Econmic Entomology

The quality and quantity of silk produced by the mulberry silkworm, Bombox mori L. are highly influenced by larval feeding, larval ages, care, and types of races. This work investigated effects of adding chamomile and cinnamon oil to larval food on some biological parameters of B. mori. For this purpose, cinnamon and chamomile oils were used in different concentrations (for cinnamon: 0.5 ,0.75, 1%; for chamomile: 1%, 2% and 3%). The results showed that the cinnamon 1% highly increased, in a significant way, the weights of larvae, cocoon and pupae compared with the other concentrations. Further, cinnamon 1% also gave the heaviest weights of larvae and fresh cocoon with an increase of 4.368 and 3.229 g, respectively. In addition, the counts of haemocytes, in general, and especially oenocytoides were higher in those larvae fed on diet containing 1% of cinnamon oil. Furthermore, this concentration increased the immunity of larvae. Furthermore, the best concentration for accelerating the development of B. mori larvae as well as their cocoon weight was found to be 1% of cinnamon oil. From the economical point of view, these results are promising and these oil additives to larval diet could be recommended to improve the sericulture parameters.

Silkworm (Bombyx mori.), It is an important economic insect which is a producer of silk. Flacherie is a pattern associated with bacterial diseases on silkworm. The incidence of diseases at the time of silkworm rearing severely reduces the production of silk. This study was designed to examine the possibility of controlling the bacterial diseases in silkworm using the ethanolic extracts of propolis and cinnamon oil extract. The infected larvae were collected and the pathogenic bacteria were isolated and identified. Antibacterial activity of two extracts was tested in Muller Hinton agar plates with the concentrations of 0, 20, 50, and 100 µl. The sensitivity rate was much effective in ethanolic extract of propolis than cinnamon oil extract in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, It can be used for controlling bacterial disease (flacherie) and improve larvae health, its weight and cocoon weight which lead to increase the silk production.

The efficiency of local isolate of Beauveria bassiana indigenous in Egypt, was estimated compared with the bio-pesticide (mixture of B. bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae) on the greater wax moth (GWM), Galleria mellonella L. Five concentrations of B. bassiana (1×10 7 , 2.5×10 7 , 5 ×10 7 , 7.5×10 7 and 1×10 8 conidia/ml) and the biopesticide, (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10g/L) against G. mellonella larvae were evaluated under storage conditions. B. bassiana was reared in two media (PDA and mummies of GWM larvae). The fungal isolate, Beauveria bassiana at all tested concentrations affect the mortality of G. mellonela larvae, especially at the highest concentration. The obtained data obviously indicated that, fungal isolate (grown on mummies of GWM) exhibited a relatively high effect on G. mellonella larvae in comparison with that reared on PDA media. However, after 21 days of treatment B. bassiana reared on GWM larvae caused,

The greater wax moth (GWM) and the Lesser Wax Moth (LWM) are known to be harmful on wax combs in apiaries and in storage. Activity of GWM and LWM were carried out in the apiaries in different local (Sakha, Qallinand El-Reyad)and the in stor ein Kaf El-Sheikh Governorate. In apiary ,the lower number of wax moth were recorded during December, January, and February, the percentage numbers of larvae wax moth in December were (0.00, 1.49 and 0.00 %), January (0.00, 0.00 and 0.00 %) and February (0.00, 0.00 and 1.25 % larvae/ Colony) for three apiaries Sakha, Qallin and El Reyad. respectively. while the higher percentages number of larvae recorded during August, July, and September (19.23, 16.00 and 14.28%) in Sakha and (17.42,16,96 and 12,50%) in Reyad but in Qallin the higher percentages numbers of larvae were during August , September and July (17,91, 15,71and 12,31% larvae/ Colony) ,respectively. In storage, the experiment was carried out at storage of Beekeeping Research Section at Sakha Agriculture Research Station, five boxes (10 frames each) were vertically impacted in the store to record the number of the alive stages immature (larvae, pupa) and adult insect of the two wax moths .In General the high infection of larvae of the GWM and LWM in storage were in May , June and July but pupae and adult of The GWM and LWM in storage during June , July, August and September during (29-35C 0) and (50-55 Rh%) which might had helped in the rapid breeding of the moth.

Beehives are a practical way to keep a bee colony. It protects them from environmental factors and predators. The beekeeping industry has seen very few changes and improvements to the widely used langstroth or common hive. The aim of the present study is to compare the bee activity of modified and combined honey bees in the apiary of the Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University during the 2020 harvest season. The areas of stored pollen, worker brood, and sealed honey area compared to the modified hive. The results revealed that the mean average incubation of female workers was in the third week of May. There is a significant positive correlation between the type of honey bee hive and its activities. A modified hive is much more effective for honey bee activities than langstroth or common hive. Increased worker brood in colonies means increased pollen storage area, which results in healthy, vigorous colonies. This research confirms that an altered hive is the most important indicator of increased activity of honey bee colonies. The modified cell has removed the defects of the foaming cell and increased the efficiency of the common hive.

Because aphids are highly aggregated, their predators aggregate as well, creating conditions optimal for nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) among competing larvae. Although intraguild predator (IGP) density can alter the balance between conflicting forces, little is known about its effect on competing prey. 2. A partitioned Petri-dish that permitted the passage of signals was used to examine the NCEs between competing stages of similar-or different-sized, conspecific or heterospecific, individuals, on development, survival and reproduction of competing prey. 3. Coccinella undecimpunctata L. larvae suffered developmental and reproductive costs resulting from the presence of conspecific and heterospecific larvae, but showed no impact on their survival. In contrast, larvae of Chrysoperla carnea Stephens and Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) gained developmental benefits, without reproductive costs. Faster development can be construed as adaptive, as it reduces immature mortality. 4. Interestingly, threat-sensitive prey responses appear to be species-specific, regardless of predator density. In a C. carnea larva-H. variegata adult competing system, larvae responded to the threat posed by heterospecific adults, with accelerated development, but suffered reproductive costs. In a C. carnea larva-C. undecimpunctata adult system, no overall development costs in response to heterospecific adults were evident. The only cost was on survival at higher IGP density. Thus, the phenotype induced under H. variegata stress was adaptive for development in aphid colonies, whereas that under C. undecimpunctata stress was not. 5. NCEs are not simple vertical forces affecting prey, but can affect guilds on the same trophic level. Co-release of more than one species and density of these species may adversely increase the aphid populations.

Three entomopathogenic fungal secondary metabolites of Metarhizium anisopliae, Paceliomyces fumosoroseus and Trichoderma longibrachiatum were extracted using two different organic solvent and thoroughly investigated as bio-insecticide against nymphs and adults of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci using spraying method technique. The toxicity index of LC 50 values revealed that T. longibrachiatuom secondary metabolites extracts (chloroform and ethyl acetate) were the most effective against the two developmental stages (nymph stage and adult) of T. tabaci followed by M. anisopliae extracts and the least toxic one P. fuosoroseus extracts after 7days of treatment. The chemical composition of the most promising extracts in each entomopathogenic fungi were analyzed using GC-MS technique. Thirty-five compounds belonging to six different classes of natural products were characterized.

The investigation was carried out during two years in citrus orchards in Qalyubia Governorate 2015 -2016, to study ecological and biological aspects of the Citrus Flower Moth Prays citri (Millière) (Lepidoptera: Hyponomeutidae). Data illustrated from ecological and biological points of view. Ranjpure lime (Citrus auranifolia) was the most preferred variety (highly susceptible) of infested by P. citri. While lemon (Citrus limon) which is considered as "moderately susceptible" exhibit less preferable to P. citri, but not seen any infested flowers in navel orange (Citrus sinensis) was the lowest preferred variety, throughout the investigation 2015 -2016. One peak of infestation of P. citri in spring under weather conditions of Qalyubia Governorate. Predatory potential of Chrysoperla carnea (Steph) larvae on citrus flower moth P. citri larvae, under laboratory conditions was highly significant in mean consumption rate of 2 nd and 3 rd instars The total consumption by the third instar of C. carnea was significantly than the second instar . Biological results indicated that Female laid eggs both individually 54.6 eggs in average per female, Incubation period lasted 1.07 days, hatchability was 67.7 % in average, Larval and pupal stage period was 6.37 and 5.33 days respectively, female and male longevity lasted 4.3 and 3.6 days respectively. Life cycle 12.77 days while Generation lasted 13.79 days under 29.4°C and 62.7 % RH.

Studying the natural relationship between the insects and their natural enemies under field condition is useful for determining their response to the density of their hosts. This study was carried out to evaluate the density-dependent response for insect parasitoids associated with the latania scale, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) (Diaspididae: Hemiptera) on fig, guava, and loquat plants. The density dependent response was affected by several factors i.e season, plant and parasitoid species. Two parasitoid species, Aphytis diaspidis Howard (Aphelinidae: Hymenoptera) and Signiphora sp. (Signiphoridae: Hymenoptera) were found associated with H. lataniae on all host plants. The parasitoid A. diaspidis showed a positive density-dependent response to density of its host during winter, spring, and summer generations on loquat tree; inverse-density response on guava tree during winter and summer, and both responses to latania scale densities on fig tree. The parasitoid, Signiphora sp. showed differences in its response on the tested host plant species. On guava, it showed a positive-density dependent response to H. lataniae populations during winter and spring, but negatively during summer. On the other hand, fig tree, this response was negative during winter and positive during summer, whereas it is disappeared during spring season. On loquat, Signiphora sp. exhibited positive responses to its host during winter and spring seasons, whereas this response was negative during summer season. This variation in parasitoid responses could be attributed to several reasons, among them the effects of interspecific competition and host plant. Almost, both parasitoid species showed a tendency to aggregate where host density is highest on loquat.

In order to investigate effectiveness vitamin C on different characteristics of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Silkworm larvae through 4th to 5th instar were treated with dietary supplements of ascorbic acid 7000 (VC1) and 10000 (VC2) ppm . Leaves enriched with vitamin C were fed four times per day for the larvae. Results obtained that VC1 of vitamin C is more effective than VC2 and control. It had a significant increase in biological criteria s like larval weight and larval period while economical criteria s like cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight and pupal weight. They weren't shown any difference between VC1 and VC2 compared to control. Ascorbic acid (VC2) significantly increased the number of Prohaemocytes (Pr) 15, Granulocytes (Gr) 35.3, Plasmatocytes (Pl) 27.6 and Oenocytoides (Oe) 8 cells, respectively. This study was indicated that vitamin C has been effective on increasing the growth rate of larvae, weight of the cocoon and increasing the immunity of larvae. So, It is recommended to using it in the breeding of silkworms and production of silk commercially.

Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is one of the most harmful pests destructing mango fruits. The present work aimed to study Occurrence of Medfly in mango orchard and its response to certain ecological factors (Temperature degrees, Relative humidity and the passed time after fruiting); in addition to this , evaluate the response of Medfly to different attractants ( Ceratrap and Flycap ) and compare them with the most attractants used in Egypt (di-ammonium phosphate and Bumnal). The obtained results indicated that Medfly population showed two and three distinct peaks of activity during mango fruiting seasons of 2016 and 2017. The common effect of all the tested factors represented by 2.5 and 5.9% of the total factors affecting on Medfly population during the first and second seasons. Medfly population exhibited low responses to each of mean temperature, relative humidity and the passed time from start of fruiting during two season...