Jurnal Internasional 3

THE REALTIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING
STANDARDS (IPSAS) AND THE QUALITY OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION IN

LIBYAN GOVERNMENT SECTOR
Emad A. S. AboukhadeerA, S. M. Ferdous AzamB, Ahmad Rasmi Suleiman AlbattatC
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history: Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the significance of using
International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in impacting the quality of
Received 14 November 2022 accounting information.
Theoretical framework: Recent literature has revealed positive results in IPSAS and
Accepted 16 January 2023 accounting information quality (Bakhtah & Ammar, 2019). However, because IPSAS
is a relatively new product, there is still plenty to research and learn about it.
Keywords:
Methodology: The study population included a number of board directors, non-
Governance; audited members, internal auditors, accountants, and department heads from various
Disclosure; branches of government in Libya's government sector. They were given 400
IPSAS; questionnaires, and the data was analysed using SPSS and PLS-SEM.
Government;
Quality of Information; Findings: The four independent factors (ensuring sound governance, disclosure,
Accounting. board of directors responsibilities, and shareholder rights preservation) had a
substantial impact on the quality of accounting information among Libyan bank
personnel.
Research, Practical & Social implications: We propose a future research agenda

and highlight contributions to knowledge, namely auditing literature and the quality
of accounting information literature.
Originality/value: The findings show that the adoption of IPSAS will have an effect
on an external audit in Libya. IPSAS standardises external audit reports and has an
impact on external audit notes. The implementation of IPSAS will result in the
collaboration of Libyan audit firms with global audit firms to gain experience auditing
IPSAS-prepared financial statements. This will improve the conclusions and
knowledge of worldwide accounting standards of the external auditors.
Doi: https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i1.1264
A
PhD Student, Post Graduate Centre, Management and Science University, University Drive, Off Persiaran
Olahraga, 40100 Shah Alam, Selangor. E-mail: [email protected]
Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8484-7473
B
Associate Professor, Post Graduate Centre, Management and Science University, University Drive, Off
Persiaran Olahraga, 40100 Shah Alam, Selangor. E-mail: [email protected]
C
Associate Professor, Post Graduate Centre, Management and Science University, University Drive, Off
Persiaran Olahraga, 40100 Shah Alam, Selangor. E-mai: [email protected]
Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. |Miami, v. 8 | n. 1| p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

1
Aboukhadeer, E. A. S., Azam, S. M. F., Albattat, A.R. S. (2023)
The Realtionship Between International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) and the Quality of Accounting
Information in Libyan Government Sector
O REALCIONAMENTO ENTRE AS NORMAS INTERNACIONAIS DE CONTABILIDADE DO

SETOR PÚBLICO (IPSAS) E A QUALIDADE DAS INFORMAÇÕES CONTÁBEIS NO SETOR
GOVERNAMENTAL LÍBIO
RESUMO
Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo era determinar a importância do uso das Normas Internacionais de
Contabilidade do Setor Público (IPSAS) para impactar a qualidade da informação contábil.
Estrutura teórica: A literatura recente revelou resultados positivos nas IPSAS e na qualidade da informação
contábil (Bakhtah & Ammar, 2019). Entretanto, como as IPSAS são um produto relativamente novo, ainda há
muito a pesquisar e aprender sobre ele.
Metodologia: A população do estudo incluiu vários diretores, membros não auditados, auditores internos,
contadores e chefes de departamento de vários ramos do governo no setor governamental da Líbia. Eles receberam
400 questionários e os dados foram analisados usando SPSS e PLS-SEM.
Conclusões: Os quatro fatores independentes (garantia de boa governança, divulgação, responsabilidades do
conselho de administração e preservação dos direitos dos acionistas) tiveram um impacto substancial na qualidade
das informações contábeis entre o pessoal do banco líbio.
Pesquisa, implicações práticas e sociais: Propomos uma agenda de pesquisa futura e destacamos contribuições
para o conhecimento, a saber, literatura de auditoria e a qualidade da literatura de informação contábil.
Originalidade/valor: As conclusões mostram que a adoção das IPSAS terá um efeito sobre uma auditoria externa
na Líbia. IPSAS padroniza os relatórios de auditoria externa e tem um impacto nas notas de auditoria externa. A
implementação das IPSAS resultará na colaboração de empresas líbias de auditoria com empresas de auditoria
globais para ganhar experiência na auditoria de demonstrações financeiras preparadas pelas IPSAS. Isto melhorará
as conclusões e o conhecimento das normas contábeis mundiais dos auditores externos.
Palavras-chave: Governança, Divulgação, IPSAS, Governo, Qualidade da Informação, Contabilidade.
RELACIÓN ENTRE LAS NORMAS INTERNACIONALES DE CONTABILIDAD DEL SECTOR

PÚBLICO (IPSAS) Y LA CALIDAD DE LA INFORMACIÓN CONTABLE EN EL SECTOR PÚBLICO
LIBIO
RESUMEN
Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio era determinar la importancia de la utilización de las Normas Internacionales
de Contabilidad del Sector Público (NICSP) para influir en la calidad de la información contable.
Marco teórico: La literatura reciente ha revelado resultados positivos en las IPSAS y la calidad de la información
contable (Bakhtah & Ammar, 2019). Sin embargo, debido a que las IPSAS son un producto relativamente nuevo,
todavía hay mucho que investigar y aprender sobre él.
Metodología: La población del estudio incluyó a varios directores de juntas directivas, miembros no auditados,
auditores internos, contadores y jefes de departamento de varias ramas del gobierno en el sector gubernamental de
Libia. Se les entregaron 400 cuestionarios, y los datos se analizaron mediante SPSS y PLS-SEM.
Resultados: Los cuatro factores independientes (garantizar una gobernanza sólida, divulgación de información,
responsabilidades del consejo de administración y preservación de los derechos de los accionistas) tuvieron un
impacto sustancial en la calidad de la información contable entre el personal de los bancos libios.
Implicaciones sociales, prácticas y de investigación: Proponemos una futura agenda de investigación y
destacamos las contribuciones al conocimiento, a saber, la literatura sobre auditoría y la literatura sobre calidad de
la información contable.
Originalidad/valor: Los resultados muestran que la adopción de las IPSAS tendrá un efecto sobre la auditoría
externa en Libia. Las IPSAS normalizan los informes de auditoría externa y repercuten en las notas de auditoría
externa. La aplicación de las IPSAS dará lugar a la colaboración de empresas de auditoría libias con empresas de
auditoría mundiales para adquirir experiencia en la auditoría de estados financieros elaborados con arreglo a las
IPSAS. Esto mejorará las conclusiones y el conocimiento de las normas contables mundiales de los auditores
externos.
Palabras clave: Gobernanza, Divulgación, IPSAS, Gobierno, Calidad de la Información, Contabilidad.
Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

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INTRODUCTION
The International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) have since become de
facto international standards for determining government accounting policies and evaluating
global transparency (Chan, 2008). A cost-benefit review of IPSAS implementation in
Zimbabwe was carried out by Mhaka (2014) through a comparative examination of the existing
cash accounting basis and the planned IPSAS-based accounting data. The research shows the
problems present in cash-based accounting that would be overcome by IPSAS-based standards
being implemented. He announced that the implementation of IPSAS will shift the basis for
financial statements from prevailing cash accounting to cash accounting and accrual dependent
on IPSAS and eventually to IPSAS based on absolute and complete accruals. The study
maintains that this enables the reconciliation of budgeted and real results since it will be
appropriate to match the planning of the budget with the complete accrual as well as the
enhancement of current capability, facilitating the monitoring and comparison of the budget
with the actual results, as well as enhancing the budgeting dependent on outcomes. Christiaens
et al. (2021) analysed the degree to which IPSAS accrual accounting is embraced by European
governments and how the various degrees of implementation can be clarified by means of a
study of relevant experts. They demonstrate that the IPSAS and accrual accounting
implementation mechanism may not have a standardised system, as well as that certain
governments do use cash-based accounting with a smaller fraction adopting IPSAS. Most
municipal and central governments use accrual accounting without taking into consideration
IPSAS, which can be justified by the desire for accountability and performance. The study
showed that the key reason for the use of IPSAS is that it provides uniqueness and practical
know-how and claims that IPSAS’s effectiveness depends heavily on establishing its
capabilities and stressing the settings that need to be met.
The perceptions, advantages and difficulties of the implementation of International
Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in Libya were investigated by Ijeoma and
Oghoghomeh (2014). Primary data was used in the thesis and the Chisquare test, Kruskal Wallis
test and descriptive analysis were introduced. The results of the study show that IPSAS
implementation is projected to improve the degree of openness and transparency in Libya’s
public sector. It has been observed that IPSAS implementation would boost comparability and
international best practises. It has also been seen that the introduction of IPSAS-based standards
would enable policy makers to obtain more meaningful knowledge and increase the consistency
of Libya’s financial reporting framework. A survey was undertaken by Alshujairi (2014) to

3
decide if IPSAS could be implemented by a developed country like Iraq as a way of

strengthening the government accounting framework. The study used qualitative methods to
collect the requisite data via a questionnaire, with the outcome of the survey showing that a
significant number of respondents agree that an essential reform of the Iraqi government’s
accounting system is needed, citing the key reason for corruption. The outcome further
underlined the need to increase openness, the efficiency of the accounting framework and
political responsibility for people. Under this sense, by the implementation of IPSAS, Iraqi
government accounting should be reformed because accrual accounting offers greater guarantee
of financial transparency relative to cash or adjusted cash-based accounting.
The association between the declaration of IPSAS adoption and the perceived rate of
corruption in emerging and industrialised countries has been examined by Atuilik (2021). The
thesis employed a quasi-experimental research design to assess perceptions of corruption using
the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) collected by Transparency International. The analysis
shows that for developing countries that have declared the adoption of IPSAS, the levels of
awareness of corruption do not vary substantially from the levels of suspected corruption for
developed countries that have not announced the adoption of IPSAS. The outcome indicates a
degree of heterogeneity for developed economies. He clarified that developed-country
governments would not have anticipated the introduction of IPSAS to dramatically raise their
corruption index scores, whereas developing-country governments are likely to anticipate
changes in their ratings following the adoption of IPSAS. This is in line with Alshujairi’s (2014)
report, which offers proof that corruption is adversely impacting developed countries. A similar
study was conducted by Trang (2012) which analysed whether or not the IPSAS can be run by
the Vietnamese government accounting and describes the degree to which it can be
implemented within the current setting in Vietnam. He measured the effectiveness and viability
of the IPSAS for the accounting and financial reporting of the Vietnamese government and
advocates that the shift from cash to accrual basis in accounting structures is generally an aspect
of a larger range of their reforms, such improvements are increased in delegation, departments
are guided to provide a service to people rather than comply with set laws, departments are
directed to provide a service to citizens Udeh and Sopekan (2015) looked at IPSAS
implementation and the consistency of news in the public sector. It has been noted that the
implementation of IPSAS is supposed to increase the standard or consistency of Libya’s public
sector financial reporting. Compared to cash-based accounting, the research affirms that
accrual-based IPSAS has the potential to boost financial statements.

4
Quality of accounting information are considered of great importance to financial

statements for users of accounting information and the need for availability, this follows from
the fact that the importance of accounting information system provides information to internal
and external parties. Thus, the accounting information of great importance in guiding and
rationalizing decisions (Al- Badiri, 2017). The subject of quality in accounting information is
one of the most important concerns of institutions, organizations and bodies of different
objectives and forms, furthermore, the information must be presented in a reliable and
appropriate manner to serve the relevant parties. This can only be achieved by establishing
uniform and binding standards and standards for professional institutions and practitioners
seeks to achieve the requirements of proper measurement, accounting disclosure and
transparency in the presentation of financial information (Madah, 2018).
There is no number or form specific to them and vary according to their purpose,
therefore, the determination of the objectives of the financial reports is the starting point in the
application of the utility of accounting information in rationalizing the decisions of
beneficiaries which is good information is the most useful information in the field of
rationalization of decisions, and it is also meant by the concepts of information quality for those
characteristics that should be characterized by useful accounting information, which are useful
for the preparation of financial reports in assessing the quality of information resulting from the
application of alternative methods and accounting methods, and benefiting companies from it
(Abdel Aziz, 2019).
In recent years, interest has increased in the issue of transparency and disclosure by
stakeholders because of its role in providing the necessary information that will improve the
understanding and importance of financial instruments and tools in joint stock companies, in
order to provide specific information for extraction, and also, accounting policies. Accounting
disclosure has been defined as “a presentation of the financial statements in clear accordance
with the principles and terminology of management, which in turn results in the quality of
financial reporting (Muhammad, 2018).
The importance of accounting and professional accounting thinking has increased in
accounting and the factors affecting it, especially with regard to the financial statements where
it is the means by which the internal and external parties are informed of the outcome of the
activity of the establishment and expressed in significant accounting figures, the main purpose
of the financial statements is determined as a source of investment and lending decisions by the
relevant authorities therefore, the central problem lies in the financial information published

5
before the administration that it is prepared and engineered by the managers. Which raises the
problem of the safety and reliability of such data as enterprises seek to show the best picture of
its financial center in order to convince investors moreover, creditors over the more efficient
use of assets entrusted with their conduct on the one hand and express its financial, economic
and market hardness to send an implicit signal to the financial market in order to achieve
excellence such as investment attractiveness and to achieve high financial and economic returns
also, reduce the risk of investment in stock exchanges and financial markets by following all
the methods of risk management, capital management, and provide all the information required
for the partnership to the shareholders in the right time and form (Abdel Samad, 2018).
Moreover, what they contain in violation of the truth, as well as among the most important
factors of the collapse of companies are a lack of proper management control in practice,
supervision, lack of experience, transparency and non-compliance with international
accounting and auditing standards which achieve disclosure and transparency (Madah, 2018).
Often centered the outputs of the accounting information system (Accounting
Information) About financial reporting which aims to demonstrate the performance of the
establishment and its financial and non-financial expenses. Accordingly, and with a system that
collects and handles operations data, it publishes the accounting information of interested
parties. Any company depends in making its decision in all its business and non-commercial
transactions on the credibility. They are provided correctly and have the quality of information
fit and reliability helps to make the right decisions and stay away from improvisation and
randomness (Ahmed , 2013).
There is no doubt the stability and development of the economy depends on the stability
and development of Government Sectors in countries as they are also vulnerable to crises as a
result of developments, such as implementing and improving performance, strengthening
internal control, following up and implementing the strategy, defining roles and powers, and
emphasizing the importance of transparency, disclosure and others (Somaya, 2017).
Government Sectors are distinguished from other business enterprises by their own
nature. Which involve many risks that are at the core of its work and source of revenue and of
a multitude of interested parties. Which interact with them according to their goals and
directions on the other hand, this requires effective management practices in these Government
Sectors. To deal with different levels of risk and to ensure the rights and interests of these
parties. Therefore, ensuring the integrity of the government system, which is reflected on the
stability of the economic situation in general Given the crises of the past two decades,

6
international bodies have sought to establish rules to regulate the standards of supervision and
supervision in government entities, this is because the government sector is the mainstay of
economic life (Kabyli, Budah, 2018).
Customer loyalty is recognised as crucial and an important outcome in marketing
literature. Customers are becoming more knowledgeable and sophisticated in their approach to
government transactions, demanding greater flexibility, personal service and value. Thus, it has
become pertinent for retail Government Sectors to have a good understanding of the drivers of
customer loyalty so that proper marketing strategies can be formulated for long-term
relationship building and also to secure opportunities for growth and increased profitability.
Empirical evidence is therefore needed to better understand how these corporate governance
practices individually and collectively influence customer loyalty in Nigeria retail Government
Sectors. (Obioha, O. O., & Garg, A. K, 2018).
THEORETICAL REFERENCE FRAMWEORK

By studying the theoretical model, the study will investigate the following hypotheses.
There is a relationship between International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) on
the quality of accounting information:
There is a statistically significant relationship between the independent variable and the
existence of a strong and effective basis on the dependent variable. The quality of the
accounting information at the level of significance (0.05). This result confirmed each of studies
such Abu Hammam, 2009; Al- Sheikh, 2012; Al- Weshih & Shaheen, 2017; Fateh Belwaheh,
2018; Abdul Halim, 2014; Shahid Al-Issa, 2018. In the study of Suwaydawi (2015), the
alternative hypothesis was accepted. This means that there is a statistically significant effect
between the two variables, and therefore:
The first hypothesis: there is a statistically significant relationship between the Ensuring
a sound governance foundation and the quality of accounting information
There is a statistically significant relationship between the independent variable
disclosure and transparency on the dependent variable, the quality of the accounting
information at a level of significance (0.05). The relationship is strong between the two
variables, as this result confirmed by many studies (Abu Hammam, 2009; Kabbajh,2008;
Khalil, 2007; Al- Weshih & Shaheen, 2017; Abdul Halim, 2014; Shahid & Al-Issa, 2018; Ben
Aichi Ammar, 2016; Gaddori, 2012). It was found in a study of Belwadeh 2008, where the

7
correlation coefficient was at 0,765 at a statistical significance level (0.000). Then in the study
of Al- Swedawi 2015, it accepted the alternative hypothesis, this means that there is a
statistically significant effect between these two variables, and therefore:
The second hypothesis: there is a statistically significant relationship between disclosure,

transparency and the quality of accounting information
responsibilities of the board on the dependent variable. The quality of the accounting
information the relationship between the two variables is strong. Where it came in each of the
following studies study of Ben Aichi Ammar 2016, study of Abdul Halim 2014, study of Abu
Hammam, 2009, at the level (0.05), while the Study of Shahid, Al-Issa 2018, There is a
significant statistical effect which indicates that Government Sectors apply the rules of
governance. At the same time the study of Belwadeh 2008 The coefficient of correlation was
at (0.752) and the significance level (0,000) while the results in the quality of the accounting
information contained in the financial reports are a powerful tool for ensuring the application
of governance. At the same time the study of Al- Swedawi 2015 the alternative hypothesis was
accepted. This means that there is a statistically significant effect between the two variables,
and therefore:
The third hypothesis: there is a statistically significant relationship between the

responsibilities of the board of directors and the quality of accounting information
rights of the stakeholders on the dependent variable. The quality of the accounting information
at the significance level is (0.05). Where it came in the study of Abdul Halim, 2014 - and in the
study Abu Hammam 2009 correlation coefficient was at (0.896). The level of significance at
(0.000), which indicates the existence of a correlation with a statistical significance at (0.05).
In the study of Shahid, Al-Issa 2018. There is a significant statistical effect which indicates that
Government Sectors apply the rules of governance, while the study of Al- Weshih and Shaheen
2017. That all the paragraphs on dimension measurement were of significant importance, and
the total computational average (4.04). By standard deviation (0.33), In the study of Al-
Swedawi 2015, the alternative hypothesis was accepted. This means that there is a statistically
significant effect on this variable, and therefore:

8
The fourth hypothesis: there is a statistically significant relationship between the

preservation of stakeholders’ rights and the quality of accounting information
There is a statistically significant relationship between the independent variable, the
protection of rights and the fair and equal treatment of all shareholders on the dependent
variable. The quality of the accounting information at a level of significance (0.05). The
relationship is strong between the two variables, which came high in both studies Ben Aichi
Ammar 2016 and Abu Hammam 2009. While the study of Al- Swedawi 2015, accepted the
alternative hypothesis Ha, meaning that there is a statistically significant effect between the two
variables, while the study of Abdul Halim 2014, and in the study of Belwadeh 2008, correlation
coefficient (0.576) at the level of significance (0.036). The study of Al- Weshih and Shaheen
2017, where the relationship was strong between the variables that the value of R (.534). The
coefficient of determination R2 has been interpreted as representing (28.5%).
METHODS
Accountants, internal auditors, and audit committee members from Libyan banks were
among those who responded. Data for this study were gathered using a self-administered survey
purposive sampling method. The survey was performed from 20 December 2021 to 25 February
2022. Of the 400 questionnaires distributed, 314 were returned, representing a 78.5% response
rate; 11 cases were outliers, yielding a total of 303 useable surveys with a 76% response rate.
The sample size of 303 was deemed adequate for this investigation. The study sample size
(N=303) met the 5:1 ratio required by (Hair, et al., 1998; Kline 2005).
RESULTS
The maximum of the employees in the Libyan banks are aged between 31 and above 40
years. But on the other hand, these findings, also direct that those who are amongst 20 - 30 and
more than 50 years who are less than 30 years possess a lessen percentage with 33 and 19
respondents respectively or (10.9% and 6.3%). The educational level of the respondents in this
study is the degree of Bachelor’s which makes almost about 52% or 158 respondents of the
population of the survey. In relation to the nature of the job of the respondents the maximum
of the respondents are the accountants making a (54%) or 164 respondents. It also had internal
auditors that made a total of 37 in numbers making up a percentage of 12.2% of the maximum
number of the respondents. Considering the years of the experience the maximum of the
respondents possesses an experience of 4 -10 years giving a total of 106 respondents in number

9
making a 35%. As all the respondents of the Libyan banks’ units are a part this study; therefore,
these units were categorised into three main groups. The maximum of the respondents
represented financial sector made up 64.4% or 195 employees. The commercial sector is
represented by 38 respondents of the minimum number of the respondents that makes a 12.5%
and this evidently represents that out of 303 respondents, only 70 employees are related to the
service sector making up a 23.1%. Table 1 and 2 show the response rate and normal distribution
of the data.
Table 1 Summary of Data Collection and Response Rate

Responses Total
Distributed questionnaires 400
Unreturned questionnaires 86
Returned questionnaires 314
Outlier 11
Usable questionnaires 303
Response rate 76%
Table 2 Skewness and Kurtosis for Variables.

Variables Code Skewness Kurtosis
Quality of Accounting Information QULT -.299 1.210
Ensuring a Sound Governance ENSU -.471 1.177
Disclosure DISC -.877 1.174
Responsibilities of the board of directors RESP -1.008 1.128
Preservation of stakeholders’ rights PRSV -.712 1.134
H1: Ensuring a Sound Governance had a signfificant and positive effect on Quality of
Accounting Information
Table 3 and Figure 1 indicated that ensuring a sound governance was statistically
significant and positive influence on quality of accounting information (t = 2.403; P <0.05).
Therefore, the hypothesis (H1) was supported. In addition, the path coefficient was 0.138,
indicating a positive relationship. It means when ensuring a sound governance goes up by 1
standard deviation, quality of accounting information goes up by 0.138 standard deviations.
H2: Disclosure had a signfificant and positive effect on Quality of Accounting Information
The results indicated that disclosure was statistically significant and positive influence
on quality of accounting information (t = 4.178; P<0.001) as shown in Table q. Therefore, the
hypothesis (H2) was supported. In addition, the path coefficient was 0.276, indicating a positive

10
relationship. It means when disclosure goes up by 1 standard deviation, quality of accounting

information goes up by 0.276 standard deviations.
H3: Responsibilities of the board of directors had a signfificant and positive effect on
Quality of Accounting Information
The results indicated that responsibilities of the board of directors were statistically
significant and positive influence on quality of accounting information (t = 2.514; P <0.05) as
shown in Table q. Therefore, the hypothesis (H3) was supported. In addition, the path
coefficient was 0.186, indicating a positive relationship. It means when responsibilities of the
board of directors go up by 1 standard deviation, quality of accounting information go up by
0.186 standard deviations.
H4: Preservation of stakeholders’ rights had a signfificant and positive effect on Quality
of Accounting Information
Table 1 and Figure 1 indicate that the T-statistics and p-value of preservation of
stakeholders’ rights in prediction the quality of accounting information were (t= 4.130;
p<0.001). In other words, the path coefficient of preservation of stakeholders’ rights in
predicting for quality of accounting information is positively significant. Therefore, the
hypothesis (H4) was accepted. In addition, the path coefficient was 0.276, indicating a positive
relationship. It means when of preservation of stakeholders’ rights goes up by 1 standard
deviation, quality of accounting information goes up by 0.276 standard deviations.
Table 3 Summary of Structural Model for Hypotheses Results

H. No Exog. Endo. Estimated STDE t-value Status Result
V (C.R)
H1 ENSU QULT 0.138* 0.057 2.403 Sig Supported
H2 DISC QULT 0.276** 0.066 4.178 Sig Supported
H3 RESP QULT 0.186* 0.074 2.514 Sig Supported
H4 PRSV QULT 0.276** 0.067 4.130 Sig. Supported
**Significant at p<0.01, *Significant at Bootstrapping p<0.05
Note: Quality of Accounting Information, ENSU: Ensuring a Sound Governance, FAIR: Fair Equal Treatment,
QULT: Quality of Accounting Information, RESP: Responsibilities of the board of directors, PRSV:
Preservation of stakeholders’ rights

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Figure 1: Structural Model
DISCUSSION
Many governments have embraced this policy in order to foster global economic
stability and integration. Some have used convergence to achieve new standards that are the
same or comparable to IPSAS (Winney, 2010), but others have embraced entire IPSAS (Daske
et al., 2008, HanCFAh & Singh, 2012). IPSAS adoption was either enforced (Soderstrom and
Sun, 2007, Wang, 2014, Ahmed et al, 2013) or optional by governments based on their interests
and specific incentives (Orens & Crabbe, 2011, Christensen et al, 2015).
Many accountings literature research has indicated that eliminating IPSAS as
worldwide standards can reduce disparities in financial reports between countries, support
financial information comparability, improve transparency, and reduce information asymmetry
(Yip & Young, 2012; Callao et al., 2007; Hodgdon et al, 2008; Mihai et al, 2012). Other studies
indicate that adopting IPSAS will reduce the cost of obtaining financial information and that
the cost of the transition to IPSAS is proportional to the benefits to users of financial statements
to obtain quality information, regardless of the size and cost of adjustments between countries
(Taylor, 2009, Mihai et al, 2012). According to studies, IPSAS give management with a

12
fantastic potential to reduce profit management and fraud (Rudra& Bhattacharjee, 2012;
Tsalavoutas, 2009). Furthermore, each study (Alkhtani, 2010; Amin & Saleem, 2009; Chen &
Jiang, 2010; Alali & Foote, 2012; Chua et al, 2012; Vieira et al, 2011; Agyei-Mensah, 2013;
Stent et al, 2010) found that moving to IPSAS increases the quality of accounting information
in financial reports. It also connects the moral compass to company performance and decision-
making abilities.
Despite differences in the individual factors of each country and the degree of
contribution to accounting quality, the current findings and study environments came to
confirm the findings of most previous studies regarding the impact of IPSAS adoption on the
quality of accounting information in company financial statements. Adopting IPSAS will
improve the financial reporting quality in Libya. From precise and efficient financial
statements, IPSAS provides dependable and objective accounting information. Simple, flexible,
and relevant financial statements issued in accordance with IPSAS improve the ability of
financial information for comparison between local companies and companies in other
countries, ease of measurement, and improve the ability of explanatory information as an
indicator of company performance, make financial information understandable, and unify the
components of financial statements in all countries.
Adopting IPSAS improves financial reporting comparability, transparency, and
disclosure, and gives a positive signal to investors about a company's financial performance
(Abdul Hakim, 2013, Lee & Fargher, 2010). All studies (Seng Cheong et al., 2010, Armstrong
et al., 2010) confirmed that IPSAS financial information is more suitable for investors to use
when determining how to invest in capital markets since it provides real-time, trustworthy
information. Furthermore, studies (Defond et al, 2011; Badr, 2013) suggested that differences
in local standards among countries and firm characteristics influence the way IPSAS assesses
investors to net income, and that countries with weak shareholder protection need to unite
accounting standards (IPSAS) for access to investors and to promote the integration of local
markets to global markets (Hope et al, 2006; Cai & Wong, 2010; Okpala, 2012; Irvine & Lucas,
2006; Defond et al, 2011). Adoption of IPSAS minimises firm capital expenses and information
costs across borders, encourages international commerce, boosts trade interchange, and attracts
foreign direct investment (Alhanasios, 2011; Gordon et al, 2012; Juna & Ammar, 2014;
Marquez-RPLS, 2011; Alsaqqa& Sawan, 2013).
According to the findings of this study, applying IPSAS improves the clarity and
transparency of accounting processes used to compile financial statements. IPSAS confirms

13
that using fair value accounting as a basis for financial measuring provides high-confidence
information that contributes to the quality of financial statements reflecting the reality of the
company's economic situation and positively impacts investor perceptions about the company's
future vision for survival and continuation, thereby assisting investors in making better
investment decisions. Furthermore, IPSAS raises the value of enterprises that use IPSAS
standards, encouraging investors to invest in these companies. IPSAS decreases information
asymmetry between contracting parties affiliated with the company, which simplifies
investment measurement and classification, enables mergers with global corporations, and
fosters and streamlines international trade.
Concerning the relationship between the external audit process and the transition to
IPSAS, it was discovered that external auditors press their clients from companies to comply
with IPSAS in the preparation of financial statements (Srijunpetch, 2004; Hassan, 2014; Joshi
& Ramadhan 2002), despite the fact that local external auditors still need to acquire many skills
for the disclosure requirements according to IPSAS and what requires it from a significant
technical work (Boolaky, 2010; Albu, N & Albu, C, 2012). IPSAS influences fee auditing,
according to studies (Abu Risheh & Al-Saeed, 2014; Vieru & Schadewitz, 2010; De George et
al., 2012; Lin & Yen, 2011). The audit fee increased following the adoption of the IPSAS, and
there are many interpretative determinants of the increase in audit fees, including the size of the
company under audit, the complexity of the audit process, problems associated with some
components of the financial statements, and industry type. Audit costs are higher for large
IPSAS users than for smaller, simpler ones (Friis & Nielsen, 2010; Kim et al., 2012). Due to
the fact that IPSAS requires a detailed statement, which increases audit time and effort, a study
(Najihah, 2011) discovered that audit fees and delays increase, and that companies that have
adopted a greater number of IPSAS pay higher audit fees and take longer to complete the
external auditor's report. Another study (Yaacob & Che-Ahmad, 2012) discovered that the
external auditor's notes and their changes are related to the adoption of IPSAS.
The conclusions of this study show that the adoption of IPSAS will have an impact on
an external audit in Libya. Adoption of IPSAS for the first time increases the complexity of the
external audit process, requiring external auditors to train on reviewing IPSAS-prepared
financial statements, which raises expenses. IPSAS standardises external audit reports and has
an impact on external audit notes. Following the introduction of IPSAS, Libyan audit firms
collaborated with worldwide audit firms to gain experience auditing IPSAS-prepared financial

14
statements. This improved the conclusions and knowledge of international accounting

standards of the external auditors.
The methods used by governments around the world to implement IPSAS differ from
continent to continent and country to country, owing in large part to the driving reasons in a
given country or set of countries (Alami & Ouezzani, 2014; Cerne, 2009). There are some
challenges associated with the transition to IPSAS; each study (Ames, 2013; Zaidi & Huerta,
2014; Haruni, & Sentosa, 2014; Zehri & Chouaihi, 2013; Abdohmohammadi & Tucker, 2002)
indicated that accounting systems and their development are subject to significant variables in
response to changing economic conditions in the business environment. While many studies
have found that accountants lack adequate qualifications and knowledge of IPSAS management
and application (Parlakkaya et al., 2014; Street, 2002; Awayiga et al., 2010; Gallhofer et al.,
2009), it also requires a high level of education, efficiency, and experience, as well as the ability
to understand and interpret, exercise professional judgement, and address complex information.
Studies have also confirmed (Saito et al, 2012; Wilson et al, 2013; Halbouni, 2005; IkpCFAn
& Akande, 2012; Juckling et al, 2012; Zeghal & Mhedbhi, 2006) the lack of knowledge of
accounting students and lecturers, as well as the urgent need to revise curriculum in institutions
of higher education to integrate IPSAS and dimensions implementation.
Adopting IPSAS minimises the amount of time and money required to develop local
accounting standards, therefore it is a reaction to changing economic conditions and cooperative
collaborations between the Libyan Stock Exchange and other regional and global markets.
According to this study, educational degree has little effect on IPSAS adoption in Libya. Due
to a lack of curriculum changes in line with developments in international accounting standards,
a lack of qualified academic staff to urge students and make them aware of the importance of
applying IPSAS standards, a lack of training centres to provide IPSAS standards vocational
courses, and a lack of university professors to prepare and establish research and scientific
conferences in the field of IPSAS.
Changes in national accounting standards to international financial change standards
have an effect on accumulated taxes, according to studies (Soderstrom, 2007; Burgstahler et
al., 2006; Haverals, 2007). The study (Mulyadi et al., 2012) discovered that tax officers and the
government had varying reactions to the influence of IPSAS on taxes. Some countries continue
to use national GAAP for tax computations, while others amend tax laws to allow for IPSAS
implementation (Mulyadi et al., 2012). According to one study (Elhakry, 2010; Jain, 2011), the
plurality and variation of laws across nations may influence IPSAS adoption in countries where

15
certain laws provide guiding principles for the creation and audit of financial statements that
contradict IPSAS. The findings show that the Libyan tax system influences IPSAS adoption in
Libya due to significant disparities between Libyan tax laws and IPSAS, yet adopting IPSAS
as the foundation for computing tax reduces tax rates. Furthermore, data indicate that the legal
system influences IPSAS adoption in Libya due to constant changes in laws and the lack of an
unified and efficient legal structure managing IPSAS implementation. The accounting laws of
Libya are incompatible with IPSAS.
The march toward international accounting harmonisation and how local values impact
financial disclosure should result in a better understanding of the function and influence of
modern accounting practises (Finch, 2009). Even after the application of IPSAS, the impact of
culture on financial disclosure persists, and the use of a single set of accounting standards does
not eliminate the influence of culture on financial disclosure (Akman, 2011). Seid & Nuru
(2019) suggested in their study that micro-finance is an important factor for accounting
information like making Policies, legal and institutional frameworks for tax exemption and
creating market channels. Bank should include stakeholders and experts having
experience and specialization on pastoral matters. The study (Eghumike & Ogbodo, 2015)
confirmed that cultural values have a significant predictive ability to identify and select
technologies, as well as accountants' behaviour when performing their duties, as well as the
impact on accounting judgments when interpreting and applying selected IPSAS containing
expressions of uncertainty (Chand et al., 2012). Language influences IPSAS adoption,
according to each study (Dowa et al., 2017; Evans, 2004; Larson& Street, 2004; Zeghal &
Mhedhhi, 2006; Abd-Elsalam & Weetman, 2003). There is a positive association between the
adoption of IPSAS and countries where English is the prevalent language. The findings show
that culture influences accounting judgments when understanding and using IPSAS in Libya,
that the English language impedes IPSAS adoption, and that there is a time lag between the
introduction of new or revised IPSAS and its translation into Arabic.
The Study's Contributions

This work contributes to knowledge in numerous ways, most notably to auditing
literature and the quality of accounting information literature. The study's contributions are
separated into two categories: theoretical and methodological.

16
Contributions in Practice
The PLS-SEM approach is especially beneficial when the study's focus is on
investigating the key sources of explanation for a certain construct, such as the success of SMEs
(Ringle and Sarstedt, 2016). Furthermore, IPMA can aid managers and decision makers in
prioritising their operations (Hair et al., 2013a). IPMA, for example, combines the total impacts
of the structural model (importance) with the average values of the latent variable scores
(performance) to identify critical regions for e-banking adoption. This is accomplished by
treating the success of SMEs as an endogenous target variable. The results may reveal
determinants of major relevance (constructs with a significant overall influence), but they may
also indicate that the same determinants perform comparatively poorly (low average latent
variable scores) (Ringle and Sarstedt, 2016).
Maintaining good governance has a statistically significant and positive impact on
accounting information quality (t = 2.403; P 0.05). As a result, the initial hypothesis (H1) was
demonstrated to be valid. Furthermore, the path coefficient was discovered to be 0.138,
indicating a positive link between the two variables. This means that if the assurance of good
governance increases by one standard deviation, the quality of accounting information
improves by 0.138 standard deviations.
The findings indicated that disclosure had a statistically significant and positive impact
on the quality of accounting information (t = 4.178; P 0.001). As a result, the alternative
hypothesis (H2) was shown to be correct. Furthermore, the path coefficient was discovered to
be 0.276, indicating a positive link between the two variables. This means that for every one
standard deviation increase in transparency, the quality of accounting information improves by
0.276 standard deviations.
The findings indicated that the duties of the board of directors had a statistically
significant and positive influence on the quality of accounting information (t = 2.514; P 0.05).
As a result, the third hypothesis (H3) was demonstrated to be valid. Furthermore, the path
coefficient was discovered to be 0.186, indicating a positive link between the two variables. It
shows that as the obligations of the board of directors increase by one standard deviation, the
quality of the accounting information increases by 0.186 standard deviations.
The T-statistics and p-value for predicting the quality of accounting information were (t
= 4.130; p 0.001), indicating that stakeholders' rights were protected. To put it another way, the
route coefficient of safeguarding stakeholders' rights in the process of projecting accounting
information quality is highly positive and favourably significant. As a result, the fourth

17
hypothesis (H4) was validated. Furthermore, the path coefficient was discovered to be 0.276,
indicating a positive link between the two variables. It demonstrates that increasing the level of
protection of stakeholders' rights by one standard deviation resulted in an increase in the quality
of accounting information of 0.276 standard deviations.
Contributions to Methodology
It adds to the auditing literature additional evidence on the impact of specific relevant
elements on the quality of accounting information in Libya, such as audit team factors, audit
office factors, and external environment audit factors. Audit committees, audit offices, and
external surroundings are among these considerations.
In terms of accounting information quality, the study contributes to opening up a
dialogue between Libya and other nations about the challenges that the audit profession faces.
The quantitative research approach was used in this study, and it emphasises the contribution
that might help enhance the quality of accounting information in Libya and other nations. We
will use Integral Structural Equation Modelling (SEM-PLS) and personal questionnaires to
improve the quality of the study's results. This was a cutting-edge statistical field that was
entirely unique to this sector. " The investigation employed a technique known as structural
equation modelling (SEM), which allows for the simultaneous investigation of all the
components that comprise the conceptual framework. The most recent study used two unique
types of group analysis using the SEM technique: measurement and structure models utilising
covariance structure analysis to evaluate the impact of may be considered a research model in
the Libyan environment. The implementation of SEM in research was an important
methodological innovation because it resulted in an improvement in the overall quality of the
research. This study contributes to the methodological viewpoint by using a survey
questionnaire as a way of data collecting in order to answer problems raised by the
questionnaire results. The utilisation of secondary data sources (Previous studies) In order to
improve the reliability and credibility of the results, we used Confirmatory Factor Analysis
(CFA) in PLS in addition to Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA).
The Study's Limitations

Researchers are responsible for honestly describing all aspects of their research,
including any flaws or caveats. Cohen and colleagues (2007) This study, like all other types of
research, has limitations, and any discussion of its findings would be incomplete if those

18
limitations on the research were not considered. Some of the restrictions it imposes are as
follows:
First and foremost, the study was conducted utilising the mentioned auditor in Libya,
which may make generalising the results problematic. However, due to the nature of different
elements, or in other nations, such as developed countries, where the legal environment is
different, this is less likely to be the field in other areas of auditing, such as laws and regulations.
Second, the study examined the most important elements of the three key variables,
which were thought to represent groupings of influence factors on the quality of accounting
information. There were three of them: organisational factors, scientific factors, and person
factors. This study also investigated the impact of many impact factors on the quality of
accounting information collected from the external environment. Internal support, internal
training, managerial support, audit process planning, accepted Standards conformance with
professional conduct principle, effective communication, competency, and amount of years of
experience were among these criteria. Education and career progression, compliance with laws
and regulations, membership in professional organisations, audit office size, areas of
specialisation, independence, and audit cost In conclusion, despite the limitations stated above,
the study has made a major contribution to the existing body of knowledge, notably in the
subject of accounting information quality.
Recommendation
This study employed structural equation modelling to analyse quantitative data (SEM).
PLS-SEM is acknowledged as a second generation statistical analytical tool; it includes a two-
stage technique in which the measurement model is put via a setup procedure, and if the
assessment of the measurement model is successful, the next step is to estimate the structural
model. In general, SEM approaches are divided into two types: covariance-based SEM and
component-based SEM. SEM based on covariance demands that the sample data under analysis
be of normal distribution. PLS, on the other hand, makes no assumptions about data
distribution, allowing it to operate effectively with unobservable elements and taking
measurement mistakes into account (Aibinu and Al-Lawati, 2010). Because of its capacity to
handle heterogeneous data with a small sample size, PLS is gaining traction as an alternative to
covariance-based SEM analysis procedures (Rigdon, E. E., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. 2010).
PLS offers several advantages that make it an appropriate analysis technique for our
study. First and foremost, it is advised for exploratory research (Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M.,

19
Ringle, C., and Sarstedt, M. 2011). PLS is widely used in the literature, as evidenced by Yu
(2012), Venkatesh et al. (2003), Zhu and Kraemer (2005), Lin and Lin 2008; Pu schel, and
Oliveira et al (2014). Its popularity stems from its less restrictive nature when compared to
other extensions of multiple linear regressions (Yu, 2012).
It is not required to start with EFA. I frequently do it to evaluate and comprehend the
structure of the data, as well as to compare it to theory. However, the statistical purpose of EFA
differs from that of CFA, and the findings of the two statistical methods frequently diverge. As
a result, theory drives the development of measurement structures to test for reliability and
validity."
The importance of focusing on the application of IPSAS, which includes defining the
characteristics of hese standards of credibility and public acceptance of financial information
published by institutions, as well as the significance of these standards for accounting or
auditing offices and those who benefit from financial reports.
1- In order to accomplish a smooth transition to the adoption of International Financial
Reporting Standards, Libya's legislative authorities must work on the enactment of new
legislation as well as amendments to existing laws.
2- The establishment of training centres, the organisation of workshops, and the use of
accounting specialists in order to improve accountants' efficiency and prepare financial
statements in accordance with IPSAS.
3- Encourage scientific research in the field of preparing and disseminating financial
statements in accordance with IPSAS by focusing on conducting periodic studies;
organise seminars and scientific conferences to identify the strengths and development
of IPSAS while taking into account the privacy of the social and economic environment
in the State of Libya. In preparation for this, it is crucial to remember that the State of
Libya has passed legislation to protect its residents' personal information.
4- The work being done to update the curriculum and educational strategies for
accounting specialisation in Libya's higher education sector increases lecturers' and
accounting students' awareness of the current advances in international accounting
standards in general, and IPSAS in particular.
5- Integrate Libyan audit firms with global audit firms to gain expertise in the audit of
IPSAS-created financial statements, and compel auditors to obtain professional
certifications awarded by specialised professional authorities in the field of IPSAS.

20
6- Charging and empowering the Libyan Association of Accountants and Auditors with
building a wide framework for accounting in Libya to combine the various components
of financial statements in accordance with IPSAS.
Future Prospects
The questionnaire sample for this study project included academics, accountants
working for companies listed on the Libyan stock exchange, and external auditors. Additional
research could look into whether the IPSAS are appropriate for use from the standpoint of
external users like financial institutions and government bodies.
Investigating the repercussions that investors and financial experts think might result
from applying International Financial Reporting Standards (IPSAS) to the Libyan stock market
in order to improve its efficiency and stability. The study's findings should be validated or
rejected by conducting additional research comparing firms in other industries or analysing
studies from other nations with features similar to those in the current study.
As a result of the importance of having a high-quality audit, further research should be
performed into various factors related to the quality of accounting information. These factors
include customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, auditors changing employment, and auditor
turnover. Another expansion that, if done appropriately, has the ability to provide more
information about the subject of the audit endeavour is the incorporation of corporate
governance characteristics into the study (e.g. quality and independence of management and
board membership; internal audit considerations, and impact of some others factors such as
ownership structure and E-commercial).
CONCLUSION
The purpose of this study was to determine the significance of using International Public
Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in impacting the quality of accounting information. The
four independent variables (ensuring good governance, disclosure, board of director
responsibilities, stakeholder rights preservation) were found to have a significant impact on the
quality of accounting information among Libyan bank personnel. The findings show that the
adoption of IPSAS will have an impact on an external audit in Libya. IPSAS standardises
external audit reports and has an impact on external audit notes. The implementation of IPSAS
will result in the collaboration of Libyan audit firms with global audit firms to gain experience

21
auditing IPSAS-prepared financial statements. This will improve the conclusions and
knowledge of worldwide accounting standards of the external auditors.
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THE REALTIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING

STANDARDS (IPSAS) AND THE QUALITY OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION IN

Emad A. S. AboukhadeerA, S. M. Ferdous AzamB, Ahmad Rasmi Suleiman AlbattatC

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Research, Practical & Social implications: We propose a future research agenda

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. |Miami, v. 8 | n. 1| p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

O REALCIONAMENTO ENTRE AS NORMAS INTERNACIONAIS DE CONTABILIDADE DO

Palavras-chave: Governança, Divulgação, IPSAS, Governo, Qualidade da Informação, Contabilidade.

RELACIÓN ENTRE LAS NORMAS INTERNACIONALES DE CONTABILIDAD DEL SECTOR

Palabras clave: Gobernanza, Divulgación, IPSAS, Gobierno, Calidad de la Información, Contabilidad.

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

decide if IPSAS could be implemented by a developed country like Iraq as a way of

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

Quality of accounting information are considered of great importance to financial

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

THEORETICAL REFERENCE FRAMWEORK

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

The second hypothesis: there is a statistically significant relationship between disclosure,

The third hypothesis: there is a statistically significant relationship between the

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

The fourth hypothesis: there is a statistically significant relationship between the

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

Table 1 Summary of Data Collection and Response Rate

Table 2 Skewness and Kurtosis for Variables.

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

relationship. It means when disclosure goes up by 1 standard deviation, quality of accounting

Table 3 Summary of Structural Model for Hypotheses Results

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

Figure 1: Structural Model

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

statements. This improved the conclusions and knowledge of international accounting

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

The Study's Contributions

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

The Study's Limitations

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

Abdel-Haq, S. (2017). The Effect of Implementing the Principles of Governance in Improving

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

Ahlasa, N. R. (2021). Role of Accounting and Financial Information in Liquidity Risk

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

Al-Badri , H. J. (2017). Effect of accounting information in financial statements on the

Al-Baghawi, A. a.-H. (n.d.). Tafseer al - Baghawi.

Al-Bukhari, M. A. (1422 AH). Sahih Bukhari. Taooqu Al- Nagat.

Al-Khudairi, M. A. (2005). Corporate Governance. Egypt: Nile Arab Group.

Al-Rahili, A. B. (2009). Committees as a Pillar of Corporate Governance "The Case of Saudi

Belwatheh, F. (2018). Corporate governance as a mechanism to enhance accounting disclosure

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.

Bushmall, A. (2017). The impact of qualitative characteristics of accounting information on

Dahrawi, K.-D. (1997). Contemporary Introduction to Accounting Information Systems.

Gabaja. (2008). Impact of the Effectiveness of Corporate Governance on the Financial

Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review. | Miami, v. 8 | n. 1 | p. 01-29 | e01264 | 2023.