The Square Wave Method (SWM), previously introduced for the analysis of signals and images, is pr... more The Square Wave Method (SWM), previously introduced for the analysis of signals and images, is presented here as a mathematical tool suitable for the analysis of time series and signals. To show the potential that the SWM has to analyze many different types of time series, the results of the analysis of a time series composed of a sequence of 10,000 numerical values are presented here. These values were generated by using the Mathematical Random Number Generator (MRNG).
A presentation is provided of a method — the Membership Table Method (MTM) — to determine the val... more A presentation is provided of a method — the Membership Table Method (MTM) — to determine the validity of categorical syllogisms. This method makes it possible for each syllogism to be assigned a specific set. If this set is equal to the universal set U, then the categorical syllogism considered is valid, and if that set is not equal to U, then that categorical syllogism is not valid. In other words, any categorical syllogism is valid if and only if its respective set, according to the MTM, is equal to the universal set U. The conclusion of a valid categorical syllogism whose premises are true is true.
A review is presented of the correspondence existing in both classical bivalent logic (BL) and ca... more A review is presented of the correspondence existing in both classical bivalent logic (BL) and canonical fuzzy logic (CFL) between each law or tautology in propositional calculus and a law in set theory. The latter law consists of the equality of a) a set whose structure is isomorphic to the law considered in propositional calculus and b) the universal set. In addition to the operations of CFL considered previously by the authors, initial attention is given to the operations with infinite sets by considering two of them: the union of sets and the intersection of sets. Attention is also given to how propositional calculus in BL can be considered a particular case of propositional calculus in CFL, and how the theory of classical sets can be considered a particular case of the theory of fuzzy sets according to CFL.
El Índice general, que abarca desde el número 61 hasta el actual, muestra el creciente interés de... more El Índice general, que abarca desde el número 61 hasta el actual, muestra el creciente interés de la comunidad académica en aproximarse con más detenimiento y meticulosidad al patrimonio cultural material e intangible de nuestro conjunto de repúblicas, con estudios sobre las letras, los de lingüística, sobre el español de Centroamérica y sobre varias lenguas indígenas, y propuestas de lingüística aplicada sobre las lenguas extranjeras en Costa Rica.
The purpose of this paper is to present a novel Hybrid Random Number Generator (HRNG). Here “hybr... more The purpose of this paper is to present a novel Hybrid Random Number Generator (HRNG). Here “hybrid” refers to the fact that to construct this generator it is necessary to use 1) physical components–texts–and a physical process, and 2) a mathematical procedure. ...
The Square-Wave Method(SWM) presented here is a new method for the systematic analysis of signa... more The Square-Wave Method(SWM) presented here is a new method for the systematic analysis of signalseither locally or globallydepending on only one variable (time). The SWM is based on a technique (previously described elsewhere) for the ...
El presente estudio examina las ventajas y desventajas del análisis de los géneros discursivos pa... more El presente estudio examina las ventajas y desventajas del análisis de los géneros discursivos para el procesamiento de textos auténticos como guía para quienes hablan inglés como idioma extranjero o traducen a esa lengua. Los géneros discursivos se entienden en un sentido amplio como categorías textuales. Hay numerosas investigaciones recientes sobre asuntos referidos a los géneros discursivos, pero en el presente caso lo que se resalta es más bien el desarrollo y la puesta en práctica de un modelo que se utiliza para encontrar y analizar un conjunto de textos auténticos de determinado género para identificar los rasgos distintivos de ese género, con el fin de contar con una guía durante la redacción o traducción de textos en la lengua no materna. This study addresses the advantages and disadvantages of genre analysis for the processing of authentic texts to serve as a guide for EFL learners, speakers and translators when writing in English or translating into that language. For t...
Albaladejo, Juan Antonio, «La traducción del espacio novelesco de Fernando Contreras Castro y su ... more Albaladejo, Juan Antonio, «La traducción del espacio novelesco de Fernando Contreras Castro y su transferencia a la realidad alemana: la estética de la recepción y traducción como factores determinantes en la oposición "literatura universalistaliteratura localista"», Letras 43 (2008) 177-192.
Se ofrece una crónica del desarrollo de Letras, desde su fundación, en 1979, hasta la actualidad.... more Se ofrece una crónica del desarrollo de Letras, desde su fundación, en 1979, hasta la actualidad. Es un análisis comentado de las políticas editoriales, sus orientaciones académicas generales a lo largo de los años, las áreas disciplinarias y demás asuntos atinentes a una publicación periódica de esta índole. Se señala la diversidad de aspectos y factores que han permitido una lenta evolución, desde un primer perfil entre revista literaria y universitaria, hasta su consolidación como revista académica dedicada a los estudios lingüísticos, literarios, sobre adquisición y enseñanza de lenguas, lenguas indígenas y nuevas corrientes en las ciencias del lenguaje. The development of Letras is chronicled from its founding in 1979 up to the present. An analysis is provided of editorial policies, its general academic orientation as it evolved, the disciplines covered, and other issues characteristic of this type of periodical. Mention is made of a number of aspects and factors which have con...
A presentation is provided of the basic notions and operations of a) the propositional calculus o... more A presentation is provided of the basic notions and operations of a) the propositional calculus of a variant of fuzzy logic-canonical fuzzy logic, CFL-and in a more succinct and introductory way, of b) the theory of fuzzy sets according to that same logic. The propositional calculus of bivalent classical logic and classical set theory can be considered as particular cases of the corresponding theories of CFL if the numerical value of a specific parameter w is restricted to only two possibilities, 0 and 1.
Resumen El método de las ondas cuadradas—previamente aplicado al análisis de senales—es generaliz... more Resumen El método de las ondas cuadradas—previamente aplicado al análisis de senales—es generalizado, de manera directa y natural, para el análisis de imágenes. Cada imagen a ser analizada es sometida, en primer lugar, a un proceso de digitalización que posibilita ...
A new cryptographic approach – Iterated Random Encryption (IRE) – is presented here. Although it ... more A new cryptographic approach – Iterated Random Encryption (IRE) – is presented here. Although it is very simple, and easy to implement, it provides a very high level of security. According to this approach, a sequence of operations applied to a message (M) yields the encrypted message (M E). In that series of operations, the one with the most important role is operation 6, which involves a random binary sequence (RBS) generated by using the Hybrid Random Number Generator (HRNG) or the Mathematical Random Number Generator (MRNG). A sequence of anti-operations applied to M E makes it possible to recover M .
The notions “regularity index” and “randomness index” previously introduced for binary strings (2... more The notions “regularity index” and “randomness index” previously introduced for binary strings (2-ary) have been modified slightly and generalized for m-ary strings (m = 2, 3, 4, . . .). These notions are omplementary and the regular/random dichotomy has been replaced by a gradation of values of regularity and of randomness. With this approach, the more regular an m-ary string, the less random it is, and viceversa. The distributions of frequencies of different length strings —2-ary and 3-ary strings— according to their indices of randomness, are shown by histograms.
Inclusion diagrams are introduced as an alternative to using Venn diagrams to determine the valid... more Inclusion diagrams are introduced as an alternative to using Venn diagrams to determine the validity of categorical syllogisms, and are used here for the analysis of diverse categorical syllogisms. As a preliminary example of a possible generalization of the use of inclusion diagrams, consideration is given also to an argument that includes more than two premises and more than three terms, the classic major, middle and minor terms in categorical syllogisms.
The purpose of this paper is to present a novel Hybrid Random Number Generator (HRNG). Here "hybr... more The purpose of this paper is to present a novel Hybrid Random Number Generator (HRNG). Here "hybrid" refers to the fact that to construct this generator it is necessary to use 1) physical components -texts -and a physical process, and 2) a mathematical procedure. This HRNG makes it possible to generate genuine random numbers which may be used both for computer simulation of probabilistic systems and in the field of cryptography. The results of a comparative study of the binary strings generated by this HRNG and of those generated by two highly used implementations of a congruential algorithm designed to generate pseudorandom numbers are given here. One of the latter is the implementation incorporated into the Java 2 platform (version 1.6), and the other is the implementation incorporated into the runtime library of Microsoft's Visual C++ 2008 compiler.
The Square Wave Method (SWM), previously introduced for the analysis of signals and images, is pr... more The Square Wave Method (SWM), previously introduced for the analysis of signals and images, is presented here as a mathematical tool suitable for the analysis of time series and signals. To show the potential that the SWM has to analyze many different types of time series, the results of the analysis of a time series composed of a sequence of 10,000 numerical values are presented here. These values were generated by using the Mathematical Random Number Generator (MRNG).
A presentation is provided of a method — the Membership Table Method (MTM) — to determine the val... more A presentation is provided of a method — the Membership Table Method (MTM) — to determine the validity of categorical syllogisms. This method makes it possible for each syllogism to be assigned a specific set. If this set is equal to the universal set U, then the categorical syllogism considered is valid, and if that set is not equal to U, then that categorical syllogism is not valid. In other words, any categorical syllogism is valid if and only if its respective set, according to the MTM, is equal to the universal set U. The conclusion of a valid categorical syllogism whose premises are true is true.
A review is presented of the correspondence existing in both classical bivalent logic (BL) and ca... more A review is presented of the correspondence existing in both classical bivalent logic (BL) and canonical fuzzy logic (CFL) between each law or tautology in propositional calculus and a law in set theory. The latter law consists of the equality of a) a set whose structure is isomorphic to the law considered in propositional calculus and b) the universal set. In addition to the operations of CFL considered previously by the authors, initial attention is given to the operations with infinite sets by considering two of them: the union of sets and the intersection of sets. Attention is also given to how propositional calculus in BL can be considered a particular case of propositional calculus in CFL, and how the theory of classical sets can be considered a particular case of the theory of fuzzy sets according to CFL.
El Índice general, que abarca desde el número 61 hasta el actual, muestra el creciente interés de... more El Índice general, que abarca desde el número 61 hasta el actual, muestra el creciente interés de la comunidad académica en aproximarse con más detenimiento y meticulosidad al patrimonio cultural material e intangible de nuestro conjunto de repúblicas, con estudios sobre las letras, los de lingüística, sobre el español de Centroamérica y sobre varias lenguas indígenas, y propuestas de lingüística aplicada sobre las lenguas extranjeras en Costa Rica.
The purpose of this paper is to present a novel Hybrid Random Number Generator (HRNG). Here “hybr... more The purpose of this paper is to present a novel Hybrid Random Number Generator (HRNG). Here “hybrid” refers to the fact that to construct this generator it is necessary to use 1) physical components–texts–and a physical process, and 2) a mathematical procedure. ...
The Square-Wave Method(SWM) presented here is a new method for the systematic analysis of signa... more The Square-Wave Method(SWM) presented here is a new method for the systematic analysis of signalseither locally or globallydepending on only one variable (time). The SWM is based on a technique (previously described elsewhere) for the ...
El presente estudio examina las ventajas y desventajas del análisis de los géneros discursivos pa... more El presente estudio examina las ventajas y desventajas del análisis de los géneros discursivos para el procesamiento de textos auténticos como guía para quienes hablan inglés como idioma extranjero o traducen a esa lengua. Los géneros discursivos se entienden en un sentido amplio como categorías textuales. Hay numerosas investigaciones recientes sobre asuntos referidos a los géneros discursivos, pero en el presente caso lo que se resalta es más bien el desarrollo y la puesta en práctica de un modelo que se utiliza para encontrar y analizar un conjunto de textos auténticos de determinado género para identificar los rasgos distintivos de ese género, con el fin de contar con una guía durante la redacción o traducción de textos en la lengua no materna. This study addresses the advantages and disadvantages of genre analysis for the processing of authentic texts to serve as a guide for EFL learners, speakers and translators when writing in English or translating into that language. For t...
Albaladejo, Juan Antonio, «La traducción del espacio novelesco de Fernando Contreras Castro y su ... more Albaladejo, Juan Antonio, «La traducción del espacio novelesco de Fernando Contreras Castro y su transferencia a la realidad alemana: la estética de la recepción y traducción como factores determinantes en la oposición "literatura universalistaliteratura localista"», Letras 43 (2008) 177-192.
Se ofrece una crónica del desarrollo de Letras, desde su fundación, en 1979, hasta la actualidad.... more Se ofrece una crónica del desarrollo de Letras, desde su fundación, en 1979, hasta la actualidad. Es un análisis comentado de las políticas editoriales, sus orientaciones académicas generales a lo largo de los años, las áreas disciplinarias y demás asuntos atinentes a una publicación periódica de esta índole. Se señala la diversidad de aspectos y factores que han permitido una lenta evolución, desde un primer perfil entre revista literaria y universitaria, hasta su consolidación como revista académica dedicada a los estudios lingüísticos, literarios, sobre adquisición y enseñanza de lenguas, lenguas indígenas y nuevas corrientes en las ciencias del lenguaje. The development of Letras is chronicled from its founding in 1979 up to the present. An analysis is provided of editorial policies, its general academic orientation as it evolved, the disciplines covered, and other issues characteristic of this type of periodical. Mention is made of a number of aspects and factors which have con...
A presentation is provided of the basic notions and operations of a) the propositional calculus o... more A presentation is provided of the basic notions and operations of a) the propositional calculus of a variant of fuzzy logic-canonical fuzzy logic, CFL-and in a more succinct and introductory way, of b) the theory of fuzzy sets according to that same logic. The propositional calculus of bivalent classical logic and classical set theory can be considered as particular cases of the corresponding theories of CFL if the numerical value of a specific parameter w is restricted to only two possibilities, 0 and 1.
Resumen El método de las ondas cuadradas—previamente aplicado al análisis de senales—es generaliz... more Resumen El método de las ondas cuadradas—previamente aplicado al análisis de senales—es generalizado, de manera directa y natural, para el análisis de imágenes. Cada imagen a ser analizada es sometida, en primer lugar, a un proceso de digitalización que posibilita ...
A new cryptographic approach – Iterated Random Encryption (IRE) – is presented here. Although it ... more A new cryptographic approach – Iterated Random Encryption (IRE) – is presented here. Although it is very simple, and easy to implement, it provides a very high level of security. According to this approach, a sequence of operations applied to a message (M) yields the encrypted message (M E). In that series of operations, the one with the most important role is operation 6, which involves a random binary sequence (RBS) generated by using the Hybrid Random Number Generator (HRNG) or the Mathematical Random Number Generator (MRNG). A sequence of anti-operations applied to M E makes it possible to recover M .
The notions “regularity index” and “randomness index” previously introduced for binary strings (2... more The notions “regularity index” and “randomness index” previously introduced for binary strings (2-ary) have been modified slightly and generalized for m-ary strings (m = 2, 3, 4, . . .). These notions are omplementary and the regular/random dichotomy has been replaced by a gradation of values of regularity and of randomness. With this approach, the more regular an m-ary string, the less random it is, and viceversa. The distributions of frequencies of different length strings —2-ary and 3-ary strings— according to their indices of randomness, are shown by histograms.
Inclusion diagrams are introduced as an alternative to using Venn diagrams to determine the valid... more Inclusion diagrams are introduced as an alternative to using Venn diagrams to determine the validity of categorical syllogisms, and are used here for the analysis of diverse categorical syllogisms. As a preliminary example of a possible generalization of the use of inclusion diagrams, consideration is given also to an argument that includes more than two premises and more than three terms, the classic major, middle and minor terms in categorical syllogisms.
The purpose of this paper is to present a novel Hybrid Random Number Generator (HRNG). Here "hybr... more The purpose of this paper is to present a novel Hybrid Random Number Generator (HRNG). Here "hybrid" refers to the fact that to construct this generator it is necessary to use 1) physical components -texts -and a physical process, and 2) a mathematical procedure. This HRNG makes it possible to generate genuine random numbers which may be used both for computer simulation of probabilistic systems and in the field of cryptography. The results of a comparative study of the binary strings generated by this HRNG and of those generated by two highly used implementations of a congruential algorithm designed to generate pseudorandom numbers are given here. One of the latter is the implementation incorporated into the Java 2 platform (version 1.6), and the other is the implementation incorporated into the runtime library of Microsoft's Visual C++ 2008 compiler.
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