Јужно острво

Јужно острво

Сателитски снимак Јужног Острва
Јужно острво Нови Зеланд
Географија
Координате	43° 58′ 59″ Ј; 170° 27′ 00″ И
Површина	150.437 km2
Обала	5.842 km
Висина	3.754 m
Највиши врх	Маунт Кук
Администрација
НЗЕ
Демографија
Становништво	1.096.200  (2016.)
Густина ст.	0 стан./km2

Јужно острво (енгл. South Island, маор. Te Waipounamu) је једно од два главна острва Новог Зеланда (друго је Северно острво). Има површину од 151.215 km², што га чини дванаестим острвом по величини на свету. Дуж западне обале Јужног острва пружа се ланац планина Јужни Алпи, чији највиши врх је Кук са 3,754 метара изнад нивоа мора. На острву постоји 9 националних паркова, а познато је и по скијалиштима.

Први европљани који су стигли до овог острва били су у експедицији Холанђанина Абела Тасмана. Његова два брода су стигла у Златни залив на северу острва децембра 1642. У 19. веку неке мапе су називале острво „Средња земља“ или „Нови Алстер“. На острву живи 1.096.200 људи, што је око четвртина народа Новог Зеланда. У прошлости (19. век) овде је живела већина становништва. Острво је подељено у седам региона: Нелсон, Марлборо, Тасман, Отаго, Кентербури, Западна обала, Јужна земља. Највећи градови на острву су Крајстчерч, Данедин, Инверкаргил, Нелсон, Вестпорт, Хокитика, Бленхајм, Тимару, Оамару.

Пошто је 32% веће од Северног острва, Јужно острво се понекад назива и „копно“ Новог Зеланда. Ono је дом за 23 одсто од 5,1 милиона становника Новог Зеланда. Након златних грозница током 1860-их у раним фазама насељавања земље Пакехама (Европљанима), Јужно острво је имало већину европског становништва и богатства. Популација Северног острва претекла је јужно острво почетком 20. века, са 56% становништва Новог Зеланда које је живело на Северном острву 1911. Насељавање људи и предузећа на северу се наставило и током двадесетог века.

Литература

• King, Michael (2003). The Penguin History of New Zealand. Auckland: Penguin Books. стр. 280–281. ISBN 978-0-14-301867-4. 
• Moon, Paul, ур. (2010). New Zealand Birth Certificates – 50 of New Zealand's Founding Documents. AUT Media. ISBN 978-0-9582997-1-8. 
• Belich, James (1996). Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders from the Polynesian settlement to the end of the nineteenth century. ISBN 9780824825171. 
• Belich, James (2001). Paradise Reforged: A History of the New Zealanders from 1880 to the Year 2000. Penguin. ISBN 9780824825423. 
• Giselle Byrnes, ур. (2009). The New Oxford History of New Zealand. Oxford University Press. 
• King, Michael (2003). The Penguin History of New Zealand. 
• Loveridge, Steven (2016). Another Great War? New Zealand interpretations of the First World War towards and into the Second World War, First World War Studies. стр.  303—25. 
• O'Malley, Vincent (2019). The New Zealand Wars Ngā Pakanga O Aotearoa. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books. ISBN 9781988545998. 
• Lloyd Pritchard, Muriel F. (1970). An Economic History of New Zealand to 1939. Auckland: Collins. 
• Parsons, Gwen (2013). The New Zealand Home Front during World War One and World War Two. 11.6. History Compass. стр. 419—428. 
• Reeves, William Pember (1905). „New Zealand To-day”. The Empire and the century. London: John Murray. стр. 462—77. 
• Smith, Philippa Mein (2012). A Concise History of New Zealand (2nd изд.). Cambridge Concise Histories. 
• Keith Sinclair, ур. (1996). The Oxford Illustrated History of New Zealand. Shorter than most recent general histories and with many good illustrations. 
• Sinclair, Keith (2000) [1959]. A History of New Zealand (5 изд.). England: Penguin. ISBN 978-0140298758. 
• Walker, Ranginui (2004). Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou: Struggle Without End. The only general history written from a Māori perspective; fair, informative and interesting. 
• King, Michael (2003). The Penguin History of New Zealand. Immensely popular, this well-written and comprehensive single volume history is probably the best place to start for those new to New Zealand history. 
• Belich, James (1996). Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders from the Polynesian settlement to the end of the nineteenth century (1996) and Paradise Reforged: A History of the New Zealanders from 1880 to the Year 2000 (2001). 
• Walker, Ranginui (2004). Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou: Struggle Without End. The only general history written from a Māori perspective; fair, informative and interesting. 
• Keith Sinclair, ур. (1996). The Oxford Illustrated History of New Zealand. Shorter than most recent general histories and with lots of good illustrations. 
• Giselle Byrnes, ур. (2009). The New Oxford History of New Zealand. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-558471-4. 
• Smith, Philippa Mein (2012). 2nd, ур. A Concise History of New Zealand. Cambridge Concise Histories. 
• Ballantyne, Tony (2009). Culture and Colonization: Revisiting the Place of Writing in Colonial New Zealand in The Journal of New Zealand Studies. 
• Ballantyne, Tony (2010). „Placing Literary Culture: Books and Civic Culture in Milton”. Journal of New Zealand Literature. 
• Beavan, Peter; Stacpoole, John (1973). New Zealand Art and Architecture, 1820–1970. 
• Eggleton, David (2007). Towards Aotearoa: A Short History of 20th Century New Zealand Art. 
• Evans, Patrick (1990). The Penguin History of New Zealand Literature. Auckland: Penguin. 
• Feeney, Warren (2010). „The Establishment of the Canterbury Society of Arts: Forming the Taste, Judgement and Identity of a Province, 1850–1880”. New Zealand Journal of History: 174—189. 
• McCormick, E. H. (1940). Letters and art in New Zealand. 
• Murray, Stuart. Never a Soul at Home: New Zealand Literary Nationalism and the 1930s (Wellington: Victoria University Press, 1998. 
• Pound, Francis (2009). The Invention of New Zealand: Art and National Identity, 1930–1970. 
• Robinson, Roger; Nelson Wattie, ур. (1998). The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 
• Sturm, Terry, ур. (1991). The Oxford History of New Zealand Literature in English. Auckland: Oxford University Press. 
• Williams, Mark; Michele Leggott, ур. (1995). Opening the Book: New Essays on New Zealand Writing. Auckland University Press. 
• Banner, Stuart (2000). Conquest by Contract: Wealth Transfer and Land Market Structure in Colonial New Zealand. Law & Society Review. стр. 47—96. 
• Belshaw, H. (1927). „Dairying Industry of New Zealand”. Economic Geography: 281—296. 
• Belshaw, H. (1933). „Crisis and Readjustment in New Zealand”. Journal of Political Economy: 750—775.  covers economic impact of the Great Depression
• Buchanan, R Ogilvie (1931). „Sheep Rearing in New Zealand”. Economic Geography: 365—379. 
• Condliffe, J B. (1959). New Zealand in the Making: A Study of Economic and Social Development (2nd изд.).  online, an influential survey
• Hawke, Gary R. (1985). The Making of New Zealand: An Economic History.  excerpt and text search, a standard textbook
• Hawke, Gary R.; Richard W. Baker (1992). Anzus Economics: Economic Trends and Relations among Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. Praeger Publishers. Архивирано из оригинала 08. 03. 2016. г. Приступљено 22. 08. 2021. 
• Hawke, G. R. (1973). „The Government and the Depression of the 1930s in New Zealand: An Essay Towards a Revision”. Australian Economic History Review: 72—95. 
• Ian, Hunter; Wilson, Marie (2007). „Origins and Opportunity: 150 Years of New Zealand Entrepreneurship”. Journal of Management and Organization. Архивирано из оригинала 07. 03. 2016. г. Приступљено 22. 08. 2021. 
• Le Rossignol James Edward; William Downie Stewart (1909). „Railways in New Zealand”. Quarterly Journal of Economics: 652—696. 
• Lloyd-Prichard Muriel Florence (1970). An economic history of New Zealand to 1939. 
• Gordon, McLauchlan (2006). The Farming of New Zealand: The People and the Land. 
• Hazel, Riseborough (2009). Shear Hard Work: A History of New Zealand Shearing. 
• Stewart, William Downie (1909). „Land Tenure and Land Monopoly in New Zealand: I”. Journal of Political Economy: 82—91, 144—52. 
• Tom, Brooking; Pawson, Eric (2010). Seeds of Empire: The Environmental Transformation of New Zealand. 
• Tom, Brooking; Pawson, Eric (2002). Environmental Histories of New Zealand. 
• Dunlap Thomas R. (1999). Nature and the English Diaspora: Environment and History in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. 
• Grey Alan H. (1994). Aotearoa & New Zealand: A Historical Geography. Canterbury University Press. Архивирано из оригинала 07. 03. 2016. г. Приступљено 22. 08. 2021. 
• Hamer D.A. (1979). „Towns in Nineteenth-Century New Zealand”. New Zealand Journal of History: 5—24. 
• David, Hamer (1995). „The making of urban New Zealand”. Journal of Urban History: 6—39. 
• McKinnon, Malcolm (1997). Bateman New Zealand historical atlas. 
• James, Belich (1989). The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict. 
• Buchanan Paul G. (2010). „Lilliputian in Fluid Times: New Zealand Foreign Policy after the Cold War”. Political Science Quarterly: 255—279. 
• Gerald, Hensley (2009). Beyond the Battlefield: New Zealand and its Allies, 1939–45.  diplomatic history
• McGibbon Ian,; Goldstone, Paul (2001). The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History. 
• Malcolm, McKinnon (1993). Independence and Foreign Policy: New Zealand in the World since 1935. Auckland University Press. 
• Coleman Peter J. (1958). „The Spirit of New Zealand Liberalism in the Nineteenth Century”. Journal of Modern History: 227—235. 
• Coleman Peter J. (1982). „New Zealand Liberalism and the Origins of the American Welfare State”. Journal of American History: 372—391. 
• Coleman Peter J. (1987). Progressivism and the World of Reform: New Zealand and the Origins of the American Welfare State. Архивирано из оригинала 04. 04. 2016. г. Приступљено 22. 08. 2021. 
• Alexander, Davidson (1989). Two Models of Welfare: The Origins and Development of the Welfare State in Sweden and New Zealand, 1888–1988. 
• Hackett, Fischer David (2012). Fairness and Freedom: A History of Two Open Societies: New Zealand and the United States. , a search for fairness infuses N.Z. politics, compared to freedom in the US
• Patricia, Grimshaw (1988). Women's Suffrage in New Zealand.  the standard scholarly study
• Patricia, Grimshaw (1994). Caroline Daley; Melanie Nolan, ур. Women's Suffrage in New Zealand Revisited: Writing from the Margins. Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives. New York U.P. стр. 25—41. 
• Martin John E. (1997). Holding the Balance. A History of New Zealand's Department of Labour 1891–1995. 
• Melanie, Nolan (2010). „Classic Third Way or Before its Time? The New Zealand Labour Party in Local and Transnational Context”. Labour History Review: 98—113. 
• Erik, Olssen (1988). The Red Feds: Revolutionary Industrial Unionism and the New Zealand Federation of Labour 1908–1914. 
• Davidson Janet M. (1987). The Prehistory of New Zealand. 
• Hill Richard S. (2010). Maori and the State: Crown-Maori Relations in New Zealand/Aotearoa, 1950–2000. 
• Tuku, Iho Taonga (2002). Encyclopedia of Maori Culture. 
• Ian, Pool D. (1967). „Post-War Trends in Maori Population Growth”. Population Studies: 87—98. 
• Ian, Pool D. (1989). Maori Population of New Zealand, 1769–1971. 
• Adrian, Williams (1969). Politics of the New Zealand Maori: Protest and co-operation, 1891–1909. 
• Bassett, Michael (1982). Three Party Politics in New Zealand 1911–1931. Auckland: Historical Publications. ISBN 0-86870-006-1. 
• Jonathan, Boston (2000). Left Turn: The New Zealand general election of 1999. Victoria U.P. 
• Burdon R. M. (1965). The New Dominion. A Social and Political History of New Zealand, 1918–1939. Wellington: A. H. & A. W. Reed. 
• Burdon, Randal Mathews (1955). King Dick: A Biography of Richard John Seddon. Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs. 
• Richard, Davis (1974). Irish Issues in New Zealand Politics, 1868–1922. Dunedin. 
• Brain, Easton (1989). Making of Rogernomics.  on late 1980s
• Gee, David (1993). My Dear Girl: A biography of Elizabeth and James McCombs. Christchurch: Treehouse. ISBN 0-473-02084-X. 
• Grant, David (2014). The Mighty Totara: The life and times of Norman Kirk. Auckland: Random House. ISBN 9781775535799. 
• Gustafson, Barry (1980). Labour's path to political independence: The Origins and Establishment of the New Zealand Labour Party, 1900–19. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press. ISBN 0-19-647986-X. 
• Gustafson, Barry (1986). From the Cradle to the Grave: A biography of Michael Joseph Savage. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed Methuen. ISBN 0-474-00138-5. 
• Gustafson, Barry (1986). The First 50 Years : A History of the New Zealand National Party. Auckland: Reed Methuen. ISBN 0-474-00177-6. 
• Gustafson, Barry (2002). His Way: A Biography of Robert Muldoon. Auckland: Auckland University Press. ISBN 978-1-86940-236-5. 
• Gustafson, Barry (2008). Kiwi Keith: A Biography of Keith Holyoake. Auckland: Auckland University Press. ISBN 978-1-86940-400-0. 
• Hamer, David A. (1988). The New Zealand Liberals: The Years of Power, 1891–1912. Auckland: Auckland University Press. ISBN 1-86940-014-3. OCLC 18420103. 
• Levine, Stephen; Nigel S. Roberts, ур. (2007). The Baubles of Office: The New Zealand General Election of 2005. Victoria U.P. 
• Levine, Stephen; Nigel S. Roberts, ур. (2010). Key to Victory: The New Zealand General Election of 2008. Victoria U.P. 
• Russell, Marcia (1996). Revolution: New Zealand from Fortress to Free Market. Hodder Moa Beckett. ISBN 1869584287.  on Rogernomics on 1980s
• Sinclair, Keith (1976). Walter Nash. Auckland: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-647949-5. , Labour prime minister 1957–60
• Watson, James; Lachy Paterson, ур. (2010). A Great New Zealand Prime Minister? Reappraising William Ferguson Massey.  essays by scholars on the Reform Party Prime Minister 1912–25
• Fairburn, Miles (1989). The Ideal Society and Its Enemies: The Foundations of Modern New Zealand Society, 1850–1900. 
• Ryan, Greg (2010). „Drink and the Historians: Sober Reflections on Alcohol in New Zealand 1840–1914”. New Zealand Journal of History: 35—53.  Examines drinking patterns, why men drank, whether drinking was excessive compared to other countries, how drinking behaviour evolved, and the social role of brewers and the pub owners.
• Ryan, Greg (2004). The Making of New Zealand Cricket: 1832–1914.  excerpt and text search
• Else, Anne, ур. (1993). Women Together A History of Women's Organizations in New Zealand. Wellington: Daphne Brasell. 
• Morrison, Hugh (2011). „Globally and Locally Positioned: New Zealand Perspectives on the Current Practice of Religious History”. Journal of Religious History: 181—198.  historiography
• Morrison, Hugh (2010). „The 'joy and heroism of doing good': The New Zealand Missionary" Record and Late-Nineteenth-Century Protestant Children's Missionary Support”. Journal of New Zealand Literature: JNZL. No. 28, Part 2: Special Issue: Cultures of Print in Colonial New Zealand: 158—182. 
• Stenhouse, John. Christianity, Modernity and Culture: New Perspectives On New Zealand History. 
• Tennant, Margaret (2007). The Fabric of Welfare: Voluntary Organisations, Government and Welfare in New Zealand, 1840–2005. 
• Adams, Peter (1978). Fatal Necessity: British Intervention in New Zealand, 1830–47. 
• Akenson, Donald Harman (1990). Half the World from Home: Perspectives on the Irish in New Zealand, 1860–1950. Wellington. 
• Arnold, Rollo (1981). The farthest promised land: English villagers, New Zealand immigrants of the 1870s. 
• Borrie W. D. (1991). Immigration to New Zealand: 1854–1938. Canberra: Australian National University. 
• Bueltmann, Tanja (2009). „No Colonists are more Imbued with their National Sympathies than Scotchmen”. New Zealand Journal of History: 169—181. 

• Giselle, Byrnes (2009). „Nation and Migration: Postcolonial Perspectives”. New Zealand Journal of History: 123—132. 
• J, Coleman Peter (1958). „The New Zealand Frontier and the Turner Thesis”. Pacific Historical Review: 221—237. 
• Fraser Lyndon, ур. (2000). A Distant Shore: Irish Migration and New Zealand Settlement. Dunedin. 
• Gandar, J. M. (1979). „New Zealand Net Migration in the Latter Part of the Nineteenth Century”. Australian Economic History Review. 19: 151—68. 
• Neville RJ Warwick; C.James O'Neill, ур. (1979). „Population of New Zealand: Interdisciplinary Perspectives”. 
• Ian, Pool; Dharmalingam, Arunachalam; Sceats, Janet (2007). The New Zealand Family since 1840: A Demographic History. Auckland University Press. 
• Paul, Baker (1988). King and Country Call: New Zealanders, Conscription and the Great War. 
• Nicholas, Boyack (1989). Behind the lines: The lives of New Zealand soldiers in the First World War. 
• B, Condliffe J (1919). „New Zealand during the War”. Economic Journal: 167—185.  in JSTOR, free, economic mobilisation
• Crawford John; Ian McGibbon, ур. (2008). New Zealand's Great War: New Zealand, the Allies and the First World War. 
• Gwen, Parsons (2013-11-06). The New Zealand Home Front during World War One and World War Two. History Compass. стр. 419—428. 
• Christopher, Pugsley (2004). The ANZAC experience: New Zealand, Australia and Empire in the First World War. 
• JVT, Baker (1965). War Economy.  NZ official history
• Deborah, Montgomerie (2001). The Women's War: New Zealand Women 1939–45.  argues that the Second World War was not a major turning point in the status of women
• Gwen, Parsons (2013). The New Zealand Home Front during World War One and World War Two. History Compass. стр. 419—428.  online
• M, Taylor Nancy (1986). „The Home Front”. NZ official history. I. 
• Lloyd, Whitfeld Frederick (1958). Political and External Affairs.  NZ official history
• DOW, Hall (1948). „Women at War”. Episodes & Studies. Wellington, New Zealand: Historical Publications Branch. 1. 
• Terry, Austrin; Farnsworth, John (2009). Assembling Histories: J. G. A. Pocock, Aotearoa/New Zealand and the British World. History Compass. стр. 1286—1302. 
• Ballantyne, Tony (2009). „Culture and Colonization: Revisiting the Place of Writing in Colonial New Zealand”. The Journal of New Zealand Studies.  This essay offers an overview of recent historical writing on colonialism.
• Ballantyne, Tony (2011). „On Place, Space and Mobility in Nineteenth Century New Zealand”. The New Zealand Journal of History. Архивирано из оригинала 10. 09. 2011. г. Приступљено 22. 08. 2021. CS1 одржавање: Неподобан URL (веза) This examines national history and its limits.
• Philippa, Hunter (2011). „Disturbing History's Identity in the New Zealand Curriculum to Free Up Historical Thinking”. Curriculum Matters. 7. 
• Katie, Pickles (2011). „The Obvious and the Awkward: Postcolonialism and the British World”. New Zealand Journal of History: 85—101.  looks at metropole and colony
• Jacob, Pollock (2007). „Cultural Colonization and Textual Biculturalism”. New Zealand Journal of History: 180—198. „Compares the approaches in James Belich's Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders. From Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century (1996) and Paradise Reforged: A History of the New Zealanders. From the 1880s to the Year 2000 (2001) with those of Michael King's The Penguin History of New Zealand (2003). Responding to Maori arguments that the colonial narrative of Pakeha history was a device to privilege the legitimacy of British colonisation, Belich wrote a radically bicultural story. He says the two peoples—both immigrants—developed their mother cultures inside New Zealand. King takes a more traditional approach that portrays a new unified state in which there are not two distinct and equal cultures but two principal varieties of New Zealanders.” 
• The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. „As well as all the Prime Ministers, Māori chiefs, early settlers and sporting legends, this also includes con artists, adventurers and other lesser known but interesting characters from New Zealand's past.” 
• Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. „A work still in progress, this will eventually offer short but comprehensive snapshots of most aspects of New Zealand, past and present.” 
• An authoritative and fairly comprehensive online source. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 
• „The New Zealand Journal of History”. Архивирано из оригинала 22. 08. 2021. г. Приступљено 22. 08. 2021.  complete texts of scholarly articles and book reviews; quarterly since 1967
• The Cyclopedia of New Zealand. 1897.  Encyclopedia covering people, organisations and places.

• Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War.  50-volume set now digitised by the New Zealand Electronic Text Centre
• Campaign histories and the regimental histories covering New Zealand's involvement in the First World War. variety of authors, digitised by the New Zealand Electronic Text Centre. 
• „New Zealand history”. New Zealand Electronic Text Centre. 
• The Year-book of the Imperial Institute of the United Kingdom, the colonies and India: a statistical record of the resources and trade of the colonial and Indian possessions of the British Empire (2nd изд.). New Zealand. 1893. стр. 719—754. 
• New Zealand Official Yearbook, annual 1893–2008. Архивирано из оригинала 25. 03. 2012. г. Приступљено 22. 08. 2021. CS1 одржавање: Неподобан URL (веза)
• Fraser Lyndon; Katie Pickles, ур. (2002). Shifting Centres: Women and Migration in New Zealand History. U. of Otago Press.  personal accounts, mostly after 1945
• McIntyre W. David; W. J. Gardner, ур. (1971). Speeches and Documents on New Zealand History. 
• Alison, Parr (2010). Home: Civilian New Zealanders Remember the Second World War. 
• Simpson Tony, ур. (2009). The Sugarbag Years: An Oral History of the 1930s Depression in New Zealand. 

Спољашње везе

• New Zealand in History – an overview of pre-historic, colonial and modern periods.
• Catholic Encyclopedia – entry on New Zealand from the 1911 edition
• New Zealand Official Yearbook annual 1893–2008
• Waitangi Treaty Grounds website
• NZHistory.net.nz – New Zealand history website from the Ministry for Culture and Heritage, including an ever-growing number of multimedia features on a wide range of topics.
• Early New Zealand Books Collection – 260 searchable books 1805–1870
• New Zealand Journal of History Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (15. октобар 2023) – 1967– except latest issues
• Map of Early 19th Century Missions in New Zealand Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (22. април 2021)