Christian Kingombe
In August 2016 Christian Kingombe left UNCTAD’s Africa Division to pursue a new “entrepreneurial” career (2016-2030) aimed at mobilizing private capital and social impact investment in order to contribute to the financing of some of the major 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs). With the well-known intrinsic complications of aid programs, notably inefficiencies, politicizing and frequent corruption, private equity & venture capital becomes less of an option and more of a necessity for the future of low income markets.
Prior to this major career changing decision to devote the whole next SDG development cycle to mobilizing private financial resources, the previous MDG development cycle (2000-2015) led him to the conclusion that “development finance” is the biggest binding constraint and therefore the biggest international development challenge. Acquiring this fundamental understanding came through both his participation in numerous development policy research projects as well as operational activities in emerging & frontier markets as well as in Least Developed countries carried out through a number of positions in the “international public” sector side of the development industry. Many of these years during the MDG cycle had been spent at measuring and analysing the determinants of pro-poor growth mainly in Africa. I hope that this next step from Policy Research to Action is going to be of more use to the citizens (esp. the bottom 40% of the population) and SMEs in Africa than what I hitherto was able to achieve.
Prior to joining UNCTAD on the 26th of May 2015, Christian Kingombe had left the African Development Bank (AfDB) in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, on the 12th of May 2015, where he was the Chief Regional Integration & Infrastructure officer in the Division of Regional Infrastructure (NEPAD) within the NEPAD, Regional Integration and Trade Department (ONRI). Prior to that he was Chief Regional Integration & Trade Officer at the AfDB’s Trade Division. Before joining the AfDB Christian Kingombe worked for the International Economic Development Group (IEGD) at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) in London. He was also a Visiting Research Fellow at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID) in Geneva and an Academic Visitor at the Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE) at the Economics Department at the University of Oxford. Moreover, he has also been a Research Associate of the OECD Development Centre in Paris while being a Visiting PhD Researcher at ENSAE-CREST at ParisTech (Paris Institute of Technology) in France. Finally, he has earned a Ph.D. in Applied Development Economics from Imperial College London & University of London and a M.Sc. and B.Sc. in Economics from the Economics Department of the University of Copenhagen in Denmark. In addition to his formal education he has carried out numerous (training) courses at several of the World’s leading Universities.
Supervisors: Prof.Jonathan Kydd; Prof.Colin Thirtle; Prof. Salvatore di Falco; Prof. Andrew Dorward, Imperial College London;, Dr. Rolf Traeger, UNCTAD, Dr. Dirk Willem te Velde, ODI, Mr. Norbert Lebale, UNCTAD, Dr. Detlef Kotte, UNCTAD, Professor Martin Paldam, Mr. Jeff Johnson, ILO, Mr. Peter van Rooij, ILO, Prof. Marco Vivarelli, ILO, Dr. Vincenzo Spizia, ILO, and Mr. Ralph Olaye, AfDB
Prior to this major career changing decision to devote the whole next SDG development cycle to mobilizing private financial resources, the previous MDG development cycle (2000-2015) led him to the conclusion that “development finance” is the biggest binding constraint and therefore the biggest international development challenge. Acquiring this fundamental understanding came through both his participation in numerous development policy research projects as well as operational activities in emerging & frontier markets as well as in Least Developed countries carried out through a number of positions in the “international public” sector side of the development industry. Many of these years during the MDG cycle had been spent at measuring and analysing the determinants of pro-poor growth mainly in Africa. I hope that this next step from Policy Research to Action is going to be of more use to the citizens (esp. the bottom 40% of the population) and SMEs in Africa than what I hitherto was able to achieve.
Prior to joining UNCTAD on the 26th of May 2015, Christian Kingombe had left the African Development Bank (AfDB) in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, on the 12th of May 2015, where he was the Chief Regional Integration & Infrastructure officer in the Division of Regional Infrastructure (NEPAD) within the NEPAD, Regional Integration and Trade Department (ONRI). Prior to that he was Chief Regional Integration & Trade Officer at the AfDB’s Trade Division. Before joining the AfDB Christian Kingombe worked for the International Economic Development Group (IEGD) at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) in London. He was also a Visiting Research Fellow at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID) in Geneva and an Academic Visitor at the Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE) at the Economics Department at the University of Oxford. Moreover, he has also been a Research Associate of the OECD Development Centre in Paris while being a Visiting PhD Researcher at ENSAE-CREST at ParisTech (Paris Institute of Technology) in France. Finally, he has earned a Ph.D. in Applied Development Economics from Imperial College London & University of London and a M.Sc. and B.Sc. in Economics from the Economics Department of the University of Copenhagen in Denmark. In addition to his formal education he has carried out numerous (training) courses at several of the World’s leading Universities.
Supervisors: Prof.Jonathan Kydd; Prof.Colin Thirtle; Prof. Salvatore di Falco; Prof. Andrew Dorward, Imperial College London;, Dr. Rolf Traeger, UNCTAD, Dr. Dirk Willem te Velde, ODI, Mr. Norbert Lebale, UNCTAD, Dr. Detlef Kotte, UNCTAD, Professor Martin Paldam, Mr. Jeff Johnson, ILO, Mr. Peter van Rooij, ILO, Prof. Marco Vivarelli, ILO, Dr. Vincenzo Spizia, ILO, and Mr. Ralph Olaye, AfDB
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La Section 1 contient le sommaire exécutif du rapport.
Les Section 2 et 3 contiennent une description du cadre de la mission et la méthodologie d'évaluation
Les Section 4 et 5 présentent une analyse technique des aspects que la DGTREN a demandé d'examiner selon les termes de références.
La Section 6 contient une analyse des aspects du projet faisant l'objet des critiques telles que présentées par les différentes organisations qui s'opposent au projet.
La Section 7 contient les conclusions et recommandations élaborées par les experts.
Les points de vue exprimés dans cette étude sont ceux des experts et non pas ceux de la Commission Européenne.
L’équipe en charge de l’expertise remercie toutes les parties prenantes du projet pour leur collaboration et leur disponibilité durant le déroulement de la mission.
services will reduce the cost of transport, enhance connectivity, create jobs and boost the contribution of the sector to the GDP of African countries. The chapter presents the state of transport services in
Africa, highlighting challenges and opportunities related to youth and gender, the condition of landlocked countries and emerging trends in transport. It discusses Covid-19 in the context of trade and transport facilitation in Africa. It makes the case for liberalizing transport services and explores progress in liberalization in the context of AfCFTA, highlighting key lessons from liberalizing air transport markets in Africa in the framework of the Yamoussoukro Decision (YD) and the Single African Air Transport Market (SAATM).
The success of the AfCFTA hinges on establishing an efficient, cost-effective transport services sector.
Shipping goods and services at competitive prices will foster the growth of intra-African trade. In 2017, a third of the value of global trade in transport ($529 billion) related directly to the cost of shipping goods across economies, by sea or by air. Transport services are critical inputs to producing goods and providing sales and after-sales services. Logistics services are essential for the development and optimal functioning of regional value chains (RVCs) and global value chains (GVCs), both expanding over the past 30 years.
KEY MESSAGES of the chapter include:
The transport services sector in Africa remains fragmented and expensive. The continent’s road, rail and port networks are generally ill-adapted to its economic development aspirations.
Of the 44 African Union member states that are World Trade Organization members, 17 have made commitments to expand investment in at least one mode of transport.
The continent lacks effective and affordable air connectivity. Despite the strong determination to liberalize air transport services under the Yamoussoukro Decision and the SAATM, the AfCFTA Protocol on Trade in Services (like the WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services), excludes air traffic rights and services directly related to the exercise of air traffic rights. The protocol applies to measures affecting aircraft repair and maintenance services and selling and marketing air
transport services.
The chapter’s RECOMMENDATIONS are the following:
The AUC, RECs, member states and other relevant stakeholders should strengthen weak regulatory and institutional frameworks for transport and trade facilitation at continental, regional and national levels by:
Strengthening the capacities of member states to enforce regional transport policies.
Addressing the fundamental issues facing the transport sector, such as the extent to which competitive markets in transport infrastructure and operations should be encouraged and the purpose and scale of regulatory and licensing controls through regulatory agencies.
Participating in transport and transit facilitation programmes.
Expediting the implementation of corridor agreements and applying transit facilitation instruments, such as facilitating the speedy processing of goods and harmonizing documents with trading partners.
The AUC, RECs, member states and other relevant stakeholders should harmonize continental regulatory frameworks for the different modes of transport—road, rail, maritime and inland waterways—and establish bodies for monitoring and executing continental regulations. They
should also develop tools for assessing the performance of governments and service providers in implementing continental regulations for the different modes of transport.
The AUC and the AfCFTA Secretariat should work with the RECs and other relevant stakeholders to incorporate services of all modes of transport in AfCFTA by including their regulatory frameworks as annexes to the AfCFTA Protocol on Trade in Services.
All AU member states should sign the Solemn Commitment to SAATM and fully implement its provisions.
of what’s happening in Africa beyond traditional economic
indicators. It considers a broad set of indicators that tell us not
only how nations perform economically but in vital areas such as
education, governance, heath, safety and security, and more.
The Africa Prosperity Report shows that African nations have
made progress over the last three years. In particular, African
nations are performing well in the Personal Freedom, Economy
and Entrepreneurship & Opportunity sub-indices.
Finally, the report considers the middle class, which, as a group,
is considered worldwide to be a driver of prosperity. Although
the precise definition of the middle class in Africa remains an
ongoing discussion, one thing is clear: its number has increased
sharply in recent years due to the fast pace of economic growth.
The private sector’s expansion has been critical in supporting the
middle class’ emergence since they tend to be entrepreneurs or
employed in stable jobs. The link between the middle class and
prosperity is not, however, limited to monetary issues. With a large part of the population living on less than two
dollars a day, “Africa rising” is not a reality for most Africans. By
supporting education quality, female entrepreneurship, and the
rising middle class, African countries could avoid a future where
inequality and chronic poverty persist in the midst of wealth and
prosperity. In turn, this will empower disadvantaged groups that
have been left out of the current economic boom, raising personal
and national wellbeing.
The review paper on TVET experiences in various regions around the world by Christian Kingcombe should, inter alia, contribute to informing the Sierra Leone authorities as they seek to develop a comprehensive design and implementation of strategies for TVET in Sierra Leone. Among other topics, the paper reports findings which indicate that the majority of TVET interventions appear to have positive labour market impacts for participants in terms of post-programme employment and earnings. The paper then proceeds to address many of the important questions that the Sierra Leone authorities are facing as they try to develop a comprehensive TVET programme, namely: (1) the organisation for the development and implementation of a national TVET policy (2) the major elements of a national TVET policy; (3) the linkage between general education and TVET (4) the role of formal schools versus enterprises in TVET; (5) policies for ensuring good quality in TVET; (6) strategies and structures for non-formal TVET; (7) linking TVET with the requirements of the labour market; (8) the training of TVET teachers and instructors; (9) ways of addressing socio-economic factors such as public perception problems and inequities in access to TVET; and (10) aspects of the numerous policy issues associated with the financing of TVET. TVET is not the only area of human capital development where Sierra Leone is lagging. The literacy rate is Sierra Leone is low; achievement in science and mathematics is poor, mainly because of lack of teachers and facilities; there is enormous overcrowding in classrooms; and last but not least women’s education and skills training (and hence formal employment) seriously falls below that of men. This last subject matter is the concern of Agnes Pessima in her contribution in this volume. Agnes Pessima’s paper argues that girls and women’s low level of education and training is responsible for women’s low representation in formal sector employment in general and their clustering in the margins of business organizations and government departments. Pessima discusses Sierra Leone government’s policies and intervention strategies to raise the educational status in the country of girls and women, and the outcomes of the interventions. Government, for example, has made efforts to reduce school fees and cost of books, and not letting pregnancies permanently prevent girls from completing their schooling mainly by allowing them to return after delivery to complete their schooling. But other problems that are influenced by culture and by attitudes of teachers and parents are much harder to address. These include early marriage of girls, heavy domestic workloads for girls that affect their concentration on school work, and deliberately pushing girls into certain subjects in general education and certain skills in TVET both of which can give them a disadvantage in employment and income opportunities in the market place. Pessima makes suggestions to help reinforce the various initiatives and interventions which have been so far successful to become even more so. In that context, inter alia, she suggests actions such as training and sensitization of teachers,parents and others to enable them to counter the cultural and other obstacles which still dampen girls’ enrollment and attendance in schools and make them hesitant to enroll in certain subjects and skills training courses.
1. What determined the path of institutional change that Cuba embarked on in the 1990s?
2. What explains the relationship between the Cuban Government and the foreign mining companies and the probable outcome of the negotiation of mining agreements?
Thus, the objective of this M.Sc. thesis is twofold. First it reviews the location specific determinants of the inflow of FDI by analyzing how these various determinants have changed in Cuba. More, specifically, this is done by focusing on how the imperfect institutional framework of Cuba's FDI regulatory regime gradually has strengthened and improved over time along a continuum from a command economic to a regime more similar to a rule-based market system. Secondly by being more precise about the protocol of the bargaining "game" we can get some more definite idea about what would be the outcome of the negotiation of mineral agreements. It's my contention that there is a political link between the Cuban host Government's treatment of the foreign investors and the other economic policies being implemented during Cuba's worse economic crisis ever. The two analyses are closely related because the foreign investor - host Government negotiation process is critical to whether or not the foreign investor's final decision will be to locate the investment in Cuba. Thus, the aim of this dissertation is an in-depth study of the promotion of foreign investment through structural transformation and institutional change; the subsequent screening of foreign investment proposals in the Cuban mining sector in particular, and the negotiation of the terms under which foreign mining projects would be accepted in Cuba.
The study attempts to apply a methodology on a concrete case study from the real world, as it unfolds in Cuba. In order to achieve cross-fertilization across fields in economics and between social sciences most of the mathematical representations of bargaining, which are found in the prevailing mainstream game theory, have been disregarded. Furthermore, the research will build its case on new evidence while acknowledging and incorporating much of the findings from the past and present literature. The present study is organized in seven chapters.
The LDCs are thus the battleground on which the 2030 Agenda will be won or lost. This is where shortfalls from the SDG targets are greatest, where improvement has been slowest, and where the barriers to further progress are highest.
Rural development will be central to the quantum leap in the rate of progress required for LDCs to achieve the SDGs. More than two thirds of people in LDCs live in rural areas, where poverty is also most widespread and deepest, and infrastructure and social provision most lacking. Rural development is essential, not only to poverty eradication, employment generation and economic development, but also to sustainable urbanization.
UNCTAD’s Least Developed Countries Report 2015 therefore focuses on the transformation of rural economies. Assessing LDCs’ progress in agricultural productivity, the extent and nature of their rural economic diversification, and gender issues in rural transformation, it shows that:
Agricultural productivity began to increase in LDCs in 2000, following decades of stagnation or decline, but has risen strongly only in Asian LDCs.
Rural economic diversification varies widely between LDCs, but only a few have passed beyond the stage in which non-farm activities are centred on agriculture and urban linkages are limited.
Women comprise half the rural workforce in LDCs, but face serious constraints on realizing their productive potential, slowing rural transformation.
The 2030 Agenda both highlights the need and provides the opportunity for a new approach to rural development centred on poverty-oriented structural transformation (POST), to generate higher incomes backed by higher productivity. In rural areas, this means upgrading agriculture, developing viable non-farm activities, and fully exploiting the synergies between the two, through appropriately designed and sequenced efforts to achieve the SDGs.
Michael Tribe, University of Strathclyde, UK.
Series: Routledge International Handbooks
This Handbookis a global overview of industrialisation. Each
chapter will provide readers with contemporary insights
into this this essential aspect of economic development. It
aims to illuminate uneven development and takes stock
of the current issues that hinder and support
industrialisation in low and middle income economies. This
authoritative Handbook will be a key reference source for
those studying or wishing to understand contemporary
economic development. Offering inspiration and direction
for future research, this landmark volume will be of crucial
importance to all development economics scholars and
researchers.
In her opening address, AfDB Secretary General and Vice-President Cecilia Akintomide emphasized how "Africa's regional integration is a major pillar in the Ten-Year Strategy of the Bank, which is celebrating its 50th anniversary in 2014 as Africa's premier development finance institution."
Presenting the report, AfDB’s Acting Chief Economist and Vice-President Steve Kayizzi-Mugerwa highlighted the themes developed in it: regional integration and inclusive growth, regional institutions, regional infrastructure, regional migration, regional financial integration and value chains.
Indeed, this report puts regional integration under the spotlight as being necessary for Africa's development, recalling that this is an aspiration dating back to the independence period in the 1960s. Critically examining the developments that have marked these last 50 years in terms of economic and political integration, the publication underscores how much it needs to be stepped up. The world may well be radically changing, but African integration remains as topical as ever, concludes the Report, which also highlighted how much integration could stimulate sustained, inclusive growth.
The development of distribution networks and regional trade within global and African value chains into which the continent fits, institutional challenges, infrastructure – both tangible and "intangible" – indispensable to interconnect markets and boost competitiveness, strengthened financial systems, were among the challenges to the continent’s integration that were examined in the report.
Increasing sums are being spent on rural areas, the livelihoods and well-being of people who live there, and conservation of the natural environment. Agricultural policy reform is likely to move spending further in this direction. In the rural areas of developed economies farms are often no longer the mainstay of the economy, particularly in OECD countries. Many of the problems of farm families can only be addressed by creating economic opportunities outside agriculture. Statistics for rural areas need to go far beyond agriculture and cover a wide range of economic, social and environmental indicators.
Less developed countries, where agriculture is still relatively important in rural areas, poverty is a major policy issue. In such circumstances income may be displaced as an indicator by consumption. Nevertheless, household incomes are seeing changes that move them towards the patterns observed in the developed world. Economies in transition face particular statistical challenges concerning their agricultures and rural development.
Conceptually the thesis extracts insights gained from growth theories and the traditional cross-country literature on the relationships between infrastructure provision and growth, while recognizing that this macro approach is inadequate for evaluating the effects at the sub-national level.
Instead by relying on a micro-level approach our key findings are the following: At the district level improved accessibility led to changes in land allocation and in yields to Eastern Province of Zambia‘s most important cash crop – cotton. Although, the mean cotton sales share of household income more than doubled, the estimation results only show small gains to mean consumption. Through a qualitative analysis we find that improved access to external markets is a critical determinant of the households‘ ability to increase their income and break out of the poverty trap. Moreover, we find that it is primarily small private companies that are more likely to have relocated as a consequence of the Eastern Province Feeder Road Project (EPFRP). The entry by the large South African Clark Cotton Company in 1995 was, however, linked to Zambia‘s and South Africa‘s SADC membership.
The thesis contributes to the methodological framework used in rural projects evaluation by proposing that household and firm survey analysis has the potential of providing insights that go beyond what is revealed by aggregate cross-country regressions and traditional cost-benefit analysis. However, our impact evaluation approach is a-theoretical and reduced form and it should therefore be considered to be complementary to the more detailed structural approach used by other authors referred in the literature review.
Finally, the thesis recommends that future research should be devoted to further advancing appraisal techniques for rural road projects and to discuss how quantitative impact evaluations of rural development policy instruments such as feeder roads can best influence policy in order to help make progress towards the Millennium Development Goals.
Papers by Christian Kingombe
Thematic Area: Agribusiness
Type: Limited Liability Company
Year of Founding: 2012
Number of Employees: 163; 85% are women and 75% are youths
Leadership:
• Operations Director – Charity Ndegwa;
• External Relations Director – Loise Maina;
• Managing Director – Jane Maigua
Mission: To sustainably provide the world with quality products for healthy and happy living in order to empower its producers and employees, as well as to promote Kenya’s development and socio-economic potential on a global scale.
Company visit: Author of article visited Exotic EPZ as part of the 2nd Africa Impact Study, where the company was show-cased to the delegates.
La Section 1 contient le sommaire exécutif du rapport.
Les Section 2 et 3 contiennent une description du cadre de la mission et la méthodologie d'évaluation
Les Section 4 et 5 présentent une analyse technique des aspects que la DGTREN a demandé d'examiner selon les termes de références.
La Section 6 contient une analyse des aspects du projet faisant l'objet des critiques telles que présentées par les différentes organisations qui s'opposent au projet.
La Section 7 contient les conclusions et recommandations élaborées par les experts.
Les points de vue exprimés dans cette étude sont ceux des experts et non pas ceux de la Commission Européenne.
L’équipe en charge de l’expertise remercie toutes les parties prenantes du projet pour leur collaboration et leur disponibilité durant le déroulement de la mission.
services will reduce the cost of transport, enhance connectivity, create jobs and boost the contribution of the sector to the GDP of African countries. The chapter presents the state of transport services in
Africa, highlighting challenges and opportunities related to youth and gender, the condition of landlocked countries and emerging trends in transport. It discusses Covid-19 in the context of trade and transport facilitation in Africa. It makes the case for liberalizing transport services and explores progress in liberalization in the context of AfCFTA, highlighting key lessons from liberalizing air transport markets in Africa in the framework of the Yamoussoukro Decision (YD) and the Single African Air Transport Market (SAATM).
The success of the AfCFTA hinges on establishing an efficient, cost-effective transport services sector.
Shipping goods and services at competitive prices will foster the growth of intra-African trade. In 2017, a third of the value of global trade in transport ($529 billion) related directly to the cost of shipping goods across economies, by sea or by air. Transport services are critical inputs to producing goods and providing sales and after-sales services. Logistics services are essential for the development and optimal functioning of regional value chains (RVCs) and global value chains (GVCs), both expanding over the past 30 years.
KEY MESSAGES of the chapter include:
The transport services sector in Africa remains fragmented and expensive. The continent’s road, rail and port networks are generally ill-adapted to its economic development aspirations.
Of the 44 African Union member states that are World Trade Organization members, 17 have made commitments to expand investment in at least one mode of transport.
The continent lacks effective and affordable air connectivity. Despite the strong determination to liberalize air transport services under the Yamoussoukro Decision and the SAATM, the AfCFTA Protocol on Trade in Services (like the WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services), excludes air traffic rights and services directly related to the exercise of air traffic rights. The protocol applies to measures affecting aircraft repair and maintenance services and selling and marketing air
transport services.
The chapter’s RECOMMENDATIONS are the following:
The AUC, RECs, member states and other relevant stakeholders should strengthen weak regulatory and institutional frameworks for transport and trade facilitation at continental, regional and national levels by:
Strengthening the capacities of member states to enforce regional transport policies.
Addressing the fundamental issues facing the transport sector, such as the extent to which competitive markets in transport infrastructure and operations should be encouraged and the purpose and scale of regulatory and licensing controls through regulatory agencies.
Participating in transport and transit facilitation programmes.
Expediting the implementation of corridor agreements and applying transit facilitation instruments, such as facilitating the speedy processing of goods and harmonizing documents with trading partners.
The AUC, RECs, member states and other relevant stakeholders should harmonize continental regulatory frameworks for the different modes of transport—road, rail, maritime and inland waterways—and establish bodies for monitoring and executing continental regulations. They
should also develop tools for assessing the performance of governments and service providers in implementing continental regulations for the different modes of transport.
The AUC and the AfCFTA Secretariat should work with the RECs and other relevant stakeholders to incorporate services of all modes of transport in AfCFTA by including their regulatory frameworks as annexes to the AfCFTA Protocol on Trade in Services.
All AU member states should sign the Solemn Commitment to SAATM and fully implement its provisions.
of what’s happening in Africa beyond traditional economic
indicators. It considers a broad set of indicators that tell us not
only how nations perform economically but in vital areas such as
education, governance, heath, safety and security, and more.
The Africa Prosperity Report shows that African nations have
made progress over the last three years. In particular, African
nations are performing well in the Personal Freedom, Economy
and Entrepreneurship & Opportunity sub-indices.
Finally, the report considers the middle class, which, as a group,
is considered worldwide to be a driver of prosperity. Although
the precise definition of the middle class in Africa remains an
ongoing discussion, one thing is clear: its number has increased
sharply in recent years due to the fast pace of economic growth.
The private sector’s expansion has been critical in supporting the
middle class’ emergence since they tend to be entrepreneurs or
employed in stable jobs. The link between the middle class and
prosperity is not, however, limited to monetary issues. With a large part of the population living on less than two
dollars a day, “Africa rising” is not a reality for most Africans. By
supporting education quality, female entrepreneurship, and the
rising middle class, African countries could avoid a future where
inequality and chronic poverty persist in the midst of wealth and
prosperity. In turn, this will empower disadvantaged groups that
have been left out of the current economic boom, raising personal
and national wellbeing.
The review paper on TVET experiences in various regions around the world by Christian Kingcombe should, inter alia, contribute to informing the Sierra Leone authorities as they seek to develop a comprehensive design and implementation of strategies for TVET in Sierra Leone. Among other topics, the paper reports findings which indicate that the majority of TVET interventions appear to have positive labour market impacts for participants in terms of post-programme employment and earnings. The paper then proceeds to address many of the important questions that the Sierra Leone authorities are facing as they try to develop a comprehensive TVET programme, namely: (1) the organisation for the development and implementation of a national TVET policy (2) the major elements of a national TVET policy; (3) the linkage between general education and TVET (4) the role of formal schools versus enterprises in TVET; (5) policies for ensuring good quality in TVET; (6) strategies and structures for non-formal TVET; (7) linking TVET with the requirements of the labour market; (8) the training of TVET teachers and instructors; (9) ways of addressing socio-economic factors such as public perception problems and inequities in access to TVET; and (10) aspects of the numerous policy issues associated with the financing of TVET. TVET is not the only area of human capital development where Sierra Leone is lagging. The literacy rate is Sierra Leone is low; achievement in science and mathematics is poor, mainly because of lack of teachers and facilities; there is enormous overcrowding in classrooms; and last but not least women’s education and skills training (and hence formal employment) seriously falls below that of men. This last subject matter is the concern of Agnes Pessima in her contribution in this volume. Agnes Pessima’s paper argues that girls and women’s low level of education and training is responsible for women’s low representation in formal sector employment in general and their clustering in the margins of business organizations and government departments. Pessima discusses Sierra Leone government’s policies and intervention strategies to raise the educational status in the country of girls and women, and the outcomes of the interventions. Government, for example, has made efforts to reduce school fees and cost of books, and not letting pregnancies permanently prevent girls from completing their schooling mainly by allowing them to return after delivery to complete their schooling. But other problems that are influenced by culture and by attitudes of teachers and parents are much harder to address. These include early marriage of girls, heavy domestic workloads for girls that affect their concentration on school work, and deliberately pushing girls into certain subjects in general education and certain skills in TVET both of which can give them a disadvantage in employment and income opportunities in the market place. Pessima makes suggestions to help reinforce the various initiatives and interventions which have been so far successful to become even more so. In that context, inter alia, she suggests actions such as training and sensitization of teachers,parents and others to enable them to counter the cultural and other obstacles which still dampen girls’ enrollment and attendance in schools and make them hesitant to enroll in certain subjects and skills training courses.
1. What determined the path of institutional change that Cuba embarked on in the 1990s?
2. What explains the relationship between the Cuban Government and the foreign mining companies and the probable outcome of the negotiation of mining agreements?
Thus, the objective of this M.Sc. thesis is twofold. First it reviews the location specific determinants of the inflow of FDI by analyzing how these various determinants have changed in Cuba. More, specifically, this is done by focusing on how the imperfect institutional framework of Cuba's FDI regulatory regime gradually has strengthened and improved over time along a continuum from a command economic to a regime more similar to a rule-based market system. Secondly by being more precise about the protocol of the bargaining "game" we can get some more definite idea about what would be the outcome of the negotiation of mineral agreements. It's my contention that there is a political link between the Cuban host Government's treatment of the foreign investors and the other economic policies being implemented during Cuba's worse economic crisis ever. The two analyses are closely related because the foreign investor - host Government negotiation process is critical to whether or not the foreign investor's final decision will be to locate the investment in Cuba. Thus, the aim of this dissertation is an in-depth study of the promotion of foreign investment through structural transformation and institutional change; the subsequent screening of foreign investment proposals in the Cuban mining sector in particular, and the negotiation of the terms under which foreign mining projects would be accepted in Cuba.
The study attempts to apply a methodology on a concrete case study from the real world, as it unfolds in Cuba. In order to achieve cross-fertilization across fields in economics and between social sciences most of the mathematical representations of bargaining, which are found in the prevailing mainstream game theory, have been disregarded. Furthermore, the research will build its case on new evidence while acknowledging and incorporating much of the findings from the past and present literature. The present study is organized in seven chapters.
The LDCs are thus the battleground on which the 2030 Agenda will be won or lost. This is where shortfalls from the SDG targets are greatest, where improvement has been slowest, and where the barriers to further progress are highest.
Rural development will be central to the quantum leap in the rate of progress required for LDCs to achieve the SDGs. More than two thirds of people in LDCs live in rural areas, where poverty is also most widespread and deepest, and infrastructure and social provision most lacking. Rural development is essential, not only to poverty eradication, employment generation and economic development, but also to sustainable urbanization.
UNCTAD’s Least Developed Countries Report 2015 therefore focuses on the transformation of rural economies. Assessing LDCs’ progress in agricultural productivity, the extent and nature of their rural economic diversification, and gender issues in rural transformation, it shows that:
Agricultural productivity began to increase in LDCs in 2000, following decades of stagnation or decline, but has risen strongly only in Asian LDCs.
Rural economic diversification varies widely between LDCs, but only a few have passed beyond the stage in which non-farm activities are centred on agriculture and urban linkages are limited.
Women comprise half the rural workforce in LDCs, but face serious constraints on realizing their productive potential, slowing rural transformation.
The 2030 Agenda both highlights the need and provides the opportunity for a new approach to rural development centred on poverty-oriented structural transformation (POST), to generate higher incomes backed by higher productivity. In rural areas, this means upgrading agriculture, developing viable non-farm activities, and fully exploiting the synergies between the two, through appropriately designed and sequenced efforts to achieve the SDGs.
Michael Tribe, University of Strathclyde, UK.
Series: Routledge International Handbooks
This Handbookis a global overview of industrialisation. Each
chapter will provide readers with contemporary insights
into this this essential aspect of economic development. It
aims to illuminate uneven development and takes stock
of the current issues that hinder and support
industrialisation in low and middle income economies. This
authoritative Handbook will be a key reference source for
those studying or wishing to understand contemporary
economic development. Offering inspiration and direction
for future research, this landmark volume will be of crucial
importance to all development economics scholars and
researchers.
In her opening address, AfDB Secretary General and Vice-President Cecilia Akintomide emphasized how "Africa's regional integration is a major pillar in the Ten-Year Strategy of the Bank, which is celebrating its 50th anniversary in 2014 as Africa's premier development finance institution."
Presenting the report, AfDB’s Acting Chief Economist and Vice-President Steve Kayizzi-Mugerwa highlighted the themes developed in it: regional integration and inclusive growth, regional institutions, regional infrastructure, regional migration, regional financial integration and value chains.
Indeed, this report puts regional integration under the spotlight as being necessary for Africa's development, recalling that this is an aspiration dating back to the independence period in the 1960s. Critically examining the developments that have marked these last 50 years in terms of economic and political integration, the publication underscores how much it needs to be stepped up. The world may well be radically changing, but African integration remains as topical as ever, concludes the Report, which also highlighted how much integration could stimulate sustained, inclusive growth.
The development of distribution networks and regional trade within global and African value chains into which the continent fits, institutional challenges, infrastructure – both tangible and "intangible" – indispensable to interconnect markets and boost competitiveness, strengthened financial systems, were among the challenges to the continent’s integration that were examined in the report.
Increasing sums are being spent on rural areas, the livelihoods and well-being of people who live there, and conservation of the natural environment. Agricultural policy reform is likely to move spending further in this direction. In the rural areas of developed economies farms are often no longer the mainstay of the economy, particularly in OECD countries. Many of the problems of farm families can only be addressed by creating economic opportunities outside agriculture. Statistics for rural areas need to go far beyond agriculture and cover a wide range of economic, social and environmental indicators.
Less developed countries, where agriculture is still relatively important in rural areas, poverty is a major policy issue. In such circumstances income may be displaced as an indicator by consumption. Nevertheless, household incomes are seeing changes that move them towards the patterns observed in the developed world. Economies in transition face particular statistical challenges concerning their agricultures and rural development.
Conceptually the thesis extracts insights gained from growth theories and the traditional cross-country literature on the relationships between infrastructure provision and growth, while recognizing that this macro approach is inadequate for evaluating the effects at the sub-national level.
Instead by relying on a micro-level approach our key findings are the following: At the district level improved accessibility led to changes in land allocation and in yields to Eastern Province of Zambia‘s most important cash crop – cotton. Although, the mean cotton sales share of household income more than doubled, the estimation results only show small gains to mean consumption. Through a qualitative analysis we find that improved access to external markets is a critical determinant of the households‘ ability to increase their income and break out of the poverty trap. Moreover, we find that it is primarily small private companies that are more likely to have relocated as a consequence of the Eastern Province Feeder Road Project (EPFRP). The entry by the large South African Clark Cotton Company in 1995 was, however, linked to Zambia‘s and South Africa‘s SADC membership.
The thesis contributes to the methodological framework used in rural projects evaluation by proposing that household and firm survey analysis has the potential of providing insights that go beyond what is revealed by aggregate cross-country regressions and traditional cost-benefit analysis. However, our impact evaluation approach is a-theoretical and reduced form and it should therefore be considered to be complementary to the more detailed structural approach used by other authors referred in the literature review.
Finally, the thesis recommends that future research should be devoted to further advancing appraisal techniques for rural road projects and to discuss how quantitative impact evaluations of rural development policy instruments such as feeder roads can best influence policy in order to help make progress towards the Millennium Development Goals.
Thematic Area: Agribusiness
Type: Limited Liability Company
Year of Founding: 2012
Number of Employees: 163; 85% are women and 75% are youths
Leadership:
• Operations Director – Charity Ndegwa;
• External Relations Director – Loise Maina;
• Managing Director – Jane Maigua
Mission: To sustainably provide the world with quality products for healthy and happy living in order to empower its producers and employees, as well as to promote Kenya’s development and socio-economic potential on a global scale.
Company visit: Author of article visited Exotic EPZ as part of the 2nd Africa Impact Study, where the company was show-cased to the delegates.
How philanthropy in Africa could develop in the coming decade and
Why this matters!
How do impact investors work with non-profits?
Philanthro-Capitalism.
The Social Finance Landscape.
The Origins and Expansion of Impact Investing in Western Africa.
Supply of social investment in WEST AFRICA.
Who are the major impact investors in Western Africa?
DFI
Non-DFI (SFMs)
Foundations
Faith-based organizations
The Case for Faith-based Impact Investment.
A few conclusions and policy recommendations.
Faith as the future of Impact Investing?
Implementing Impact Investing: How To Start
Case-studies
A few conclusions and policy recommendations.
Introduction: Understanding the Why/What/How of Impact Investing
I: Graduate Institute Geneva (IHEID), Sept 2016 – February 2017 & Oct 2022, Oct 2023 – June 2024
Applied Research Project: The commercialization of the SDG Impact Standards in Africa: Finding the right business Model.
II: 4IP Group – Impact Investing Cluster, March 2017 – on-going
ESG Toolkit & ESG Integration: Small/Large Businesses & Asset Managers (PE/VC; FO; PF)
Advisory Services : Zambia Impact Investment Market Sizing Study (Prospero); Social Impact Investor & Road Safety (UNECE)
III. Impact Investing Exchange (IIX) (partnership specialist) & IIX Chapter Lusaka, 2017-2020
Pioneer & Financial Innovations
IV: Impactpreneurs Africa Ltd (IPA), 2020 – 2023 [from 2024 – 4IP Group Zambia]
Zambia Impact Investment Summit & Investment Matchmaking: Prospero-Zambia Assignment
V: Impact Infrastructure Fund 1, 2019-2021 (Private Equity Impact Infrastructure Fund)
VI: Invisible Heart Ventures (Tech Impact VCF1), Sept 2021 – August 2022; & IHV2 (Jan. 2024 - …)
VII: Global Steering Group for Impact Investing (GSGII):
Zambia National Advisory Board for Impact Investing, 2018-2021 [2021-23: Support to Tanzania & Mauritius NABII taskforces]
Swiss National Advisory Board for Impact Investing – (pre-) Taskforce, Nov 2023 – on-going
VIII: Swiss Impact Investing Association (SIIA), 2020 – on-going
SIIA Impact Summits in Zug
SIIA Building Bridges Sessions
Monthly Seminar / Webinar series. [2024: to be replaced by online Lion’s Den; Podcast series and Coppet Debates with GIIA]
IX: Impact Entrepreneur Magazine – Correspondent, 2021 – on-going (monthly articles)
X: Entnest Growth Partner (Alternative platform to LinkedIn; Zoom; MeetUp; Slack etc.), 2022 -
XI: Mentorships, 2018 – on-going:
Impact Hub Geneva/Lusaka; Global Challenge Lab – Imperial College London; VC4A; etc.
XII: Open University of Tanzania – 12-week course on Impact Investment, Aug – Oct 2022.
Activity/Result 1:
Diagnostic of inefficiencies in the logistic chain and
establishment of trade and transport facilitation mechanisms;
Activity/Result 4: Establishment of time-framed Roadmap/Master Plan towards more sustainable Trans-Gambian corridors.
In order to meet the TORs overall and specific objectives, this part of our presentation of the Draft Report will focus on the following chapters:
Chapter IV: Banjul port costs , delays and performance including
Banjul Port dwell time performance
Transit Costs at the Port
Chapter V: Inland Transport along trans-Gambian Corridors, including
Illicit Payments at Border Crossings
Duration of Controls at the check points
For the purpose of this study, it is therefore useful to define logistics costs in terms of the following elements:
i. Shipping costs (maritime)
ii. Trans-shipment costs
iii. Port terminal costs (Handling, documentation etc.)
iv. Inland route costs (Freight)
v. Inland Terminal costs
vi. Vehicle operating costs along the Corridor
vii. Inventory costs due to unreliable delivery systems or inefficiencies along the Corridor logistics chain.
vii. Any other costs affecting the movement goods and traffic along the Trans-Gambia Corridor.
The Objectives of the study are as follows:
Overall Objective
To Enable the Trans-Gambia Corridor Transit Transport Facilitation Management Coordination Authority to reformulate policy that would result in the reduction of high transport cost along the Corridor and to guide investment in the transport infrastructure, the study will
• Determine the components of the total transport cost, including the invisible costs, along the Trans-Gambia Corridor,
• Undertake a comparative assessment of transport costs by comparing different Trans-Gambia Corridors with four competing corridors in Western Africa;
• Develop a Roadmap with recommendations on necessary measures to improve the performances of the Trans-Gambia Corridor.
for energy — Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7, to “ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and
modern energy for all”. Access to modern energy plays a major role in economic structural transformation — a
critical issue both for the least developed countries (LDCs) and for the 2030 Agenda more generally.
This year’s edition of UNCTAD’s Least Developed Countries Report focuses on transformational energy access
for the LDCs, where 62 per cent of people have no access to electricity, compared with 10 per cent across other
developing countries. Today, the majority of people worldwide who lack access to electricity live in LDCs — a
proportion that has grown steadily from less than one third in 1990.
Importantly, this year’s Report finds that “energy for all” in LDCs requires more than access to energy for basic
household needs. It requires that access to energy in LDCs also serves productive capacities directly, by powering
the structural transformation of LDC economies and the development of more productive, modern activities and
sectors with adequate and reliable energy supplies. Structural transformation, in turn, has a role in increasing
energy access, by generating sufficient additional demand for electricity for productive uses to make viable the
infrastructure investments required for universal access more broadly. Yet strengthening this energy-transformation
nexus remains a massive challenge, given that installed generating capacity per person in LDCs is barely one
twelfth of that even in other developing countries, and one fiftieth of that in developed countries.
The LDCs are the battleground on which the 2030 Agenda will be won or lost. The central role of access to
modern energy in achieving the other SDGs means that meeting SDG 7 will be central to the success or failure of
the 2030 Agenda as a whole. It is our intention that this Report will serve as a valuable input to the deliberations of
the 2018 High-level Political Forum, which will review progress on Goal 7. Greater international support and more
concerted collective action towards realizing transformational energy access in the least developed countries
could be key catalysts for implementing the entire 2030 Agenda
Mission Statement
Key Mandates
What is Impact Investing?
From philanthropy to impact investing
IEs versus Traditional Companies
Potential Market Needs and Size
Snapshot of Impact Investing Ecosystem Players
Engaging Impact Investing Ecosystem Players
Why PPPs are key to the Impact Investing agenda
Case study Noor II and III solar power plants (Morocco)
Case study Dakar Toll road (Senegal)
Better PPPs programming: a few necessary steps
Project scoring: the example of ADOA approach (AfDB)
The Growing Role of Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) in Addressing SDGs
Building the Impact Investing Ecosystem
The enabling environment in both countries is conducive to promoting investment and transfer of funds
High transaction costs and a lack of organization among the diaspora present challenges
Potential solutions include a crowdfunding platform or use of blockchain
international trade,
Then it provides an evaluation of their effectiveness and true meaning, and their evolution over time.
Overall aim
To explore IPoA indicators that capture the impact of a selection of ISMs
Approach
The chapter re-examines whether there has been any changes to the previous UNCTAD finding in the LDC Report 2010, which concluded that so far the ISMs and actions have had largely symbolic, rather than practical, developmental effects.
Based on Synthetic literature Review, analysis of a sample of 10 specific ISMs adopted over the yrs by the global community and falling within the 5 broad themes of New International Development Architecture (NIDA): Finance; Trade, (Commodities), Technology Transfer or Climate Change.
Complemented by two perception surveys of the utility of ISMs: Geneva & LDC Capitals.
Preliminary conclusions
This chapter argues that the ability to measure the development effects depends on
in which of the 5 pillars of the NIDA as well as
at which level: Global, Regional, National, sub-national or project the development effects are measured.
Measuring and assessing the effectiveness also depends on whether the existing ISM measures need to be adapted.
development finance,
technology transfer and
climate change.
Then it attempts to provide an evaluation of their effectiveness and true meaning, and their evolution over time.
3.1. Rural Diversification across LDCs: A Snapshot
3.2. Agricultural Productivity and Structural Transformation: The linkages
3.3. Rural Diversification and complementary non-agricultural rural areas
3.4. The Drivers of the non-farm sector: macroeconomic factors and households’ strategies
Key messages:
1. If the share of household incomes for households that have no land, and those with varying amounts of land, are compared two things are apparent.
First, the share of income from non-farm sources declines in almost all cases with increasing access to land, with a particularly sharp decline from the landless to those with even the smallest amount of land.
Second, even if farming households have a lesser share of their incomes from non-farm activities, the shares are substantial, rarely less than 10% of incomes.
2. The diversity of activities in rural areas leads to a corresponding diversification in income sources.
3. Inclusion of rural towns, which frequently depend on the rural hinterlands for both inputs and markets, raises non-farm employment shares by an additional 10-15%.
4. Off-farm work is also important for women.
5. The general finding emerging from available data is that the nature of RNF activity differs significantly over regions and sub-regions, including LDC Groups.
6. LDCs in Africa and South Asia are in what can be considered the first stage of RNF sector transformation.
(Financial, i.e. recorded) remittances
(Official) remittance flows
Africa (quite a challenge!)
New technological tools: Mobile Banking, Bitcoins
Use of remittances: consumption, SMEs, Investments
Diasporas, emotional attachment (origin country)
SDGs (3% costs by 2030)
Financing for Development Conferences
Public Domestic source of finance
Private Domestic source of finance
Private International source of finance
Public International source of finance
The Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development
Can Africa(n LDCs) fund its own growth
UNECA Innovative Financing for the Economic Transformation of Africa 2015 Report
What are the options?
To finance Africa’s Development Priorities (SDGs)
Private-Public Sector Cooperation
The case of Ethiopia
Private Equity Market in Africa
Social Impact Investment
Banks’ propensity for investment in the SDGs
Transnational corporations’ propensity for investment in the SDGs
The role of the Diapora
International remittances
The use of remittances
Reducing the cost of remittances
Causes of the high transaction costs of remittances in Africa
Price remittances trend, global policy actions and estimated savings
Transaction Costs of remittances to and within Africa
New technologies to reduce remittance transaction costs
Innovative business models to secure cash flow for income generating activities exists
Bitcoin: Advantages
Blockchain technology
The interest for Bitcoin in Africa
CNUCED - Prospérité pour Tous
Les Activités de la Division de l'Afrique de CNUCED
Tendances récentes et perspectives des PMA
Mettre à profit les envois de fonds et les compétences des diasporas pour renforcer les capacités productives
Envois de fonds
Compétences des diasporas
Politiques
Politiques sur envois de fonds -
Comment réduire les coûts des envois (mon nouveau papier)
Dialogue de haut niveau de la politique en Ethiopie
The LDCs are thus the battleground on which the 2030 Agenda will be won or lost. This is where shortfalls from the SDG targets are greatest, where improvement has been slowest, and where the barriers to further progress are highest.
Rural development will be central to the quantum leap in the rate of progress required for LDCs to achieve the SDGs. More than two thirds of people in LDCs live in rural areas, where poverty is also most widespread and deepest, and infrastructure and social provision most lacking. Rural development is essential, not only to poverty eradication, employment generation and economic development, but also to sustainable urbanization.
UNCTAD’s Least Developed Countries Report 2015 therefore focuses on the transformation of rural economies. Assessing LDCs’ progress in agricultural productivity, the extent and nature of their rural economic diversification, and gender issues in rural transformation, it shows that:
•Agricultural productivity began to increase in LDCs in 2000, following decades of stagnation or decline, but has risen strongly only in Asian LDCs.
•Rural economic diversification varies widely between LDCs, but only a few have passed beyond the stage in which non-farm activities are centred on agriculture and urban linkages are limited.
•Women comprise half the rural workforce in LDCs, but face serious constraints on realizing their productive potential, slowing rural transformation.
The 2030 Agenda both highlights the need and provides the opportunity for a new approach to rural development centred on poverty-oriented structural transformation (POST), to generate higher incomes backed by higher productivity. In rural areas, this means upgrading agriculture, developing viable non-farm activities, and fully exploiting the synergies between the two, through appropriately designed and sequenced efforts to achieve the SDGs.
THE DEFINITION OF THE MIDDLE CLASS
Presentation of Sample of Six Countries respecting our selection rules
Approach to unveil the non-monetary characteristics of the Middle Class
Results from Regressions based upon Gallup Dataset
Non-Monetary Variables
Set of Values
Conclusion
requirements to their circumstances. The Bank’s financial products comprise
loans (including those denominated in local currency, and syndicated loans),
lines of credit (including for trade finance),
agency lines, guarantees, equity and quasi-equity,
trade finance, and
risk management products.
In addition to the aforementioned financial products, the Bank provides technical assistance to its clients through grant funds.
Some of these products is briefly discussed in this presentation.
Where the SDGs & COP26 can create value for business
Market mechanisms for carbon
A new age of climate finance: Following the Money?
Solar Impulse Foundation’s Solutions Explorer
Looking for some impactful solutions to feature? Here are two SIF examples:
The first solution is OXÏ-ZEN
The second solution by AxessImpact, or Sustainable Capital Allocation
Conclusion
Glasgow has helped to bring the non-state actor and government agendas closer together. At COP26, we have seen positively reinforcing actions by sub-national governments, industry, and finance, in the global south as well as the global north — signals of the breakthroughs and economy-wide transformation we need.
To achieve the SDGs and COP26 objectives its is important to prioritise support to technologies focused on accelerating progress towards net zero systems, in particular renewable energy; energy efficiency; carbon capture, utilisation and storage.
It is likewise necessary to recognise the urgent need to support investments in adaptation and resilience that are nature positive, locally-led, inclusive, transparent and genderresponsive, including through nature-based solutions.
Furthermore, nature-based solutions, such as Oxï-Zen and AxessImpact, play an essential role to enhance climate mitigation and adaptation, while tackling deforestation and restoring biodiversity, building resilience and mitigating GHG emissions. They also provide a range of
economic and social benefits, including for indigenous peoples and local communities.
In conclusion it is evident that the corporate world, especially the private sector, has a pivotal role to play in combating climate change but that is not all. There are numerous opportunities, as shown in the SIF Solutions Explorer, to tap into as the corporate world gears towards metamorphosing into the sustainability direction. Firms that rush to adopt the deliberations of the COP26 will have an upper hand in doing good while doing well. Climate action is the new business frontier.
This report addresses and analyses both the Private Asset Impact Funds (PAIFs), that is non-Development Finance Institutions (non-DFIs) self-identifying as impact investors albeit not necessarily in full accordance with the official definition of impact investment, and the DFIs.
❖ Study coverage: The study compiles data on 23 asset managers of which the headquarters of 4 are located in Zambia and the rest are located in 12 other countries. In terms of assets under management (AUM), the study survey covers 5 DFIs and another 18 non-DFIs which all
together are deploying capital into (impact) enterprises across the following 7 impact sectors: Financial Services; Renewable Energy; Real Estate; Agriculture; Food and Agro-Processing; Waste Management and Tourism.
❖ Market size: The study aggregates a total of USD 85.17 Mn of assets into 28 impact enterprises, which were split between DFIs: $47.17 Mn in AUM; Private Equity: $36.17 Mn in AUM; High Net Worth Individuals (HNWIs): $1.40 Mn in AUM and Crowdfunding: $0.43 Mn in AUM.
❖ When looking exclusively at DFIs’ 13 Impact Deals Flow into projects in the period 2019-2020 the total amount $706 Mn in AUM is invested by 8 different Multilateral and Bilateral DFIs.
The study brings the most comprehensive data set to date on this investment fund universe focusing on Zambia exclusively during the period 2019-2020 by providing a clear picture state of the size of the
impact investment market in Zambia. The study does this by:
i. Mapping all known 23 impact investors including by highlighting which Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) they all focus on and investment products they use;
ii. Estimating the Market size (i.e., the total value of impact investments) including highlighting the methodology used and assumptions made;
iii. Identifying existing and potential trends in the Zambian impact investing market and showing developments from the baseline period 2015-2018 to the follow-up up period from 2019-2020;
iv. Investigating the fund management landscape in Zambia and describing the impact measurement and management tools which these impact investors are using;
v. Identifying AUM by sector, instrument and organisation type;
vi. Investigating the investment performance and the risks of various instruments;
vii. Mapping the (impact) enterprises who received impact capital from both the 18 non-DFIs and 5 DFIs, and counting the actual number of transactions from 2019-2020;
viii. Finally, by identifying some of the major challenges the impact investors are confronted with and proposing what could be done to ensure that the opportunities associated with growing of the impact investment market size in Zambia eventually materialize within the newly Elected Zambian Government’s forthcoming 8th National Development Plan (2022-2026).
In order to address some of the key transport and transit challenges highlighted above, the project’s TORs set the overall following objective:
"facilitate road transport and trade systems in the borders of The Gambia & the Trans-Gambia corridors and improve sustainability and security of regional transport road transport system".
The achievement of this overall objective is subject to the following specific activities/results :
• Activity/Result 1: Diagnostic of inefficiencies in the logistic chain and establishment of trade and transport facilitation mechanisms;
• Activity/Result 2: Review and update of the existing Motor Traffic Act;
• Activity/Result 3: Audit of Road Safety conditions of the Trans-Gambia corridors;
• Activity/Result 4: Establishment of time-framed Roadmap/Master Plan towards more sustainable Trans-Gambian corridors.
A specific attention should be paid to cross-cutting issues related to gender equality, persons with disability, the empowerment of women, climate change and the environment.
The present report is dealing with specific activity/result 1 and 4, while activities/results 2 and 3 are subject to separate reports.
As per the TORs, the main tasks related to the establishment of facilitation mechanisms reducing transit time of transport, goods and services on the trans-Gambia corridors and borders are the following:
a) Consult with key stakeholders, identify and assess stakeholders and their concerns: principally the Ministry of Transport, Works & Infrastructure, Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs, the EU Delegation, the National Roads Authority, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Regional Integration, Ministry of Interior, and the Gambia Revenue Authority.
b) Identify official and non-official barriers and tolls with indication of which officials and non officials systems are present at the check points; current practices being applied, their implications and the definition/identification of international best practice that could be applied in the Gambia/Senegal borders.
c) Review of existing land use/transportation regulations
d) Assess how the existing legal framework for transit traffic is applied, in particular with regards to international road transit and transport regulation, customs procedures, vehicle technical characteristics, etc.
e) Update current status of trade and transport facilitation on the trans-Gambian corridors and formulate recommendations to improve the trade and transport facilitation including implementation.
f) Propose operational arrangements for border facilitation and improvement of traffic fluidity.
g) Assess the present trade and facilitation conditions in the trans-Gambia corridors and propose improvement measures.
h) Produce, and advocate for a clear and time-framed roadmap with recommendations and measures to be taken to improve trade and transport facilitation condition in the trans-Gambia corridors.
i) Develop an implementable roadmap, related to transport and trade facilitation between the Gambia and Senegal.
In order to meet the TORs overall and specific objectives, the present report is structured into the following chapters:
Chapter II: Regional Transport and transit institutional framework
Chapter III: Road maintenance challenges
Chapter IV: Banjul port costs, delays and performance
Chapter V: Inland Transport along trans-Gambian Corridors
Chapter VI: Transport and Transit Facilitation Road Map.
My appraisal of the conference is that the organizers succeeded in achieving this objective. Here is my take on what key strategic knowledge was shared and discussed to “shift attitudes, transform systems, and build the sustainable economy of the future.”
Sections
1. Background: FECUE-II in Brussels March 2012
2. My personal contribution to the implementation of the FECUE-II recommendations
3. Who are the Congolese Diaspora
4. A few Socio-Economic & Impact Investing Projects by the Congolese Diaspora
5. Mobile Banking in DRC since 2012: A tale of Progress
6. Obstacles to Diaspora-led Direct Investment in DRC
7. Lessons Learned from the Kenyan Mobile Banking and Diaspora Investment Experience
8. Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
The other event was the 9th Session of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Team of Specialists on Innovation and Competitiveness Policies, 3-4 November 2016, focusing on Impact Investing – Financing Innovation for Sustainable Development (see next blog for details).
The remaining part of this blog post will highlight my key takeaways from only the first of these two Sustainable Finance events.
Global Trends
The Case of Switzerland
The Zambian Landscape for Impact Investing
How Zambia can leverage impact investing in mitigating the negative socio-economic effects of Covid-19
My own Impact Investing Activities
6.1. Impact Investing Exchange (IIX) & IIX Chapter Lusaka
6.2.1. 4IP Group – Impact Investing Cluster
6.2.2. Impact Infrastructure Fund 1
6.2.3. Invisible Heart Impact Fund 1
6.3. Global Steering Group (GSGII) & National Advisory Board for Impact Investing
6.4. Swiss Impact Investing Association
Introduction to IIX (Asia)
Introduction to the IIX Chapter and the role it will play in Lusaka
❖ Why this matters!
❖ How do impact investors work with non-profits?
❖ Philanthro-Capitalism.
❖ The Social Finance Landscape.
❖ The Origins and Expansion of Impact Investing in Western Africa.
❖ Supply of social investment in WEST AFRICA.
❖ Who are the major impact investors in Western Africa?
❖ DFI
❖ Non-DFI (SFMs)
❖ Foundations
❖ Faith-based organizations
❖ The Case for Faith-based Impact Investment.
❖ A few conclusions and policyrecommendations.