Leeds Law School

The years 1780-1880 in Britain characterise one of the most revolutionary periods in world history. During this period the antecedent forms of modern industrial society and urban formation would be crystallised whilst revolutionary methods of production would fundamentally alter the structure of Britain’s economy and exponentially increase macro-economic capacity. Underpinning this revolution, in the classical historiographical tradition are the entrepreneurs, individuals who personally brought about technical changes to production that were directly attributable to economic change. In contrast to this interpretation of technical change, the modernist approach highlights instead; the precipitating ideological developments and resource environment that when combined with institutional state interventionism facilitated, artificially the economic development of the period. This study will outline the balance between the significance of individuals against the role of the state and other forces.

It is clear on analysis of modern historiography that Industrialisation in Britain by 1825 was a process already in motion, albeit somewhat stifled by ineffective pre-modern infrastructure and forms of conveyance. By 1850 the broad structural changes Britain had experienced with regard to urban formation, economic productivity and the victory of the industrial modernist ideal were ubiquitous, revolutionary and permenant. This essay will explore how and to what extent these changes are attributable to mechanical and civil engineer George Stephenson with particular emphasis on his prototype steam locomotive, the Stockton-Darlington railway and the Manchester-Liverpool railway and in what ways these technological improvements in turn changed the structure both of the economy, society and popular thought. There is a general consensus in the sources I have researched that Stephenson’s brilliance had a dramatic effect upon the fabric of Britain. Traditionally Stephenson is a highly revered and eulogised figure, interpreted as a “father” of modernity that brought about change through his development of railways. More recently however historians have sought to downplay, marginally his role to an “accelerant” and supporter of change and growth, benefiting from unique social and economic conditions.

A short essay on the approach taken in England and Wales to property disputes after the breakdown of a non-married couple's relationship.

Model advice on implied common intention constructive trusts, proprietary estoppel, injunctions and constructive trusteeship.

It's admitted nowadays that arbitration of international commercial has proven effectiveness and flexibility in settling the mentioned disputes.
Here comes the question of how to enforce these awards and to set them aside. The answer is needed here to equalize the scale between guaranteeing the binding force of these awards from one hand and the flexibility and justice considerations, enhancing eventually the global legal culture and the settlement of international commercial disputes.

It's admitted nowadays that arbitration of international commercial has proven effectiveness and flexibility in settling the mentioned disputes.
Here comes the question of how to enforce these awards and to set them aside. The answer is needed here to equalize the scale between guaranteeing the binding force of these awards from one hand and the flexibility and justice considerations, enhancing eventually the global legal culture and the settlement of international commercial disputes.

After the revolutionary wave hit the Arab world since January 2011, the issue of trustworthiness of the national governments and trust-building occupied the minds of all legal theorists and writers. So, it is essential to mention the role of the transitional justice measures in such question.

أحدث ظهور مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي تغيرًا ملموسًا فيما يعرض عليها من محتوى فقد صار روادها صانعو محتوى بالمعنى الحقيقي للكلمة. وشرحًا لذلك نقول إن بدلًا من أن يقتصر دورهم على مشاهدة أو قراءة ما يعرض لهم أثناء التصفح، أصبح في إمكانهم صنع هذا المحتوى بأنفسهم وتوزيعه على غيرهم من رواد هذه المواقع، فصاروا هم مطالعين وصانعين للمحتوى في الوقت ذاته . والقيام بهذين الدورين في آن واحد لهو أمر له خطورته والتي تكمن أساسًا في عدم وعي الفرد المتعامل مع هذه المواقع الكامل بما قد يترتب على منشوراته من آثار واسعة المدى، كما أن الانغماس فيهما قد يوقعه في مربع الجريمة - بصرف النظر عن دوره فيها - عن غير قصد منه.

As artificial intelligence controls nowadays several aspects of human daily life, it has effectively as well proven its benefits in international arbitration aspects. Here comes the question: would robots replace humans in the arbitrary process? In this essay, we tried to answer this question by discussing some sides of that interesting topic, hoping to demonstrate the influence of artificial intelligence on international arbitration.

It is a major responsibility of the national governments to protect their country’s interests and sovereignty over their territory. They are required, as part of their security responsibilities, to impose restrictions on their borders and to try to defend the state against threats. But, since the internet facilitated the flow of data and information between transnational parties, states face new and modern methods of border penetration that threaten their safety and wellbeing.
Although the security of the state’s borders is a competence of its security authorities and army divisions, the judiciary plays an essential part also. For example, the national courts have developed legal mechanisms, harmonizing with the existed laws, to secure these borders from threats. Although these mechanisms are little technical when compared to the extraordinary level of technology prevailing in cyberspace, they, nonetheless, manifest the efforts exerted by the national judiciary in that sphere. This approach enhances the law enforcement officials' skills in cyberspace, making them capable of countering the advanced harmful activities hidden behind the ambiguous nature of cyberspace.