Papers by William H . Snow
The Professional Counselor, 2020
The hiring of new faculty members in counselor education programs can be complicated by the avail... more The hiring of new faculty members in counselor education programs can be complicated by the available pool of qualified graduates with doctoral degrees in counselor education and supervision, as required by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) for core faculty status. A pipeline problem for faculty hiring may exist in regions with fewer doctoral programs. In this study, the researchers examined whether the number of doctoral programs accredited by CACREP is regionally imbalanced. The researchers used an ex post facto study to analyze differences in the number of doctoral programs among the five regions commonly defined by national counselor education associations and organizations. A large and significant difference was found in the number of CACREP-accredited doctoral programs by region, even when population size was statistically controlled. The Western region had by far the fewest number of doctoral programs. The number of CACREP-a...
An experimental analysis of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral models of stress inoculatio... more An experimental analysis of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral models of stress inoculation and risk reduction programming in schools.
The Professional Counselor, 2018
The Council for Accreditation of Counseling & Related Educational Programs (CACREP) database of i... more The Council for Accreditation of Counseling & Related Educational Programs (CACREP) database of institutions revealed that as of March 2018 there were 36 CACREP-accredited institutions offering 64 online degree programs. As the number of online programs with CACREP accreditation continues to grow, there is an expanding body of research supporting best practices in digital remote instruction that refutes the ongoing perception that online or remote instruction is inherently inferior to residential programming. The purpose of this article is to explore the current literature, outline the features of current online programs and report the survey results of 31 online counselor educators describing their distance education experience to include the challenges they face and the methods they use to ensure student success.
Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 1990
This paper addresses the prevalence and implications of the mentally ill, developmentally disable... more This paper addresses the prevalence and implications of the mentally ill, developmentally disabled, substance abuser, and other mentally impaired offenders in the jail system. Drawing on data from a jail's central intake screening system, the authors argue for more systematic attention by service providers in the community and criminal justice personnel to the disabling conditions that may precipitate and reinforce criminal behavior. Differential responses to these special needs or “pseudo-offenders” are recommended.
The Professional Counselor, 2020
This lead article introduces a special issue of The Professional Counselor designed to inform and... more This lead article introduces a special issue of The Professional Counselor designed to inform and support faculty, staff, and administrative efforts in starting or revitalizing doctoral degree programs in counselor education and supervision. We review the 14 studies that make up this issue and summarize their key findings. Seven key themes emerged for faculty and staff to consider during program development: (a) the current state of research, (b) doctoral program demographics and distribution, (c) defining quality, (d) mentoring and gatekeeping, (e) increasing diversity, (f) supporting dissertation success, and (g) gaining university administrator support. We recognize the vital contribution of these articles to doctoral counselor education and supervision program development while also highlighting future directions for research emerging from this collection.
The Professional Counselor
Distance education has become a mainstay in higher education, in general, and in counselor educat... more Distance education has become a mainstay in higher education, in general, and in counselor education, specifically. Although the concept sometimes still feels new, universities have been engaged in some form of distance learning for over 20 years. In the field of distance counselor education, it is imperative to understand where we have been, where we are now, and where we are going. This article will lay the foundation for the special section of The Professional Counselor on distance counselor education and will explore the history of using technology in education, recent research about distance education in counseling and counselor education, and topic areas discussed throughout this special section. This special section will bring clarity to current and emerging best practices in the use of technology in the distance education of professional counselors, clinical supervisors, and counselor educators.
Study of over 1500 jail intakes to determine how mental illness may have been a contributing fact... more Study of over 1500 jail intakes to determine how mental illness may have been a contributing factor to criminal arrests and recidivism.
A major goal of senior service education is the development of leaders able to think critically a... more A major goal of senior service education is the development of leaders able to think critically and innovatively at the strategic level. Each year the various Senior Service War Colleges in the United States graduate hundreds of senior leaders who are encouraged to bring their newly refined intellectual skills back to their individual areas of government service. But, will War College graduates return to find their enhanced thinking styles welcomed or will they become frustrated by intellectual contributions devalued or ignored? This research project explores the positive and negative expectations of U.S. Army War College students enrolled in the Class of 2006 through a web based survey. It explores the reasons for their expectations, and suggests how to achieve competitive advantage through fostering a culture and climate supportive of critical, innovative and strategic thinking.
ABSTRACT A major goal of senior service education is the development of leaders able to think cri... more ABSTRACT A major goal of senior service education is the development of leaders able to think critically and innovatively at the strategic level. Each year the various Senior Service War Colleges in the United States graduate hundreds of senior leaders who are encouraged to bring their newly refined intellectual skills back to their individual areas of government service. But, will War College graduates return to find their enhanced thinking styles welcomed or will they become frustrated by intellectual contributions devalued or ignored? This research project explores the positive and negative expectations of U.S. Army War College students enrolled in the Class of 2006 through a web based survey. It explores the reasons for their expectations, and suggests how to achieve competitive advantage through fostering a culture and climate supportive of critical, innovative and strategic thinking.
American Journal of Public Health, 1985
Plasma vs Saliva in nicotine uptitrated smokers r2 = 0.86 Nicotine content vs Saliva in uptitrate... more Plasma vs Saliva in nicotine uptitrated smokers r2 = 0.86 Nicotine content vs Saliva in uptitrated smokers r2 = 0.76 Nicotine content vs Plasma in uptftrated smokers r2 = 0.64 Plasma vs Saliva in nicotine downtitrated smokers r2 = 0.05 Nicotine content vs Saliva in downtitrated smokers r2 = 0.21 Nicotine content vs Plasma in downtitrated smokers r2 = 0.60 a)Data are represented as the mean ± 95% confidence interval of six subjects. draw resistance filters. Thus our findings may not be applicable with free-living smokers who attempt to compensate for decreases in nicotine content per cigarette.
The Council for Accreditation of Counseling & Related Educational Programs (CACREP) database of i... more The Council for Accreditation of Counseling & Related Educational Programs (CACREP) database of institutions revealed that as of March 2018 there were 36 CACREP-accredited institutions offering 64 online degree programs. As the number of online programs with CACREP accreditation continues to grow, there is an expanding body of research supporting best practices in digital remote instruction that refutes the ongoing perception that online or remote instruction is inherently inferior to residential programming. The purpose of this article is to explore the current literature, outline the features of current online programs and report the survey results of 31 online counselor educators describing their distance education experience to include the challenges they face and the methods they use to ensure student success.
The move from elementary to junior high school is a significant change in the lives of young adol... more The move from elementary to junior high school is a significant change in the lives of young adolescents. Rates for depression, academic failure, and a variety of problem behaviors escalate after this transition. Few studies in the field of primary prevention have addressed this transition. The investigators conducted a three-part study with 6th grade students to establish an empirical base for preventive intervention aimed at reducing problems associated with entry into junior high school. The study assessed students' perceptions of the transition, their beliefs about the junior high school environment, and their readiness for it. Recommendations for preventive programming are made based on students' responses.
This studv examined an assumption held by many smoking prevention programs that s~cial skills can... more This studv examined an assumption held by many smoking prevention programs that s~cial skills can affect the onset of tobacco smoking. Data from 129 sixth graders were used to predict smoking behavior 15 months later in seventh grade. Five skill variables emerged as the best predictors of future smoking. By analyzing discriminant scores based on individual levels of social skills, the investigators were able to accurately classify 80% of the students surveyed as smokers or nonsmokers. Measures of social skills accounted for 29% of the variation in adolescent smoking behavior.
This paper addresses the prevalence and implications of the mentally ill, developmentally disable... more This paper addresses the prevalence and implications of the mentally ill, developmentally disabled, substance abuser, and other mentally impaired offenders in the jail system. Drawing on data from a jail's central intake screening system, the authors argue for more systematic attention by service providers in the community and criminal justice personnel to the disabling conditions that may precipitate and reinforce criminal behavior. Differential responses to these special needs or "pseudo-offenders" are recommended.
This paper reports an outcome study of coping skills intervention to help adolescents manage stre... more This paper reports an outcome study of coping skills intervention to help adolescents manage stress associated with the transition from elementar.v school to junior high. In a randomized design, sixth grade students.from four elementary schools were pretested, then two schools each ~~·ere assigned to an intervention condition and to a cohtrof condition. Intervention condition subjects received eight sessions of instruction and prdc_tice in coping skf/ls intervention. Follmi•ing intervt:ntion, all subjects were posttested. At posttest and relative to contro/condition subjects, intervention condition subjects scored more positively on measures of problem solving, assertive direct refusals, adequacy of information about junior high school, ability to handle stress, ability to deal with peer pressur>e; and general readiness for junior high school.
This study evaluated cigarette smoking prevention methods with a sample of adolescent females and... more This study evaluated cigarette smoking prevention methods with a sample of adolescent females and males. Arranged by school, 331 informed and consenting sixth graders were randomly divided into four groups: 1) pretest, skills-building methods, posttest; 2) pretest, discussion methods, posttest; 3) pretest and posttest; and 4) posttest only. All s ubjects were followed for 6 and 15 months after the posttest. Outcome results on measures of nonsmoking intentions, attitudes, predictions, problem-solving abilities, and peer interactions favored subjects in the skills-building group when compared with subjects in the discussion and pretest-posttest control groups. Smoking rates at posttest and at both follow-ups were lower in the skills-building group than in the other three groups. Results from pos ttest-only subjects did not support pretest reactivity. The stud y' s strengths and limits are discussed along with directions for future smoking prevention research .
School health educators have devoted much attention to cigarette smoking. Recent years have seen ... more School health educators have devoted much attention to cigarette smoking. Recent years have seen the testing of interventions to prevent smoking. To date, controlled studies have not evaluated the added value of skills methods for preventing smoking. This article describes such an evaluation with sixth-grade students from two schools. Subjects were pretested and randomly assigned to receive conventional health education methods or to receive skills intervention. Both conditions included films, peer testimonials, discussions, and homework. Health education condition subjects additionally participated in oral quizzes, games, and debates. Skills condition subjects additionally learned problem-solving, self-instruction, and interpersonal communication methods. At postintervention, skills condition subjects, more than health education condition subjects, had better scores on measures of smoking-related knowledge, attitudes, and intentions. In addition, reported cigarette use, validated by biochemical data collection, was lower in the skills condition than in the health education condition at all postintervention measurements, including a 24-month follow-up. The article discusses the strengths, limits, and implications of the study for other smoking prevention efforts in schools.
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Papers by William H . Snow