El objetivo de este trabajo es la búsqueda de la definición del término gobernanza y, por extensi... more El objetivo de este trabajo es la búsqueda de la definición del término gobernanza y, por extensión, de la gobernanza metropolitana (metropolítica) en la teoría de la administración pública. En esta búsqueda se encontró que hay varias definiciones de gobernanza que sólo tienen sentido desde sus distintos enfoques de la administración pública. Se concluye que una buena gobernanza, de cualquier manera como se le defina en administración pública, puede favorecer situaciones indeseables (paradoja de la circularidad de las intenciones). Este escrito explica esta posible contradicción ubicando a los enfoques revisados y al cuerpo conceptual propuesto en el marco del ejercicio y las fuentes de poder.
Chile se deshace en islas y fiordos. Sunkel comunica sus ideas en cinco lenguas. En casa aprendió... more Chile se deshace en islas y fiordos. Sunkel comunica sus ideas en cinco lenguas. En casa aprendió el español y el alemán, en la escuela secundaria el francés, y en su andar por el mundo el inglés y portugués. Su trayectoria intelectual cubre medio siglo de reflexión sobre el desarrollo de América Latina. Siendo estudiante de economía y administración en la Universidad Nacional de Chile, Sunkel conoció a los fundadores de la CEPAL y pronto se integró a este grupo de actores-pensadores latinoamericanos. Sus escritos son parte del origen y evolución de la escuela estructuralista de la CEPAL. Los principales temas que han preocupado a Sunkel, en más de un centenar de artículos publicados en muchos países e idiomas, son la inflación, el desarrollo latinoamericano, la historia económica, las relaciones internacionales, el medio ambiente y, más recientemente, el neoestructuralismo. Entre sus libros destacan
Esta definición operativa es compatible con definiciones más amplias que consideran el patrón esp... more Esta definición operativa es compatible con definiciones más amplias que consideran el patrón espacial como una expresión o manifestación material de procesos socioeconómicos esenciales subyacentes (por ejemplo, simulación espacial, 5 justicia espacial, 6 o desarrollo desigual). 7
Middle Atlantic Review of Latin American Studies, Jun 30, 2020
El objetivo del estudio es analizar las características demográficas, comorbilidad y condición mé... more El objetivo del estudio es analizar las características demográficas, comorbilidad y condición médica de las personas infectadas y no-infectadas en México. La información de artículos especializados, noticias científicas, reportes de investigación y notas de agencias de noticias es articulada selectivamente para generar hipótesis para el estudio de caso. La selección de estas hipótesis depende en gran medida de la información disponible y el objetivo de la investigación. Los resultados confirman que los hombres mueren más que las mujeres y que las comorbilidades principales de la población son la hipertensión, la obesidad y la diabetes. El análisis confirma que el tabaquismo no es relevante para la admisión en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), pero es un factor asociado al fallecimiento de los infectados. El embarazo no está asociado a la gravedad de la infección, medida por admisión en la UCI. Finalmente, el análisis también muestra que la infección del virus no es más aguda en la población indígena infectada. El estudio presenta resultados y sugiere una ruta metodológica que pudiera ser útil para la toma de decisiones en materia de salud. Exploraciones en el buscador Google Scholar muestran que el estudio actual es el primer análisis formal
This research presents and applies a new procedure to elaborate a spatial hierarchy of poverty. T... more This research presents and applies a new procedure to elaborate a spatial hierarchy of poverty. The proposed method simultaneously combines variables of magnitude and intensity based on recent (bootstrapping & spatial autocorrelation) and traditional statistical techniques, and overlay routines of Geographical Information Systems. While magnitude and intensity refer to absolute and relative data, respectively, each variable may be concentrated or agglomerated in space. In this study, concentration is the presence of high global values, regardless of their location, and agglomeration is the concentration of spatially contiguous high local values. Both agglomeration and concentration are merged through a geographical overlay procedure to create conglomerates of magnitude or intensity of poverty. Cases inside these conglomerates are classified by gaussian (natural breaks) or paretian (heads and tails) procedures to set up a spatial hierarchy.
The aim of this article is to search a definition of governance and, by extension, of metropolita... more The aim of this article is to search a definition of governance and, by extension, of metropolitan governance (metropolitics) in public administration theory. This searching finds that definitions of governance only make sense from the specific conceptual approach addressing them. The essay concludes that actions to promote good governance may generate negative situations (the circularity of intentions paradox). A conceptual body articulated and suggested in this paper explains this paradox by locating all public administration approaches reviewed within a framework of social practices and sources of power.
Background Pregnancy increases a woman’s risk of severe dengue. To the best of our knowledge, the... more Background Pregnancy increases a woman’s risk of severe dengue. To the best of our knowledge, the moderation effect of the dengue serotype among pregnant women has not been studied in Mexico. This study explores how pregnancy interacted with the dengue serotype from 2012 to 2020 in Mexico. Method Information from 2469 notifying health units in Mexican municipalities was used for this cross-sectional analysis. Multiple logistic regression with interaction effects was chosen as the final model and sensitivity analysis was done to assess potential exposure misclassification of pregnancy status. Results Pregnant women were found to have higher odds of severe dengue [1.50 (95% CI 1.41, 1.59)]. The odds of dengue severity varied for pregnant women with DENV-1 [1.45, (95% CI 1.21, 1.74)], DENV-2 [1.33, (95% CI 1.18, 1.53)] and DENV-4 [3.78, (95% CI 1.14, 12.59)]. While the odds of severe dengue were generally higher for pregnant women compared with non-pregnant women with DENV-1 and DENV-2...
Pathogen strain diversity is an important driver of the trajectory of epidemics. The role of bioc... more Pathogen strain diversity is an important driver of the trajectory of epidemics. The role of bioclimatic factors on the spatial distribution of dengue virus (DENV) serotypes has, however, not been previously studied. Hence, we developed municipality-scale environmental suitability maps for the four dengue virus serotypes using maximum entropy modeling. We fit climatic variables to municipality presence records from 2012 to 2020 in Mexico. Bioclimatic variables were explored for their environmental suitability to different DENV serotypes, and the different distributions were visualized using three cutoff probabilities representing 90%, 95%, and 99% sensitivity. Municipality-level results were then mapped in ArcGIS. The overall accuracy for the predictive models was 0.69, 0.68, 0.75, and 0.72 for DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4, respectively. Important predictors of all DENV serotypes were the growing degree days for December, January, and February, which are an indicator of higher...
Background The intensity of transmission of Aedes-borne viruses is heterogeneous, and multiple fa... more Background The intensity of transmission of Aedes-borne viruses is heterogeneous, and multiple factors can contribute to variation at small spatial scales. Illuminating drivers of heterogeneity in prevalence over time and space would provide information for public health authorities. The objective of this study is to detect the spatiotemporal clusters and determine the risk factors of three major Aedes-borne diseases, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Dengue virus (DENV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) clusters in Mexico. Methods We present an integrated analysis of Aedes-borne diseases (ABDs), the local climate, and the socio-demographic profiles of 2469 municipalities in Mexico. We used SaTScan to detect spatial clusters and utilize the Pearson correlation coefficient, Randomized Dependence Coefficient, and SHapley Additive exPlanations to analyze the influence of socio-demographic and climatic factors on the prevalence of ABDs. We also compare six machine learning techniques, including XGBoost, ...
This article presents a new procedure to elaborate a spatial hierarchy of magnitude and intensity... more This article presents a new procedure to elaborate a spatial hierarchy of magnitude and intensity of poverty. While the magnitude and intensity refer to absolute and relative data, respectively, each variable may be concentrated or agglomerated in space. Concentration is the presence of high global values, regardless of their location, and agglomeration is the concentration of spatially contiguous high local values. Both agglomeration and concentration are merged through a geographical overlay procedure to create conglomerates of magnitude or intensity of poverty. The intersecting area resulting from the spatial overlay of the map layer for conglomerates of magnitude, on one hand, and the map layer for conglomerates of intensity, on the other hand, contain the highest priority areas. Three different procedures to classify the non intersecting areas of the conglomerates are applied and evaluated: core/periphery, heads/tails and natural breaks. For the first time in the study of the spatial pattern of poverty, the resulting spatial hierarchy is based on the simultaneous combination of the concentration and agglomeration processes measured in relative and absolute terms. The suggested methodology may be easily extended to identify other spatial patterns, such as crime, industry, diseases, or pollution. Briefly, this study suggests an overlay analysis of the concentration and agglomeration processes for variables of magnitude and intensity above statistically supported threshold limit values. The benefits of the procedure for an area based public policy are illustrated by assessing the spatial targeting of poverty in the 2,456 Mexican municipios in 2010.
The purpose of the study is to identify areas that are possibly gentrified or in the process of b... more The purpose of the study is to identify areas that are possibly gentrified or in the process of being gentrified, through a localized typology of two components: youthification and an increase in the quality of life. This typology can be applied in similar investigations. Thisd paper addresses the case study of the Metropolitan Center of the City of Monterrey (CMM), Nuevo León, Mexico. The current urban regeneration plans and the increase of housing density in the CMM have caused a vertical real estate “boom” of apartment buildings and have strengthened the emergence of gentrification in the area, understood here as the decrease in social backwardness (increase in the quality of life) over time, with an increase in young adults (25 to 34 years-old), compared to older adults (60+ years-old). This article suggests a procedure to measure gentrification by overlapping the Index of Social Backwardness (ISB) at the Basic Geostatistical Area (AGEB) level, with a youthification index at the...
Esta investigación presenta y aplica un nuevo procedimiento para jerarquizar espacialmente la pob... more Esta investigación presenta y aplica un nuevo procedimiento para jerarquizar espacialmente la pobreza. El método propuesto combina simultáneamente variables de magnitud e intensidad utilizando técnicas estadísticas recientes (remuestreo y autocorrelación espacial) y tradicionales, así como rutinas de superposición espacial de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica. Mientras magnitud e intensidad se refieren a datos absolutos y relativos, respectivamente, cada variable puede estar concentrada o aglomerada en el espacio. En este estudio, concentración es la presencia de valores globales altos, independientemente de su localización, y aglomeración es la concentración de valores locales altos espacialmente contiguos. Ambas, aglomeración y concentración, son fusionadas mediante un procedimiento de superposición geográfica para crear conglomerados de magnitud o intensidad de pobreza. Los casos al interior de estos conglomerados son clasificados por procedimientos gaussianos (discontinuida...
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arbovirus transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes, the same ve... more Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arbovirus transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes, the same vectors that transmit dengue virus and chikungunya. Recent work has suggested that prior infection with dengue could lead to more severe clinical disease in ZIKV patients. Here, we describe the spatial distribution of and clinical symptoms experienced by ZIKV cases in Mexico. We performed Fisher's Exact test and Pearson's Chi-Square tests on data from Mexico's national surveillance system on the demographic and clinical characteristics of ZIKV patients (N=84), and then a multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine demographic risk factors for patients presenting with at least 9 symptoms. We also mapped the cases to describe the spatial distribution of ZIKV in Mexico. Results from the multivariate logistic regression analysis indicate that, controlling for all covariates, sex (male) is a significant protective factor in reporting a high number of symptoms (OR=0.36, 95...
Background: Chikungunya is a vector-borne disease, mostly present in tropical and subtropical reg... more Background: Chikungunya is a vector-borne disease, mostly present in tropical and subtropical regions. The virus is spread by Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitos and symptoms include high fever to severe joint pain. Dhaka, Bangladesh, suffered an outbreak of chikungunya in 2017 lasting from April to September. With the goal of reducing cases, social media was at the forefront during this outbreak and educated the public about symptoms, prevention, and control of the virus. Popular web-based sources such as the top dailies in Bangladesh, local news outlets, and Facebook spread awareness of the outbreak. Objective: This study sought to investigate the role of social and mainstream media during the chikungunya epidemic. The study objective was to determine if social media can improve awareness of and practice associated with reducing cases of chikungunya. Methods: We collected chikungunya-related information circulated from the top nine television channels in Dhaka, Bangladesh, ai...
Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arbovirus transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes,... more Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arbovirus transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes, the same vectors that transmit dengue virus and chikungunya. Recent work has suggested that prior infection with dengue could lead to more severe clinical disease in ZIKV patients. Here, we describe the spatial distribution of and clinical symptoms experienced by ZIKV cases in Mexico. Methods: We performed Fisher's Exact test and Pearson's Chi-Square tests on data from Mexico's national surveillance system on the demographic and clinical characteristics of ZIKV patients (N = 84), and then a multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine demographic risk factors for patients presenting with at least 9 symptoms. We also mapped the cases to describe the spatial distribution of ZIKV in Mexico. Results: Results from the multivariate logistic regression analysis indicate that, controlling for all covari-ates, sex (male) is a significant protective factor in reporting a high number of symptoms (OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.92), and that a one-year increase in age is associated with a 4% increase in odds of having at least 9 symptoms (95% CI: 1.00, 1.08). Spatial analysis revealed more than 50% cases reported within 50 km of railways. Conclusion: We found that sex and age are both significant risk factors for ZIKV infection severity, using number of reported symptoms as a proxy. The presence of cases along railways indicates that transportation networks within Mexico may be relevant for the national and international spread of the disease.
This research presents and applies a new procedure to elaborate a spatial hierarchy of poverty. T... more This research presents and applies a new procedure to elaborate a spatial hierarchy of poverty. The proposed method simultaneously combines variables of magnitude and intensity based on recent (bootstrapping & spatial autocorrelation) and traditional statistical techniques, and overlay routines of Geographical Information Systems. While magnitude and intensity refer to absolute and relative data, respectively, each variable may be concentrated or agglomerated in space. In this study, concentration is the presence of high global values, regardless of their location, and agglomeration is the concentration of spatially contiguous high local values. Both agglomeration and concentration are merged through a geographical overlay procedure to create conglomerates of magnitude or intensity of poverty. Cases inside these conglomerates are classified by gaussian (natural breaks) or paretian (heads and tails) procedures to set up a spatial hierarchy.
El objetivo de este trabajo es la búsqueda de la definición del término gobernanza y, por extensi... more El objetivo de este trabajo es la búsqueda de la definición del término gobernanza y, por extensión, de la gobernanza metropolitana (metropolítica) en la teoría de la administración pública. En esta búsqueda se encontró que hay varias definiciones de gobernanza que sólo tienen sentido desde sus distintos enfoques de la administración pública. Se concluye que una buena gobernanza, de cualquier manera como se le defina en administración pública, puede favorecer situaciones indeseables (paradoja de la circularidad de las intenciones). Este escrito explica esta posible contradicción ubicando a los enfoques revisados y al cuerpo conceptual propuesto en el marco del ejercicio y las fuentes de poder.
Chile se deshace en islas y fiordos. Sunkel comunica sus ideas en cinco lenguas. En casa aprendió... more Chile se deshace en islas y fiordos. Sunkel comunica sus ideas en cinco lenguas. En casa aprendió el español y el alemán, en la escuela secundaria el francés, y en su andar por el mundo el inglés y portugués. Su trayectoria intelectual cubre medio siglo de reflexión sobre el desarrollo de América Latina. Siendo estudiante de economía y administración en la Universidad Nacional de Chile, Sunkel conoció a los fundadores de la CEPAL y pronto se integró a este grupo de actores-pensadores latinoamericanos. Sus escritos son parte del origen y evolución de la escuela estructuralista de la CEPAL. Los principales temas que han preocupado a Sunkel, en más de un centenar de artículos publicados en muchos países e idiomas, son la inflación, el desarrollo latinoamericano, la historia económica, las relaciones internacionales, el medio ambiente y, más recientemente, el neoestructuralismo. Entre sus libros destacan
Esta definición operativa es compatible con definiciones más amplias que consideran el patrón esp... more Esta definición operativa es compatible con definiciones más amplias que consideran el patrón espacial como una expresión o manifestación material de procesos socioeconómicos esenciales subyacentes (por ejemplo, simulación espacial, 5 justicia espacial, 6 o desarrollo desigual). 7
Middle Atlantic Review of Latin American Studies, Jun 30, 2020
El objetivo del estudio es analizar las características demográficas, comorbilidad y condición mé... more El objetivo del estudio es analizar las características demográficas, comorbilidad y condición médica de las personas infectadas y no-infectadas en México. La información de artículos especializados, noticias científicas, reportes de investigación y notas de agencias de noticias es articulada selectivamente para generar hipótesis para el estudio de caso. La selección de estas hipótesis depende en gran medida de la información disponible y el objetivo de la investigación. Los resultados confirman que los hombres mueren más que las mujeres y que las comorbilidades principales de la población son la hipertensión, la obesidad y la diabetes. El análisis confirma que el tabaquismo no es relevante para la admisión en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), pero es un factor asociado al fallecimiento de los infectados. El embarazo no está asociado a la gravedad de la infección, medida por admisión en la UCI. Finalmente, el análisis también muestra que la infección del virus no es más aguda en la población indígena infectada. El estudio presenta resultados y sugiere una ruta metodológica que pudiera ser útil para la toma de decisiones en materia de salud. Exploraciones en el buscador Google Scholar muestran que el estudio actual es el primer análisis formal
This research presents and applies a new procedure to elaborate a spatial hierarchy of poverty. T... more This research presents and applies a new procedure to elaborate a spatial hierarchy of poverty. The proposed method simultaneously combines variables of magnitude and intensity based on recent (bootstrapping & spatial autocorrelation) and traditional statistical techniques, and overlay routines of Geographical Information Systems. While magnitude and intensity refer to absolute and relative data, respectively, each variable may be concentrated or agglomerated in space. In this study, concentration is the presence of high global values, regardless of their location, and agglomeration is the concentration of spatially contiguous high local values. Both agglomeration and concentration are merged through a geographical overlay procedure to create conglomerates of magnitude or intensity of poverty. Cases inside these conglomerates are classified by gaussian (natural breaks) or paretian (heads and tails) procedures to set up a spatial hierarchy.
The aim of this article is to search a definition of governance and, by extension, of metropolita... more The aim of this article is to search a definition of governance and, by extension, of metropolitan governance (metropolitics) in public administration theory. This searching finds that definitions of governance only make sense from the specific conceptual approach addressing them. The essay concludes that actions to promote good governance may generate negative situations (the circularity of intentions paradox). A conceptual body articulated and suggested in this paper explains this paradox by locating all public administration approaches reviewed within a framework of social practices and sources of power.
Background Pregnancy increases a woman’s risk of severe dengue. To the best of our knowledge, the... more Background Pregnancy increases a woman’s risk of severe dengue. To the best of our knowledge, the moderation effect of the dengue serotype among pregnant women has not been studied in Mexico. This study explores how pregnancy interacted with the dengue serotype from 2012 to 2020 in Mexico. Method Information from 2469 notifying health units in Mexican municipalities was used for this cross-sectional analysis. Multiple logistic regression with interaction effects was chosen as the final model and sensitivity analysis was done to assess potential exposure misclassification of pregnancy status. Results Pregnant women were found to have higher odds of severe dengue [1.50 (95% CI 1.41, 1.59)]. The odds of dengue severity varied for pregnant women with DENV-1 [1.45, (95% CI 1.21, 1.74)], DENV-2 [1.33, (95% CI 1.18, 1.53)] and DENV-4 [3.78, (95% CI 1.14, 12.59)]. While the odds of severe dengue were generally higher for pregnant women compared with non-pregnant women with DENV-1 and DENV-2...
Pathogen strain diversity is an important driver of the trajectory of epidemics. The role of bioc... more Pathogen strain diversity is an important driver of the trajectory of epidemics. The role of bioclimatic factors on the spatial distribution of dengue virus (DENV) serotypes has, however, not been previously studied. Hence, we developed municipality-scale environmental suitability maps for the four dengue virus serotypes using maximum entropy modeling. We fit climatic variables to municipality presence records from 2012 to 2020 in Mexico. Bioclimatic variables were explored for their environmental suitability to different DENV serotypes, and the different distributions were visualized using three cutoff probabilities representing 90%, 95%, and 99% sensitivity. Municipality-level results were then mapped in ArcGIS. The overall accuracy for the predictive models was 0.69, 0.68, 0.75, and 0.72 for DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4, respectively. Important predictors of all DENV serotypes were the growing degree days for December, January, and February, which are an indicator of higher...
Background The intensity of transmission of Aedes-borne viruses is heterogeneous, and multiple fa... more Background The intensity of transmission of Aedes-borne viruses is heterogeneous, and multiple factors can contribute to variation at small spatial scales. Illuminating drivers of heterogeneity in prevalence over time and space would provide information for public health authorities. The objective of this study is to detect the spatiotemporal clusters and determine the risk factors of three major Aedes-borne diseases, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Dengue virus (DENV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) clusters in Mexico. Methods We present an integrated analysis of Aedes-borne diseases (ABDs), the local climate, and the socio-demographic profiles of 2469 municipalities in Mexico. We used SaTScan to detect spatial clusters and utilize the Pearson correlation coefficient, Randomized Dependence Coefficient, and SHapley Additive exPlanations to analyze the influence of socio-demographic and climatic factors on the prevalence of ABDs. We also compare six machine learning techniques, including XGBoost, ...
This article presents a new procedure to elaborate a spatial hierarchy of magnitude and intensity... more This article presents a new procedure to elaborate a spatial hierarchy of magnitude and intensity of poverty. While the magnitude and intensity refer to absolute and relative data, respectively, each variable may be concentrated or agglomerated in space. Concentration is the presence of high global values, regardless of their location, and agglomeration is the concentration of spatially contiguous high local values. Both agglomeration and concentration are merged through a geographical overlay procedure to create conglomerates of magnitude or intensity of poverty. The intersecting area resulting from the spatial overlay of the map layer for conglomerates of magnitude, on one hand, and the map layer for conglomerates of intensity, on the other hand, contain the highest priority areas. Three different procedures to classify the non intersecting areas of the conglomerates are applied and evaluated: core/periphery, heads/tails and natural breaks. For the first time in the study of the spatial pattern of poverty, the resulting spatial hierarchy is based on the simultaneous combination of the concentration and agglomeration processes measured in relative and absolute terms. The suggested methodology may be easily extended to identify other spatial patterns, such as crime, industry, diseases, or pollution. Briefly, this study suggests an overlay analysis of the concentration and agglomeration processes for variables of magnitude and intensity above statistically supported threshold limit values. The benefits of the procedure for an area based public policy are illustrated by assessing the spatial targeting of poverty in the 2,456 Mexican municipios in 2010.
The purpose of the study is to identify areas that are possibly gentrified or in the process of b... more The purpose of the study is to identify areas that are possibly gentrified or in the process of being gentrified, through a localized typology of two components: youthification and an increase in the quality of life. This typology can be applied in similar investigations. Thisd paper addresses the case study of the Metropolitan Center of the City of Monterrey (CMM), Nuevo León, Mexico. The current urban regeneration plans and the increase of housing density in the CMM have caused a vertical real estate “boom” of apartment buildings and have strengthened the emergence of gentrification in the area, understood here as the decrease in social backwardness (increase in the quality of life) over time, with an increase in young adults (25 to 34 years-old), compared to older adults (60+ years-old). This article suggests a procedure to measure gentrification by overlapping the Index of Social Backwardness (ISB) at the Basic Geostatistical Area (AGEB) level, with a youthification index at the...
Esta investigación presenta y aplica un nuevo procedimiento para jerarquizar espacialmente la pob... more Esta investigación presenta y aplica un nuevo procedimiento para jerarquizar espacialmente la pobreza. El método propuesto combina simultáneamente variables de magnitud e intensidad utilizando técnicas estadísticas recientes (remuestreo y autocorrelación espacial) y tradicionales, así como rutinas de superposición espacial de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica. Mientras magnitud e intensidad se refieren a datos absolutos y relativos, respectivamente, cada variable puede estar concentrada o aglomerada en el espacio. En este estudio, concentración es la presencia de valores globales altos, independientemente de su localización, y aglomeración es la concentración de valores locales altos espacialmente contiguos. Ambas, aglomeración y concentración, son fusionadas mediante un procedimiento de superposición geográfica para crear conglomerados de magnitud o intensidad de pobreza. Los casos al interior de estos conglomerados son clasificados por procedimientos gaussianos (discontinuida...
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arbovirus transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes, the same ve... more Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arbovirus transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes, the same vectors that transmit dengue virus and chikungunya. Recent work has suggested that prior infection with dengue could lead to more severe clinical disease in ZIKV patients. Here, we describe the spatial distribution of and clinical symptoms experienced by ZIKV cases in Mexico. We performed Fisher's Exact test and Pearson's Chi-Square tests on data from Mexico's national surveillance system on the demographic and clinical characteristics of ZIKV patients (N=84), and then a multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine demographic risk factors for patients presenting with at least 9 symptoms. We also mapped the cases to describe the spatial distribution of ZIKV in Mexico. Results from the multivariate logistic regression analysis indicate that, controlling for all covariates, sex (male) is a significant protective factor in reporting a high number of symptoms (OR=0.36, 95...
Background: Chikungunya is a vector-borne disease, mostly present in tropical and subtropical reg... more Background: Chikungunya is a vector-borne disease, mostly present in tropical and subtropical regions. The virus is spread by Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitos and symptoms include high fever to severe joint pain. Dhaka, Bangladesh, suffered an outbreak of chikungunya in 2017 lasting from April to September. With the goal of reducing cases, social media was at the forefront during this outbreak and educated the public about symptoms, prevention, and control of the virus. Popular web-based sources such as the top dailies in Bangladesh, local news outlets, and Facebook spread awareness of the outbreak. Objective: This study sought to investigate the role of social and mainstream media during the chikungunya epidemic. The study objective was to determine if social media can improve awareness of and practice associated with reducing cases of chikungunya. Methods: We collected chikungunya-related information circulated from the top nine television channels in Dhaka, Bangladesh, ai...
Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arbovirus transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes,... more Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arbovirus transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes, the same vectors that transmit dengue virus and chikungunya. Recent work has suggested that prior infection with dengue could lead to more severe clinical disease in ZIKV patients. Here, we describe the spatial distribution of and clinical symptoms experienced by ZIKV cases in Mexico. Methods: We performed Fisher's Exact test and Pearson's Chi-Square tests on data from Mexico's national surveillance system on the demographic and clinical characteristics of ZIKV patients (N = 84), and then a multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine demographic risk factors for patients presenting with at least 9 symptoms. We also mapped the cases to describe the spatial distribution of ZIKV in Mexico. Results: Results from the multivariate logistic regression analysis indicate that, controlling for all covari-ates, sex (male) is a significant protective factor in reporting a high number of symptoms (OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.92), and that a one-year increase in age is associated with a 4% increase in odds of having at least 9 symptoms (95% CI: 1.00, 1.08). Spatial analysis revealed more than 50% cases reported within 50 km of railways. Conclusion: We found that sex and age are both significant risk factors for ZIKV infection severity, using number of reported symptoms as a proxy. The presence of cases along railways indicates that transportation networks within Mexico may be relevant for the national and international spread of the disease.
This research presents and applies a new procedure to elaborate a spatial hierarchy of poverty. T... more This research presents and applies a new procedure to elaborate a spatial hierarchy of poverty. The proposed method simultaneously combines variables of magnitude and intensity based on recent (bootstrapping & spatial autocorrelation) and traditional statistical techniques, and overlay routines of Geographical Information Systems. While magnitude and intensity refer to absolute and relative data, respectively, each variable may be concentrated or agglomerated in space. In this study, concentration is the presence of high global values, regardless of their location, and agglomeration is the concentration of spatially contiguous high local values. Both agglomeration and concentration are merged through a geographical overlay procedure to create conglomerates of magnitude or intensity of poverty. Cases inside these conglomerates are classified by gaussian (natural breaks) or paretian (heads and tails) procedures to set up a spatial hierarchy.
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