Papers by Ali Rahmani
On the basis of government and binding theory, it is crucial to specify the position of different... more On the basis of government and binding theory, it is crucial to specify the position of different heads in NPs, VPs, APs and PPs in different languages along with their dependents and then the rules among the phrases should be distinguished and presented. This survey has been done based on a descriptive and analytical library study in which the English NPs have been carefully investigated to see the syntactic relationship(s) of heads and dependents of English NPs and on the other hand, to support why English NPs as Radford claims are considered as head initials while English head nouns can be both followed and preceded by their dependents. This study concludes that English NPs are head-initial because the frequencies of the dependents which follow their head nouns are more than those which precede them. It also shows that there are at least three dependents preceding their head nouns and five dependents following them in English.
New Marketing Research Journal, 2014
An important aspect of language variation concerns the location of the head in relationship to th... more An important aspect of language variation concerns the location of the head in relationship to the other elements of the phrase called complements. The head of the phrase can occur on the left of a complement or on its right. Language acquisition means setting these heads and complements in every lexical phrase of NPs, VPs, PPs and APs appropriately. How and when children are able to choose the appropriate setting for given parameters is one of the questions posed by the parameter-setting model of acquisition. Since some babies are exposed to the earliest form of sound patterning of lullabies either by listening to their caretakers or other sources like TVs and radios, in this research, head-complement and verbal aesthetics of some Persian and English lullabies randomly chosen are to be analyzed aesthetically and head parametrically by library studies. Since children hear these rhymes from early ages, it is supposed that they have positive influences with early parameter setting mea...
In this paper, first some English and Persian onomatopoeia and sound symbolism have randomly been... more In this paper, first some English and Persian onomatopoeia and sound symbolism have randomly been selected from different internet sites and books to be contrastively compared in order to see the differences and similarities in their kinds of phonemes, and then their application in the discourse of advertisements is studied. Regarding the first hypothesis, we came to the conclusion that some onomatopoeic activities in Persian and English were different especially concerning animal voices which can be due to the different species of animals, different phonological or morphological systems of every language, but the rest onomatopoeic sounds were to some extent similar having minor differences phonologically like in their syllables. According to the second hypothesis, we can not only make use of onomatopoeia in our advertisements like "Mmmm Cookies" and "Pepsi puffs but also of the potential ability of sound symbolism; for instance, manufacturers can use fricative sounds...
World Journal of English Language, 2012
Relative clauses as complex syntactic structures in human languages have attracted the attention ... more Relative clauses as complex syntactic structures in human languages have attracted the attention of a lot of second language acquisition researchers. They are difficult for learners to produce, comprehend and imitate. The present study was an attempt to investigate the learnability of the English relative clauses by Persian learners. After discussing the importance of relative clauses, the role it plays in language acquisition, the hypotheses were proposed and investigated. The findings show that the acquisition or frequency rank order of four types of relative clauses was OS > OO > SS > SO, and that OS and OO relative clause types would be easier to acquire than SS and SO types.
Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2014
Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2012
Opposing to the behaviorist approach, the alternative approach proposed by Chomsky believes that ... more Opposing to the behaviorist approach, the alternative approach proposed by Chomsky believes that language acquisition cannot be accounted for without considering a linguistically specific system of Principles and Parameters which every healthy child is expected to have genetically in his or her mind. A set of absolute Universals, Notions and Principles exist in the UG which do not vary from one language to another, while certain grammatical principles and rules may be universal. It is also true that languages differ from one another in some important ways like being either head-initial or head-last. Regarding English head parameters, all heads (whether nouns, verbs, prepositions, or adjectives etc.) normally precede their complements. In this study we tried to investigate why this language is considered as a head initial one despite the occurrence of different options for every NP, VP, AP and PP.
DUE TO THE FACT THAT WWW.TRANSLATE.GOOGLE.COM IS AN ACTIVE TRANSLATION
SITE, AND THER... more DUE TO THE FACT THAT WWW.TRANSLATE.GOOGLE.COM IS AN ACTIVE TRANSLATION
SITE, AND THERE MAY BE PROBABLE ERRORS IN THE TARGET TEXT, AND DUE TO THE
LACK OF AN APPROPRIATE FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING THE PROCESS OF PERSIAN INTO
ENGLISH TEXTS, IT SEEMS HALLIDAY'S SYSTEMATIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR (SFG)
PROVIDES A SUITABLE FRAMEWORK TO ASSESS AND PREDICT KINDS OF ERRORS TO BE
EDITED. BECAUSE THE TWO LANGUAGES HAVE DIFFERENT CONSTITUENCY ORDERS AND
MORPHOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY, SIGNIFICANT LEXICO-GEAMMAR ERRORS CAN BE
EXPECTED; OUT OF 350 CLAUSES REGARDING PHD THESIS WHICH WERE TRANSLATED BY
GOOGLE TRANSLATE, 26 BELONGED TO THE VERBAL PROCESS OF THE EXPERIENTIAL
METAFUNCTIONS OUT OF WHICH 16 CLAUSES BELONGED TO TRANSITIVE (9 UNMARKED
AND 7 MARKED) AND 10 TO INTRANSITIVE PERSIAN CLAUSES; HERE 3 UNMARKED
TRANSITIVE PERSIAN CLAUSES (SOV), 3 MARKED TRANSITIVE PERSIAN CLAUSES (SVO),
ONE PRO-DROP-MARKED TRANSITIVE PERSIAN CLAUSE (SOV), AND 4 INTRANSITIVE
PERSIAN CLAUSES HAVE BEEN CHOSEN TO BE STUDIED AND EDITED. THESE CLAUSES
WERE CLASSIFIED AND EDITED IN CONSTITUTION CLASSIFICATION AND EDITION BOX,
THEN THEIR ERRORS WERE EVALUATED BY HAR TRANSLATION EVALUATION BOX
DESIGNED BY THE AUTHORS IN WHICH ALL THE TERMS WERE DERIVED FROM SFG.
GOOGLE TRANSLATE HAD FEWER AND LIGHTER ERRORS WHEN IT TRANSLATED PERSIAN
MARKED TRANSITIVE CLAUSES OF VERBAL PROCESS WITH THE CONSTITUENCY ORDER OF
SVO, THE SAME AS ENGLISH UNMARKED CONSTITUENCY ORDER SVO, AS WELL AS WHEN
IT TRANSLATED INTRANSITIVE PERSIAN CLAUSES OF VERBAL PROCESS OV, THE SAME AS
Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods (MJLTM)
Vol. 6, Issue 5, August 2016 Page 494
ENGLISH INTRANSITIVE CLAUSE CONSTITUENCY ORDER OF OV; BUT IT HAD MORE AND
HEAVIER ERRORS WHEN IT TRANSLATED PERSIAN UNMARKED TRANSITIVE CLAUSES
WITH THE CONSTITUENCY ORDER OF SOV, OPPOSITE TO ENGLISH SVO
Abstract
Due to the fact that WWW.Translate.Google.Com is an active translation site, and there m... more Abstract
Due to the fact that WWW.Translate.Google.Com is an active translation site, and there may be probable errors in the target text translated by the site, and due to the lack of an appropriate framework for assessing the process of Persian into English texts, It seems Halliday's Systematic Functional Grammar (SFG) provides a suitable framework to assess and predict kinds of errors to be edited here regarding probable errors in the clauses of verbal process. Persian is a non-configurational language and has relatively free word-order structure, but English is more considered as configurational one. Because of these properties along with different constituency parameters of unmarked Persian subject-object-verb and unmarked English subject-verb-object, significant grammatical and semantic errors can be existed there; out of 350 clauses regarding PhD thesis which have been translated by Google Translate, 26 belonged to the verbal process of the experiential metafunctions out of which 16 clauses belonged to transitive (9 unmarked and 7 marked) and 10 to intransitive Persian clauses; here 3 unmarked transitive Persian clauses (SOV), 3 marked transitive Persian clauses (SVO), one pro-drop-marked transitive Persian clause (SOV), and 4 intransitive Persian clauses randomly have been chosen to be studied and edited. These clauses have been classified and edited in constitution classification and edition box, then their probable errors have been evaluated by HAR translation evaluation box designed by the authors in which all its terms are derived from SFG. Google translate had fewer and lighter errors when it translated Persian marked transitive clauses of verbal process with the constituency order of SVO, the same as English unmarked constituency order SVO, and when it translated intransitive Persian clauses of verbal process OV, the same as English intransitive clause constituency order of OV; but it had more and heavier errors when it translated Persian unmarked transitive clauses with the constituency order of SOV, opposite to English SVO.
An important aspect of language variation concerns the location of the head in
relat... more An important aspect of language variation concerns the location of the head in
relationship to the other elements of the phrase called complements. The head of the
phrase can occur on the left of a complement or on its right. Language acquisition means
setting these heads and complements in every lexical phrase of NPs, VPs, PPs and APs
appropriately. How and when children are able to choose the appropriate setting for
given parameters is one of the questions posed by the parameter-setting model of
acquisition. Since some babies are exposed to the earliest form of sound patterning of
lullabies either by listening to their caretakers or other sources like TVs and radios, in
this research, head-complement and verbal aesthetics of some Persian and English
lullabies randomly chosen are to be analyzed aesthetically and head parametrically by
library studies. Since children hear these rhymes from early ages, it is supposed that they
have positive influences with early parameter setting meaning children's speech input is
made up of structures in which heads can either follow or proceed their complements,
providing them sufficient positive evidences by which they are able to set the head
parameters of their languages very early. Also we came to the conclusion no language can
be said is clear cut head-initial or head-last because for example in Persian and English
noun phrases, the head nouns can be both preceded and followed by some complements.
Keywords: Lullabies, Positive evidence, Parameter setting, Heads, Complements.
There is a set of absolute universals, notions and principles existing in UG which
do not vary f... more There is a set of absolute universals, notions and principles existing in UG which
do not vary from one language to another. While certain grammatical principles
and rules may be universal, it is also true that languages differ from one another
in some important ways such as head parameters. This investigation has been
performed descriptively and analytically to see the parametric similarity and
differences of Persian and English in which we came to this conclusion that
English is head-initial in its all lexical phrases of NPs. VPs, PPs and Adj Phrases
and on the other hand Persian is mostly a head-final language because its NPs
are considered as head-initial (like English NPs) due to the fact that more
complements follow their head nouns than those which precede, hence it is
considered head-initial in its NPs; in other words, more NPs are ordered on the
basis of the phrase structure rule of X' → X complement than that of X' →
Complement X.
Relative clauses as complex syntactic structures in human languages have attracted the attention ... more Relative clauses as complex syntactic structures in human languages have attracted the attention of a lot of second
language acquisition researchers. They are difficult for learners to produce, comprehend and imitate. The present
study was an attempt to investigate the learnability of the English relative clauses by Persian learners. After
discussing the importance of relative clauses, the role it plays in language acquisition, the hypotheses were proposed
and investigated. The findings show that the acquisition or frequency rank order of four types of relative clauses was
OS > OO > SS > SO, and that OS and OO relative clause types would be easier to acquire than SS and SO types.
The present study examines the impacts of match or mismatch of the head parameters ... more The present study examines the impacts of match or mismatch of the head parameters of some
languages on listening comprehension of English as a foreign language in Iran. It is a longitudinal survey of
EFL learners at some universities of Iran from 2011 to 2012. It compares 20 Mazandarani learners of English
with that of 20 Persian learners of English. Since English is mostly a head initial language, and Persian and
Mazandarani head final languages, and there are fewer matches between English and Mazandarani
parameters than that of English and Persian, then Mazandarani learners of English are expected to have more
difficulty as far as listening comprehension of English is taken into account. The findings show that the match
of the parameters facilitates the L2 listening process, whereas its mismatch hinders it
Opposing to the behaviorist approach, the alternative approach proposed by Chomsky believes that ... more Opposing to the behaviorist approach, the alternative approach proposed by Chomsky believes that
language acquisition cannot be accounted for without considering a linguistically specific system of Principles
and Parameters which every healthy child is expected to have genetically in his or her mind. A set of absolute
Universals, Notions and Principles exist in the UG which do not vary from one language to another, while
certain grammatical principles and rules may be universal. It is also true that languages differ from one
another in some important ways like being either head-initial or head-last. Regarding English head
parameters, all heads (whether nouns, verbs, prepositions, or adjectives etc.) normally precede their
complements. In this study we tried to investigate why this language is considered as a head initial one despite
the occurrence of different options for every NP, VP, AP and PP.
In this paper, first some English and Persian onomatopoeia and sound symbolism have
r... more In this paper, first some English and Persian onomatopoeia and sound symbolism have
randomly been selected from different internet sites and books to be contrastively compared
in order to see the differences and similarities in their kinds of phonemes, and then their
application in the discourse of advertisements is studied. Regarding the first hypothesis, we
came to the conclusion that some onomatopoeic activities in Persian and English were
different especially concerning animal voices which can be due to the different species of
animals, different phonological or morphological systems of every language, but the rest
onomatopoeic sounds were to some extent similar having minor differences phonologically
like in their syllables. According to the second hypothesis, we can not only make use of
onomatopoeia in our advertisements like "Mmmm Cookies" and "Pepsi puffs but also of the
potential ability of sound symbolism; for instance, manufacturers can use fricative sounds to
label their detergents more successfully due to the likely innate potential of fricative sounds
as scratching, coarseness and wounding.
On the basis of government and binding theory, it is crucial to specify the position of different... more On the basis of government and binding theory, it is crucial to specify the position of different heads in NPs, VPs, APs and PPs in different languages along with their dependents and then the rules among the phrases should be distinguished and presented. This survey has been done based on a descriptive and analytical library study in which the English NPs have been carefully investigated to see the syntactic relationship(s) of heads and dependents of English NPs and on the other hand, to support why English NPs as Radford claims are considered as head initials while English head nouns can be both followed and preceded by their dependents. This study concludes that English NPs are head-initial because the frequencies of the dependents which follow their head nouns are more than those which precede them. It also shows that there are at least three dependents preceding their head nouns and five dependents following them in English.
Conference Presentations by Ali Rahmani
9 6 Why spoken language is more basic than written language? 10-11 7 Revolution of language and l... more 9 6 Why spoken language is more basic than written language? 10-11 7 Revolution of language and linguistics in brief 12 8 Four revolutions of linguistics 13 9 Language and culture 14-15 2
Uploads
Papers by Ali Rahmani
SITE, AND THERE MAY BE PROBABLE ERRORS IN THE TARGET TEXT, AND DUE TO THE
LACK OF AN APPROPRIATE FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING THE PROCESS OF PERSIAN INTO
ENGLISH TEXTS, IT SEEMS HALLIDAY'S SYSTEMATIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR (SFG)
PROVIDES A SUITABLE FRAMEWORK TO ASSESS AND PREDICT KINDS OF ERRORS TO BE
EDITED. BECAUSE THE TWO LANGUAGES HAVE DIFFERENT CONSTITUENCY ORDERS AND
MORPHOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY, SIGNIFICANT LEXICO-GEAMMAR ERRORS CAN BE
EXPECTED; OUT OF 350 CLAUSES REGARDING PHD THESIS WHICH WERE TRANSLATED BY
GOOGLE TRANSLATE, 26 BELONGED TO THE VERBAL PROCESS OF THE EXPERIENTIAL
METAFUNCTIONS OUT OF WHICH 16 CLAUSES BELONGED TO TRANSITIVE (9 UNMARKED
AND 7 MARKED) AND 10 TO INTRANSITIVE PERSIAN CLAUSES; HERE 3 UNMARKED
TRANSITIVE PERSIAN CLAUSES (SOV), 3 MARKED TRANSITIVE PERSIAN CLAUSES (SVO),
ONE PRO-DROP-MARKED TRANSITIVE PERSIAN CLAUSE (SOV), AND 4 INTRANSITIVE
PERSIAN CLAUSES HAVE BEEN CHOSEN TO BE STUDIED AND EDITED. THESE CLAUSES
WERE CLASSIFIED AND EDITED IN CONSTITUTION CLASSIFICATION AND EDITION BOX,
THEN THEIR ERRORS WERE EVALUATED BY HAR TRANSLATION EVALUATION BOX
DESIGNED BY THE AUTHORS IN WHICH ALL THE TERMS WERE DERIVED FROM SFG.
GOOGLE TRANSLATE HAD FEWER AND LIGHTER ERRORS WHEN IT TRANSLATED PERSIAN
MARKED TRANSITIVE CLAUSES OF VERBAL PROCESS WITH THE CONSTITUENCY ORDER OF
SVO, THE SAME AS ENGLISH UNMARKED CONSTITUENCY ORDER SVO, AS WELL AS WHEN
IT TRANSLATED INTRANSITIVE PERSIAN CLAUSES OF VERBAL PROCESS OV, THE SAME AS
Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods (MJLTM)
Vol. 6, Issue 5, August 2016 Page 494
ENGLISH INTRANSITIVE CLAUSE CONSTITUENCY ORDER OF OV; BUT IT HAD MORE AND
HEAVIER ERRORS WHEN IT TRANSLATED PERSIAN UNMARKED TRANSITIVE CLAUSES
WITH THE CONSTITUENCY ORDER OF SOV, OPPOSITE TO ENGLISH SVO
Due to the fact that WWW.Translate.Google.Com is an active translation site, and there may be probable errors in the target text translated by the site, and due to the lack of an appropriate framework for assessing the process of Persian into English texts, It seems Halliday's Systematic Functional Grammar (SFG) provides a suitable framework to assess and predict kinds of errors to be edited here regarding probable errors in the clauses of verbal process. Persian is a non-configurational language and has relatively free word-order structure, but English is more considered as configurational one. Because of these properties along with different constituency parameters of unmarked Persian subject-object-verb and unmarked English subject-verb-object, significant grammatical and semantic errors can be existed there; out of 350 clauses regarding PhD thesis which have been translated by Google Translate, 26 belonged to the verbal process of the experiential metafunctions out of which 16 clauses belonged to transitive (9 unmarked and 7 marked) and 10 to intransitive Persian clauses; here 3 unmarked transitive Persian clauses (SOV), 3 marked transitive Persian clauses (SVO), one pro-drop-marked transitive Persian clause (SOV), and 4 intransitive Persian clauses randomly have been chosen to be studied and edited. These clauses have been classified and edited in constitution classification and edition box, then their probable errors have been evaluated by HAR translation evaluation box designed by the authors in which all its terms are derived from SFG. Google translate had fewer and lighter errors when it translated Persian marked transitive clauses of verbal process with the constituency order of SVO, the same as English unmarked constituency order SVO, and when it translated intransitive Persian clauses of verbal process OV, the same as English intransitive clause constituency order of OV; but it had more and heavier errors when it translated Persian unmarked transitive clauses with the constituency order of SOV, opposite to English SVO.
relationship to the other elements of the phrase called complements. The head of the
phrase can occur on the left of a complement or on its right. Language acquisition means
setting these heads and complements in every lexical phrase of NPs, VPs, PPs and APs
appropriately. How and when children are able to choose the appropriate setting for
given parameters is one of the questions posed by the parameter-setting model of
acquisition. Since some babies are exposed to the earliest form of sound patterning of
lullabies either by listening to their caretakers or other sources like TVs and radios, in
this research, head-complement and verbal aesthetics of some Persian and English
lullabies randomly chosen are to be analyzed aesthetically and head parametrically by
library studies. Since children hear these rhymes from early ages, it is supposed that they
have positive influences with early parameter setting meaning children's speech input is
made up of structures in which heads can either follow or proceed their complements,
providing them sufficient positive evidences by which they are able to set the head
parameters of their languages very early. Also we came to the conclusion no language can
be said is clear cut head-initial or head-last because for example in Persian and English
noun phrases, the head nouns can be both preceded and followed by some complements.
Keywords: Lullabies, Positive evidence, Parameter setting, Heads, Complements.
do not vary from one language to another. While certain grammatical principles
and rules may be universal, it is also true that languages differ from one another
in some important ways such as head parameters. This investigation has been
performed descriptively and analytically to see the parametric similarity and
differences of Persian and English in which we came to this conclusion that
English is head-initial in its all lexical phrases of NPs. VPs, PPs and Adj Phrases
and on the other hand Persian is mostly a head-final language because its NPs
are considered as head-initial (like English NPs) due to the fact that more
complements follow their head nouns than those which precede, hence it is
considered head-initial in its NPs; in other words, more NPs are ordered on the
basis of the phrase structure rule of X' → X complement than that of X' →
Complement X.
language acquisition researchers. They are difficult for learners to produce, comprehend and imitate. The present
study was an attempt to investigate the learnability of the English relative clauses by Persian learners. After
discussing the importance of relative clauses, the role it plays in language acquisition, the hypotheses were proposed
and investigated. The findings show that the acquisition or frequency rank order of four types of relative clauses was
OS > OO > SS > SO, and that OS and OO relative clause types would be easier to acquire than SS and SO types.
languages on listening comprehension of English as a foreign language in Iran. It is a longitudinal survey of
EFL learners at some universities of Iran from 2011 to 2012. It compares 20 Mazandarani learners of English
with that of 20 Persian learners of English. Since English is mostly a head initial language, and Persian and
Mazandarani head final languages, and there are fewer matches between English and Mazandarani
parameters than that of English and Persian, then Mazandarani learners of English are expected to have more
difficulty as far as listening comprehension of English is taken into account. The findings show that the match
of the parameters facilitates the L2 listening process, whereas its mismatch hinders it
language acquisition cannot be accounted for without considering a linguistically specific system of Principles
and Parameters which every healthy child is expected to have genetically in his or her mind. A set of absolute
Universals, Notions and Principles exist in the UG which do not vary from one language to another, while
certain grammatical principles and rules may be universal. It is also true that languages differ from one
another in some important ways like being either head-initial or head-last. Regarding English head
parameters, all heads (whether nouns, verbs, prepositions, or adjectives etc.) normally precede their
complements. In this study we tried to investigate why this language is considered as a head initial one despite
the occurrence of different options for every NP, VP, AP and PP.
randomly been selected from different internet sites and books to be contrastively compared
in order to see the differences and similarities in their kinds of phonemes, and then their
application in the discourse of advertisements is studied. Regarding the first hypothesis, we
came to the conclusion that some onomatopoeic activities in Persian and English were
different especially concerning animal voices which can be due to the different species of
animals, different phonological or morphological systems of every language, but the rest
onomatopoeic sounds were to some extent similar having minor differences phonologically
like in their syllables. According to the second hypothesis, we can not only make use of
onomatopoeia in our advertisements like "Mmmm Cookies" and "Pepsi puffs but also of the
potential ability of sound symbolism; for instance, manufacturers can use fricative sounds to
label their detergents more successfully due to the likely innate potential of fricative sounds
as scratching, coarseness and wounding.
Conference Presentations by Ali Rahmani
SITE, AND THERE MAY BE PROBABLE ERRORS IN THE TARGET TEXT, AND DUE TO THE
LACK OF AN APPROPRIATE FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING THE PROCESS OF PERSIAN INTO
ENGLISH TEXTS, IT SEEMS HALLIDAY'S SYSTEMATIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR (SFG)
PROVIDES A SUITABLE FRAMEWORK TO ASSESS AND PREDICT KINDS OF ERRORS TO BE
EDITED. BECAUSE THE TWO LANGUAGES HAVE DIFFERENT CONSTITUENCY ORDERS AND
MORPHOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY, SIGNIFICANT LEXICO-GEAMMAR ERRORS CAN BE
EXPECTED; OUT OF 350 CLAUSES REGARDING PHD THESIS WHICH WERE TRANSLATED BY
GOOGLE TRANSLATE, 26 BELONGED TO THE VERBAL PROCESS OF THE EXPERIENTIAL
METAFUNCTIONS OUT OF WHICH 16 CLAUSES BELONGED TO TRANSITIVE (9 UNMARKED
AND 7 MARKED) AND 10 TO INTRANSITIVE PERSIAN CLAUSES; HERE 3 UNMARKED
TRANSITIVE PERSIAN CLAUSES (SOV), 3 MARKED TRANSITIVE PERSIAN CLAUSES (SVO),
ONE PRO-DROP-MARKED TRANSITIVE PERSIAN CLAUSE (SOV), AND 4 INTRANSITIVE
PERSIAN CLAUSES HAVE BEEN CHOSEN TO BE STUDIED AND EDITED. THESE CLAUSES
WERE CLASSIFIED AND EDITED IN CONSTITUTION CLASSIFICATION AND EDITION BOX,
THEN THEIR ERRORS WERE EVALUATED BY HAR TRANSLATION EVALUATION BOX
DESIGNED BY THE AUTHORS IN WHICH ALL THE TERMS WERE DERIVED FROM SFG.
GOOGLE TRANSLATE HAD FEWER AND LIGHTER ERRORS WHEN IT TRANSLATED PERSIAN
MARKED TRANSITIVE CLAUSES OF VERBAL PROCESS WITH THE CONSTITUENCY ORDER OF
SVO, THE SAME AS ENGLISH UNMARKED CONSTITUENCY ORDER SVO, AS WELL AS WHEN
IT TRANSLATED INTRANSITIVE PERSIAN CLAUSES OF VERBAL PROCESS OV, THE SAME AS
Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods (MJLTM)
Vol. 6, Issue 5, August 2016 Page 494
ENGLISH INTRANSITIVE CLAUSE CONSTITUENCY ORDER OF OV; BUT IT HAD MORE AND
HEAVIER ERRORS WHEN IT TRANSLATED PERSIAN UNMARKED TRANSITIVE CLAUSES
WITH THE CONSTITUENCY ORDER OF SOV, OPPOSITE TO ENGLISH SVO
Due to the fact that WWW.Translate.Google.Com is an active translation site, and there may be probable errors in the target text translated by the site, and due to the lack of an appropriate framework for assessing the process of Persian into English texts, It seems Halliday's Systematic Functional Grammar (SFG) provides a suitable framework to assess and predict kinds of errors to be edited here regarding probable errors in the clauses of verbal process. Persian is a non-configurational language and has relatively free word-order structure, but English is more considered as configurational one. Because of these properties along with different constituency parameters of unmarked Persian subject-object-verb and unmarked English subject-verb-object, significant grammatical and semantic errors can be existed there; out of 350 clauses regarding PhD thesis which have been translated by Google Translate, 26 belonged to the verbal process of the experiential metafunctions out of which 16 clauses belonged to transitive (9 unmarked and 7 marked) and 10 to intransitive Persian clauses; here 3 unmarked transitive Persian clauses (SOV), 3 marked transitive Persian clauses (SVO), one pro-drop-marked transitive Persian clause (SOV), and 4 intransitive Persian clauses randomly have been chosen to be studied and edited. These clauses have been classified and edited in constitution classification and edition box, then their probable errors have been evaluated by HAR translation evaluation box designed by the authors in which all its terms are derived from SFG. Google translate had fewer and lighter errors when it translated Persian marked transitive clauses of verbal process with the constituency order of SVO, the same as English unmarked constituency order SVO, and when it translated intransitive Persian clauses of verbal process OV, the same as English intransitive clause constituency order of OV; but it had more and heavier errors when it translated Persian unmarked transitive clauses with the constituency order of SOV, opposite to English SVO.
relationship to the other elements of the phrase called complements. The head of the
phrase can occur on the left of a complement or on its right. Language acquisition means
setting these heads and complements in every lexical phrase of NPs, VPs, PPs and APs
appropriately. How and when children are able to choose the appropriate setting for
given parameters is one of the questions posed by the parameter-setting model of
acquisition. Since some babies are exposed to the earliest form of sound patterning of
lullabies either by listening to their caretakers or other sources like TVs and radios, in
this research, head-complement and verbal aesthetics of some Persian and English
lullabies randomly chosen are to be analyzed aesthetically and head parametrically by
library studies. Since children hear these rhymes from early ages, it is supposed that they
have positive influences with early parameter setting meaning children's speech input is
made up of structures in which heads can either follow or proceed their complements,
providing them sufficient positive evidences by which they are able to set the head
parameters of their languages very early. Also we came to the conclusion no language can
be said is clear cut head-initial or head-last because for example in Persian and English
noun phrases, the head nouns can be both preceded and followed by some complements.
Keywords: Lullabies, Positive evidence, Parameter setting, Heads, Complements.
do not vary from one language to another. While certain grammatical principles
and rules may be universal, it is also true that languages differ from one another
in some important ways such as head parameters. This investigation has been
performed descriptively and analytically to see the parametric similarity and
differences of Persian and English in which we came to this conclusion that
English is head-initial in its all lexical phrases of NPs. VPs, PPs and Adj Phrases
and on the other hand Persian is mostly a head-final language because its NPs
are considered as head-initial (like English NPs) due to the fact that more
complements follow their head nouns than those which precede, hence it is
considered head-initial in its NPs; in other words, more NPs are ordered on the
basis of the phrase structure rule of X' → X complement than that of X' →
Complement X.
language acquisition researchers. They are difficult for learners to produce, comprehend and imitate. The present
study was an attempt to investigate the learnability of the English relative clauses by Persian learners. After
discussing the importance of relative clauses, the role it plays in language acquisition, the hypotheses were proposed
and investigated. The findings show that the acquisition or frequency rank order of four types of relative clauses was
OS > OO > SS > SO, and that OS and OO relative clause types would be easier to acquire than SS and SO types.
languages on listening comprehension of English as a foreign language in Iran. It is a longitudinal survey of
EFL learners at some universities of Iran from 2011 to 2012. It compares 20 Mazandarani learners of English
with that of 20 Persian learners of English. Since English is mostly a head initial language, and Persian and
Mazandarani head final languages, and there are fewer matches between English and Mazandarani
parameters than that of English and Persian, then Mazandarani learners of English are expected to have more
difficulty as far as listening comprehension of English is taken into account. The findings show that the match
of the parameters facilitates the L2 listening process, whereas its mismatch hinders it
language acquisition cannot be accounted for without considering a linguistically specific system of Principles
and Parameters which every healthy child is expected to have genetically in his or her mind. A set of absolute
Universals, Notions and Principles exist in the UG which do not vary from one language to another, while
certain grammatical principles and rules may be universal. It is also true that languages differ from one
another in some important ways like being either head-initial or head-last. Regarding English head
parameters, all heads (whether nouns, verbs, prepositions, or adjectives etc.) normally precede their
complements. In this study we tried to investigate why this language is considered as a head initial one despite
the occurrence of different options for every NP, VP, AP and PP.
randomly been selected from different internet sites and books to be contrastively compared
in order to see the differences and similarities in their kinds of phonemes, and then their
application in the discourse of advertisements is studied. Regarding the first hypothesis, we
came to the conclusion that some onomatopoeic activities in Persian and English were
different especially concerning animal voices which can be due to the different species of
animals, different phonological or morphological systems of every language, but the rest
onomatopoeic sounds were to some extent similar having minor differences phonologically
like in their syllables. According to the second hypothesis, we can not only make use of
onomatopoeia in our advertisements like "Mmmm Cookies" and "Pepsi puffs but also of the
potential ability of sound symbolism; for instance, manufacturers can use fricative sounds to
label their detergents more successfully due to the likely innate potential of fricative sounds
as scratching, coarseness and wounding.