Faculty of Law

Research shows that foreign aid promotes economic development in democracies but not in autocracies. Although explanations for this phenomenon vary, a common theme is that autocracies are more likely to misuse aid. We provide evidence of such misuse, showing that autocracies are more likely than democracies to divert development aid to the military. Theoretically, we build on "selectorate" models in which autocrats respond to aid by contracting civil liberties. Because this strategy requires military capacity, autocracies but not democracies should spend aid on the military. We support this hypothesis empirically, providing further evidence that autocracies misuse foreign aid.

The tax system is consisted of two major components of determination and collection of tax. Tax procedure and dispute resolution authorities to tax protests are the most important parts of the tax system in the process of tax collection and play a critical role in the field of taxation. Because the positive effects can cause trust of taxpayers to government and consequently following rules and cooperation with the government and in contrast with the negative impact and loss of confidence of the taxpayers to the government, tax evasion will be observed. The best solution to protect individuals against the exercise of power and the best basis for the assessment of tax procedure is the governance of justice in the process of Tax Disputes and ensuring and enjoying individuals to the right of a fair trial as one of the fundamental human rights in tax procedure. This paper aims at identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the rights and the tax system of Iran depending on the methods of studying documentations and library materials as well as expressing critic and legal components in tax procedure and also evaluation of competent authorities in this matter will consider the technical and legal uncertainties of each case.

Specific performance and the right to cure are often two main
concepts in question when there is a breach in an
international sale contract. This article, in a different
approach, compares the differences between provisions of
English law and the United Nations Convention on Contracts
for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), in order to
analytically examine whether CISG overemphasises the
performance of contract by the defaulting seller. Moreover, it
explains the relationship between specific performance and
the right to cure, using a new approach. While a considerable
amount of existing studies mostly concern restriction imposed
by English law rules, this essay, illustratively indicates that
there are advantages in adopting English law provisions rather
than following the permissive attitude of CISG.
The article reveals the ambiguity made by some provisions of CISG in regards to application of its rules. While the main
remedy granted by English courts is confined to damages, as
they recognize specific performance as a discretionary order,
the courts consider the test of inadequacy of damages and the
uniqueness to avoid the unfair results. This essay is an
attempt to change the picture shaped by existing literature by
introducing a different perspective on the alleged restrictions
of English law.

قاضی شعبه بازرگانی دادگاه عالی انگلیس و ولز در دوازدهم اکتبر ۲۰۱۸ (برابر با ۲۰ مهر ۱۳۹۷) در پرونده‌ای با موضوع «بیمه دریایی»رأیی را صادر کرد که با توجه به وضعیت کنونی تحریم‌های حمل و نقل و بیمه‌های دریایی، حاوی نکات حائز اهمیتی است. مفاد رأی صادره از حیث تبیین برخی ابهامات در بیمه نامه‌های دریایی و نیز تفسیر شروط قراردادی مرتبط با تحریم، قابل توجه است.

یکی از قواعد مرسوم حاکم بر مطالبه و تحویل کالای حمل‌شده از طریق دریا، قاعدۀ ارائۀ سند حمل است؛ به این معنا که تحویل کالا از سوی متصدی حمل صرفاً در قبال ارائۀ سند حمل از سوی مطالبه‌کنندۀ دریافت کالا صورت پذیرد. مبنای تأسیس این قاعده جلوگیری از تضییع حق صاحب واقعی کالا، حصول اطمینان از اجرای مورد قرارداد و نیز محافظت از متصدی حمل در برابر مسئولیت‌های پیش‌بینی نشده است. مقررات کامن‌لا و قوانین حمل و نقل دریایی انگلستان بسته به نوع سند صادر‌شده رویکرد متفاوتی به موارد یادشده دارند. در قانون دریایی ایران به قاعدۀ ارائه به‌صراحت اشاره نشده است و در مقایسه با دو نظام دیگر، دایرۀ شمول محدودتری دارد. همچنین برخلاف نظام‌های پیش‌گفته، رویکرد کلی قانون دریایی ایران نسبت به حق تحویل کالا دارای ابهام است. بنابراین، در این نوشتار تلاش شده است با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی از طریق بررسی مقررات داخلی ایران، انگلیس و قواعد کامن‌لا، علاوه بر تشریح و تفصیل لزوم یا عدم لزوم اعمال این قاعده و بررسی استثناهای وارده بر آن در حمل و نقل دریایی کالا، وضعیت و ماهیت این قاعده در حقوق دریایی ایران تبیین شده، پیشنهادهایی در راستای رفع ابهامات و ایرادات موجود ارائه گردد.

Police have imposed a three - dimensional roles prevention , law and order and solidarity in society, and not only in the implementation of the law , but also in the other two dimensions should also play a role . the police as leading body of society , the creation of social cohesion and can prevent crime .
one of the groups in the community police audience children and teenagers , according to a form that can position in one of the modes of children safe, at - risk children and children , criminal or crime . the code of criminal procedure , adopted by the fourth 1392 March , police children and teenagers to dealing with children and adolescents crimes or crime to them and approved the contract was due to the functions and powers of the bill by the judiciary police be adjusted. Considering that one of these tasks , preventing crime in the bill , it must be addressed. In this paper , a researcher with resorting to the library method using the experiences of other countries as well as the new law , some preventive tasks , such as the creation of the police , police school , interaction and training to the families, monitoring of environmental conditions, preventive measures related to arrest, preventing labelling , cooperation in the file personality, protecting children crime in dealing with the families … and reviewed with the future prospects , offering about - related tasks in the field of police polio prevention .