent wash, and satisfactory results were obtained which are discussed in result and discussion of this manuscript.

An influence of experimental parameters in the treatment of anaerobically treated distillery spent wash by using ozone assisted electrocoagulation

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT

In the present study post treatment of anaerobically treated distillery spent wash having residua... more In the present study post treatment of anaerobically treated distillery spent wash having residual BOD (5000-15000 mg l-1) and COD (6000-43000 mg l-1) was further treated with electrocoagulation [EC] which was further investigated in the presence of aeration by using a pair of the aluminum plate. Ozone assisted electrocoagulation has been implemented to study the effect of different parameters such as pH, voltage, and electrolysis time on the COD and colour removal efficiency. Oxidation of organic components present in the effluent and sludge were analyzed by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Ozone assisted electrocoagulation process achieved maximum decolourization 92% and COD removal 72% at current density 9.75 A cm-2 , initial COD concentration 3875 mg l-1 having initial pH 7.4 and ozone gas flow rate 2 gm h-1. Carbon-carbon double bond of melanoidin structure started to cleavage due to combined effect of oxidation and ozonolysis which result into reduction in organic compounds. During the process technology energy consumption increased from 0.31 to 8.39 kWh m-3 and electrode consumption increased from 0.0146 to 0.1503 kg Al m-3. The first-order kinetic was studied based up on COD removal and consumption of electrode.

Evaluation of the properties of Red Mud Concrete

Red mud is a waste material generated by the Bayer Process widely used to produce alumina from ba... more Red mud is a waste material generated by the Bayer Process widely used to produce alumina from bauxite throughout the world. The aim of the present research work was to investigate the possibility of replacing the Portland cement by red mud. Because of storing issues, the waste negatively affects the environment. To solve this problem, Portland cement was replaced up to 40 % RM by wt of cement. And evaluating its compressive and splitting tensile strength of red mud concrete. This study examines the effects of red mud on the properties of hardened concrete. The test results show that how its compressive strength & splitting tensile strength decreases with increase red mud content, it is concluded that Optimum percentage of the replacement of cement by weight is found to be 25%.By this percentage replacement we can have strength is equal to the strength of controlled concrete.

Treatment of municipal wastewater using laterite-based constructed soil ﬁlter

The present study reports the performance of municipal wastewater treatment plant located at Mumb... more The present study reports the performance of municipal wastewater treatment plant located at Mumbai, India using laterite soil-based constructed soil filter (CSF) system monitored over 17 months. The results indicated increase in dissolved oxygen levels and reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from 135.4 ± 79.4 to 28.8 ± 19.5 mg/L with first order rate constant (K d) of 0.23 h −1. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) reduced from 92 to less than 10 mg/L with K d of 0.35 h −1 ; suspended solids reduction from mean 188 to 12-18 mg/L and turbidity reduction from mean 140 to 5.0 ± 3.4 NTU. The seasonal data showed 3.2 ± 0.9, 2.8 ± 0.4 and 2.85 ± 1.0 log order removal for total coliform, fecal coliform and heterotrophic plate count, respectively. The unique features of the system include a single unit, low HRT, high hydraulic loading, no chemicals, pretreatment and mechanical aeration, odor free, low energy requirement (0.04 kWh/m 3), and green ambience.

Arsenic and iron removal from water using constructed soil filter-a novel approach

Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2008

... Table 4 shows the natural oxidation of As (III) to As (V). A nearly complete conversion of As... more ... Table 4 shows the natural oxidation of As (III) to As (V). A nearly complete conversion of As(III) to As(V) takes place and further arsenic removal by co ... In all experiments, the residual arsenic in water was found to be &amp;amp;amp;lt;10 µg/l in compliance with WHO drinking water standard. ...

Municipal wastewater treatment using novel constructed soil filter system

Chemosphere, 2008

The study gives a new approach for contaminant removal from municipal wastewater using constructe... more The study gives a new approach for contaminant removal from municipal wastewater using constructed soil filter (CSF) and presents performance of two CSF units located in Mumbai, India. In this system, natural weathered rock is formulated which combines sedimentation, infiltration and biochemical processes to remove suspended solids and oxidisable organics and inorganics of the wastewater. Results show elevated dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, removal of COD (136-205 to 38-40 mg l À1 ) and BOD (80-125 to less than 12 mg l À1 ) suspended solids from 135-203 to 13-18 mg l À1 and turbidity from 84-124 to 8-11 NTU, bacterial removal of 2.4-3.1 log order for Total coliform and Fecal coliform from site I which is almost 8 years old facility, and site II which is 3 years old. Estimated hydraulic retention time of 0.5-1.0 h, hydraulic loading of 0.036-0.047 m 3 m À2 h À1 , no pretreatment, high DO levels in the effluent, no bio-sludge production, no mechanical aeration, low energy requirement (0.04 kW h m À3 ) and green aesthetic ambience are its unique features.

Treatment of municipal wastewater using laterite-based constructed soil filter

Ecological Engineering, 2009

The present study reports the performance of municipal wastewater treatment plant located at Mumb... more The present study reports the performance of municipal wastewater treatment plant located at Mumbai, India using laterite soil-based constructed soil filter (CSF) system monitored over 17 months. The results indicated increase in dissolved oxygen levels and reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from 135.4 ± 79.4 to 28.8 ± 19.5 mg/L with first order rate constant (K d ) of 0.23 h −1 . The bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) reduced from 92 to less than 10 mg/L with K d of 0.35 h −1 ; suspended solids reduction from mean 188 to 12-18 mg/L and turbidity reduction from mean 140 to 5.0 ± 3.4 NTU. The seasonal data showed 3.2 ± 0.9, 2.8 ± 0.4 and 2.85 ± 1.0 log order removal for total coliform, fecal coliform and heterotrophic plate count, respectively. The unique features of the system include a single unit, low HRT, high hydraulic loading, no chemicals, pretreatment and mechanical aeration, odor free, low energy requirement (0.04 kWh/m 3 ), and green ambience.

Wastewater renovation using constructed soil filter (CSF): A novel approach

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009

Constructed soil filter (CSF) also known as Soil Biotechnology (SBT) is a process for water renov... more Constructed soil filter (CSF) also known as Soil Biotechnology (SBT) is a process for water renovation which makes use of formulated media with culture of soil macro-and microorganisms. CSF combines sedimentation, infiltration and biodegradation processes to remove oxidizable organics and inorganics of wastewater in a single facility. Operating experience shows hydraulic loading in the range of 0.05-0.25 m 3 /m 2 h and organic loading up to 200-680 g/m 2 d. The results show increase in dissolved oxygen levels, COD removal (from 352 mg/l to 20 mg/l); BOD removal (from 211 mg/l to 7.0 mg/l); suspended solids removal (from 293 mg/l to 16 mg/l); turbidity reduction (from 145 NTU to 5.3 NTU); iron (from 5 mg/l to 0.3 mg/l); arsenic (from 500 g/l to 10 g/l); total coliform and fecal coliform removal (from 145 × 10 5 to 55 CFU/100 mL and 150 × 10 8 to 110 CFU/100 mL respectively), with desired pathogen levels as per WHO standards, i.e. ≤10 3 CFU/100 mL. CSF reveals advantages such as low HRT (0.5-2.0 h), low energy requirement (0.04 kW h/m 3 ), no pre-treatment, high dissolved oxygen levels in the effluent, no biosludge production, no mechanical aeration and no odor, fish compatible water quality and evergreen ambience.

Residence time distribution and oxygen transfer in a novel constructed soil filter

Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 2010

BACKGROUND: The constructed soil filter (CSF), also known as soil biotechnology is a system for w... more BACKGROUND: The constructed soil filter (CSF), also known as soil biotechnology is a system for water renovation, which makes use of formulated media, culture of soil micro- and macro-organisms, additives and plantation to purify water and wastewater. The process gives benefits in terms of applicability across very small to large scale, natural aeration, absence of moving parts, no biological sludge generation, odor free green aesthetic ambience.RESULTS: Residence time distribution (RTD) studies were carried out using laboratory scale CSF. Pulse potassium bromide tracer tests were carried out to determine RTD, and the Peclet number found to be 9–13 for a 2 m bed, and 2–3 for a 0.30 m bed with oxygen transfer of 0.08 h−1.CONCLUSION: The two-channel dispersion model for flow behavior shows a good fit to the experimental data, indicating a reactor Peclet number 9–13 for a 2 m bed and 2–3 for a 0.3m bed. Oxygen transfer studies carried out using various methods gave an oxygen transfer coefficient of about 0.08 h−1. Wastewater purification studies indicate overall COD removal rate of around 50 mg L−1 h−1, suggesting that highly aerobic conditions are prevalent in the CSF system. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

Removal of iron, arsenic and coliform bacteria from water by novel constructed soil filter system

Ecological Engineering, 2009

The present paper presents results of the study in removal of iron, arsenic and total coliform fr... more The present paper presents results of the study in removal of iron, arsenic and total coliform from drinking water using single-pass constructed soil filter (CSF). Results indicated that arsenic levels ranged from 0.5 to less than 10 g l −1 levels; iron from 5 to less than 0.3 mg l −1 and coliform from 10 −5 to less than 5 CFU/100 ml. The results revealed very high removal efficiency, i.e., over 99% and water quality as per WHO standard.

Pathogen removal from municipal wastewater in Constructed Soil Filter

Ecological Engineering, 2008

Bacterial removal rate constant Pathogen removal a b s t r a c t

Oxidation Wastewater Recycling

Constructed soil filter (CSF) also known as Soil Biotechnology (SBT) is a process for water renov... more Constructed soil filter (CSF) also known as Soil Biotechnology (SBT) is a process for water renovation which makes use of formulated media with culture of soil macro-and microorganisms. CSF combines sedimentation, infiltration and biodegradation processes to remove oxidizable organics and inorganics of wastewater in a single facility. Operating experience shows hydraulic loading in the range of 0.05-0.25 m 3 /m 2 h and organic loading up to 200-680 g/m 2 d. The results show increase in dissolved oxygen levels, COD removal (from 352 mg/l to 20 mg/l); BOD removal (from 211 mg/l to 7.0 mg/l); suspended solids removal (from 293 mg/l to 16 mg/l); turbidity reduction (from 145 NTU to 5.3 NTU); iron (from 5 mg/l to 0.3 mg/l); arsenic (from 500 g/l to 10 g/l); total coliform and fecal coliform removal (from 145 × 10 5 to 55 CFU/100 mL and 150 × 10 8 to 110 CFU/100 mL respectively), with desired pathogen levels as per WHO standards, i.e. ≤10 3 CFU/100 mL. CSF reveals advantages such as low HRT (0.5-2.0 h), low energy requirement (0.04 kW h/m 3 ), no pre-treatment, high dissolved oxygen levels in the effluent, no biosludge production, no mechanical aeration and no odor, fish compatible water quality and evergreen ambience.