In dit nummer van Acta Neerlandica worden enkele artikels gepubliceerd, die wij tijdens het Regio... more In dit nummer van Acta Neerlandica worden enkele artikels gepubliceerd, die wij tijdens het Regionaal Colloquium als lezing hebben gehoord. Door het hoge aantal ingestuurde teksten heeft de redactie besloten in dit nummer alleen de lezingen in artikelvorm af te drukken die in de sessie cultuur en literatuur mochten worden beluisterd. Hiernaast zijn er in dit nummer ook enkele artikels die niet door deelnemers van het colloquium werden geschreven. De lezingen in artikelvorm die in de sessie taalkunde werden gegeven, komen in het volgende nummer van Acta Neerlandica uit.
The Peregrination of Hungarian Students to
the University of Leiden (1595-1796)
The first un... more The Peregrination of Hungarian Students to
the University of Leiden (1595-1796)
The first universities of Europe were founded between the 11th and 13th centuries, they stood under the authority of the Church, and formed the literate layer of intellectuals of the era.
As in Hungary, despite the several attempts no firm-footed university existed until the foundation of the University of Nagyszombat, the Hungarian youth continued their studies in Western European (Bologna, Paris), later in East-Central European insitutions.
The spreading of the doctrines of Reformation in the early Modern Age gave impetus to a new wave of founding universities in the German, Dutch, Swiss and Scandinavian territories which had already turned Protestant. Protestant Hungarian students primarily chose the German universites as their destination up to the end of the 16th century. However, after the expulsion of Calvinists from Wittenberg took place, and the possibilites to study at German universities also diminished due to the Thirty Years’ War, numerous Hungarian students wound up in the Dutch Protestant universities.
When writing this dissertation, my primary aim was to present the peregrination of Hungarian students who studied at the University of Leiden in the period between 1595 and 1796. When compiling the corpus of names, each and every student was taken into account who got into any kind of connection with the university: was enrolled, or mentioned as a student in the university sources, was presumably a student on the basis of secondary sources, etc. In order to establish the students’ place of origin, I made use of the theory of the Peregrination Research Group of Eötvös Lóránd University, according to which everybody who came from territories within the boundaries of Historical Hungary counted as Hungarian, and in two instances even this circle was widened due to provable Hungarian origins. The temporal limits of this study were created by the provable appearance of the first Hungarian student, and the departure of the last Hungarian student in the 18th century — I chose to ignore the nineteenth century here due to the insignificant number of students.
In my study I attempted to focus on the various phases of peregrination of the Hungarian students at one university. The preparation started back in Hungary, the students had to face a number of requirements — personal and material conditions —, but the sender institution, the Church as well as the State had its stipulations prior to setting out. They could finally set off after a usually rather period of preparation. How long did their voyage last, what itinerary did they take, what costs did they have to cover throughout their voyage — these are all crucial questions from the perspective of my research. I feel it important to emphasize that due to the scope of this study, it was possible to keep track of students only until they arrived in Leiden, regardless of whether they went there directly from Hungary, or they wound up in Leiden after transferring from another university. Upon their arrival they usually signed in at the university: the total number of all the students who studied at Leiden can be estimated to be 655; based on registration and attendance files, and the previously-mentioned primary and secondary sources. The next three chapters of the dissertation scrutinize the time they spent in Leiden: the students’ everyday lives (accomodation, meals, clothing, social life), provisions at the university (scholarship positions in Staten College, sick care, funerals, university privileges, jurisdiction, etc.), their studies and scholarly activities.
To sum up and and give a final conclusion, it can be said that the success of Leiden is not to be measured numerically, as it was not the Dutch university where most Hungarian students attended. The success of the university can be explained with three factors.
Partly, it derived from the role it played in Hungarian culture and academia, as many Hungarian intellectuals had the chance to study from the most distinguished theologians, physicians, philosophers, legal experts of the age, whose works and theories reached the Hungarian intellectual life with the transmission of the students who studied there.
Secondly, the provisions offered by the university which were not directly related to studying, mainly the scholarships offered in Staten College, secured the excellent renown of the university in the Hungarian intellectual circles. Finally, the ”liberal spirit” of the institution, enabled those who were not members of the Reformed Church to study at the university everything other than theology. That is how most catholics, evangelicals and unitarians studied at this university.
By the 19th century Leiden — similarly to other Dutch universities — lost its importance in the peregrination of Hungarians, and until the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, no considerable number of students wound up in Leiden.
Kötetünk két kevésbé ismert nyelv, a holland és a magyar, valamint az ezekhez tartozó három kultú... more Kötetünk két kevésbé ismert nyelv, a holland és a magyar, valamint az ezekhez tartozó három kultúra, a hollandiai holland, a belgiumi flamand és a magyar találkozásairól szól. Mit találtak a magyar értelmiségiek érdekesnek, értékesnek, kölcsönzésre érdemesnek a holland nyelvű kultúrából? A magyar kultúra mely részeiről gondolkodott hasonlóan a holland anyanyelvű értelmiség? Mi módon zajlott a kulturális transzfer 1700 kilométer távolságból a tizenhetedik századtól egészen napjainkig? A téma kapcsán ismertebb talán az a tény, hogy a kora újkorban számos magyar diák tanult a híres németalföldi egyetemeken. Ők elsősorban tudást és könyveket importáltak hazájukba, s gyakran e megszerzett tudást tanárként továbbadták, a könyveket lefordították. Ez a tevékenység elsősorban a teológia, az orvos- és jogtudomány területén hozott megújulást Magyarországon. Jelen kötet mindenekelőtt a szépirodalmi transzfer kérdéseit járja körül, s ez nem csekély módszertani kihívás elé állította a kötet szerzőit és szerkesztőit. Hogyan lehet egy olyan irodalomról írni, amely a számos fordítás ellenére mind a mai napig javarészt ismeretlen a magyar olvasóközönség és a tudományos köztudat számára? A választ az egyes tanulmányok adják meg, amelyekben a két irodalom közvetítői állnak a középpontban: elsősorban műfordítók, kiadói és lapszerkesztők, utazók, színházi adaptációk készítői és rendezői, olyanok, akik rendszerint kimaradnak az irodalomtörténetekből, és ezért a kulturális emlékezetből is kihullanak.
Alexander Salonthay de Salontha was a Hungarian solder who came to the Netehelands in the 18th ce... more Alexander Salonthay de Salontha was a Hungarian solder who came to the Netehelands in the 18th century. After a dispute with his superior, he was sent to the Dutch colony of Suriname as punishment. He spent 9 years there, held various military ranks, became a plantation supervisor and later became a plantation man himself. On his return to the Netherlands, he obtained a doctorate in law from the University of Harderwijk, married a girl from Nijmegen and became a citizen of the city. He owned a house and a farm in Hees (then on the outskirts of Nijmegen) and bought the manor of Kessel, and also acquired the title of baron. As a planter, he was very interested in planting and optimum management of plantations, on which his writings have survived. In Nijmegen, he was buried in the family tomb he bought in the Petruskerk.
Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies, 2024
At the end of the seventeenth century, following the retreat of the Ottoman Empire from the regio... more At the end of the seventeenth century, following the retreat of the Ottoman Empire from the region, the whole of the Kingdom of Hungary came under the jurisdiction of the Catholic Habsburgs, who introduced a number of measures that restricted the rights of Protestants. One of these measures affected the city ministers and the professors of the Reformed College in Debrecen, when they were forbidden by the Chamber of Szepes to have their salaries financed by the city. In such a situation, the leaders of the college had to seek financial help from Protestant-friendly countries such as Switzerland, the Netherlands, and England. Drawing on primary sources available in the Archives of the Reformed Church District of Tiszántúl, the aim of this paper is to present the history of the financial aid the Reformed College received mainly from England (and to some extent Ireland and Scotland) from the seventeenth century to the end of the twentieth century with a focus on how the money was collected and how it was transferred to Hungary. (RB)
Imre Forró, a theology student from Debrecen, studied at Utrecht University in the 1930s with a s... more Imre Forró, a theology student from Debrecen, studied at Utrecht University in the 1930s with a scholarship from the Stipendium Bernardinum. Several sources about his studies abroad have survived. Some of them are kept in the archives of the Reformed Church District of Tiszántúl, others are in the family archives. The sources allow us to reconstruct the life of the former student abroad. We know with which professor he studied and took his exams, where he lived, with whom he made friends, which associations (International Students' Club, Voetius Reformed Theologians' Association) he was a member of. Forró was the first to start a systematic, source-level investigation of the Franeker peregrination, but (due to illness and unfounded accusations of plagiarism) he was only able to continue this after his retirement.
Het dagboek en alba amicorum van Sámuel Cseh-Szombathy, 2022
In this paper I have analysed the itinerary of Sámuel Cseh-Szombathy, a former student of the Ref... more In this paper I have analysed the itinerary of Sámuel Cseh-Szombathy, a former student of the Reformed College of Debrecen. After having finished his studies in Göttingen and Vienna, he started with a journey in 1790 through Southern German cities, the Dutch Republic, England and finally France. During his journey he wrote an itinerary where he made a record of his costs and what he as a medical doctor found interesting: hospitals, madhouses, natural history collections and of course the most important medical personalities of his time. My main questions are: How unique is this itinerary and how well does it fit in the Hungarian tradition of itineraries of the Early Modern Time?
Bozzay Réka Cseh-szombathy sámuel utazása naplója és album amiCorumai tükrében Hollandiába tartó ... more Bozzay Réka Cseh-szombathy sámuel utazása naplója és album amiCorumai tükrében Hollandiába tartó magyar peregrinusok gyakran írtak utazásuk idején naplót. Ebben többször feljegyezték élményeiket, költségeiket, illetve azokat a látnivalókat, melyekre utazásuk közben bukkantak. Kutatásom egy nagyobb projekt része, amelyben a 18. században Nyugat-Európában tanult magyar peregrinusok naplóit szeretnénk kiadni bevezetővel és kommentárokkal ellátva. A naplót és a két album amicorumot, 1 melyeket itt bemutatok, a Debreceni Református Kollégium Nagykönyvtárában őrzik. Arra keresem a választ, hogy ez a napló mennyiben tekinthető egyedinek, illetve mennyiben folytatja a magyar peregrinációs útinaplók hagyományait. Másik fontos kérdésem, hogy költségleíró részéből milyen következtetések vonhatóak le a korabeli ár-bér viszonyokra és kiadásokra vonatkozóan. Cseh-szombathy élete és tanulmányai A napló és a két album amicorum tulajdonosa Cseh-Szombathy Sámuel. Fiatal éveit tekintve nagy a bizonytalanság, mindazt, amit tudunk róla, a beiratkozási és a levéltári dokumentumokból tudjuk. Révkomáromban látta meg a napvilágot, születése időpontjáról két adatunk van: A göttingeni beiratkozása szerint 1757. szeptember 4-én, 2 míg a göttingeni szabadkőműves páholyhoz (Augusta zum goldenen Zirkel) csatlakozása szerint 1763. szeptember 10-én született. 3 Iskoláit Komáromban 4 és talán Pozsonyban végezte, 5 de ez utóbbira vonatkozóan nem találtam beiratkozási adatot. A Debreceni Református Kollégium matrikulája szerint 1776. április 25-én írták be a nevét a tógátus diákok közé, innen feltehetőleg 1783 októberében távozott. 6 Talán valóban elhagyta a kollégiumot és esetleg rektóriára ment, de erről nincsenek biztos adataink. Két és fél évvel később, 1786. április
Debrecen városában az 1831-ben behurcolt kolera nagy pusztítást végzett, a lakosság majd 7,5%-a v... more Debrecen városában az 1831-ben behurcolt kolera nagy pusztítást végzett, a lakosság majd 7,5%-a vesztette életét a járványban. Gyógymódot még nem ismertek a kortársak, ezért megelőző intézkedésekkel (lezárások, karantén) próbálták útját állni a járvány terjedésének. Már a betegség híre nyugtalansággal töltötte el a professzorokat, akik a várostól igyekeztek a legfrissebb híreket beszerezni. Sokáig ellenálltak az iskola bezárásának, de amikor a járvány július végén elkezdte szedni halálos áldozatait a városban, mégis kénytelenek voltak lépni. A diákság jelentős része már korábban elhagyta az iskolát, akik viszont maradtak, azokról a professzorok gondoskodtak. A járványhelyzet romlásával felmerült a város részéről annak a gondolata is, hogy a kollégiumot kórházzá alakítják át, de végül a professzorok és a kollégiumi főgondnok tiltakozása következtében ettől elálltak. Az iskolai rend végül csak a késő őszre állta helyre. Az 1866-os lokális járvány idején csak rövid időre halasztották e...
After the victory of the Ottomans in Mohács, a long war started for the Hungarian throne
which le... more After the victory of the Ottomans in Mohács, a long war started for the Hungarian throne which led to the division of Hungary into three parts. János Zsigmond, the son of the king of Hungary and Isabella of Poland became the prince of the Principality of Transylvania, being also a vassal of Sultan Suleiman II. There were three nations in the Principality (Hungarians, Szeklers, Saxons). They formed ethnic groups and estates. In the 16th century some of them converted to protestant religions, some of them remained catholic. Religious questions were discussed on the Diet ruled by the humanist prince János Zsigmond. In this paper I give an overview of the different bills which ensured the status quo among the different protestant religions and the Catholics.
Research into the cultural history of wine proves that the demand for Hungarian
wine in Europe wa... more Research into the cultural history of wine proves that the demand for Hungarian wine in Europe was very high from the Middle Ages onwards. The transport of wine to distant regions was not always possible in the Middle Ages, because if it was not stored properly, the wine could spoil. This may explain why the volume of wine export to the Low Countries did not even come close to the volume of wine export to neighbouring areas. The wine industry in Hungary was probably established in the Middle Ages by settlers who spoke Romance languages and came from the Low Countries. Despite the fact that the settlers from the Low Countries played a very important role in setting up the wine industry, Hungarian wine found its market in the Low Countries only very slowly. At the court of Mary of Hungary, Hungarian wine was often and gladly consumed. In the 17th and 18th centuries, German and Austrian merchants established trade contacts with the Low Countries and brought Hungarian wine to the Netherlands. The transport costs, the tolls and the great geographical distance did not make it possible to distribute Hungarian wine in large volumes in the Low Countries, and so the wine export from Hungary to the Netherlands remained a curiosity.
HOLLAND EGYETEMEK HATÁSA A 17–18. SZÁZADI MAGYAR ORVOSLÁS KULTÚRTÖRTÉNETÉBEN, 2015
TH AND 18 TH CENTURIES. 97 students are known who were registered as a student of medicine at Dut... more TH AND 18 TH CENTURIES. 97 students are known who were registered as a student of medicine at Dutch universities in the Early Modern Age. he basic subjects of medical training, botany and anatomy, were met by the universities and clinical education was also introduced. Hungarian students disputed and defended doctoral theses in the Netherlands under inluence of the newest philosophical and medical theories. After having inished their medical training abroad, they became doctors of towns and provinces in their home country. Some of them continued writing scientiic works or translated works of famous European doctors. he work of the most inluential Dutch medical doctor, Hermann Boerhaave was continued by his students in Vienna and Hun-gary, too. His name also appeared in literary works of the 18 th century. A kora újkori holland egyetemeket elsősorban a magyar református lelkészeket képző intézményekként tartjuk számon, amit az egyetemeken regisztrált diákok beiratkozá-si adatai meg is erősítenek. Ha azonban nemcsak a puszta számadatokat vizsgáljuk, hanem annak is utánajárunk, hogy a holland egyetemek milyen hatást gyakoroltak a magyar szellemi életre a korai újkorban, már sokkal árnyaltabb képet kapunk. Tanul-mányomban arra keresem a választ, hogy a holland egyetemi oktatás és különösen egy jelentős 18. századi holland orvos és az ő tanítványai hogyan befolyásolták a magyar orvosi gondolkodást és oktatást. A középkorban orvosi gyakorlatot nemcsak egyetemen képzett orvosok, hanem borbélyok, sebészek, bábák stb. is folytattak. 1 Az első akadémiai képzésben részesült medikusok főleg Itáliában tanultak, 2 majd a 14-15. századi közép-európai egyetemala-pításokat követően Bécsben is. 3 Az egyetemi szintű orvosi oktatás Magyarországon csak 1769-ben indult el, amikor a Helytartótanács engedélyezte a nagyszombati egyetemen orvosi fakultás felállítását. 4
A debreceni egyetem 1925-ben a magyarországi gyermekmentő akció két protestáns szervezőjének, a s... more A debreceni egyetem 1925-ben a magyarországi gyermekmentő akció két protestáns szervezőjének, a svájci Carl Irletnek és a holland báró Willem Carel Adrien van Vredenburchnek adományozott honoris causa címet. Varga Zsigmond teológus professzor méltatásában kifejtette, mekkora szerepe volt Irlet lelkésznek a mentőakció megszervezésében és koordinálásában, milyen fontos szerepük volt a Svájcba került gyerekeknek a magyarságkép politikai és nemzetgazdasági alakításában. Irlet kitüntetését Horthy Miklós kormányzó és Klebelsberg Kunó vallás-és közoktatásügyi miniszter hagyta jóvá. Kulcsszavak: Debreceni Magyar Királyi Tudományegyetem, svájci gyermekmentő akció, Carl Irlet, honoris causa doktor Keywords: Hungarian Royal University of Debrecen, Child relief Action in Switzerland, Carl Irlet, doctor honoris causa Az első világháborút követően több ország is fogadott be nehéz sorsú magyar gyer-mekeket, különösen nagy számban kerültek Hollandiába, Belgiumba és Svájcba ma-gyar fiatalok. A gyermeküdültetési akció sikerét követően a debreceni egyetem két külföldi közéleti személynek adományozott honoris causa doktori címet magyar gye-rekek nyaraltatásáért: Carl Irlet berni lelkésznek a svájci, és Willem Carel Adrien van Vredenburch bárónak a hollandiai gyermeküdültetés megszervezéséért. 1 Sem Irlet, sem Van Vredenburch báró nem járt korábban Debrecenben, az egyetemmel mint tudomá-nyos műhellyel pedig egyáltalán nem volt kapcsolatuk. A forrásokból úgy tűnik, hogy a magyarországi protestáns közösség előtt széles körben ismert volt a gyermeküdültetési 1 Van Vredenburchről lásd részletesebben Bozzay Réka, "Holland díszdoktorok a debreceni egyetemen a két világháború között", Gerundium 10, 1. sz. (2019): 66-73.
In dit nummer van Acta Neerlandica worden enkele artikels gepubliceerd, die wij tijdens het Regio... more In dit nummer van Acta Neerlandica worden enkele artikels gepubliceerd, die wij tijdens het Regionaal Colloquium als lezing hebben gehoord. Door het hoge aantal ingestuurde teksten heeft de redactie besloten in dit nummer alleen de lezingen in artikelvorm af te drukken die in de sessie cultuur en literatuur mochten worden beluisterd. Hiernaast zijn er in dit nummer ook enkele artikels die niet door deelnemers van het colloquium werden geschreven. De lezingen in artikelvorm die in de sessie taalkunde werden gegeven, komen in het volgende nummer van Acta Neerlandica uit.
The Peregrination of Hungarian Students to
the University of Leiden (1595-1796)
The first un... more The Peregrination of Hungarian Students to
the University of Leiden (1595-1796)
The first universities of Europe were founded between the 11th and 13th centuries, they stood under the authority of the Church, and formed the literate layer of intellectuals of the era.
As in Hungary, despite the several attempts no firm-footed university existed until the foundation of the University of Nagyszombat, the Hungarian youth continued their studies in Western European (Bologna, Paris), later in East-Central European insitutions.
The spreading of the doctrines of Reformation in the early Modern Age gave impetus to a new wave of founding universities in the German, Dutch, Swiss and Scandinavian territories which had already turned Protestant. Protestant Hungarian students primarily chose the German universites as their destination up to the end of the 16th century. However, after the expulsion of Calvinists from Wittenberg took place, and the possibilites to study at German universities also diminished due to the Thirty Years’ War, numerous Hungarian students wound up in the Dutch Protestant universities.
When writing this dissertation, my primary aim was to present the peregrination of Hungarian students who studied at the University of Leiden in the period between 1595 and 1796. When compiling the corpus of names, each and every student was taken into account who got into any kind of connection with the university: was enrolled, or mentioned as a student in the university sources, was presumably a student on the basis of secondary sources, etc. In order to establish the students’ place of origin, I made use of the theory of the Peregrination Research Group of Eötvös Lóránd University, according to which everybody who came from territories within the boundaries of Historical Hungary counted as Hungarian, and in two instances even this circle was widened due to provable Hungarian origins. The temporal limits of this study were created by the provable appearance of the first Hungarian student, and the departure of the last Hungarian student in the 18th century — I chose to ignore the nineteenth century here due to the insignificant number of students.
In my study I attempted to focus on the various phases of peregrination of the Hungarian students at one university. The preparation started back in Hungary, the students had to face a number of requirements — personal and material conditions —, but the sender institution, the Church as well as the State had its stipulations prior to setting out. They could finally set off after a usually rather period of preparation. How long did their voyage last, what itinerary did they take, what costs did they have to cover throughout their voyage — these are all crucial questions from the perspective of my research. I feel it important to emphasize that due to the scope of this study, it was possible to keep track of students only until they arrived in Leiden, regardless of whether they went there directly from Hungary, or they wound up in Leiden after transferring from another university. Upon their arrival they usually signed in at the university: the total number of all the students who studied at Leiden can be estimated to be 655; based on registration and attendance files, and the previously-mentioned primary and secondary sources. The next three chapters of the dissertation scrutinize the time they spent in Leiden: the students’ everyday lives (accomodation, meals, clothing, social life), provisions at the university (scholarship positions in Staten College, sick care, funerals, university privileges, jurisdiction, etc.), their studies and scholarly activities.
To sum up and and give a final conclusion, it can be said that the success of Leiden is not to be measured numerically, as it was not the Dutch university where most Hungarian students attended. The success of the university can be explained with three factors.
Partly, it derived from the role it played in Hungarian culture and academia, as many Hungarian intellectuals had the chance to study from the most distinguished theologians, physicians, philosophers, legal experts of the age, whose works and theories reached the Hungarian intellectual life with the transmission of the students who studied there.
Secondly, the provisions offered by the university which were not directly related to studying, mainly the scholarships offered in Staten College, secured the excellent renown of the university in the Hungarian intellectual circles. Finally, the ”liberal spirit” of the institution, enabled those who were not members of the Reformed Church to study at the university everything other than theology. That is how most catholics, evangelicals and unitarians studied at this university.
By the 19th century Leiden — similarly to other Dutch universities — lost its importance in the peregrination of Hungarians, and until the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, no considerable number of students wound up in Leiden.
Kötetünk két kevésbé ismert nyelv, a holland és a magyar, valamint az ezekhez tartozó három kultú... more Kötetünk két kevésbé ismert nyelv, a holland és a magyar, valamint az ezekhez tartozó három kultúra, a hollandiai holland, a belgiumi flamand és a magyar találkozásairól szól. Mit találtak a magyar értelmiségiek érdekesnek, értékesnek, kölcsönzésre érdemesnek a holland nyelvű kultúrából? A magyar kultúra mely részeiről gondolkodott hasonlóan a holland anyanyelvű értelmiség? Mi módon zajlott a kulturális transzfer 1700 kilométer távolságból a tizenhetedik századtól egészen napjainkig? A téma kapcsán ismertebb talán az a tény, hogy a kora újkorban számos magyar diák tanult a híres németalföldi egyetemeken. Ők elsősorban tudást és könyveket importáltak hazájukba, s gyakran e megszerzett tudást tanárként továbbadták, a könyveket lefordították. Ez a tevékenység elsősorban a teológia, az orvos- és jogtudomány területén hozott megújulást Magyarországon. Jelen kötet mindenekelőtt a szépirodalmi transzfer kérdéseit járja körül, s ez nem csekély módszertani kihívás elé állította a kötet szerzőit és szerkesztőit. Hogyan lehet egy olyan irodalomról írni, amely a számos fordítás ellenére mind a mai napig javarészt ismeretlen a magyar olvasóközönség és a tudományos köztudat számára? A választ az egyes tanulmányok adják meg, amelyekben a két irodalom közvetítői állnak a középpontban: elsősorban műfordítók, kiadói és lapszerkesztők, utazók, színházi adaptációk készítői és rendezői, olyanok, akik rendszerint kimaradnak az irodalomtörténetekből, és ezért a kulturális emlékezetből is kihullanak.
Alexander Salonthay de Salontha was a Hungarian solder who came to the Netehelands in the 18th ce... more Alexander Salonthay de Salontha was a Hungarian solder who came to the Netehelands in the 18th century. After a dispute with his superior, he was sent to the Dutch colony of Suriname as punishment. He spent 9 years there, held various military ranks, became a plantation supervisor and later became a plantation man himself. On his return to the Netherlands, he obtained a doctorate in law from the University of Harderwijk, married a girl from Nijmegen and became a citizen of the city. He owned a house and a farm in Hees (then on the outskirts of Nijmegen) and bought the manor of Kessel, and also acquired the title of baron. As a planter, he was very interested in planting and optimum management of plantations, on which his writings have survived. In Nijmegen, he was buried in the family tomb he bought in the Petruskerk.
Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies, 2024
At the end of the seventeenth century, following the retreat of the Ottoman Empire from the regio... more At the end of the seventeenth century, following the retreat of the Ottoman Empire from the region, the whole of the Kingdom of Hungary came under the jurisdiction of the Catholic Habsburgs, who introduced a number of measures that restricted the rights of Protestants. One of these measures affected the city ministers and the professors of the Reformed College in Debrecen, when they were forbidden by the Chamber of Szepes to have their salaries financed by the city. In such a situation, the leaders of the college had to seek financial help from Protestant-friendly countries such as Switzerland, the Netherlands, and England. Drawing on primary sources available in the Archives of the Reformed Church District of Tiszántúl, the aim of this paper is to present the history of the financial aid the Reformed College received mainly from England (and to some extent Ireland and Scotland) from the seventeenth century to the end of the twentieth century with a focus on how the money was collected and how it was transferred to Hungary. (RB)
Imre Forró, a theology student from Debrecen, studied at Utrecht University in the 1930s with a s... more Imre Forró, a theology student from Debrecen, studied at Utrecht University in the 1930s with a scholarship from the Stipendium Bernardinum. Several sources about his studies abroad have survived. Some of them are kept in the archives of the Reformed Church District of Tiszántúl, others are in the family archives. The sources allow us to reconstruct the life of the former student abroad. We know with which professor he studied and took his exams, where he lived, with whom he made friends, which associations (International Students' Club, Voetius Reformed Theologians' Association) he was a member of. Forró was the first to start a systematic, source-level investigation of the Franeker peregrination, but (due to illness and unfounded accusations of plagiarism) he was only able to continue this after his retirement.
Het dagboek en alba amicorum van Sámuel Cseh-Szombathy, 2022
In this paper I have analysed the itinerary of Sámuel Cseh-Szombathy, a former student of the Ref... more In this paper I have analysed the itinerary of Sámuel Cseh-Szombathy, a former student of the Reformed College of Debrecen. After having finished his studies in Göttingen and Vienna, he started with a journey in 1790 through Southern German cities, the Dutch Republic, England and finally France. During his journey he wrote an itinerary where he made a record of his costs and what he as a medical doctor found interesting: hospitals, madhouses, natural history collections and of course the most important medical personalities of his time. My main questions are: How unique is this itinerary and how well does it fit in the Hungarian tradition of itineraries of the Early Modern Time?
Bozzay Réka Cseh-szombathy sámuel utazása naplója és album amiCorumai tükrében Hollandiába tartó ... more Bozzay Réka Cseh-szombathy sámuel utazása naplója és album amiCorumai tükrében Hollandiába tartó magyar peregrinusok gyakran írtak utazásuk idején naplót. Ebben többször feljegyezték élményeiket, költségeiket, illetve azokat a látnivalókat, melyekre utazásuk közben bukkantak. Kutatásom egy nagyobb projekt része, amelyben a 18. században Nyugat-Európában tanult magyar peregrinusok naplóit szeretnénk kiadni bevezetővel és kommentárokkal ellátva. A naplót és a két album amicorumot, 1 melyeket itt bemutatok, a Debreceni Református Kollégium Nagykönyvtárában őrzik. Arra keresem a választ, hogy ez a napló mennyiben tekinthető egyedinek, illetve mennyiben folytatja a magyar peregrinációs útinaplók hagyományait. Másik fontos kérdésem, hogy költségleíró részéből milyen következtetések vonhatóak le a korabeli ár-bér viszonyokra és kiadásokra vonatkozóan. Cseh-szombathy élete és tanulmányai A napló és a két album amicorum tulajdonosa Cseh-Szombathy Sámuel. Fiatal éveit tekintve nagy a bizonytalanság, mindazt, amit tudunk róla, a beiratkozási és a levéltári dokumentumokból tudjuk. Révkomáromban látta meg a napvilágot, születése időpontjáról két adatunk van: A göttingeni beiratkozása szerint 1757. szeptember 4-én, 2 míg a göttingeni szabadkőműves páholyhoz (Augusta zum goldenen Zirkel) csatlakozása szerint 1763. szeptember 10-én született. 3 Iskoláit Komáromban 4 és talán Pozsonyban végezte, 5 de ez utóbbira vonatkozóan nem találtam beiratkozási adatot. A Debreceni Református Kollégium matrikulája szerint 1776. április 25-én írták be a nevét a tógátus diákok közé, innen feltehetőleg 1783 októberében távozott. 6 Talán valóban elhagyta a kollégiumot és esetleg rektóriára ment, de erről nincsenek biztos adataink. Két és fél évvel később, 1786. április
Debrecen városában az 1831-ben behurcolt kolera nagy pusztítást végzett, a lakosság majd 7,5%-a v... more Debrecen városában az 1831-ben behurcolt kolera nagy pusztítást végzett, a lakosság majd 7,5%-a vesztette életét a járványban. Gyógymódot még nem ismertek a kortársak, ezért megelőző intézkedésekkel (lezárások, karantén) próbálták útját állni a járvány terjedésének. Már a betegség híre nyugtalansággal töltötte el a professzorokat, akik a várostól igyekeztek a legfrissebb híreket beszerezni. Sokáig ellenálltak az iskola bezárásának, de amikor a járvány július végén elkezdte szedni halálos áldozatait a városban, mégis kénytelenek voltak lépni. A diákság jelentős része már korábban elhagyta az iskolát, akik viszont maradtak, azokról a professzorok gondoskodtak. A járványhelyzet romlásával felmerült a város részéről annak a gondolata is, hogy a kollégiumot kórházzá alakítják át, de végül a professzorok és a kollégiumi főgondnok tiltakozása következtében ettől elálltak. Az iskolai rend végül csak a késő őszre állta helyre. Az 1866-os lokális járvány idején csak rövid időre halasztották e...
After the victory of the Ottomans in Mohács, a long war started for the Hungarian throne
which le... more After the victory of the Ottomans in Mohács, a long war started for the Hungarian throne which led to the division of Hungary into three parts. János Zsigmond, the son of the king of Hungary and Isabella of Poland became the prince of the Principality of Transylvania, being also a vassal of Sultan Suleiman II. There were three nations in the Principality (Hungarians, Szeklers, Saxons). They formed ethnic groups and estates. In the 16th century some of them converted to protestant religions, some of them remained catholic. Religious questions were discussed on the Diet ruled by the humanist prince János Zsigmond. In this paper I give an overview of the different bills which ensured the status quo among the different protestant religions and the Catholics.
Research into the cultural history of wine proves that the demand for Hungarian
wine in Europe wa... more Research into the cultural history of wine proves that the demand for Hungarian wine in Europe was very high from the Middle Ages onwards. The transport of wine to distant regions was not always possible in the Middle Ages, because if it was not stored properly, the wine could spoil. This may explain why the volume of wine export to the Low Countries did not even come close to the volume of wine export to neighbouring areas. The wine industry in Hungary was probably established in the Middle Ages by settlers who spoke Romance languages and came from the Low Countries. Despite the fact that the settlers from the Low Countries played a very important role in setting up the wine industry, Hungarian wine found its market in the Low Countries only very slowly. At the court of Mary of Hungary, Hungarian wine was often and gladly consumed. In the 17th and 18th centuries, German and Austrian merchants established trade contacts with the Low Countries and brought Hungarian wine to the Netherlands. The transport costs, the tolls and the great geographical distance did not make it possible to distribute Hungarian wine in large volumes in the Low Countries, and so the wine export from Hungary to the Netherlands remained a curiosity.
HOLLAND EGYETEMEK HATÁSA A 17–18. SZÁZADI MAGYAR ORVOSLÁS KULTÚRTÖRTÉNETÉBEN, 2015
TH AND 18 TH CENTURIES. 97 students are known who were registered as a student of medicine at Dut... more TH AND 18 TH CENTURIES. 97 students are known who were registered as a student of medicine at Dutch universities in the Early Modern Age. he basic subjects of medical training, botany and anatomy, were met by the universities and clinical education was also introduced. Hungarian students disputed and defended doctoral theses in the Netherlands under inluence of the newest philosophical and medical theories. After having inished their medical training abroad, they became doctors of towns and provinces in their home country. Some of them continued writing scientiic works or translated works of famous European doctors. he work of the most inluential Dutch medical doctor, Hermann Boerhaave was continued by his students in Vienna and Hun-gary, too. His name also appeared in literary works of the 18 th century. A kora újkori holland egyetemeket elsősorban a magyar református lelkészeket képző intézményekként tartjuk számon, amit az egyetemeken regisztrált diákok beiratkozá-si adatai meg is erősítenek. Ha azonban nemcsak a puszta számadatokat vizsgáljuk, hanem annak is utánajárunk, hogy a holland egyetemek milyen hatást gyakoroltak a magyar szellemi életre a korai újkorban, már sokkal árnyaltabb képet kapunk. Tanul-mányomban arra keresem a választ, hogy a holland egyetemi oktatás és különösen egy jelentős 18. századi holland orvos és az ő tanítványai hogyan befolyásolták a magyar orvosi gondolkodást és oktatást. A középkorban orvosi gyakorlatot nemcsak egyetemen képzett orvosok, hanem borbélyok, sebészek, bábák stb. is folytattak. 1 Az első akadémiai képzésben részesült medikusok főleg Itáliában tanultak, 2 majd a 14-15. századi közép-európai egyetemala-pításokat követően Bécsben is. 3 Az egyetemi szintű orvosi oktatás Magyarországon csak 1769-ben indult el, amikor a Helytartótanács engedélyezte a nagyszombati egyetemen orvosi fakultás felállítását. 4
A debreceni egyetem 1925-ben a magyarországi gyermekmentő akció két protestáns szervezőjének, a s... more A debreceni egyetem 1925-ben a magyarországi gyermekmentő akció két protestáns szervezőjének, a svájci Carl Irletnek és a holland báró Willem Carel Adrien van Vredenburchnek adományozott honoris causa címet. Varga Zsigmond teológus professzor méltatásában kifejtette, mekkora szerepe volt Irlet lelkésznek a mentőakció megszervezésében és koordinálásában, milyen fontos szerepük volt a Svájcba került gyerekeknek a magyarságkép politikai és nemzetgazdasági alakításában. Irlet kitüntetését Horthy Miklós kormányzó és Klebelsberg Kunó vallás-és közoktatásügyi miniszter hagyta jóvá. Kulcsszavak: Debreceni Magyar Királyi Tudományegyetem, svájci gyermekmentő akció, Carl Irlet, honoris causa doktor Keywords: Hungarian Royal University of Debrecen, Child relief Action in Switzerland, Carl Irlet, doctor honoris causa Az első világháborút követően több ország is fogadott be nehéz sorsú magyar gyer-mekeket, különösen nagy számban kerültek Hollandiába, Belgiumba és Svájcba ma-gyar fiatalok. A gyermeküdültetési akció sikerét követően a debreceni egyetem két külföldi közéleti személynek adományozott honoris causa doktori címet magyar gye-rekek nyaraltatásáért: Carl Irlet berni lelkésznek a svájci, és Willem Carel Adrien van Vredenburch bárónak a hollandiai gyermeküdültetés megszervezéséért. 1 Sem Irlet, sem Van Vredenburch báró nem járt korábban Debrecenben, az egyetemmel mint tudomá-nyos műhellyel pedig egyáltalán nem volt kapcsolatuk. A forrásokból úgy tűnik, hogy a magyarországi protestáns közösség előtt széles körben ismert volt a gyermeküdültetési 1 Van Vredenburchről lásd részletesebben Bozzay Réka, "Holland díszdoktorok a debreceni egyetemen a két világháború között", Gerundium 10, 1. sz. (2019): 66-73.
An Attempt to Establish a Department of Dutch Between the Two World Wars. On 20th June, 1921, Ms.... more An Attempt to Establish a Department of Dutch Between the Two World Wars. On 20th June, 1921, Ms. Catharina Kuyper, daughter of the former prime minister of the Netherlands, visited Debrecen. This occasion brought the rector of the Hungarian Royal István Tisza University of Debrecen to write her a letter and ask her to convince the Dutch government of the importance of a Department of Dutch Literature and Culture at this university. Kuyper agreed with this wish and promised the board of the university her mediation to raise money for the new department. The managers of the university found a qualified person, dr. Zsigmond Nagy, for the leadership of the Dutch Studies. They received only goodwill support from the Hungarian government but no money. Nagy died in the spring of 1922 and the Dutch government refused to help establish a new Dutch department because of the hard financial situation of the Netherlands
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Books by Réka Bozzay
the University of Leiden (1595-1796)
The first universities of Europe were founded between the 11th and 13th centuries, they stood under the authority of the Church, and formed the literate layer of intellectuals of the era.
As in Hungary, despite the several attempts no firm-footed university existed until the foundation of the University of Nagyszombat, the Hungarian youth continued their studies in Western European (Bologna, Paris), later in East-Central European insitutions.
The spreading of the doctrines of Reformation in the early Modern Age gave impetus to a new wave of founding universities in the German, Dutch, Swiss and Scandinavian territories which had already turned Protestant. Protestant Hungarian students primarily chose the German universites as their destination up to the end of the 16th century. However, after the expulsion of Calvinists from Wittenberg took place, and the possibilites to study at German universities also diminished due to the Thirty Years’ War, numerous Hungarian students wound up in the Dutch Protestant universities.
When writing this dissertation, my primary aim was to present the peregrination of Hungarian students who studied at the University of Leiden in the period between 1595 and 1796. When compiling the corpus of names, each and every student was taken into account who got into any kind of connection with the university: was enrolled, or mentioned as a student in the university sources, was presumably a student on the basis of secondary sources, etc. In order to establish the students’ place of origin, I made use of the theory of the Peregrination Research Group of Eötvös Lóránd University, according to which everybody who came from territories within the boundaries of Historical Hungary counted as Hungarian, and in two instances even this circle was widened due to provable Hungarian origins. The temporal limits of this study were created by the provable appearance of the first Hungarian student, and the departure of the last Hungarian student in the 18th century — I chose to ignore the nineteenth century here due to the insignificant number of students.
In my study I attempted to focus on the various phases of peregrination of the Hungarian students at one university. The preparation started back in Hungary, the students had to face a number of requirements — personal and material conditions —, but the sender institution, the Church as well as the State had its stipulations prior to setting out. They could finally set off after a usually rather period of preparation. How long did their voyage last, what itinerary did they take, what costs did they have to cover throughout their voyage — these are all crucial questions from the perspective of my research. I feel it important to emphasize that due to the scope of this study, it was possible to keep track of students only until they arrived in Leiden, regardless of whether they went there directly from Hungary, or they wound up in Leiden after transferring from another university. Upon their arrival they usually signed in at the university: the total number of all the students who studied at Leiden can be estimated to be 655; based on registration and attendance files, and the previously-mentioned primary and secondary sources. The next three chapters of the dissertation scrutinize the time they spent in Leiden: the students’ everyday lives (accomodation, meals, clothing, social life), provisions at the university (scholarship positions in Staten College, sick care, funerals, university privileges, jurisdiction, etc.), their studies and scholarly activities.
To sum up and and give a final conclusion, it can be said that the success of Leiden is not to be measured numerically, as it was not the Dutch university where most Hungarian students attended. The success of the university can be explained with three factors.
Partly, it derived from the role it played in Hungarian culture and academia, as many Hungarian intellectuals had the chance to study from the most distinguished theologians, physicians, philosophers, legal experts of the age, whose works and theories reached the Hungarian intellectual life with the transmission of the students who studied there.
Secondly, the provisions offered by the university which were not directly related to studying, mainly the scholarships offered in Staten College, secured the excellent renown of the university in the Hungarian intellectual circles. Finally, the ”liberal spirit” of the institution, enabled those who were not members of the Reformed Church to study at the university everything other than theology. That is how most catholics, evangelicals and unitarians studied at this university.
By the 19th century Leiden — similarly to other Dutch universities — lost its importance in the peregrination of Hungarians, and until the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, no considerable number of students wound up in Leiden.
Papers by Réka Bozzay
which led to the division of Hungary into three parts. János Zsigmond, the son of the king of
Hungary and Isabella of Poland became the prince of the Principality of Transylvania, being also
a vassal of Sultan Suleiman II. There were three nations in the Principality (Hungarians, Szeklers,
Saxons). They formed ethnic groups and estates. In the 16th century some of them converted to
protestant religions, some of them remained catholic. Religious questions were discussed on the
Diet ruled by the humanist prince János Zsigmond. In this paper I give an overview of the different
bills which ensured the status quo among the different protestant religions and the Catholics.
wine in Europe was very high from the Middle Ages onwards. The transport of wine to
distant regions was not always possible in the Middle Ages, because if it was not stored
properly, the wine could spoil. This may explain why the volume of wine export to the Low
Countries did not even come close to the volume of wine export to neighbouring areas.
The wine industry in Hungary was probably established in the Middle Ages by settlers
who spoke Romance languages and came from the Low Countries. Despite the fact that
the settlers from the Low Countries played a very important role in setting up the wine
industry, Hungarian wine found its market in the Low Countries only very slowly. At the
court of Mary of Hungary, Hungarian wine was often and gladly consumed. In the 17th and
18th centuries, German and Austrian merchants established trade contacts with the Low
Countries and brought Hungarian wine to the Netherlands. The transport costs, the tolls
and the great geographical distance did not make it possible to distribute Hungarian wine
in large volumes in the Low Countries, and so the wine export from Hungary to the Netherlands
remained a curiosity.
the University of Leiden (1595-1796)
The first universities of Europe were founded between the 11th and 13th centuries, they stood under the authority of the Church, and formed the literate layer of intellectuals of the era.
As in Hungary, despite the several attempts no firm-footed university existed until the foundation of the University of Nagyszombat, the Hungarian youth continued their studies in Western European (Bologna, Paris), later in East-Central European insitutions.
The spreading of the doctrines of Reformation in the early Modern Age gave impetus to a new wave of founding universities in the German, Dutch, Swiss and Scandinavian territories which had already turned Protestant. Protestant Hungarian students primarily chose the German universites as their destination up to the end of the 16th century. However, after the expulsion of Calvinists from Wittenberg took place, and the possibilites to study at German universities also diminished due to the Thirty Years’ War, numerous Hungarian students wound up in the Dutch Protestant universities.
When writing this dissertation, my primary aim was to present the peregrination of Hungarian students who studied at the University of Leiden in the period between 1595 and 1796. When compiling the corpus of names, each and every student was taken into account who got into any kind of connection with the university: was enrolled, or mentioned as a student in the university sources, was presumably a student on the basis of secondary sources, etc. In order to establish the students’ place of origin, I made use of the theory of the Peregrination Research Group of Eötvös Lóránd University, according to which everybody who came from territories within the boundaries of Historical Hungary counted as Hungarian, and in two instances even this circle was widened due to provable Hungarian origins. The temporal limits of this study were created by the provable appearance of the first Hungarian student, and the departure of the last Hungarian student in the 18th century — I chose to ignore the nineteenth century here due to the insignificant number of students.
In my study I attempted to focus on the various phases of peregrination of the Hungarian students at one university. The preparation started back in Hungary, the students had to face a number of requirements — personal and material conditions —, but the sender institution, the Church as well as the State had its stipulations prior to setting out. They could finally set off after a usually rather period of preparation. How long did their voyage last, what itinerary did they take, what costs did they have to cover throughout their voyage — these are all crucial questions from the perspective of my research. I feel it important to emphasize that due to the scope of this study, it was possible to keep track of students only until they arrived in Leiden, regardless of whether they went there directly from Hungary, or they wound up in Leiden after transferring from another university. Upon their arrival they usually signed in at the university: the total number of all the students who studied at Leiden can be estimated to be 655; based on registration and attendance files, and the previously-mentioned primary and secondary sources. The next three chapters of the dissertation scrutinize the time they spent in Leiden: the students’ everyday lives (accomodation, meals, clothing, social life), provisions at the university (scholarship positions in Staten College, sick care, funerals, university privileges, jurisdiction, etc.), their studies and scholarly activities.
To sum up and and give a final conclusion, it can be said that the success of Leiden is not to be measured numerically, as it was not the Dutch university where most Hungarian students attended. The success of the university can be explained with three factors.
Partly, it derived from the role it played in Hungarian culture and academia, as many Hungarian intellectuals had the chance to study from the most distinguished theologians, physicians, philosophers, legal experts of the age, whose works and theories reached the Hungarian intellectual life with the transmission of the students who studied there.
Secondly, the provisions offered by the university which were not directly related to studying, mainly the scholarships offered in Staten College, secured the excellent renown of the university in the Hungarian intellectual circles. Finally, the ”liberal spirit” of the institution, enabled those who were not members of the Reformed Church to study at the university everything other than theology. That is how most catholics, evangelicals and unitarians studied at this university.
By the 19th century Leiden — similarly to other Dutch universities — lost its importance in the peregrination of Hungarians, and until the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, no considerable number of students wound up in Leiden.
which led to the division of Hungary into three parts. János Zsigmond, the son of the king of
Hungary and Isabella of Poland became the prince of the Principality of Transylvania, being also
a vassal of Sultan Suleiman II. There were three nations in the Principality (Hungarians, Szeklers,
Saxons). They formed ethnic groups and estates. In the 16th century some of them converted to
protestant religions, some of them remained catholic. Religious questions were discussed on the
Diet ruled by the humanist prince János Zsigmond. In this paper I give an overview of the different
bills which ensured the status quo among the different protestant religions and the Catholics.
wine in Europe was very high from the Middle Ages onwards. The transport of wine to
distant regions was not always possible in the Middle Ages, because if it was not stored
properly, the wine could spoil. This may explain why the volume of wine export to the Low
Countries did not even come close to the volume of wine export to neighbouring areas.
The wine industry in Hungary was probably established in the Middle Ages by settlers
who spoke Romance languages and came from the Low Countries. Despite the fact that
the settlers from the Low Countries played a very important role in setting up the wine
industry, Hungarian wine found its market in the Low Countries only very slowly. At the
court of Mary of Hungary, Hungarian wine was often and gladly consumed. In the 17th and
18th centuries, German and Austrian merchants established trade contacts with the Low
Countries and brought Hungarian wine to the Netherlands. The transport costs, the tolls
and the great geographical distance did not make it possible to distribute Hungarian wine
in large volumes in the Low Countries, and so the wine export from Hungary to the Netherlands
remained a curiosity.