Foreign languages

The purpose of this article is to propose an approach to studying news discourses that is informed by theories of Cognitive Linguistics and makes use of the tools of corpus linguists. It is also an attempt to present, to some extent my current doctoral research into conceptualisation of the debate over evolution education. It is hoped that the triangulation of methodologies will contribute to ongoing work in fields such as linguistics, communication studies, and American culture.

Recent developments in cognitive linguistics and corpus linguistics have found application in discourse analysis. One important contribution by cognitive linguistics is the role metonymy can play in carrying a discourse (Brdar – Brdar-Szabó 2007, Halverson – Engene 2010). What cognitive linguistics identify as metonymy, Jäger and Maier follow Foucault in calling a discursive event (2009, cf. Foucault 1972). This article is based on the premise that the 1925 Scopes Trial serves as a discursive event, or metonymical referent, for the continuous controversy over the teaching of evolution in US classrooms. The investigation addresses two related questions: How are teachers portrayed in online news stories covering the current debate on teaching evolution? What role does mention of the 1925 Scopes trial and the image of John Scopes play in shaping the way these teachers are depicted? These questions are discussed as a result of a corpus-based study of the positioning of teachers in artic...

One of the claims of cognitive linguistics is that it is able to remove the semantic-pragmatic divide (cf. Evans & Green 2006), and yet the research conducted by in this field is at times criticized for focusing on word/phrase meaning (semantics) rather than their intended illocutionary force (pragmatics) (cf. Glebkin 2013; Pérez Hernández 2002; Ritchie 2004). A case in point is the criticism of conceptual blending for its apparent failure to acknowledge that the multiplicity of implied meanings emerging from the blend differ depending on variables such as discourse context, speaker/hearer culture, frames, intonation, and gesture. As a result, a growing collection of research has included additions to and modifications of the original Fauconnier and Turner diagram (cf. Coulson 2001; Ruiz de Mendoza & Peña Cervel 2002; Omazić 2005; Stadlemann 2012).
This study analyses several of the proposed modifications of the conceptual blending model and applies them to the interpretation of headlines. Headlines provide an ideal source for analysis of implicature as the article itself provides context and commentary. This paper will discuss the effectiveness of allowing for frames, grounding, or additional input spaces in explaining the headline’s pragmatic effect. It is hoped that this paper will contribute to the development of cognitive pragmatics as a field of study in its own right.

The " mutual apprehension of other minds, " which is a " central if not a defining feature of intersubjectivity " (Langacker 2007: 182) is not directly observable. However, it can be analysed through language use, particularly the pronouns I, you, we (Langacker 2008: 78). These pronouns put the Speaker/Hearer " onstage " through explicit mention. Hence, an analysis of how debaters use personal pronouns may shed light on how the (inter)subjectivity inherent in public debates is expressed through language. This paper looks at the use of you and its derivatives in the 2008 debate between Rich-ard Dawkins and John Lennox " Has science buried God? " held at the Oxford Museum. While this debate has already been analysed in terms of cognitive metaphor (Drogosz & Górska forthcoming) and rhetorical strategy (Górska forthcoming, 2016), it is believed that looking at the debate in terms of (inter)subjectivity will improve understanding of different perspectives on the relationship between science and religion as well as the ways those perspectives may be construed. Specifically, it considers how the choice to (not) use personal pronouns affects both the argument and the speaker's relationship with their interlocutor. This debate in particular is an ideal source for such a study as, in exit interviews, members of the audience recognized this debate to be one in which the opponents not only listened to each other, but also seemed to exhibit mutual respect. Thus, it seems safe to assume that each speaker was making a conscious effort to invite his opponent and the audience to see the universe and the meaning of life from his own vantage point. This presupposes awareness of the other minds involved in the debate; hence, fertile ground for an analysis of intersubjectivity. The analysis shows that Dawkins and Lennox use second person pronouns for different purposes. This raises questions for future research; for example, are these differences related to Dawkins' and Lennox's individual debate styles or are they characteristic of scholars who share their distinct worldviews? abstract 69

Good or marvelous? Pretty, cute or lovely? Male and female adjective use in MICASE Nearly half a century after Lakoff 's controversial publication Language and a Woman's Place (1975), the verdict is still out as to the exact relationship (if any) between language and gender (cf. Baker 2014: 3, Cameron 2005). Th e proposed theories addressing the similarities and diff erences between male and female speech often focus on social and cultural infl uences that may cause a man or woman to act or speak in a certain way; for example, use more adjectives or a broader variety of adjectives. Moreover, they often use as their source materials anecdotes and personal data. As a result, the studies , and the papers they produce, are often infl uenced by researcher intuition (Baker 2014; Schmid 2003). Only within the last fi fteen to twenty years has it really been possible to analyze large collections of spoken data to test this intuition. Nevertheless, even with the advent of computer-assisted data analysis, the results are ambiguous. Th e aim of our study is to analyze male and female use of adjectives in the Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English (MICASE). We compare the use of select basic adjectives (good, bad, big, small, pretty, ugly, important, and diff erent) and their near synonyms in an attempt to support or call into question intuition-based claims that certain adjectives are more 'feminine' or 'masculine', or that women use more and a greater variety of adjectives than men. Th is paper hopes to contribute to the ongoing discussion regarding gender diff erences and language.

The fact that both Jim Jones' movement and Heaven's Gate ended in mass murder-suicides demonstrates the level of fear and desperation evoked by doomsday prophecies, as well as the power held by their promoters. This phenomenon provides many areas for research. What is more, thanks to the Internet and various forms of social media, these once local apocalypses are quickly shared across the international community, thereby eliciting, if not outright demanding, a response. In this paper, we focus on how Polish-speaking people cope with this heightened state of uncertainty through the creation and propagation of internet memes. Specifically, we look at Polish image macros and demotivators as

he collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe dropped employees who had been raised under one set of cultural norms and values into a new system with an unfamiliar set of norms and values and expected to assimilate. When Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa stated that his plan for post-communist Poland was to look to "the normal, well-tested solutions" of private entrepreneurship, the market, pluralism, and parliamentary democracy, 1 he was describing a goal, but not the path leading to its fulfilment. Wałęsa was looking at Western institutions, but those forms did not match social and political realities. 2 Sociologist Piotr Sztompka refers to this disparity between cultural values developed under real socialism and the new norms and values required under capitalism as a gap in cultural competence. 3 Although, it is agreed that the work ethic and employment strategy developed under communism is incompatible with free-market capitalism, there are two problems with a dismissive "just follow the West" solution. Firstly, cultural values run deep, making "eradication" 1 Quoted in P. Sztompka, "The intangibles and imponderables of the transition to democracy,"

One of the claims of cognitive linguistics is that it is able to remove the semantic-pragmatic divide (cf. Evans & Green 2006), and yet the research conducted in this field is at times criticized for focusing on word/phrase meaning (semantics) rather than intended illocutionary force (pragmatics) (cf. Glebkin 2013; Pérez Hernández 2002; Ritchie 2004). A case in point is the criticism of conceptual blending for its apparent failure to acknowledge that the multiplicity of implied meanings emerging from the blend differ depending on variables such as discourse context, speaker/hearer culture, frames, intonation, and gesture. As a result, a growing collection of research has included additions to and modifications of the original Fauconnier and Turner diagram (cf. Coulson 2001; Ruiz de Mendoza & Peña Cervel 2002; Omazi 2005; Stadlemann 2012). This study analyses several of the proposed modifications of the conceptual blending model and applies them to the interpretation of headlines. He...

Recent developments in cognitive linguistics and corpus linguistics have found application in discourse analysis. One important contribution by cognitive linguistics is the role metonymy can play in carrying a discourse (Brdar – Brdar-Szabo 2007, Halverson – Engene 2010). What cognitive linguistics identify as metonymy, Jager and Maier follow Foucault in calling a discursive event (2009, cf. Foucault 1972). This article is based on the premise that the 1925 Scopes Trial serves as a discursive event, or metonymical referent, for the continuous controversy over the teaching of evolution in US classrooms. The investigation addresses two related questions: How are teachers portrayed in online news stories covering the current debate on teaching evolution? What role does mention of the 1925 Scopes trial and the image of John Scopes play in shaping the way these teachers are depicted? These questions are discussed as a result of a corpus-based study of the positioning of teachers in artic...

One of the claims of cognitive linguistics is that it is able to remove the semantic-pragmatic divide (cf. Evans & Green 2006), and yet the research conducted in this field is at times criticized for focusing on word/phrase meaning (semantics) rather than intended illocutionary force (pragmatics) (cf. Glebkin 2013; Pérez Hernández 2002; Ritchie 2004). A case in point is the criticism of conceptual blending for its apparent failure to acknowledge that the multiplicity of implied meanings emerging from the blend differ depending on variables such as discourse context, speaker/hearer culture, frames, intonation, and gesture. As a result, a growing collection of research has included additions to and modifications of the original Fauconnier and Turner diagram (cf. Coulson 2001; Ruiz de Mendoza & Peña Cervel 2002; Omazić 2005; Stadlemann 2012). This study analyses several of the proposed modifications of the conceptual blending model and applies them to the interpretation of headlines. H...

This cross-cultural project applies current theories in Cognitive Linguistics to the issue of youth (dis)engagement in the high school setting. Specifically, it analyses American and Polish youth speech from online forums and dictionaries according to five main categories: the institution of school, the place of school, the people of school, the activities of school and the emotions of school. The analysis presents these lexical expressions grouped according to metaphorical source domain in order to better understand how teenagers in each culture conceptualize SCHOOL. The discussion summarises the analysis for each country, whereas the conclusion compares the two and makes comments on the implication for theories of language and education. The aims of this paper are threefold: to increase understanding of the ways in which youth view their time in the classroom, to provide a comparative analysis that will shed light on cultural differences in the conceptualization of SCHOOL and its linguistic expression, and to highlight examples of metaphors S. BARCZEWSKA, A. WILECZEK & A. BARAŃSKA that value school and the educational process so that these conceptual mappings can receive more emphasis in both countries.

Nearly half a century after Lakoff 's controversial publication Language and a Woman 's Place (1975), the verdict is still out as to the exact relationship (if any) between language and gender (cf. : 3, Cameron 2005). Th e proposed theories addressing the similarities and diff erences between male and female speech often focus on social and cultural infl uences that may cause a man or woman to act or speak in a certain way; for example, use more adjectives or a broader variety of adjectives. Moreover, they often use as their source materials anecdotes and personal data. As a result, the studies, and the papers they produce, are often infl uenced by researcher intuition . Only within the last fi fteen to twenty years has it really been possible to analyze large collections of spoken data to test this intuition. Nevertheless, even with the advent of computer-assisted data analysis, the results are ambiguous. Th e aim of our study is to analyze male and female use of adjectives in the Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English (MICASE). We compare the use of select basic adjectives (good, bad, big, small, pretty, ugly, important, and diff erent) and their near synonyms in an attempt to support or call into question intuition-based claims that certain adjectives are more 'feminine' or 'masculine', or that women use more and a greater variety of adjectives than men. Th is paper hopes to contribute to the ongoing discussion regarding gender diff erences and language.

This paper analyzes image macros via the theoretical framework of conceptual blending on the example of online responses to 2011 and 2012 doomsday predictions. To date, conceptual blending has shown promise in the analysis of a variety of internet memes; however, most studies have been limited to one type of meme or one blending model. This project adds to the discussion in two ways. First, it presents a thematic analysis – image macros responding to end of the world predictions – thereby covering a broader variety of image macro genres. Second, it modifies blending models according to the needs of the different genres. The discussion explores the extent to which the three different image macro genres require different blending models and the implication for future study.

Translation has been a controversial field all over the years. There are a lot of translation theories, and a lot of scholars who tried to figure out the best way of interpreting a literary or a non-literary text. Moreover, the style of translations has been influenced by the historical and cultural events, language changes or ideologies. The present paper tries to reveal the challenges met by translators in their endeavor to interpret literary texts. There are three main questions the present article will try to answer.

Additionally, the Warsaw royal court with a new theatre hall opened in 1637 awarded the visiting artist a certain level of prestige. English actors found permanent shelter there and were able to make good use of technically advanced stage properties. The repertoire of those English companies comprised mostly plays that had been staged previously in London playhouses. In 1626, the John Green company, among others, played the following Shakespeare plays: Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, Hamlet, and King Lear (Limon 1985, p. 22). Out of necessity those dramas were represented in horrendously simplified versions and either in English or German. Therefore, the questions whether Polish audiences were aware at that time that they watched the plays by the best playwright of the Elizabethan stage will remain unanswered. Without doubt, it was the eighteenth century that introduced Shakespeare into the Polish cultural consciousness. Shakespeare was read and discussed by such members of the enlightened elite as king Stanisław Poniatowski (1732-1798), bishop Ignacy Krasicki (1735-1801), prince Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski (1734-1823) and his wife Izabela Czartoryska (1746-1834). Thanks to their interest in English literature, the Bard was ushered into the Polish literary criticism and theatre what consequently induced first attempts at translating his plays. The royal admiration that the Elizabethan playwright received in Poland is particularly

For Galen, the best physician was the one who was able to treat his patients by means other than the knife, particularly through diet and drugs. The fact that basic knowledge of pharmacology was not required came under severe criticism in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. To remedy this situation, herb gardens were established at universities. Some physicians wrote voluminous new herbals based both on the close study of classical pharmacological works, observations and experiments. William Turner (1508–1568), Henry Lyte (1529–1607), John Gerard (1545–1650) and John Parkinson (1567–1650) were the essential figures who established English herbal tradition. This phenomenon was not entirely alien to Shakespeare. The study of tragedies, as presented in this paper, is sufficient to realise how numerous references to both healing and poisonous plants are made in Shakespearean plays.

Strona główna w Newsy w O Szekspirze w O blogu w Napisz do nas www.szekspir.na.blogu.pl 27 komentarz/uwagi Agnieszka Szwach Krótka historia o tym jak "słodki łabędź z Avonu" stał się ikoną literatury europejskiej 1 W 1623 roku, siedem lat po śmierci Szekspira, jego kompani z grupy aktorskiej Jego Królewskiej Mości, John Heminges (1556−1630) i Henry Condell (−1627), opublikowali zbiór 36 sztuk dramatopisarza, znany od tamtej pory jako Pierwsze Folio. W trosce i staraniach o zachowanie twórczości Szekspira wspomógł ich inny znamienity elżbietański dramatopisarz, Ben Jonson (1573−1637), który uświetnił wydanie Pierwszego Folio odą "ku pamięci" autora, Williama Szekspira. Oczywiście Jonson nie mógł sobie zdawać sprawy, jak prorocze były jego słowa kiedy głosił, iż twórczość Szekspira jest ponadczasowa i przekonywał, że autor ten zawsze będzie miał ogromny wpływ nie tylko na scenę angielską, ale i europejską (Jonson, [1623] 1994: xlv-xlvi). W tym czasie, kiedy w Anglii Ben Jonson i jego naśladowcy głosili, że nadchodzi czas fascynacji, niemalże religijnego uwielbienia dla twórczości Szekspira, francuscy pisarze byli pochłonięci formułowaniem teorii literatury, która później została skutecznie wykorzystana w walce z tą nową, świecką religią wyspiarzy. Teoria ta, znana jako francuski klasycyzm 1 Niniejszy artykuł jest dużym skrótem dwóch pierwszych rozdziałów mojej pracy doktorskiej napisanej pod kierunkiem prof. dr hab. Krystyny Kujawińskiej Courtney. Praca zatytułowana Polish Initial Shakespe are Reception of Eighteenth Century in European Context: The Influence of Western Literary Criticism została obroniona w 2009 roku na Wydziale Filologicznym Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, lecz nie została jeszcze opublikowana w całości.