As business competition globalizes, understanding user experience from various cultures plays a c... more As business competition globalizes, understanding user experience from various cultures plays a crucial role in design process. However, because most user research methods were developed in Western area, one may question if the expected result can be obtained when applying them to totally dif-
Recently, an increasing number of design and innovation projects apply co-creation as a process, ... more Recently, an increasing number of design and innovation projects apply co-creation as a process, agenda or tool. Beyond the field of design, these projects often include multiple disciplines such as marketing, service development and innovation, and management and organization studies. In marketing, Ramaswamy and Gouillart (2010) describe a co-creation approach to process design as involving several different stakeholders, exploring their experiences, organizing participatory workshops for improving interactions and building platforms for new interactions and continuous dialogue. In design, while different institutions define the term slightly differently (Mattelmäki & Sleeswijk Visser, 2011), co-creation is widely understood as practices where a design practice and one or more communities of practice participate in creating new desired futures (Holmlid, Mattelmäki, Sleeswijk Visser, & Vaajakallio, 2015). In this paper, co-creation refers to the entire process of a design or innovat...
ABSTRACT This paper portrays cross-organizational collaboration in service networks as a new chal... more ABSTRACT This paper portrays cross-organizational collaboration in service networks as a new challenging context for service design. The paper reflects on the role of cross-organizational service networks in a Finnish municipality-initiated research and development project. The project sought to develop new practices for supporting independent living for the elderly involving diverse organizations across public, private and third sectors. The intent was to apply collaborative and customer-centred service development. For this paper, interviews were reviewed from 16 project participants to find out how they perceived cross-organizational collaboration and the role of service design in this project. From these findings, we identified barriers to collaborations that originated in tensions between different organizations and structural and situational barriers that sometimes could be traced to specific mindsets on an organizational level. Based on the insights from these interviews, we explain how service design may contribute to enhancing collaborative developments within and across cross-organizational service networks.
Procedings of the Second Conference on Creativity and Innovation in Design - DESIRE '11, 2011
... Jung-Joo Lee School of Art and Design Aalto University Hämeentie 135 C Helsinki Finland jung-... more ... Jung-Joo Lee School of Art and Design Aalto University Hämeentie 135 C Helsinki Finland [email protected] ... While carrying out design projects by involving target users, individual students were supposed to write the learning diary every week, in which they should reflect ...
The designers have started to use technological means in increasing fashion, with tools aimed for... more The designers have started to use technological means in increasing fashion, with tools aimed for them readily available. In order to manage the task of designing and analysing a prototype, we focus on using video as a storage of data by embedding the information with active markers. Based on a small survey of methods, characteristics of active markers are developed
Recently design competence has been applied for tackling complex societal challenges. In the cont... more Recently design competence has been applied for tackling complex societal challenges. In the context of healthcare service, design competence is especially appreciated in integrating multi-disciplinary professions, providing a solution-oriented platform, and placing everyday people’s experiences at the centre of the collaboration. As the codesign tools and mindsets have entered this emerging field of designing for public services, challenges are also reported due to unfamiliarity and cultural differences. In this paper, we present challenges and opportunities of co-designing services with public sector, focusing on two cases of a healthcare service in Finland. Our co-design approach in example cases is based on an empathic design tradition, which allows a human-scale and inclusive perspective towards various stakeholders in a service network.
In this paper we present recent cases where human-centered designers apply empathic design approa... more In this paper we present recent cases where human-centered designers apply empathic design approaches for public service development. The public service development nowadays involves a complex network in which multiple organizations from different sector need to collaborate in order to provide more holistic and effective solutions for citizens. Collaboration in this complex network, however, is yet very challenging. In this paper, we explore the mindset and tools of empathic design as a potential approach to overcome this challenge. Based on two pilot projects carried out with a large municipality in Finland, we shed light on opportunities of empathic design in three aspects: firstly, in helping service developers see a holistic picture of the complex service structure and at the same time view it from individual actors’ perspectives; secondly, in engaging various actors in face-to-face dialogues and achieving a mutual understanding; lastly, in envisioning new ways of working in org...
Abstract. Various researches have proved that cultural differences affect the process and results... more Abstract. Various researches have proved that cultural differences affect the process and results of user research, emphasizing that should cultural attention be given in order to obtain sufficient results. After performing three experiment methods: probe, usability test, and focus group interview in the Netherlands and Korea, we discovered that productivity and effectiveness was poorer in Korea. The differences were found due to the contrary between cultures, strongly indicated by Hofstede’s cultural dimension Individualism vs. Collectivism. In addition, we have proved that the different factors made an impact on user research process and result. Based on the analysis, we compiled guidelines for each of the method when performing in Korea.
The aim of this paper is to identify what kind of needs and challenges exist in crossorganisation... more The aim of this paper is to identify what kind of needs and challenges exist in crossorganisational and cross-sector collaboration in service networks and how service design can contribute to tackle the challenges. The paper interrogates a project called 'Customer-centred service networks in L area', initiated by the City. The project aimed to build more holistic service networks, involving private and third sector organisations, and to embed customercenteredness in the networks. This experimental project revealed various kinds of tensions from the participating organisations and the employees in building such networks. We conducted 16 interviews with participants of the project to interrogate challenges and opportunities. The findings point out that in addition to focusing on customer centeredness, a shift to emphasize collaboration between different actors is crucial in service design.
The purpose of this study is to identify the differences in user behaviors and cultural tendencie... more The purpose of this study is to identify the differences in user behaviors and cultural tendencies which will develop a cultural evaluation frame work for mobile phone design among countries in the mobile telecommunication market. Cultural taxonomy helps the understanding of cultural differences. To help understand the Asian market more clearly, a brief overview of Geert Hofstede’s findings (Individualism, Uncertainty avoidance, Power distance, Masculinity, and Long-term orientation) and the K.P. Lee’s Cultural Variables (Way of Task Handling, Temporal Perception, Conception of Nature, Adherence to rules, Relationship with Human, Nature of Human Activity, Message Contexting, and Expression of Emotion) for the index of different cultures was used in this study. This research is based on an online survey in three countries (Korea, China and Japan), summarizing the responses of questionnaire about user preferences, and behavioral perceptions of UI Design of mobile phones. The result of...
Relevance to Design Practice – This study offers implications as to how a specific user research ... more Relevance to Design Practice – This study offers implications as to how a specific user research method in design should be localized in different cultural contexts. Specifically, cross-cultural experiments on focus group interviews in the Netherlands and South Korea showed differences in participants’ behaviours and attitudes. The findings from theoretical reviews and experiments in this study provide practical guidelines to conducting focus group interviews in East Asia.
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children - IDC '09, 2009
ABSTRACT Design researchers are increasingly interested in techniques that support creative teams... more ABSTRACT Design researchers are increasingly interested in techniques that support creative teams in various design processes. The methods developed for sharing knowledge and generating solutions are mostly focusing on adults. Creative collaboration with and among children have a specific set of challenges to be considered. In this paper, we describe two design experiments that were conducted with children aged 7 to 9, to explore the applications of co-design methods with children. In those experiments, we observed that children are capable of utilizing make tools but have challenges in group dynamics and reflecting everyday experiences into design ideas.
Co-creation has been adopted in many recent design and innovation projects, bringing different st... more Co-creation has been adopted in many recent design and innovation projects, bringing different stakeholders together and creating a shared understanding and new ideas through creative and participative approaches. Despite this increasing popularity, there is still a lack of a systematic understanding of key dimensions and design choices in co-creation projects due to contextual complexity and contingencies. In this paper, we develop the design choices framework for co-creation projects as a result of analyzing 13 co-creation projects from multiple fields, including design research, process innovation and service innovation. The design choices framework provides us with vocabularies that help to explain what kinds of dimensions co-creation projects are built on, what influences the formulation of co-creation projects and what informs the selection and development of methods. The framework also helps to assess and plan co-creation projects. We introduce ten design choices identified from the cross-case analysis and discuss their dynamic interrelations.
As business competition globalizes, understanding user experience from various cultures plays a c... more As business competition globalizes, understanding user experience from various cultures plays a crucial role in design process. However, because most user research methods were developed in Western area, one may question if the expected result can be obtained when applying them to totally dif-
Recently, an increasing number of design and innovation projects apply co-creation as a process, ... more Recently, an increasing number of design and innovation projects apply co-creation as a process, agenda or tool. Beyond the field of design, these projects often include multiple disciplines such as marketing, service development and innovation, and management and organization studies. In marketing, Ramaswamy and Gouillart (2010) describe a co-creation approach to process design as involving several different stakeholders, exploring their experiences, organizing participatory workshops for improving interactions and building platforms for new interactions and continuous dialogue. In design, while different institutions define the term slightly differently (Mattelmäki & Sleeswijk Visser, 2011), co-creation is widely understood as practices where a design practice and one or more communities of practice participate in creating new desired futures (Holmlid, Mattelmäki, Sleeswijk Visser, & Vaajakallio, 2015). In this paper, co-creation refers to the entire process of a design or innovat...
ABSTRACT This paper portrays cross-organizational collaboration in service networks as a new chal... more ABSTRACT This paper portrays cross-organizational collaboration in service networks as a new challenging context for service design. The paper reflects on the role of cross-organizational service networks in a Finnish municipality-initiated research and development project. The project sought to develop new practices for supporting independent living for the elderly involving diverse organizations across public, private and third sectors. The intent was to apply collaborative and customer-centred service development. For this paper, interviews were reviewed from 16 project participants to find out how they perceived cross-organizational collaboration and the role of service design in this project. From these findings, we identified barriers to collaborations that originated in tensions between different organizations and structural and situational barriers that sometimes could be traced to specific mindsets on an organizational level. Based on the insights from these interviews, we explain how service design may contribute to enhancing collaborative developments within and across cross-organizational service networks.
Procedings of the Second Conference on Creativity and Innovation in Design - DESIRE '11, 2011
... Jung-Joo Lee School of Art and Design Aalto University Hämeentie 135 C Helsinki Finland jung-... more ... Jung-Joo Lee School of Art and Design Aalto University Hämeentie 135 C Helsinki Finland [email protected] ... While carrying out design projects by involving target users, individual students were supposed to write the learning diary every week, in which they should reflect ...
The designers have started to use technological means in increasing fashion, with tools aimed for... more The designers have started to use technological means in increasing fashion, with tools aimed for them readily available. In order to manage the task of designing and analysing a prototype, we focus on using video as a storage of data by embedding the information with active markers. Based on a small survey of methods, characteristics of active markers are developed
Recently design competence has been applied for tackling complex societal challenges. In the cont... more Recently design competence has been applied for tackling complex societal challenges. In the context of healthcare service, design competence is especially appreciated in integrating multi-disciplinary professions, providing a solution-oriented platform, and placing everyday people’s experiences at the centre of the collaboration. As the codesign tools and mindsets have entered this emerging field of designing for public services, challenges are also reported due to unfamiliarity and cultural differences. In this paper, we present challenges and opportunities of co-designing services with public sector, focusing on two cases of a healthcare service in Finland. Our co-design approach in example cases is based on an empathic design tradition, which allows a human-scale and inclusive perspective towards various stakeholders in a service network.
In this paper we present recent cases where human-centered designers apply empathic design approa... more In this paper we present recent cases where human-centered designers apply empathic design approaches for public service development. The public service development nowadays involves a complex network in which multiple organizations from different sector need to collaborate in order to provide more holistic and effective solutions for citizens. Collaboration in this complex network, however, is yet very challenging. In this paper, we explore the mindset and tools of empathic design as a potential approach to overcome this challenge. Based on two pilot projects carried out with a large municipality in Finland, we shed light on opportunities of empathic design in three aspects: firstly, in helping service developers see a holistic picture of the complex service structure and at the same time view it from individual actors’ perspectives; secondly, in engaging various actors in face-to-face dialogues and achieving a mutual understanding; lastly, in envisioning new ways of working in org...
Abstract. Various researches have proved that cultural differences affect the process and results... more Abstract. Various researches have proved that cultural differences affect the process and results of user research, emphasizing that should cultural attention be given in order to obtain sufficient results. After performing three experiment methods: probe, usability test, and focus group interview in the Netherlands and Korea, we discovered that productivity and effectiveness was poorer in Korea. The differences were found due to the contrary between cultures, strongly indicated by Hofstede’s cultural dimension Individualism vs. Collectivism. In addition, we have proved that the different factors made an impact on user research process and result. Based on the analysis, we compiled guidelines for each of the method when performing in Korea.
The aim of this paper is to identify what kind of needs and challenges exist in crossorganisation... more The aim of this paper is to identify what kind of needs and challenges exist in crossorganisational and cross-sector collaboration in service networks and how service design can contribute to tackle the challenges. The paper interrogates a project called 'Customer-centred service networks in L area', initiated by the City. The project aimed to build more holistic service networks, involving private and third sector organisations, and to embed customercenteredness in the networks. This experimental project revealed various kinds of tensions from the participating organisations and the employees in building such networks. We conducted 16 interviews with participants of the project to interrogate challenges and opportunities. The findings point out that in addition to focusing on customer centeredness, a shift to emphasize collaboration between different actors is crucial in service design.
The purpose of this study is to identify the differences in user behaviors and cultural tendencie... more The purpose of this study is to identify the differences in user behaviors and cultural tendencies which will develop a cultural evaluation frame work for mobile phone design among countries in the mobile telecommunication market. Cultural taxonomy helps the understanding of cultural differences. To help understand the Asian market more clearly, a brief overview of Geert Hofstede’s findings (Individualism, Uncertainty avoidance, Power distance, Masculinity, and Long-term orientation) and the K.P. Lee’s Cultural Variables (Way of Task Handling, Temporal Perception, Conception of Nature, Adherence to rules, Relationship with Human, Nature of Human Activity, Message Contexting, and Expression of Emotion) for the index of different cultures was used in this study. This research is based on an online survey in three countries (Korea, China and Japan), summarizing the responses of questionnaire about user preferences, and behavioral perceptions of UI Design of mobile phones. The result of...
Relevance to Design Practice – This study offers implications as to how a specific user research ... more Relevance to Design Practice – This study offers implications as to how a specific user research method in design should be localized in different cultural contexts. Specifically, cross-cultural experiments on focus group interviews in the Netherlands and South Korea showed differences in participants’ behaviours and attitudes. The findings from theoretical reviews and experiments in this study provide practical guidelines to conducting focus group interviews in East Asia.
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children - IDC '09, 2009
ABSTRACT Design researchers are increasingly interested in techniques that support creative teams... more ABSTRACT Design researchers are increasingly interested in techniques that support creative teams in various design processes. The methods developed for sharing knowledge and generating solutions are mostly focusing on adults. Creative collaboration with and among children have a specific set of challenges to be considered. In this paper, we describe two design experiments that were conducted with children aged 7 to 9, to explore the applications of co-design methods with children. In those experiments, we observed that children are capable of utilizing make tools but have challenges in group dynamics and reflecting everyday experiences into design ideas.
Co-creation has been adopted in many recent design and innovation projects, bringing different st... more Co-creation has been adopted in many recent design and innovation projects, bringing different stakeholders together and creating a shared understanding and new ideas through creative and participative approaches. Despite this increasing popularity, there is still a lack of a systematic understanding of key dimensions and design choices in co-creation projects due to contextual complexity and contingencies. In this paper, we develop the design choices framework for co-creation projects as a result of analyzing 13 co-creation projects from multiple fields, including design research, process innovation and service innovation. The design choices framework provides us with vocabularies that help to explain what kinds of dimensions co-creation projects are built on, what influences the formulation of co-creation projects and what informs the selection and development of methods. The framework also helps to assess and plan co-creation projects. We introduce ten design choices identified from the cross-case analysis and discuss their dynamic interrelations.
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Papers by JungJoo Lee
understanding and new ideas through creative and participative approaches. Despite this increasing popularity, there is still a lack of a
systematic understanding of key dimensions and design choices in co-creation projects due to contextual complexity and contingencies. In
this paper, we develop the design choices framework for co-creation projects as a result of analyzing 13 co-creation projects from multiple
fields, including design research, process innovation and service innovation. The design choices framework provides us with vocabularies
that help to explain what kinds of dimensions co-creation projects are built on, what influences the formulation of co-creation projects and
what informs the selection and development of methods. The framework also helps to assess and plan co-creation projects. We introduce
ten design choices identified from the cross-case analysis and discuss their dynamic interrelations.
understanding and new ideas through creative and participative approaches. Despite this increasing popularity, there is still a lack of a
systematic understanding of key dimensions and design choices in co-creation projects due to contextual complexity and contingencies. In
this paper, we develop the design choices framework for co-creation projects as a result of analyzing 13 co-creation projects from multiple
fields, including design research, process innovation and service innovation. The design choices framework provides us with vocabularies
that help to explain what kinds of dimensions co-creation projects are built on, what influences the formulation of co-creation projects and
what informs the selection and development of methods. The framework also helps to assess and plan co-creation projects. We introduce
ten design choices identified from the cross-case analysis and discuss their dynamic interrelations.