Tese - Renato Rocha Batista - 2021 - Parcial
Tese - Renato Rocha Batista - 2021 - Parcial
Tese - Renato Rocha Batista - 2021 - Parcial
Rio de Janeiro
2021
iii
Rio de Janeiro
2021
iii
CATALOGAÇÃO NA FONTE
UERJ / REDE SIRIUS / BIBLIOTECA CTC/B
B333 Batista, Renato Rocha.
Influência de variáveis físico-químicas de biomassas
lignocelulósicas e de processo pirolítico no rendimento de
biocarvão e potencial de aplicação no sequestro de carbono /
Renato Rocha Batista. – 2021.
323f.
CDU 631.41
Assinatura Data
iii
_________________________________________
Profa. Dra. Marcia Marques Gomes (Orientadora)
Faculdade de Engenharia – UERJ
_________________________________________
Dr. Marco Tadeu Gomes Vianna (Coorientador)
Faculdade de Engenharia – UERJ
_________________________________________
Prof. Dra. Nathalia Salles Vernin Barbosa
Faculdade de Engenharia – UERJ
_________________________________________
Profa. Dra. Alena Torres Netto
Faculdade de Engenharia – UERJ
_________________________________________
Dra. Fabiana Abreu de Rezende
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária
_________________________________________
Profa. Dra. Jacyra Guimarães Faillace
Inst. Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do RJ
_________________________________________
Prof. Dr. Leonardo da Silva Arrieche
Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana
Rio de Janeiro
2021
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DEDICATÓRIA
AGRADECIMENTOS
André, Lia, Renata, Élida, Heleno, Jesus, alunos de IC do grupo pesquisa Faiga, Éric,
Vitor e tantos outros alunos que ao longo dos anos passaram pelo LABIFI…. Aos
colegas que atualmente exercem pesquisas diretamente no LABIFI-UERJ, desejo
sucesso no andamento das atividades e que novas publicações se façam presentes.
Agradeço aos meus colegas da turma Deamb/2016: David Barreto, Fabricio Viana,
Rodrigo Araújo, colegas em disciplinas, bem como em atividades de docência nos dois
primeiros anos do curso. Obrigado pela força e companheirismo em momentos
críticos. Ao colega da turma DEAMB/2015 Mauro Prioste e demais colegas participantes das
últimas duas reuniões promovidas pela coordenação Deamb, muito obrigado pelas palavras
de apoio e compartilhamento informações de cunho institucional.
Agradeço oportunidade de ter cursado disciplinas “extras”, além das
obrigatórias do DEAMB. Agradeço aos Prof. José Francisco Moreira Pessanha
(Depto. IME-UERJ), Prof. Marcelo Rubens (IME-UERJ), Prof. Alfredo Victor Belido
Bernedo (Depto. Geoquímica – UFF). Ao prof Sergio Machado (FAT-UERJ, Rezende)
pela disciplina sobre o R e ao prof. Dr. Wenceslau Geraldes Teixeira (Embrapa-
Solos), por ter me aceito no minicurso de estatística esperimental no laboratório da
Embrapa-Solos.
Não poderia deixar de mencionar as trocas de informações importantes com
palestrantes em eventos e amigos que fiz em outras instituições UFRRJ, UFF, PUC,
UFES, UFSCAR. Obrigado!
Agradeço ao apoio da Profa. Marcia, no momento de indecisão para atuar
temporariamente como professor substituto no Departamento de Tecnologia em Processos
Químicos (IF-Maracanã), simultâneamente ao desenvolvimento do doutorado. Confiei na
opinião da orientadora de que a experiência seria boa para mim e segui. Além de excelente
oportunidade de agregar experiência profissional. Agradeço aos colegas do Instituto
Federal do Rio de Janeiro, que me acolheram no Curso de Tecnólogo em Processos
Químicos, Muito obrigado! Com o início da pandemia, imediatamente após término de
vínculo de bolsista FAPERJ em fev/2020, os vencimentos como substituto me
ajudaram muito até esta reta final.
Agradeço ao ex-orientador de mestrado, Prof. Leonardo Arrieche, que desde
2015 quando eu era prof. substituto na UFES, me motivou a ingressar no Doutorado,
mesmo ciente de minhas dificuldades durante caminhada acadêmica do mestrado.
Hoje, vejo o quanto foram importantes as nossas conversas de 5 anos atrás.
Agradeço à Associação Brasileira de Recuperação Energética (ABREN), da
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qual fui convidado a participar pelo atual presidente MSc. Yuri Schmitke no início de
2019, mediante apoio do Msc. Luiz Assumpção. É uma honra fazer parte do grupo e
ter tido contato com webinars de inúmeros palestrantes ilustres não só do Brasil, mas
mundo afora.
Agradeço aos autores que se tornaram referências nos manuscritos e na tese:
Ayhan Demirbas, Bruno Glaser, Deepshikha Pandey, Gartzen Lopez (e seu grupo de
pesquisa, Mohammad Boshir Ahmed, Manoj Tripathi, Michael Jerry Antal, Robert H.
Perry, Thomas Klasson, Van Krevelen, Xin Xiao, Baoliang Chen entre outros, que são
fonte de inspiração nessa carreira fabulosa e sem fronteiras...Que a Ciência prevaleça
sobre as forças contrárias da sociedade que a nega.
Agradeço aos meus pais - Izabel Cristina Cavalcanti Rocha Batista & Emir
Rodrigues Batista - por acreditarem em mim como profissional. Obrigado! Aos tios
Carlinhos e Cláudia, meus padrinhos, que além das palavras de apoio, me ajudaram
com apoio financeiro até o início do recebimento da bolsa FAPERJ. Agradeço aos
meus irmãos, tios, primos e demais familiares e amigos.
Finalmente, um agradecimento especial ao amigo e ex-vizinho de moradia
estudantil na época de graduação (UFRRJ), Paulo Sergio Nobre Matos (hoje professor
de Física), que me apoiou e sempre tentou ajudar. Vizinho do alojamento interno do
campus Seropédica, Marcelo (mestre em Engenharia Elétrica UERJ), Luiz Assumpção
(Eng. Químico – empresa de SP), Marcio Martino Salem, Neila Carla de Souza (amiga
da área da Saúde), Vivian Reis, Marcelo Luiz de Carvalho, Bruno Rocha, Felipe Rabelo,
Estevão Santana Ramos, Patrick Araújo de Jesus, Rodrigo Mazollini Imberti, Claudia
Conceição, Jorge Chastinete, Marcus Vinicius Standford, Guilherme Santos, Letícia
Primón, Arseni Zubkovski, Faranak Vejdani além de inúmeros outros colegas pelas
palavras de apoio, principalmente em momentos de bastante dificuldades no
andamento das pesquisas.
Agradeço ao membros da banca examinadora desta tese. Muito obrigado por
terem aceito o convite e por dedicarem tempo na leitura e avaliação do documento.
O desenvolvimento desta tese ao longo de 5,5 anos, coincidiu com eventos
dramáticos da história recente do país e do Estado do RJ, incluindo a crise financeira
histórica no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (2017-2018), três presidentes da República e o
advento da pandemia do século Covid-19 (2020-atual), que nos afastou fisicamente
das instalações da UERJ, mas não nos afastou dos ideais elevados daquela casa.
Finalmente, um lembrete para sonharmos, mas sempre mantendo os pés no
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chão: “Em teoria, tudo é possível, até o momento em que se coloca a mão na massa”.
xvii
RESUMO
ABSTRACT
LISTAS DE ILUSTRAÇÕES
LISTA DE TABELAS
LISTA DE QUADROS
ABREVIATURAS
Oh “Olive husk”
Bw “Beech wood”
Corn “Corncob”
Sw “Spruce Wood”
Hs “Hazel Nut shell”
Pin “Pine wood”
Mix “Broom species mixture”
Ac “Acacia”
Car “Carqueja”
Rh “Rice husk”
Eu “Eucalyptus”
Ow “Orange waste”
Po “Poplar”
H2Ov Vapor de água
EBC “European Biochar Certificate”
IBI “Initiative Biochar Certificate”
PAHs Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos
PCBs Bifenilas policloradas
wt% (%m/m) Porcentagem mássica
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SIGLAS
VRT
s Tempo de residência da fase vapor
(=SRT= TRV)
P Atm, MPa Pressão
Rendimento de biocarvão:massa de
CY %m/m biochar produzida dividida pela massa
inicial de biomassa
Rendimento de bio-óleo: massa de
OY %m/m bio-óleo produzida dividida pela
massa inicial de biomassa
Rendimento de bio-syngas, massa de
SY %m/m bio-syngás produzida dividida pela
massa inicial de biomassa
Componente principal 1 (variável
CP1 % latente que retem maior parte da
variância explicada)
Componente principal 2 (variável
CP2 % latente que retem a segunda maior
parte da variância explicada)
Componente principal 3 (variável
CP3 % latente que retem a terceira maior
parte da variância explicada)
Coeficiente de carga da variável
êi ----
combinada linearmente
Coeficiente de correlação linear de
|r| ----
Pearson
Valor de probabilidade (significância
p-value ----
da correlação
% Contribuição de cada variável para
% Cont. %
cada CP.
CBSSB “Conventional bench scale spouted
----
(=CSBR) bed”
DTBSSB ---- “Draft tube bench scale spouted bed”
DTSBPP ---- “Draft tube spouted bed pilot plant”
xvii
SUMÁRIO
INTRODUÇÃO .......................................................................................................... 29
Objetivo Geral .......................................................................................................... 32
Objetivos Específicos ............................................................................................. 32
1 REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA .......................................................................... 35
1.1. Principais tipos de biomassas e aplicações .............................................. 35
1.1.1. Resíduos de biomassa lignocelulósicas: Origem e status da aplicabilidade no
Brasil e no mundo ........................................................................................... 37
1.1.2. Caracterização de biomassa lignocelulósica (variáveis físico-químicas) ........ 38
1.1.3. Parâmetros de análise estrutural (Celulose, Hemicelulose e Lignina) ............ 39
1.1.4. Parâmetros de análise proximada: Umidade, cinzas, material volátil e carbono
fixo .................................................................................................................. 42
1.1.5. Parâmetros de análise elementar (Teores de Carbono, hidrogênio, nitrogênio,
enxofre e oxigênio) ......................................................................................... 44
1.1.6. Relações entre 3 principais tipos de caracterizações: estrutural, proximada e
elementar ........................................................................................................ 45
1.1.7. Caracterização por análise térmica ................................................................ 46
1.2. Principais limitações inerentes à biomassa lignocelulósica .................... 48
1.3. Pré-tratamento de biomassa lígnocelulósica ............................................. 50
1.3.1. Secagem......................................................................................................... 50
1.3.2. Moagem .......................................................................................................... 51
1.3.3. Densificação ................................................................................................... 51
1.3.4. Torrefação ...................................................................................................... 51
1.4. Fundamentos do Processamento Termoquímico para conversão de
biomassa lignocelulósica e Classificação dos processos ....................... 52
1.4.1. Processo de degradação térmica do tipo pirólise em base seca .................... 54
1.4.2. Classificação dos tipos de pirólise em base seca quanto ao ajuste das
condições operacionais .................................................................................. 61
1.5. Principais modelos de reatores pirolíticos................................................. 67
1.5.1. Reatores sob modo de operação batelada ..................................................... 72
1.5.2. Reatores sob modo de operação contínuo ..................................................... 73
1.6. Variáveis de processo e aspectos operacionais de reatores pirolíticos . 74
xvii
INTRODUÇÃO
indicaram que as áreas de solos com coloração escura contendo maiores quantidades
de macronutrientes nitrogênio, fósforo (GLASER, 2007) e teores de carbono orgânico
total (COT) eram decorrentes de atividades humanas pretéritas dos antigos
assentamentos indígenas (SILVA et al., 2021), que misturavam manualmente matéria
orgânica com resíduos de biocarvão (proveniente da combustão de biomassa em
fornos primitivos na ausência de O2), além de resíduos de artefatos para melhoria da
fertilidade de algumas áreas de solo na região da Amazônia. As porções de solo de
coloração escura dessas áreas passaram a ser denominadas de “Terras Pretas
Arqueológicas” (TPA’s) ou “Terras Pretas de Índio” (TPI) (SOUSA et al., 2020). Essa
evidência da elevada fertilidade das TPI’s tem intrigado inúmeros pesquisadores, pois
grande parte dos solos é ácida, com baixa capacidade de troca catiônica, o que limita
a produtividade dos sistemas agrícolas (SILVA et al., 2021), necessitando de
condicionamento que confira aumento de fertilidade.
Dada a importância de se expandir sistemas de produção agrícola, com
incremento da fertilidade do solo em inúmeras áreas degradadas do Brasil, dentre
outros países, e sobretudo, a necessidade crescente de redução das emissões de
carbono para mitigação das mudanças climáticas, resultados de estudos recentes
evidenciaram similaridades em termos de características físico-químicas do residuo
carbonáceo derivado da pirólise de biomassas (processamento térmico advindo de
atividades antrópicas) em relação às porções de solo escuras do tipo TPI, coletadas
em solo da Amazônia (PANDEY et al., 2021).
O material carbonáceo pirogênico (PCM), ou TPI sintética, proveniente da
pirólise de biomassa de origem vegetal (mas também animal), é uma estrutura
carbonácea amorfa estável com elevado teor de carbono em base mássica, sendo
reconhecida como biochar quando é produzida para aplicações agronômicas e de
sequestro de carbono mediante aplicação em solo (AHMAD et al., 2014). Trabalhos
recentes relatam aplicações, não apenas como biocombustíveis sólidos e no
condicionamento/ remediação de solos degradados e como estratégia de sequestro
de carbono, mas também no uso como adsorvente para remoção de compostos
orgânicos e inorgânicos presentes em matrizes aquosas (ex: efluentes urbanos e
industriais), na produção de novos materiais compósitos para uso em processos de
catálise/fotocatálise, na geração de nanomateriais, dentre outras aplicações
(QAMBRANI et al., 2017; XIAO et al., 2017).
Tradicionalmente o processo termoquímico para produção de biochar é a
31
Objetivo Geral
Objetivos Específicos
4. Com base nos critérios estabelecidos pela International Biochar Initiative (IBI) e
pelo European Biochar Certificate (EBC), avaliar o potencial de estabilidade de
biocarvões produzidos por pirólise rápida com vistas a aplicacões no solo como
biochar (Paper V);
A B C D
Delimitação das biomassas de estudo & Caracterização Grupo Variáveis 1: Caracterização físico-
correspondente química biomassa Grupo Variáveis 3: Caracterização físico-
química elementar de biocarvões (O/C; H/C)
Categorias de processos termoquímicos pirolíticos
Revisão
+
Bibliográfica Grupo Variáveis 2: Parâmetros de processo
Delimitação dos grupos de variáveis – Variáveis de pirolítico
composição química e de processo pirolítico
Narrativa: Papers I, II
Análise do conjunto de possíveis
Hipóteses de trabalho/limitações de acordo com cada interações entre variáveis Árvore de Decisão: Critérios da IBI e da
conjunto de dados experimentais. (Análise exploratória Multivariada) EBC para seleção de biocarvões
Matriz de correlação
Análise de Componentes Principais
1 REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA
• biomassa virgem (“in natura”): material orgânico que não tem sido submetido
a alguma transformação química ou biológica e/ou tratamento, como por exemplo
resíduos agro-florestais ou resíduos de colheita (“bioenergy crops”) e, em menor grau;
1.1.3.1. Celulose
1.1.3.2. Hemicelulose
1.1.3.3. Lignina
Mm (%) =
massa da amostra biomassa−massa da biomassa seca
x 100 (1)
massa da amostra biomassa
Onde: massa da amostra de biomassa: massa biomassa “in natura”, massa da biomassa seca: massa
resultante após secagem de parte do teor de água contido na biomassa “in natura”.
43
de massa da amostra no cadinho antes (Mi) e após a retirada do forno (Mf) (MISHRA
& MOHANTY, 2018), de acordo com Equação 2:
𝑀𝑖−𝑀𝑓
𝑀(%) = 𝑥 100 (2)
𝑀𝑖
Onde: Mi: massa inicial da amostra de biomassa antes do aquecimento; Mf: massa da amostra após
aquecimento e M (%) representa a perda de massa da biomassa em porcentagem
Onde: CF(%): representa o teor de carbono fixo, Mm (%): teor de umidade, MV (%): teor de material
volátil e CZ (%): teor de cinzas.
Biomassa
Celulose Hemicelulose Lignina
Lignocelulósica
Fonte: CHEN & KUO (2010); CHEN et al. (2015); NIZAMUDDIN et al. (2017); YAN et
al. (2009).
48
(SÁNCHEZ & MIGUEL, 2016). O teor de cinzas, se necessário reduzir o teor presente
na biomassa a ser processada, tende a gerar problemas devido à incrustação e/ou
escória no reator pirolítico (SAIDUR et al., 2011).
O valor calorífico para biomassa tende a variar entre 4 e 19 MJ/Kg, sendo que
o conteúdo de umidade de 2 – 60%, conteúdo de carbono 20–80 m/m%, e conteúdo
de material volátil ~10–70% (AVILA et al., 2011). O valor considerado adequado de
poder calorífico para a carga de biomassa a ser submetida a processo termoquímico
é em torno de 26 MJ/kg (CHEN et al., 2015). Como exemplo de referencial, compara-
se a caracterização de biomassa lígnocelulósica com a caracterização de carvão
betuminoso, pois este é considerado de elevada densidade energética (valor calorífico
de 36 MJ kg-1), em função do baixo teor de umidade (1–3%), conteúdo de carbono de
80–90% e conteúdo de voláteis de 20–30%, sendo tais valores variáveis a depender
da idade do carvão mineral geológico (AVILA et al., 2011).
Para processo de conversão energética em base seca, as principais
propriedades de interesse da biomassa “in natura” a serem analisadas são: conteúdo
de umidade (intrínseco e extrínseco), capacidade calorífica, proporção de carbono fixo
em relação ao conteúdo de voláteis (FC/MV) e conteúdo de cinzas (CZ%)
(MCKENDRY, 2002). Mediante isso, previamente à realização da pirólise, além das
caracterizações por análises estrutural, proximada e elementar; também deve ser
realizada a análise de valor calorífico e de decomposição térmica da biomassa por
análise termogravimétrica (AHMED et al., 2020). A determinação do diâmetro de
partícula mais representativo (dimensão característica) em função da distribuição de
tamanho de partículas (análise granulométrica), considerada adequada, está
relacionada à especificação do tipo de reator utilizado e relação entre massas
específicas real/aparente da respectiva biomassa no que diz respeito à densidade
energética (SÁNCHEZ & MIGUEL, 2016). Para o escopo da presente tese, maior
ênfase é dado à caracterização de biomassa por análise proximada e elementar, até
porque de acordo com ZHANG & XIONG (2016) as propriedades chave de
caracterização de biomassas para aplicação em processo termoquímico são:
conteúdo de umidade (Um%), material volátil (MV %m/m), teores de C, H e O (%m/m),
além de poder calorífico superior (HHV, MJ/Kg).
A biomassa “virgem” (“in natura”) de interesse da presente Tese, resíduos
agrícolas e florestais, tende a não apresentar densidade energética (e respectivo
poder calorífico) adequados para aplicação direta em processo termoquímico, por
50
1.3.1. Secagem
1.3.2. Moagem
1.3.3. Densificação
1.3.4. Torrefação
Fonte: Adaptado de ANCA-COUCE (2016); KAMBO & DUTTA (2015); VILELA et al. (2014).
54
Fonte: Adaptado de ANCA-COUCE, 2016; LOPEZ et al., 2019; TRIPATHI et al., 2016; XIAO
et al., 2017; WANG et al., 2018.
a. Pirólise primária (300°C < T< 600°C)(LI et al., 2020): A biomassa é degradada
termicamente e devolatilizada por meio de reações do tipo descarboxilação e
desidrogenação, mediante aquecimento. Simultaneamente à formação de gás e
líquido pirolenhoso (“tar”), residual de biocarvão primário (Char 1°) é formado com
presença de diferentes grupos oxigenados carboxil, carbonil e hidroxilas na área
superficial do char 1° (TRIPATHI et al., 2016).
56
Essas 4 etapas citadas podem ser simplificadas (LI et al., 2016) dentro do
equipamento reator conforme Equações 5, 6 e 7 em função das dificuldades de propor
o detalhamento das inúmeras reações químicas complexas (paralelas e/ou
simultâneas) bem como os respectivos compostos formados para a pirólise para uma
dada biomassa específica (VELDEN et al., 2010).
• Bioóleo
• Gás
1.4.2. Classificação dos tipos de pirólise em base seca quanto ao ajuste das
condições operacionais
Categoria de pirólise cujo ajuste das variáveis de processo ocorre com maiores
especificidades em relação a biomassa feedstock, pois o diâmetro representativo de
partícula de biomassa deve ser menor ou igual a valores da faixa 0,2–6 mm ou 5 – 50
mm a depender do tipo de configuração de equipamento reator usado (MOHAN et al.,
63
2006), teor de umidade da biomassa menor do que 10% (MOHAN et al., 2006) além
de demandar altas taxas de aquecimento (10 < HR < 300°C/s) (CALLEGARI &
CAPODAGLIO, 2018). Os principais parâmetros de influência são temperatura e
tempo de residência da fase vapor (LOPEZ et al., 2019), de modo que temperatura de
operação ocorra na faixa de valores de 450 – 650°C e tempo de residência da fase
vapor (SRT) em contato com sólido carbonáceo previamente formado menor do que
2s (KAN et al., 2016). Conhecida como técnica termoquímica orientada à produção de
bio-óleo (ZHANG et al., 2019) pois esse ajuste de variáveis favorece maior rendimento
em base mássica de bio-óleo, a formação da fase gasosa é favorecida em relação ao
residual de material carbonáceo (ZHANG et al., 2020) devido a predominância de
reações de craqueamento (MOHAN et al., 2006).
A produção de bio-óleo é favorecida por conta da rápida retirada do biocarvão
imediatamente formado após etapa de pirólise primária (baixo SRT) seguido do rápido
resfriamento da atmosfera reacional, o que perfaz com que máximo conteúdo de
vapores voláteis tende a ser condensado ao invés de ser depositado na superfície do
biocarvão formado da etapa de pirólise primária (ZHANG et al., 2007). Como
consequência, evita-se ao máximo reações posteriores de degradação dos compostos
voláteis condensáveis de cadeia longa em compostos gasosos de baixo peso
molecular que reagiriam com superfície do sólido previamente formado; o que tende
a minimizar a formação de biocarvão secundário (DEMIRBAS, 2005). Ainda que a
formação de biocarvão secundário seja minimizada, parte dos compostos orgânicos
voláteis recondensam dentro do equipamento reator, de modo a formar char
secundário além da fase líquida oleosa (CONESA et al., 1998; PATWARDHAN et al.,
2011) e água (COLLARD & BLIN, 2014; DEMIRBAŞ, 2000; MOHAN et al., 2006). A
rápida eliminação de vapores voláteis para a supressão de reações do mecanismo de
pirólise secundária (KAN et al., 2016) perfaz com que a distribuição do rendimento
dos produtos, após etapa de arrefecimento da corrente gasosa de produtos (ZHANG
et al., 2020)., seja em torno de: 60-75% bioóleo, 15-25% de biocarvão e 10-20% de
gases não condensáveis (BRIDGWATER, 2003).
64
Ausência in natura ou
O2 ou moída ou
SP 5-50 350-700 2-7 0,1 Hr - d
quase- densificada
ausência (ex: pellet)
Ausência Finamente
FP <1 400-600 >300 0,1 seg
O2 moído
Ausência Finamente Elevada
“flash” < 0,5 750-1000 >1000 seg
O2 moído (>0.1)
(BAHNG et
al., 2009 ;
BALAT et
al., 2009 ;
(PANDEY (BAHNG (PANDEY
(PANDEY DUKU et al., (BRIDGWA (PANDEY
Ref. et al., et al., et al.,
et al., 2020) 2011; TER, 2012) et al., 2020)
2020) 2009) 2020)
JAHIRUL et
al., 2012 ;
KONG et al.,
2014 ;)
Legenda: Tipo de pirólise – Pyr; Lenta – SP; Rápida – FP; Flash – “flash”; Dp – diâmetro de partícula;
T(°C): temperatura; HR(°C/min): taxa de aquecimento; P: pressão de operação; SRT: tempo de
residência da fase vapor formada em contato com sólido dentro do reator.(Seg: segundo; Hr: hora; d:
dia).
65
Para análise comparativa entre esses três tipos de técnicas, valem ressaltar as
principais vantagens e desvantagens de cada técnica conforme Quadro 3.
• Tecnologia consolidada
comercialmente(KUPP • Maior tempo de processo
USAMY et al., 2016); (SRT:escala de minutos a
horas)(LI et al., 2020).
• Não há especificação
Queima de parte da carga
Bio-óleo, quanto ao feedstock
Slow Biocarvão de feedstock para gerar
Syngás (KUPPUSAMY et al.,
parte da energia usada
2016);
para inserir no processo
• Elevado rendimento de (KUPPUSAMY et al.,
biocarvão (LI et al., 2016);
2020);
• Baixo tempo de
processo; • Restrição quanto ao
preparo da carga
• Tecnologia emergente; feedstock – teor de
umidade e Diâmetro de
syngas, • Sistema de fluxo partícula (KUPPUSAMY
Fast Bio-óleo contínuo (KUPPUSAMY
biocarvão et al., 2016);
et al., 2016);
• Baixo valor de área
• Maximizar produção de superficial específica (LI
bio-óleo (KUPPUSAMY et al., 2020);
et al., 2016);
• Pirólise rápida: Temperatura final em torno de 500 °C; diâmetro de partícula < 1
mm; SRT < 2 min e tempo de residência do sólido dentro do reator: 0,5 – 10
segundos (JAHIRUL et al., 2012; KONG et al., 2014);
• Pirólise flash: Temperatura final > 800°C; diâmetro de partícula < 0,2 mm; SRT <
1 min e tempo de residência do sólido dentro do reator: < 0,5 s (JAHIRUL et al.,
2012; KONG et al., 2014).
• Sob categoria de pirólise lenta: AMINI et al., 2019; CROMBIE & MAŠEK, 2014;
CHEN et al., 2015; DOUMER et al., 2015; HERNANDEZ-MENA et al., 2014;
KLOSS et al., 2012; LEE, et al., 2013; MANYÀ et al., 2018; MIKULA et al., 2020;
NAM et al., 2015; PARK et al., 2014; RONSSE et al., 2013; VIEIRA et al., 2020;
75
• Sob categoria de pirólise rápida/”flash”: AMUTIO et al., 2011; AMUTIO et al., 2012;
AMUTIO et al., 2013; AMUTIO et al., 2015; ALVAREZ et al., 2014; ALVAREZ et
al., 2018; GHYSELS et al., 2019; LOPEZ et al., 2019; NAM et al., 2015; YIN et al.,
2013.
Dentre os exemplos de estudos a partir de plantas de escala piloto e/ou
comercial, principalmente sob tipo de pirólise rápida/”Flash”, ainda que existam
também outros estudos que aplicaram categoria “lenta” com resíduos de biomassa do
tipo florestal e/ou residual do processamento da indústria madeireira, valem destacar
alguns dos estudos publicados:
• Sob categoria de pirólise lenta: BABLER et al., 2017; MIKULA et al., 2020;
SHABANGU et al., 2014;
• Sob categoria de pirólise rápida/”Flash”: AMUTIO et al., 2012; FERNANDEZ-
AKARREGI et al., 2013; MAKIBAR et al., 2015.
Normalmente para o scale-up a partir de unidades de bancada sob as
categorias rápida e “flash”, taxas de aquecimento maiores que 1000°C/min são
aplicadas, com ênfase no maior rendimento de bioóleo e/ou syngás conforme
reportado por diversos trabalhos da literatura (VARDON et al., 2012). A fração bio-
óleo tem sido utilizada como matéria-prima para obtenção de diversos derivados
químicos e/ou aprimorada tecnologicamente para produção de biocombustíveis
(BALAT et al., 2009; BRIDGWATER, 2012; CZERNIK & BRIDGWATER, 2004). A
fração de syngás, por sua vez, tem sido usada para geração de calor e potência
(MOHAN et al., 2006).
Numerosos entraves e desafios ainda devem ser superados para se consolidar
a aplicação comercial da tecnologia de pirólise, dentre as quais valem destacar:
limitações inerentes à eficiência energética relacionada à etapa de pré-tratamento da
matéria-prima, baixa qualidade do produto, informações detalhadas das
características de produto (principalmente em função da aplicação) além da
escalabilidade do reator (KAN et al., 2016). Independente do tipo de reator usado, o
sistema pirolítico considerado ideal para se produzir biocarvão (biochar) deve cumprir
três critérios de proximidade que são importantes para garantir a viabilidade
econômica: proximidade da unidade de pirólise em relação à fonte de biomassa,
proximidade em relação a infraestrutura apropriada de armazenamento e/ou
distribuição e proximidade do local de aplicação almejado do biochar (AHMED et al.,
2012).
76
m biomass(bs)−m sólido(bs)
Conversão (%) = ∗ 100 (8)
m biomassa(bs)
𝑚 𝑚 𝑙í𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑜
𝐿𝑌 (% 𝑚) = 𝑚 𝑏𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎 (𝑏𝑠) ∗ 100 (9)
Onde LY (%) representa a soma das parcelas OY(%) (= fase orgânica/m biomassa
(bs)) e AY(%) (= fase aquosa/ m biomassa (bs)) (ABBAS et al., 2018)
77
𝑚 𝑚 𝑠ó𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑜 (𝑏𝑠)
𝐶𝑌 (% 𝑚) = ∗ 100 (10)
𝑚 𝑏𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎 (𝑏𝑠)
𝑚
𝑆𝑌 (% 𝑚) = 100% − 𝐿𝑌 (%) − 𝐶𝑌 (%) (11)
𝑚 𝑚 %𝐶𝐹
𝑅𝑒𝑛𝑑. 𝐶𝐹 (% 𝑚) = 𝐶𝑌 (% 𝑚) ∗ (100−% 𝐶𝑍 𝑏𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘) (13)
• pressão de operação elevada (por exemplo 1Mpa) pois alta concentração de vapor
de compostos voláteis de cadeia longa tende a aumentar a taxa de reações
secundárias e por consequencia favorecer incremento do valor CY (% m/m);
Quadro 5 - Propostas de abordagem da literatura para mensuração/predição de rendimento de biocarvão (Biochar) em base mássica
(CY % m/m)
Abordagem proposta Hipóteses de trabalho/Requisitos e aspectos da metodologia de análise de dados Autores
Análise comparativa teor - Biomassa feedstock com baixo teor de cinzas;
material volátil (MV%) entre - O teor de cinzas e de carbono fixo permanece constante durante a pirólise;
(WEBER et al.,
biocarvão e biomassa (dados - Condição operação: pirólise lenta (T ≤ 800°C, P= 1 atm)
2018)
experimentais vs. Dados - Etapa secundária de formação não é significativa para formação biocarvão comparado à etapa
literatura) para validação primária;
- Síntese de dados de estudos publicados de pirólise lenta e realizaram caracterização de propriedades
físicas e químicas de biochars;
- Número de estudos escolhidos em função dos mesmos métodos analíticos usados pelos distintos
autores para caracterizar biochars para permitir comparação dos dados de estudos diferentes => 102
- Síntese de dados e Meta -
conjuntos de dados de autores distintos mensuraram 22 características de bioichars (físicas e/ou
análise - Matriz de correlação
químicas); (MORALES et al.,
e Análises de modelos
- Testou-se efeito de diferentes biomassas e temperaturas em 22 características de biochars, sendo 2015)
lineares generalizados
uma delas o rendimento (CY). As propriedades são fortemente correlacionadas se | r | ≥ 0:75 e p-value
(GLMs)
< 0.001;
- GLMs: extensão da análise de regressão linear ordinária que considera distribuições não-gaussianas
das variáveis de resposta e também dependências não-lineares entre variáveis explicativas e variáveis
de resposta.
- Síntese de dados de estudos publicados de pirólise lenta e realizaram caracterização de propriedades
físicas e químicas de biochars;
(WEBER &
Síntese de dados - Síntese gráfica dos distintos perfis gráficos das propriedades de biochars em função da temperatura
QUICKER, 2018)
(T) e tempo de residência da fase vapor (VRT), a exemplo do parâmetro CY (%m/m).
A fase líquida é constituída por duas fases imiscíveis: fase orgânica (compostos
fenólicos e heterocíclicos, aldeídos complexos e cetonas) e a fase aquosa (água
pirolítica e proveniente da biomassa feedstock, ácidos solúveis em água, álcoois,
esteres de ácido acético, grupos acetila e acetados) (TINWALA et al., 2015).
Para obtenção de elevado rendimento de bio-óleo, o ajuste de parâmetros de
processo deve enfatizar (ARAVIND et al., 2020; BRIDGWATER, 2003):
(adaptação da pirólise rápida). Baixos valores de HR (< 1×102 °C/s) tendem a produzir
biocarvão cuja estrutura carbonácea se assemelha à estrutura original da biomassa
feedstock (fibras e estrutura celular) devido à baixa liberação de compostos orgânicos
voláteis (PANG et al., 2018). Elevadas taxas de aquecimento (1x105 °C/s), por sua
vez, influenciam para produção de biocarvão de estrutura porosa em estado mais
avançado devido ruptura de células vegetais estruturais da biomassa associado à
rápida liberação de voláteis (PANG et al., 2018).
Os parâmetros temperatura e tipo de biomassa (matéria-prima “in natura”) são
os principais fatores que apresentam maior influência na determinação das
propriedades de biochar (BLASI, 2008; LIAN & XING, 2017; NEVES et al., 2011;
TANG et al., 2013; TRIPATHI et al., 2016; ZHAO et al., 2013) como por exemplo:
distribuição do tamanho de partículas, área superficial, porosidade, densidade, teor de
cinzas, conteúdo de umidade, capacidade de troca catiônica (CEC) e potencial
hidrogeniônico (pH) (ENDERS et al., 2012; NANDA et al., 2016; RAJAPAKSHA et al.,
2014).
Levantamento bibliográfico de dados experimentais de diversos estudos
independentes que investigaram influência de distintas variáveis (relativas à
composição de biomassa e do processo de pirólise) na produção de biochar,
evidenciou a influência predominante da temperatura associada ao tipo de biomassa
avaliado (LI et al., 2019) no perfil gráfico de variação contínua das propriedades: área
superficial, porosidade, teor de grupos funcionais e estabilidade, representadas na
Figura 9. Além de estudos devido ao efeito predominante de uma variável, a
temperatura principalmente, destaca-se também efeito combinado da temperatura (T)
associado ao tempo de residência da fase vapor (SRT) (WEBER & QUICKER, 2018)
em relação a essas propriedades citadas, além de inúmeras outras propriedades
também.
88
Dp HE et al., 2018
Um (%m/m) CANAL et al., 2020 ; XIN et al., 2018
90
Legenda: CF, MV e CZ: teores em base mássica de carbono fixo, material volátil e cinzas
respectivamente da biomassa feedstock; CFbc, MVbc e CZbc: teores em base
mássica de carbono fixo, material volátil e cinzas do biocarvão (biochar) formado.
Fonte: Adaptado de KLASSON (2017); NANDA et al. (2016).
Figura 11 - Diagrama de Van Krevelen para avaliar decréscimo dos valores das razões
O/C e H/C durante carbonização.
parâmetros razões atômicas molares H/C e O/C, para valores de T≥ 500 °C (NANDA
et al., 2016).
As condições de operação e/ou preparo da carga feedstock que mais
favorecem a estabilidade são: alto teor de lignina (e minerais relacionados), diâmetro
de partícula da biomassa elevado, elevadas temperaturas de processo (400–700 °C),
elevado tempo de residência da fase vapor, baixa taxa de aquecimento e altas
pressões (LENG & HUANG, 2018).
Baseado em estudos disponíveis na literatura científica, as seguintes
propriedades foram consideradas os indicadores do potencial de estabilidade de
biochars em solo: rendimento de carbono fixo, a fração de carbono aromático e as
razões atômicas molares (H/C e O/C) (MANYÀ et al., 2014). O parâmetro O/C é
considerado de maior influência para a estabilidade do que os parâmetros
temperatura e tipo de biomassa (SCHAFFER et al., 2019), além de poder ser usado
como parâmetro para diferenciar o biochar de outros materiais pirogênicos
carbonáceos quanto à propriedade estabilidade (SCHIMMELPFENNIG & GLASER,
2012).
Ainda existe muita incerteza relacionada à estabilidade dos biochars no solo
em longo-prazo (GURWICK et al., 2013), até porque não há concenso científico
estabelecido a respeito da melhor técnica analítica para avaliar/mensurar a
estabilidade (BAKSHI et al., 2018). Nesse contexto, várias abordagens tem sido
propostas para mensurar/avaliar essa propriedade (MANYÀ et al., 2018). Dentre elas,
vale destacar a abordagem do SPOKAS (2010) baseado na mensuração do
parâmetro O/C para se agrupar biocarvões em termos do tempo de meia-vida de
duração em solo, da seguinte forma: Biocarvões com valores de O/C < 0.2 tendem a
ser mais estáveis mediante tempo de meia-vida estimado ≥ 1000 anos; valores de O/C
entre 0.2 e 0.6 referem-se a tempo de meia-vida intermediário podendo variar de 100
até 1000 anos; e os biochars com razão O/C > 0.6 tendem a apresentar valores para
tempo de meia-vida menores que 100 anos.
Diversos estudos tem sido realizados para se identificar as condições de
operação de pirólise mais adequadas, em função do tipo de biomassa, para se
produzir biochars com elevado potencial para aplicação do tipo sequestro de carbono,
vide exemplos de alguns dos resultados publicados em artigos científicos indexados
conforme evidenciado no Quadro 10.
104
Quadro 10 - Condições da produção de biochar (BC) com elevado potencial para sequestro de carbono
Tipo de pirólise & Parâmetro Resultados/argumentos
Tipo de Valores ótimos de
Biomassa condição de mais relacionados ao potencial Autores
reator variáveis mais relevantes
operação relevante de sequestro de carbono
T > VRT
Forno (baixos Elevada alcalinidade e
Palha de arroz -- T = 400°C (WU et al., 2012)
tubular valores capacidade de troca catiônica.
HR)
talo de milho,
Perda moderada de carbono
talo de T> SRT &
Forno durante pirólise (WANG et al.,
trigo,casca de -- tipo de T=500°C, VRT=1h
Mufla Elevada estabilidade de 2020)
amendoim, biomassa
biochar.
“rape straw”
-Elevados valores de T
implicam em elevados teores
Serragem da
--- de carbono recalcitrante.
madeira pinho,
T: 350 °C, 450 °C, -Área superficial específica
casca de arroz, T:
550 °C, 650 °C; (SBET) aumentou
resíduos parâmetro (PARIYAR et al.,
Forno VRT: 40 min; HR: T: 550 °C and 650 °C significativamente com
alimentares, mais 2020)
10–12 °C min−1; aumento de T
resíduos de relevante
atmosfera inerte - Biochar produzido a alta
papel da cama
(N2) temperatura tende a ter tempo
de frango
de meia vida maior do que
biochar de baixa Temperatura
Pirólise lenta T:300
◦C, 400 ◦C, 500 ◦C,
Resíduo de Forno
600 ◦C, 700 ◦C e
palma Tâmara elétrico T≥500°C; VM< 10%; (USMAN et al.,
800 ◦C; -
(“Date – palm do tipo O/C:0.02–0.05 2015)
VRT: 4 h
waste”) mufla
HR: 5°C/min
105
(continuação...)
- FTIR, SEM, elemental
Em T = 500°C: valor ótimo
composition and surface area
de CY ∼39%; S BET: 6.54-
results indicate that biochar
25.87m²*g−1, porosidade
T: synthesized under;
(tamanho:139-99 Å), pH
Forno de parâmetro - Biomassa de baixo Dp (ABBAS et al.,
Casca de arroz Pirólise lenta (8.65–12.63), CF: 40–70%
tubo split mais submetida a T elevada, SRT 2018)
e melhor distribuição de
relevante elevado, HR baixo e baixa
grupos funcionais na
taxa de fluxo de gás favorece
superfície
aplicação sequestro de
carbono
- Leito fixo (p/HNS):
10°C/min até valores finais
de T: 350, 400, 500,
600°C) para VRT= 30 min Em todos reatores avaliados
Reatores
- Reator rotativo (p/HNS): para T >500°C, sob elevado
Cascas de de leito T:
10°C/min até valores finais SRT, produção de biochar
avelã (HNS) fixo, parâmetro (MIKULA et al.,
Pirólise lenta de T: 350, 400, 500, com elevado teor de C
Cascas de rotativo e mais 2020)
600°C) para VRT: 200 min (%m/m) e estabilidade (efeito
girassol (SFH) do tipo relevante
Reator do tipo parafuso da variação de biomassa e
parafuso
(p/SFH): até valores finais reator desprezível)
de T: 400 e 600 °C, para
VRT de 10 e 30 min.
(continuação...)
Estratégias de manejo de solo baseadas em biochar são uma área nova e,
embora uma grande quantidade de estudos publicados estejam disponíveis, BHOWMICK et al.,
essas estratégias ainda não foram avaliadas no contexto do sistema agrícola 2018
de cada país e, portanto, merecem atenção especial.
A condição ótima de operação de processo pirolítico que permita maximizar
não apenas rendimento de bio-óleo, mas também de rendimento de biochar; LU & HANANDEH,
bem como o tipo de uso final para se otimizar benefícios ambientais e 2019
econômicos da aplicação ainda deve ser investigado;
Aplicação de biochar em sequestro de carbono deve ser investigada em WANG & WANG,
condições experimentais similares para obter resultados consistentes 2019
Embora exista versatilidade quanto ao tipo de aplicação, o impacto da
presença do biochar no ambiente ainda é incerto, devido possibilidade de se WANG & WANG,
liberar hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (PAH) e íons metálicos o que 2019
demanda maiores investigações em estudos futuros
A complexidade técnica das tecnologias termoquímicas (a exemplo da
pirólise) aliado com o alto custo de investimento e ineficiências políticas não SILVA-MARTÍNEZ
tem permitido sua implementação apropriada na região da américa latina, et al., 2020
onde a aplicabilidade de plantas em larga-escala ainda deve ser demonstrada.
247
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APÊNDICES
Autor Definição
“When biochar (BC) is produced by termal decomposition of biomass under limited
(GLASER et al.,
or absent oxygen and used as a soil amendment to increase fertility or sequester
2001)
atmospheric CO2, it is referred to as biochar”
“Biochar is a poorly defined substance as it varies by degrees of charring. This
(KEILUWEIT et concept is commonly referred to as the ‘combustion continuum’ and assumes that,
al., 2010) with increasing charring temperature, plant biomass undergoes chemical
transformations from partly combustion”
(PENG et al., “Biochar is the product of incomplete combustion of biomass in the absence of
2011a) oxygen.”
(SHACKLEY et “Carbonaceous solid product through the thermo-chemical conversion of organic
al., 2012) materials in an oxygen depleted atmosphere”
(GHANI et al., “Solid product of biomass pyrolysis, is a carbon rich (65–90%), fine-grained and
2013) porous substance with oxygen functional groups and aromatic surfaces”
“Biochar is a pyrogenic black carbon derived from the thermal conversion of
(SUN, Y. et al.,
biomass feedstocks, including agricultural and forest residuals, in an inert
2014)
atmosphere.”
(AHMAD et al., “Biochar is a scientific term that is defined as a carbon-rich material when waste
2014) biomass is pyrolyzed in the absence of air”
“A stabilized, recalcitrant organic carbon compound, created when biomass is
(XIE et al.,
heated to temperatures usually between 300 and 1000°C, under low (preferably
2015)
zero) oxygen concentrations.”
“Carbonaceous material which is formed from the combustion of plant materials, in
(FAGBOHUNG
low-zero oxygen conditions and results in a material, which has the capacity to sorb
BE et al., 2017)
chemicals onto its surfaces”
“Biochar is defined as ‘a carbon (C)-rich solid material from the thermo-chemical
(GODLEWSKA
conversion of biomass (e.g. wood, manure, and leaves, etc.) at temperatures below
et al., 2017)
900 _C, in an oxygen-limited environment’”
(AMINI et al., “Bio-char, or the residual solid, is generally high in carbon content and is the solid
2019) product of pyrolysis process.”
“Biochar is the carbonized solid co-product of the thermochemical treatment (e.g.,
(TAN, 2019) pyrolysis or gasification) of biomass which is used for soil enrichment (in contrast
to carbonized biomass used as fuel, which is known as charcoal).”
318
ANEXOS
Parameter European Biochar EBC Test Method IBI Biochar Standards V2.0 IBI Test Method
Certificate V4.8
Status (Parameter) Status (Parameter)
Criteria (Units) Criteria (Units)
C content Required (Total C) Total C, H, N analysis by dry combustion IR- Required (Organic C) Total C and H analysis by dry combustion-
Biochar ≥ 50% detection (DIN 51732, ISO 29541). 10% Minimum IR detection.
Bio Carbon Minerals (BCM) < 50% Inorganic C analysis by determination of Class 1: ≥60% Inorganic C analysis by determination of
(% of total mass, dry basis) carbonate-C content with HCl, as outlined Class 2: ≥30% and <60% CO2-C content with 1N HCl, as outlined in
in DIN 51726, ISO 925. Organic C calculated Class 3: ≥10% and <30% ASTM D4373 ‘Standard Test Method for
as Total C – Inorganic C. (% of total mass, dry basis) Rapid Determination of Carbonate
Content of Soils’. Organic C calculated as
Total C – Inorganic C.
Molar H/Corg Required see above for H and Corg determination Required see above for H and Corg determination
ratio 0.7 maximum 0.7 maximum
(molar ratio) (molar ratio)
Total Ash Required DIN 51719, ISO 1171 Required ASTM D1762-84 ‘Standard Test Method
or EN 14775 – ashing at 550°C, heating at 5 for Chemical Analysis of Wood Charcoal’.
Declaration K/min to 106°C under nitrogen atmosphere Declaration Ash at 750 °C for 6 hours.
then at 5 K/min to 550 ° C under oxygen, (% of total mass, dry basis)
hold for 1h
Molar O/C Required O calculated from ash content, C, H, N, S Not required N/A
ratio (DIN 51733, ISO 17247)
0.4 maximum N/A
(molar ratio)
Macro- Required (Total N) Dry combustion-IR detection following the Required (Total N) Dry combustion-IR detection following
nutrients same procedure for total C and H (DIN the same procedure for total C and H
(NPK) Declaration 51732) Declaration
(% of total mass, dry basis) (% of total mass, dry basis)
Required (Total P, K, Mg, Ca) Digestion with Lithium metaborate on ash Optional (Total P and K) Modified dry ashing followed by ICP
550 °C according to DIN 51729-11 and (Enders and Lehmann 2012). 500 °C
Declaration determination with ICP-OES according to Declaration ashing followed by HNO3 and H2O2
(% of total mass, dry basis) DIN EN ISO 11885 or ICP-MS according to (% of total mass, dry basis) digestion and determination by ICP-OES
DIN EN ISO 17294 analysis
pH Required DIN ISO 10390 with 1:5 biochar to 0.01 M Required US Composting Council TMECC Section
CaCl2-solution, 60 min shaking, measuring 04.11, modified dilution of 1:20 biochar:
Declaration (pH) directly in the suspension Declaration (pH) deionized H2O (w:v) and equilibration 90
If > 10, the delivery slip must minutes on the shaker, according to
feature appropriate handling Rajkovich et al (2011).
information
Bulk density Required Bulk density: DIN 51705 Not required N/A
Declaration N/A
Particle size Not required N/A Required Progressive dry sieving with 50mm,
distribution 25mm, 16mm, 8mm, 4mm, 2mm, 1mm,
N/A Declaration and 0.5mm sieves.
(% in each size class)
Water Required (Water content) DIN 51718 method A Required (Moisture content) ASTM D1762-84 ‘Standard Test Method
content Declaration Two step: raw moisture at (40 ± 2)°C until Declaration for Chemical Analysis of Wood Charcoal’
(% of total mass, dry basis) constant mass; hygroscopic moisture in (% of total mass, dry basis) (specify measurement date with respect
TGA crucible and nitrogen atmosphere at to time from production). Moisture
(106 ± 2) ° C to constant mass. content at 105 °C for 2 hours.
Surface area Required (Specific surface area) milled < 50µm, 2h outgassing at 150°C, Optional (Total surface area ASTM D6556 ‘Standard Test Method for
vacuum, N2 adsorption, multi-point BET and external surface area) Carbon Black – Total and External Surface
Declaration (preferably higher method Declaration (m2 g-1) Area by Nitrogen Adsorption’
than 150 m2 g-1)
Water Optional Water holding capacity determining by Not required N/A
holding soaking and drying the sample (E DIN ISO N/A
capacity 14238). WHC calculated as mass
percentage of saturated and dry mass.
Volatile Required (Volatile Organic Thermal-Gravimetric-Analysis (TGA) using Optional (Volatile matter) ASTM D1762-84 ‘Standard Test Method
matter Compounds (VOCs)) Leco TGA 701 – total mass loss at 950°C for Chemical Analysis of Wood Charcoal’.
Declaration Declaration VM content at 950 °C for 10 minutes.
(% of total mass, dry basis) (% of total mass, dry basis)
Heavy Required All metals: microwave acid digestion with Required All elements except Hg and Cl:
metals, Metals: Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Hg, Zn, Cr HF/HNO3 and determination of the metals Metals: Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Hg, Zn, i. Microwave-assisted HNO3 digestion, or
metalloids with ICP-MS (DIN EN ISO 17294-2) Cr, Co, Mo ii. HNO3 digestion, followed by
and other Metalloids: B, As, Se, determination with
Hg: DIN EN 1483 Water quality - Others: Cl, Na iii. ICP-AES, or
elements
Determination of mercury - Method using iv. Flame AAS
Basic grade: atomic absorption spectrometry (H-AAS) Maximum Allowed Thresholds: (according to US Composting Council
Pb < 150 mg kg-1 As 12 – 100 mg kg-1 TMECC Sections 04.05 and 04.06)
Cd < 1,5 mg kg-1 Cd 1.4 – 39 mg kg-1
Cu < 100 mg kg-1 Cr 64 – 1200 mg kg-1 Hg: US EPA 7471 Mercury in Solid or
Ni < 50 mg kg-1 Co 40 – 150 mg kg-1 Semi-Soild Waste (Manual Cold Vapor
Hg < mg kg-1 Cu 63 – 1500 mg kg-1 Technique)
Zn < 400 mg kg-1 Pb 70 – 500 mg kg-1
Cr < 90 mg kg-1 Hg 1 – 17 mg kg-1 Cl: water soluble elements followed by
Premium grade: Mo 5 – 20 mg kg-1 ion chromatography or ion-selective
Pb < 120 mg kg-1 Ni 47 – 600 mg kg-1 electrode (per manufacturers
Cd < 1 mg kg-1 Se 2 – 36 mg kg-1 instructions)
Cu < 100 mg kg-1 Zn 200 – 7000 mg kg-1
Ni < 30 mg kg-1 Bo Declaration
Hg < 1 mg kg-1 Cl Declaration
Zn < 400 mg kg-1 Na Declaration