Mechanics - Exercicios

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M EC ÂNICA CL ÁSSICA A 2024-1: EXERC ÍCIOS

Caio Ribeiro
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Last update: March 25, 2024
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2
Parte 1 - Mecânica Newtoniana

1. As coordenadas cilı́ndricas {ρ, φ, z ′ } estão relacionadas com as coordenadas cartesianas
por x = ρ cos φ, y = ρ sin φ, z ′ = z. Escreva os vetores unitários ρ̂, φ̂ em termos de x̂,
ŷ, ẑ e expresse a velocidade e a aceleração, v e a, em coordenadas cilı́ndricas.
2. Faça o mesmo que o item anterior para o caso das coordenadas esféricas {r, θ, ϕ}, tais
que x = r cos ϕ sin θ, x = r sin ϕ sin θ, z = r cos θ.
3. Um foguete de massa inicial M0 começa a ejetar gases com velocidade de escape ve ,
ganhando velocidade na direção oposta. Determine a variação de velocidade do foguete
após queimar uma quantidade de combustı́vel tal que sua massa se reduza a M .
4. Considere um corpo de massa m acoplado a uma mola ideal de constante elástica k e que
se move sob a ação de uma força viscosa Fv = −bv, onde v é a velocidade do corpo e b
uma constante, e de uma força externa periódica, Fp = F0 cos ωt. Obtenha a equação do
movimento e a solução geral dessa equação.
5. Um sistema de partı́culas em repouso é formado por uma distribuição contı́nua de massa
descrita pela densidade ρ = ρ0 exp(−r) sin2 θ. Encontre as coordenadas do centro de
t
massa do sistema.
6. A particle of mass m moves with constant speed v around a circle of radius r, starting at
f
t = 0 from a point P on the circle. Find the angular momentum about the point P at any
time t, the force, and the torque about P.
7. A particle of mass m moves according to the equations
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x = x0 + at2 ,
y = bt3 ,
z = ct.
Find the angular momentum at any time t. Find the force and from it the torque acting on
the particle.
8. A particle of mass m moves under the action of a central force whose potential is
D
V (r) = Kr4 , K > 0.
For what energy and angular momentum will the orbit be a circle of radius a about the
origin? What is the period of this circular motion? If the particle is slightly disturbed from
this circular motion, what will be the period of small radial oscillations about r = a?
9. Find the frequency of small radial oscillations about steady circular motion for the effec-
tive potential for an attractive inverse square law force, and show that it is equal to the
frequency of revolution.
10. According to Yukawa’s theory of nuclear forces, the attractive force between a neutron
and a proton has the potential
e−αr
V (r) = −K , K, α > 0
r
3 Classical Mechanics
(a) Find the force, and compare it with an inverse square law of force.
(b) Discuss the types of motion which can occur if a particle of mass m moves under
such a force.
(c) Discuss how the motions will be expected to differ from the corresponding types of
motion for an inverse square law of force.
(d) Find L and E for motion in a circle of radius a.
(e) Find the period of circular motion and the period of small radial oscillations.
(f) Show that the nearly circular orbits are almost closed when a is very small.
11. A particle of charge q in a cylindrical magnetron moves in a uniform magnetic field
B = Bẑ
and an electric field, directed radially outward or inward from a central wire along the
z-axis,
a
E = ρ̂.
ρ
t
The constants a and B may be either positive or negative.
(a) Set up the equations of motion in cylindrical coordinates.
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(b) Show that the quantity
is a constant of the motion.

mρ2 φ̇ +
qB 2
2c
ρ =K
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(c) Using this result, give a qualitative discussion, based on the energy integral, of the
types of motion that can occur. Consider all cases, including all values of a, B, K,
and E.
(d) Under what conditions can circular motion about the axis occur?
(e) What is the frequency of small radial oscillations about this circular motion?
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f t

M EC ÂNICA CL ÁSSICA A 2024-1: EXERC ÍCIOS

Parte 1 - Mecânica Newtoniana

11. A particle of charge q in a cylindrical magnetron moves in a uniform magnetic field

(a) Set up the equations of motion in cylindrical coordinates.

is a constant of the motion.

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