Papers by Ifeanyichukwu A . Ogueji
Current Psychology, Nov 15, 2023
The Nigerian health system is confronted with challenges, including but not limited to incomplete... more The Nigerian health system is confronted with challenges, including but not limited to incompleteness of health data, dilapidated medical equipment, and poor healthcare financing. Thus, the Nigerian health system needs to be improved. A quality improvement intervention is a systematic continuous approach that aims to solve problems in the health system and is commonly employed to support health system development. A quality improvement intervention is more likely to work if the approach fits the targeted health system, but, there is no in-depth information on how to make a quality improvement intervention fit for the Nigerian health system. Thus, the authors consulted with health workers, key actors in the Nigerian health system regarding this. Fifty-one diverse health workers (30 health care providers & 21 health service managers) participated in this qualitative survey. The age and work experience of the participants ranged from 24 to 76 years and 1 to 50 years, respectively. Thematic analysis was performed on the data, and the main findings are reported in this abstract. The findings support that there are diverse problems across all health system building blocks. Problems in a health system building block may affect other health system building blocks. Thus, a contextually relevant quality improvement intervention in the country needs to utilize a systems thinking approach. Further, the findings suggest that collaboration, government involvement, and a data-driven approach are beneficial for developing a contextually relevant quality improvement intervention. In addition to being beneficial for developing a contextually relevant quality improvement intervention, collaboration is beneficial for implementing a contextually relevant quality improvement intervention. Finally, the findings suggest that a client-centered approach and monitoring activities are also beneficial for implementing a contextually relevant quality improvement intervention. This study provides important insights into the factors that may help the planning and implementation of a contextually relevant quality improvement intervention. Future work must investigate if the application of findings to the Nigerian context results in improved outcomes of a quality improvement intervention.
Journal of Health Management, 2024
Referral, the transfer of care for a patient from one health worker or facility to another by req... more Referral, the transfer of care for a patient from one health worker or facility to another by request, is imperative for patients to access different tiers of care. The Nigerian referral system is faced with challenges, but there is limited understanding of the challenges. Addressing this gap may help the Nigerian government, health service managers and other stakeholders to plan appropriate actions for improving the referral system. Health workers are key actors in the referral system who can offer in-depth information on the challenges in the referral system. A wide range of 46 Nigerian health workers participated in this online qualitative survey. Participants were selected from social media using purposive sampling between February and April 2023. Responding to five open-ended questions, participants described challenges in the referral system and highlighted solutions. Thematic analysis was performed on the data. Findings reveal that health workers face infrastructure challenges. These include a lack of ambulances, long distances between health facilities that make and receive referrals, and the limited physical space to accommodate patients in health facilities receiving referrals. Health workers face challenges of a communication gap between health facilities that make and receive referrals, as well as a lack of specialist care. In addition, health workers face challenges of two patient-related factors. The first is patients’ lack of funds to access health services in health facilities receiving referrals, which is linked to increased morbidity and mortality that places work pressure on health workers. The second is the challenge of convincing patients of the reasons for referrals, which is a result of patients’ false beliefs about referrals. Health workers also describe the challenges patients face in the referral system. According to health workers, patients face the challenge of long waiting times in health facilities receiving referrals. Just as health workers, patients face infrastructure challenges. These include a lack of ambulances and a lack of bed spaces to accommodate patients and caregivers in health facilities receiving referrals. Health workers report that patients also face challenges of lack of funds to access specialist care, anxiety about referrals and poor directions on how to navigate the health facilities receiving referrals. To address the challenges, health workers recommend infrastructure improvements. These include the availability of ambulances and spacious health facilities. Finally, health workers recommend improved communication between health facilities that make and receive referrals, employment of more medical specialists, health insurance and health education. The study provides comprehensive information on actions to take to strengthen the referral system in Nigeria.
British Association of Perinatal Medicine and Neonatal Society, Jun 19, 2023
Journal of Human Behavior in The Social Environment, May 12, 2021
ABSTRACT We explored the willingness and barriers to utilizing e-therapy services in Nigeria wher... more ABSTRACT We explored the willingness and barriers to utilizing e-therapy services in Nigeria where the prevalence of mental illness is high. A qualitative open-ended study was conducted with a heterogeneous sample of 100 Nigerians with an age range of 18–52 years. Participants were members of the general Nigerian population, recruited from social media. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Eighty-eight participants were willing to utilize e-therapy services in Nigeria. Their willingness was driven by factors such as their experiences during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, “perceived comfort in pouring out one’s heart to a therapist that is guaranteed in e-therapy,” and curiosity to explore what e-therapy entails. On the other hand, nine participants were unwilling, and their unwillingness was mostly driven by the perception that the Nigerian environment was disenabling for e-therapy (for instance, poor electricity supply in Nigeria). While three participants were neutral about their willingness. Twelve barriers to utilizing e-therapy services in Nigeria were identified, they were; “poor internet service”, “high internet service charge”, “limited communication”, “lack of trust in the efficacy of e-therapy services”, “preference for face-to-face therapy”, “concerns about confidentiality”, “anticipated stigmatization”, “technological illiteracy”, “ignorance of existing e-therapy services in Nigeria”, “absence of e-therapy services in Nigeria”, “uncertainty about what to expect from e-therapy service”, and “perceived distraction during e-therapy session.” While our findings contribute to strengthening the utility of e-therapy services in Nigeria, future studies should replicate the current study with the digitally excluded Nigerian general population.
Current Psychology, 2023
The Nigerian health system is confronted with challenges, including but not limited to incomplete... more The Nigerian health system is confronted with challenges, including but not limited to incompleteness of health data, dilapidated medical equipment, and poor healthcare financing. Thus, the Nigerian health system needs to be improved. A quality improvement intervention is a systematic continuous approach that aims to solve problems in the health system and is commonly employed to support health system development. A quality improvement intervention is more likely to work if the approach fits the targeted health system, but, there is no in-depth information on how to make a quality improvement intervention fit for the Nigerian health system. Thus, the authors consulted with health workers, key actors in the Nigerian health system regarding this. Fifty-one diverse health workers (30 health care providers & 21 health service managers) participated in this qualitative survey. The age and work experience of the participants ranged from 24 to 76 years and 1 to 50 years, respectively. Thematic analysis was performed on the data, and the main findings are reported in this abstract. The findings support that there are diverse problems across all health system building blocks. Problems in a health system building block may affect other health system building blocks. Thus, a contextually relevant quality improvement intervention in the country needs to utilize a systems thinking approach. Further, the findings suggest that collaboration, government involvement, and a data-driven approach are beneficial for developing a contextually relevant quality improvement intervention. In addition to being beneficial for developing a contextually relevant quality improvement intervention, collaboration is beneficial for implementing a contextually relevant quality improvement intervention. Finally, the findings suggest that a client-centered approach and monitoring activities are also beneficial for implementing a contextually relevant quality improvement intervention. This study provides important insights into the factors that may help the planning and implementation of a contextually relevant quality improvement intervention. Future work must investigate if the application of findings to the Nigerian context results in improved outcomes of a quality improvement intervention.
Journal of Interpersonal Violence
In Nigeria, the predictors of quality of life among children exposed to sexual abuse are unknown.... more In Nigeria, the predictors of quality of life among children exposed to sexual abuse are unknown. Addressing this gap may strengthen the capacity of the health system to care for this population. Thus, this cross-sectional study selected 545 (mean age = 14.4 ± 1.4 years) Nigerian children exposed to sexual abuse. Results show that self-compassion, resilience, and meaning in life jointly predicted quality of life and explained 39% variance. The independent prediction of each predictor variable shows that self-compassion, resilience, and meaning in life have significant independent predictions, with self-compassion showing the greatest independent prediction, followed by resilience and meaning in life. Sex, age, and how long ago respondents were exposed to sexual abuse jointly predicted quality of life and explained 6% variance. However, how long ago respondents were exposed to sexual abuse shows a significant independent prediction. Results offer clinical implications that may streng...
Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2023
In Nigeria, the predictors of quality of life among children exposed to sexual abuse are unknown.... more In Nigeria, the predictors of quality of life among children exposed to sexual abuse are unknown. Addressing this gap may strengthen the capacity of the health system to care for this population. Thus, this cross-sectional study selected 545 (mean age = 14.4 ± 1.4 years) Nigerian children exposed to sexual abuse. Results show that self-compassion, resilience, and meaning in life jointly predicted quality of life and explained 39% variance. The independent prediction of each predictor variable shows that self-compassion, resilience, and meaning in life have significant independent predictions, with self-compassion showing the greatest independent prediction, followed by resilience and meaning in life. Sex, age, and how long ago respondents were exposed to sexual abuse jointly predicted quality of life and explained 6% variance. However, how long ago respondents were exposed to sexual abuse shows a significant independent prediction. Results offer clinical implications that may strengthen the capacity of the health system to care for this population.
Journal of Public Health
Aim Health system mistrust, a public health issue, is poorly understood in Nigeria, a country wit... more Aim Health system mistrust, a public health issue, is poorly understood in Nigeria, a country with a fragile health system. Understanding this public health issue will inform mitigation strategies against it. Thus, this study explores mistrust of the Nigerian health system and offers practical implications for mitigating it. Subject and Methods Through a qualitative method, data were collected from 54 Nigerians, comprising diverse professionals and non-professionals in the health system. Data saturation was observed, and thematic analysis was used for data analysis. Results Participants report mistrust of infrastructure in the Nigerian health system. The mistrust of infrastructure is linked to a jeopardized educational system, low morale of health workers due to poor remuneration, lack of professionalism among health workers, misinterpretation of laboratory investigation results leading to misdiagnosis, dilapidated medical equipment, unavailability of ambulances, inaccessibility to essential services, shortage of health workers, absence of patient-centered care, and poor healthcare financing. Further, participants report mistrust of, pharmaceutical products due to substandard drugs in the health system, government and privately owned health facilities, documentation of patients' information due to incompleteness in the documentation, and confidentiality of patients' information. Trust levels in the health system limit utilization of health services and link to health inequities. To strengthen their trust in the health system, participants recommend surveillance efforts from the government, and infrastructural development including the construction of standard health facilities, computerization of operations in health care, provision of up-to-date medical equipment, employment and training/ retraining of health workers, and constant water and power supply. Participants also recommend healthcare financing, investment in health research and education, a multidisciplinary approach to health care, and discouragement of medical tourism. Conclusion This study adds to the understanding of health system mistrust. Findings offer practical implications for mitigating mistrust of the Nigerian health system. Avenues of inquiry for future work are also offered.
Journal of Public Health, 2023
Aim Health system mistrust, a public health issue, is poorly understood in Nigeria, a country wit... more Aim Health system mistrust, a public health issue, is poorly understood in Nigeria, a country with a fragile health system. Understanding this public health issue will inform mitigation strategies against it. Thus, this study explores mistrust of the Nigerian health system and offers practical implications for mitigating it. Subject and Methods Through a qualitative method, data were collected from 54 Nigerians, comprising diverse professionals and non-professionals in the health system. Data saturation was observed, and thematic analysis was used for data analysis. Results Participants report mistrust of infrastructure in the Nigerian health system. The mistrust of infrastructure is linked to a jeopardized educational system, low morale of health workers due to poor remuneration, lack of professionalism among health workers, misinterpretation of laboratory investigation results leading to misdiagnosis, dilapidated medical equipment, unavailability of ambulances, inaccessibility to essential services, shortage of health workers, absence of patient-centered care, and poor healthcare financing. Further, participants report mistrust of, pharmaceutical products due to substandard drugs in the health system, government and privately owned health facilities, documentation of patients' information due to incompleteness in the documentation, and confidentiality of patients' information. Trust levels in the health system limit utilization of health services and link to health inequities. To strengthen their trust in the health system, participants recommend surveillance efforts from the government, and infrastructural development including the construction of standard health facilities, computerization of operations in health care, provision of up-to-date medical equipment, employment and training/ retraining of health workers, and constant water and power supply. Participants also recommend healthcare financing, investment in health research and education, a multidisciplinary approach to health care, and discouragement of medical tourism. Conclusion This study adds to the understanding of health system mistrust. Findings offer practical implications for mitigating mistrust of the Nigerian health system. Avenues of inquiry for future work are also offered.
Trends in Psychology
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons lack legal support and face stigmatization... more Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons lack legal support and face stigmatization in Nigeria. However, little is known about their lived experiences and the specific psychosocial interventions they need while living in Nigeria. Drawing on the sexual minority stress model, the authors utilize a phenomenological lens to explore the lived experiences of seven LGBT persons (age range 24-41 years) in Nigeria. Data were collected using in-depth interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings reveal that participants face discrimination. Participants live in fear and denial, need recognition and social support, have difficulties in heterosexual relationships, and experience misconceptions from friends. These findings offer directions to practitioners aiming to provide nondiscriminatory psychosocial interventions for the LGBT population in Nigeria. To extend current knowledge, further research is needed to understand how the lived experiences of the LGBT population may determine their health outcomes in Nigeria and other high-stigma countries.
Journal of African American Studies
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an unprecedented global health emergency. As ... more The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an unprecedented global health emergency. As a novel condition, there is no known definitive treatment for the condition, except for the use of vaccines as a control measure. In the literature, the issue of inequalities in healthcare systems has been documented as a hindrance to COVID-19 vaccination; however, the specific inequalities in healthcare systems that hinder COVID-19 vaccination are poorly understood. Guided by the fundamental cause theory (FCT), this study aims to address this gap among Black people, a minority group vulnerable to inequalities in healthcare systems. Thirtyfive Black people (age range = 21-58 years) residing in either the United States of America (USA) or the United Kingdom (UK) participated in this study. Qualitative data were collected and analyzed using thematic analysis. Most USA participants and a few UK participants narrated that no inequalities in healthcare systems hinder them from receiving COVID-19 vaccines. Contrarily, most UK participants and a few USA participants narrated inequalities in healthcare systems that hinder them from receiving COVID-19 vaccines. These are mistrust of the healthcare system, health policies regarding COVID-19 vaccination, historical factors (such as historical abuse of Black bodies by health professionals), residential location, and dissatisfaction with health services. In terms of what governments must do to correct these inequalities, participants recommended the need for acknowledgment and community engagement. This is the first international collaboration to examine this problem. Important implications for theory, healthcare systems, and COVID-19 vaccination program planning are highlighted. Finally, there are members of other minority groups and vulnerable communities who are not Black people. Such groups could face unique inequalities that hinder COVID-19 vaccination. Therefore, future studies should include such groups.
Trends in Psychology, 2022
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons lack legal support and face stigmatization... more Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons lack legal support and face stigmatization in Nigeria. However, little is known about their lived experiences and the specific psychosocial interventions they need while living in Nigeria. Drawing on the sexual minority stress model, the authors utilize a phenomenological lens to explore the lived experiences of seven LGBT persons (age range 24-41 years) in Nigeria. Data were collected using in-depth interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings reveal that participants face discrimination. Participants live in fear and denial, need recognition and social support, have difficulties in heterosexual relationships, and experience misconceptions from friends. These findings offer directions to practitioners aiming to provide nondiscriminatory psychosocial interventions for the LGBT population in Nigeria. To extend current knowledge, further research is needed to understand how the lived experiences of the LGBT population may determine their health outcomes in Nigeria and other high-stigma countries.
Current Psychology
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), a heart condition, has its associated distress. Due to the qu... more Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), a heart condition, has its associated distress. Due to the quantitative method often employed, related studies were very limited in conducting an in-depth analysis of the distress experiences of patients with LVH. Through a phenomenological research design, this study utilizes face-to-face qualitative in-depth interviews to explore the distress experiences of 51 (age range = 26 to 67 years) patients with LVH at a Nigerian health facility. The data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings reveal that participants were very anxious about several things relating to LVH, including the term LVH because it was new to them. Participants were anxious about the symptoms they experienced. Participants experienced chest pain, which was a source of distress to them. Participants catastrophized the outcomes of their symptoms whenever they experienced them. In some cases, this occurred because they lacked knowledge of LVH. Last, participants experienced difficulties adjusting to the lifestyle modifications associated with living with LVH. Conclusively, these findings suggest that interactive patient education that enables patients to ask questions that bother them about LVH and the inclusion of pain management interventions in the treatment plan for patients with LVH are valuable for mitigating the distress experiences of patients with LVH. These findings also suggest that cognitive restructuring targeted at anxious concerns and catastrophizing, and lifestyle modification adjustment training are valuable for mitigating the distress experiences of patients with LVH. Longitudinal qualitative studies should explore if there are long-term distress experiences of this patient group that are not captured in this study. This is because the maximum reversal of LVH is a time-consuming process.
Journal of African American Studies, 2022
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an unprecedented global health emergency. As ... more The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an unprecedented global health emergency. As a novel condition, there is no known definitive treatment for the condition, except for the use of vaccines as a control measure. In the literature, the issue of inequalities in healthcare systems has been documented as a hindrance to COVID-19 vaccination; however, the specific inequalities in healthcare systems that hinder COVID-19 vaccination are poorly understood. Guided by the fundamental cause theory (FCT), this study aims to address this gap among Black people, a minority group vulnerable to inequalities in healthcare systems. Thirtyfive Black people (age range = 21-58 years) residing in either the United States of America (USA) or the United Kingdom (UK) participated in this study. Qualitative data were collected and analyzed using thematic analysis. Most USA participants and a few UK participants narrated that no inequalities in healthcare systems hinder them from receiving COVID-19 vaccines. Contrarily, most UK participants and a few USA participants narrated inequalities in healthcare systems that hinder them from receiving COVID-19 vaccines. These are mistrust of the healthcare system, health policies regarding COVID-19 vaccination, historical factors (such as historical abuse of Black bodies by health professionals), residential location, and dissatisfaction with health services. In terms of what governments must do to correct these inequalities, participants recommended the need for acknowledgment and community engagement. This is the first international collaboration to examine this problem. Important implications for theory, healthcare systems, and COVID-19 vaccination program planning are highlighted. Finally, there are members of other minority groups and vulnerable communities who are not Black people. Such groups could face unique inequalities that hinder COVID-19 vaccination. Therefore, future studies should include such groups.
Current Psychology
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), a heart condition, has its associated distress. Due to the qu... more Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), a heart condition, has its associated distress. Due to the quantitative method often employed, related studies were very limited in conducting an in-depth analysis of the distress experiences of patients with LVH. Through a phenomenological research design, this study utilizes face-to-face qualitative in-depth interviews to explore the distress experiences of 51 (age range = 26 to 67 years) patients with LVH at a Nigerian health facility. The data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings reveal that participants were very anxious about several things relating to LVH, including the term LVH because it was new to them. Participants were anxious about the symptoms they experienced. Participants experienced chest pain, which was a source of distress to them. Participants catastrophized the outcomes of their symptoms whenever they experienced them. In some cases, this occurred because they lacked knowledge of LVH. Last, participants experienced difficulties adjusting to the lifestyle modifications associated with living with LVH. Conclusively, these findings suggest that interactive patient education that enables patients to ask questions that bother them about LVH and the inclusion of pain management interventions in the treatment plan for patients with LVH are valuable for mitigating the distress experiences of patients with LVH. These findings also suggest that cognitive restructuring targeted at anxious concerns and catastrophizing, and lifestyle modification adjustment training are valuable for mitigating the distress experiences of patients with LVH. Longitudinal qualitative studies should explore if there are long-term distress experiences of this patient group that are not captured in this study. This is because the maximum reversal of LVH is a time-consuming process.
Trends in Psychology
Menstruation, a biological event in females, has been observed to cause discrimination for many f... more Menstruation, a biological event in females, has been observed to cause discrimination for many females, and this may be linked to menstrual attitudinal differences between males and females. This cross-sectional study investigated the gender differences in the five dimensions of menstrual attitudes among 370 randomly recruited undergraduate students at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The mean age of respondents was 20.87 years (± 3.21). The data were collected using standardized questionnaires, analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 22.0), and p <.05 implied statistical significance. The findings revealed that of all the five dimensions of menstrual attitudes (secrecy, annoyance, disability, proscriptions and prescriptions, and pleasant), there was a statistically significant gender difference in the pleasant dimension [t (368) =-3.19; p < .01], with females reporting a higher mean score than males. This suggests that female respondents held more positive attitudes toward menstruation than male respondents. Hence, health education aiming to promote positive attitudes toward menstruation in Nigerian universities should be targeted at males. Ultimately, this will contribute to mitigating negative attitudes toward menstruation and protecting females from the discrimination associated with menstruation.
ABSTRACTAmong the general population of patients with mental illness is a sub-population (psychia... more ABSTRACTAmong the general population of patients with mental illness is a sub-population (psychiatric outpatients) who often encounter limited mental health help-seeking behaviors due to many unknown factors. Therefore, this study aimed to explore some predictors of mental health help-seeking behaviors among psychiatric outpatients. This cross-sectional study accidentally recruited 42 psychiatric outpatients receiving treatment at the Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria. Their mean age was 27.03±7.05 years (age range = 18-48 years). Data were collected using standardized questionnaires, and analyzed using SPSS (v. 22). Statistical significance set at p<.05. The first finding showed a positive but not significant relationship between perceived stigmatization and mental health help-seeking behavior. Second showed that gender had no significant influence on mental health help-seeking behavior. Third showed that age had a positive but not significant relatio...
Clinical Psychiatry, 2020
Background: One area of substance abuse among adolescents that has not been fully understood in t... more Background: One area of substance abuse among adolescents that has not been fully understood in the Nigerian context is the attitude of adolescents towards cough syrup abuse, as most related studies were either focused on attitude towards general substance abuse or substances other than cough syrup. Objective: The main objective of this research explored the attitudes of adolescents towards cough syrup abuse in Southwest Nigeria.
Most previous studies on self-sacrificial leadership and volunteerism were focused on its impact ... more Most previous studies on self-sacrificial leadership and volunteerism were focused on its impact on group performance thereby neglecting the antecedents of these pro-social behaviors. Hence, a research on the antecedents of self-sacrificial leadership and volunteerism appears enriching to literature. This research examined the psycho-demographic determinants of self-sacrificial leadership and volunteerism among Nigerian youths. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 320 youth corps members (males = 120, females = 200; mean age = 24.43) in Ibadan with an accidental sampling technique. The results showed that there was no significant gender difference in self-sacrificial leadership [t (318) =0.87, p&gt;.05] and volunteerism [t (318) =0.23, p&gt;.05]. The results further showed that self-determination and belief in just world were significant joint and independent predictors of self-sacrificial leadership [R 2 =.067, f (2, 320) =11.29, p&lt;.05] and volunteerism [R 2 =.043, f (2, 320) =7.19, p&lt;.05], with belief in just world having the greater independent prediction on both dependent variables. The results also showed that previous and current leadership positions occupied by youth corps members jointly predicted self-sacrificial leadership [R² =.075, f (2, 320) =12.94, p&lt;.05] and volunteerism [R² =.022, f (2, 320) =3.51, p&lt;.05] respectively. Hence, recommendations that fosters leadership participation and volunteerism among youths were highlighted.
This research investigated the roles of psychological capital (hope, resilience, self-efficacy &a... more This research investigated the roles of psychological capital (hope, resilience, self-efficacy &amp; optimism), burden of care and demographic variables in predicting psychological wellbeing (PWB) of needy single parents. Using standardized questionnaires, data were collected from 282 needy single parents (males = 134, females = 148; mean age = 49.23 years) in selected NGOs in Lagos, Nigeria, by a purposive sampling method. Based on the review of related literature, 5 hypotheses were stated, with both descriptive and inferential statistics applied to test them. The result from the first hypothesis showed that, there is a significant joint contribution of psychological capital and burden of care to PWB among needy single parents [R = .85; R 2 = .72; F (5, 282) = 141.79; p&lt;.01], with a 72% variance in PWB being accounted for by the predictor variables. Independent contributions showed that hope (β = .14; t = 2.11; P&lt;.05); self-efficacy (β = .13; t = 2.28; P&lt;.05); and burden of care (β =-.45; t =-6.73; P&lt;.01) contributed to PWB, with burden of care having the most. Result from second hypothesis showed that, needy single parents with absence of health problems resulting from their caregiver roles reported significantly higher PWB than their counterparts with presence of health problems resulting from their caregiver role (t =-2.90; df = 280; P&lt; .01), and a point biserial analysis showed an effect size of 17% from the statistical significance. Descriptive statistics showed that participants with health problems resulting from caregiver role as single parents, reported problems as, body pains and headaches, anxiety problems, suicidal ideation, high blood pressure, excessive aggression, sleep problems and fatigue. Result from third hypothesis, showed that needy single parents that are beneficiaries to more than one social welfare organizations reported significantly higher PWB than their counterparts that are beneficiaries to only one social welfare organization (t =-3.57; df = 280; P&lt; .01), and a point biserial analysis showed an effect size of 21% from the statistical significance. Result from fourth hypothesis showed that there was no significant sex difference in PWB between male and female needy single parents (t =-0.81; df = 280; P&gt;.05). Results from fifth hypothesis, showed that there was a significant joint contribution of needy single parents&#39; age and the number of children raised to PWB [R = .16; R 2 = .03; F (2, 282) = 3.52; P&lt;.05], with a 3% variance in PWB being accounted for the predictor variables. The independent contributions showed that, only number of children raised contributed to PWB of needy single parents (β =-.16; t =-2.62; P&lt;.05), and that when the number of children raised is high, it is a barrier to the PWB of needy single parents.
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Papers by Ifeanyichukwu A . Ogueji