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Papers by Eas Publisher

Entrepreneurship Education as a Vital Tool for Wealth Creation and Unemployment Reduction in Nigeria

Tofi Simon Ternenge et al., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 11 (Nov, 2020): 891-898, 2020

The progress of a nation is a function of the level of the resourcefulness of the people which to... more The progress of a nation is a function of the level of the resourcefulness of the people which to a great extent, relates to the level of quality of the training and purposeful development of education in that nation. Such progress or development could only occur when an individual in the society is gainfully employed and per capital income is enhanced. This could only be possible when government educational policies are geared towards a functional education that can lead to job creation and also self-reliance. Entrepreneurship education is a means through which government could attain such development in the society. Therefore, this paper examined entrepreneurship education as the way forward to wealth creation and unemployment in Nigeria. Entrepreneurship education could help in wealth creation and graduates employment in Nigeria. Entrepreneurship education in Nigeria with effective implementation of the programme could help to overcome the challenge of unemployment.

Dynamics between Chengdu and Kunming's New Home Markets

Gao-Lu Zou., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 11 (Nov, 2020): 886-890, 2020

Chengdu and Kunming are two spatially close cities located in West China. We argue that similar m... more Chengdu and Kunming are two spatially close cities located in West China. We argue that similar macro-regulative policies, close geographical, historical, and trade ties, may not only produce significant short-run dynamics but also lead to a long-term equilibrium between housing markets in neighboring cities. This paper aims to study the interactions between Chengdu and Kunming's new home markets. Data were monthly home price indices over the period from January 2006 to December 2015. We tested for unit root using the ADF, PP, and ERS-DF-GLS tests and the Perron test. We tested for cointegration by driving the Johansen trace test. Also, we tested for weak exogeneity and Granger causality and estimated ECMs. We found a long-run relationship between Chengdu and Kunming's new home markets. Bi-directional causal effects or a feedback effect between the two markets was indicated. The short-run (in four months) elasticity of home price in Kunming relative to that in Chengdu was about 0.27. The short-run (in two months) elasticity of home price in Chengdu relative to that in Kunming was about 0.37. The short-run dynamics may have facilitated the formation of the long-run relation. Across-city portfolios are difficult to gain. Shocks like the RMB Four Trillion Investment Plan initiating from 2009 may have changed home price trends.

The Exploitation of Oysters and Welfare of the Mouanko Community in Cameroon

Henri Ndame Makembe., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 11 (Nov, 2020): 873-885, 2020

The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of the exploitation of oysters on the welfare of t... more The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of the exploitation of oysters on the welfare of the population of Mouanko. The methodology, inspired by the Capabilities Approach of Sen consisted of the elaboration of a questionnaire administered on a sample of 215 inhabitants of the Mouanko Municipality. The vector of variables combined the functioning modes of the inhabitants and the components of their welfare. The results obtained from the effective analysis of 187 questionnaires showed that in addition to other activities and the aspirations of the inhabitants susceptible to contribute to their welfare, the exploitation of oysters which employ 55.6% of respondents as main activity is acknowledged by 88.2% of respondents to highly contribute to their welfare. Finally, welfare in Mouanko is determined by a combination of factors with the exploitation of oysters having a considerable impact. All the factors revealed by this study needs to be appropriately considered by competent authorities in view of improving the welfare of inhabitants of Mouanko.

EAS Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences Abbreviated Key Title:EAS J Nutr Food Sci Morphological and Physicochemical Parameters of Three Mango (Mangifera Indica L) Varieties Exported In North of Ivory Coast

The main mango (Mangifera indica L.) production area is located in the North of Ivory Coast. But,... more The main mango (Mangifera indica L.) production area is located in the North of Ivory Coast. But, the only quality parameters controlled for mangoes exported by packing stations in these localities are morphological and sensory criteria. Therefore, present study which focuses on three mango varieties (Kent, Amelie and Keitt) grown in Northern Ivory Coast, aims to evaluate their morphological characteristics and the physicochemical properties of their pulp. Thirty (30) mango samples constituted of ten (10) fruits of each variety were provided by packing stations of SODIPEX Company (Korhogo, Ivory Coast). Morphological and physicochemical characteristics of the three mango varieties were analyzed at Laboratory of Peleforo Gon Coulibaly University (Korhogo, Ivory Coast). The morphological parameters included caliber index, sphericity index and shape coefficient of each mango sample were evaluated. The proportions of different parts of mangoes (kernel, pulp and peel) were also determined. The physicochemical properties of mango pulps were analyzed for their moisture, pH, and acidity and reducing sugar. For morphological parameters, the results showed the caliber indexes of the three mango varieties varying from 9.01 ± 0.28 to 9.89 ± 0.50 were in range export criteria of European Union. Their sphericity indexes were ranged from an average of 1.36 ± 0.03 to 1.49 ± 0.06 and their shape coefficients were between 1.13 ± 0.06 and 1.29 ± 0.20. Therefore, these morphological parameters were indicated that the three (03) mango varieties have elongated shape. However, according morphological indicators, Kent variety has the best characteristics for export. Study of proportions of mango varieties parts revealed with respectively 80.36 ± 2.06 % and 82.04 ± 3.27 %, Amelie and Keitt varieties have the high pulp contents. Kent variety has the lowest pulp proportion with 72.14 ± 1.74 %. Physicochemical properties analysis showed Keitt and Amelie varieties contain high moisture of 82.80 ± 3.16 % and 84.80 ± 2.70 % respectively compared to Kent variety which only contains 77.80 ± 1.75 %. All mango varieties are acidic with pH values of 3.41 ± 0.30 % to 3.67 ± 0.12 % and titratable acidities of 0.19 ± 0.04 meq/100g to 2.00 ± 0.58 meq/100g. Amelie variety have the high titratable acitdity. For reducing sugar content, Kent and Keitt varities have the highest values with 26.10 ± 0.27 % and 25.10 ± 0.29 % respectively. The results of this work could constitute a necessary database for marketing, exporting and processing of these three (03) mango varieties studied.

Analysis of Influence of Managerial Skills, Company Diversification Policy, Audit Committee, and External Audit and Their Impact on the Financial Reporting Aggressiveness (Study in Public Listed Manufacturing Companies)

Sri Kurniawati., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 11 (Nov, 2020): 855-872, 2020

The study is aimed to examine and analyze the influence of managerial skills, company diversifica... more The study is aimed to examine and analyze the influence of managerial skills, company diversification policy, audit committee, and external audit and their impact on the financial reporting aggressiveness. Analysis of regression used in the research is using the panel data approach through purposive sampling on the manufacturing companies listed on the Stock Exchange the period 2006-2017. Results of the study showed that partially company diversification policy and audit committee influence positively and significantly to financial reporting aggressiveness. Meanwhile, managerial skill and external audit partially do not impact significantly on the financial reporting aggressiveness. The research findings also show that managerial skills, diversification policies, audit committees, and external audits have a significant effect simultaneously on the aggressiveness of financial reporting.

Smartphone Addiction/ Overuse and Its Effect on Dietary Behavior and Lifestyle -A Systematic Review

Ayesha Manzoor et al., EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-2, Iss-5 (Sep-Oct, 2020): 289-297, 2020

Smartphones have progressively been turned out to be the most important segment of our lives beca... more Smartphones have progressively been turned out to be the most important segment of our lives because of their several advantages but in recent modern years, the negative consequences of smartphone useage has also been raised. Intention to write this review was to summarize the evidences that have illustrated a significant influence of smartphone addiction/overuse on the dietary behavior and lifestyle of university/college/school students. Research was conducted in accordance with the principles of systematic review. Four databases were searched and found total 62 studies, and only 12 relevant observational, open access studies were extracted that included participants with smartphone addiction/overuse, and its effect on dietary behaviors, the sleep habits and physical activity or exercise pattern. All the studies stated negative correlation between smartphone addiction/overuse and dietary behavior, sleep pattern and physical activity. Investigations of all the included studies stated that, due to excessive use of smartphones, students had poor eating behavior, and were more likely to develop nutritional deficiencies and might suffer from health consequences and psychopathologies. Students wo had smartphone addiction adopted a sedentary lifestyle, and were more prone to suffer from physical fitness and might develop non-communicable diseases like CVD and obesity in future. In all studies researchers suggested the common intervention that effective nutrition education and awareness programs must be initiated to bring students toward healthy lifestyle.

The Finance & Its Impact on Economic Development in SUDAN Assessment Study: (2011-2018)

AbdelrahmanTahir Hag Adam., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 11 (Nov, 2020): 835-854, 2020

This Preliminary Development Finance Assessment (DFA) comes at a key moment for Sudan as we look ... more This Preliminary Development Finance Assessment (DFA) comes at a key moment for Sudan as we look towards the 2030 Agenda by aiming to achieve the ambitious Sustainable Development Goals. To translate this vision into action requires concrete and comprehensive strategies, including in relation to the mobilization and use of finance. This preliminary DFA provides evidence and analysis towards articulating the finance sources for Sudan and looks generally at how the country can make better use of existing finance, while not losing sight of the need to identify new avenues of mobilizing additional resources. The Addis Ababa Action Agenda, which emerged from the third International Conference on Financing for Development 2015 emphasized the need for countries to take a more integrated approach to managing all types of finance, by improving integration across government, as well as between government and other stakeholders. The preliminary DFA for Sudan makes preliminary observations towards this end. And the committed to implement policy frameworks that will contribute to increased mobilization of public resources and unlock the potential of the private sector and the civil society to finance development, in collaboration with our development partners. We are also committed to review our institutional arrangements for more integrated use of resources. Efforts will be complemented by up-scaled and more effective international assistance to overcome the structural challenges we face. While the preliminary DFA recommendations outline an ambitious agenda, to look forward to collaborating with our partners on further articulating these observations. As we look ahead to the challenges of mobilizing and managing a range of different types of finance in pursuance of the country"s development priorities, this type of intra-governmental collaboration will be critical, especially as Sudan looks towards the achievement of the SDGs. Finally, I am hopeful that the Government, together with relevant stakeholders, will be able to benefit from this assessment.

The Insecure Investment Climate & It’s Impact on Foreign Direct Investment Flows in SUDAN

AbdelrahmanTahir Hag Adam., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 10 (Oct, 2020): 819-834, 2020

The changing international/external economic environment, which is characterized by rapid globali... more The changing international/external economic environment, which is characterized by rapid globalization, expansion of foreign direct investment (FDI), trade liberalization, and technological developments, is creating both opportunities for and risks in achieving development objectives in Sudan. Within that international context and having in mind the difficult Sudanese external economic situation characterized by debt, embargos, deterioration of oil revenues and foreign exchange reserves, and loss of exports, the issue of FDI, in particular, and flows of foreign resources to the country, in general, need to be kept at the center of attention. As explained in a World Bank report [9].

Pasting Properties of Acha-Green Banana Composite Flour Fortified with Cowpea Flour and Quality Evaluation of Gluten-Free Biscuit Made from the Blends

Inyang UE & Nwabueze SO., EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-2, Iss-5 (Sep-Oct, 2020): 277-288, 2020

The needs to limit wheat importation into Nigeria and to develop nutritious products for celiac p... more The needs to limit wheat importation into Nigeria and to develop nutritious products for celiac patients have necessitated the search for alternative flour sources to partially or wholly replace wheat in bakery products preparation. The present study was aimed at evaluating the effects of substituting 70% acha-30 green banana composite flour with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% cowpea flour on the pasting properties of the flour blends and on the physical properties, nutrient composition and sensory characteristics of biscuits made from the flour blends. The unfortified flour served as the control sample. The result showed that all the parameters evaluated varied with the proportion of cowpea flour incorporation. The peak, trough, final and setback viscosities significantly (p<0.05) decreased while the peak time and peak temperature increased with increase in cowpea flour substitution. Biscuit made from unfortified flour exhibited lower thickness but higher diameter and spread ratio than biscuits made from cowpea substituted flours. The protein, fat, crude fibre, calcium, iron and zinc contents in the biscuits progressively increased from 9.57-17.41%, 10.86-12.01%, 1.92-2.14%, 31.79-43.95mg/100g, 3.01-4.58mg/100g and 1.95-3.23mg/100g respectively with increase in cowpea flour substitution. Conversely, the ash, carbohydrate and potassium contents in the biscuits progressively decreased from 2.48-2.13%, 75.17-66.14% and 78.84-56.90mg/100g respectively with increase in cowpea flour substitution. The sensory mean scores by the panellists for the attributes evaluated showed variations among the biscuit samples. Biscuits produced from blend of 80% acha-green banana composite flour and 20% cowpea flour was the most preferred by the panellists in terms of taste, aroma, texture, and overall acceptability. Utilization of composite flour from these locally grown crops will reduce wheat importation, increase their utilization, enhance the nutritional value and provide biscuit variety for celiac patients.

Effect of Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Discipline on the Company Performance through Motivation as Variable Mediation in PT. Henkel Indonesia

Yudha Yan Kusuma et al., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 10 (Oct, 2020): 813-818, 2020

This study aims to examine organizational citizenship behavior and discipline on company performa... more This study aims to examine organizational citizenship behavior and discipline on company performance through motivation. The research was conducted at PT Henkel Indonesia with a sample size of 222 respondents. The sampling technique is saturated sample and data analysis uses path analysis. The results showed that organizational citizenship behavior variables partially influence company performance. The discipline variable partially affects company performance. Motivation variables partially affect company performance. Organizational citizenship behavior variables partially influence motivation. The discipline variable partially affects motivation. The effect of organizational citizenship behavior on company performance is 0.600. The influence of organizational citizenship behavior on performance through motivation is 0.712 x 0.878 = 0.625. The direct effect of organizational citizenship behavior on company performance is 0.657. While the influence of work organizational citizenship behavior on company performance through motivation is 0.772 x 0.878 = 0.678. In this case, the work motivation variable is intervening.

The Effect of Leadership Style and Compensation on Company Performance with Job Satisfaction as an Intervening Variables in PT Arminareka Perdana

Norman Maulana et al., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 10 (Oct, 2020): 806-812, 2020

This study aims to determine the effect of leadership style and compensation on company performan... more This study aims to determine the effect of leadership style and compensation on company performance with job satisfaction as intervening variables. The research was conducted at PT Arminareka Perdana. The research sample was 70 respondents. The sampling technique used random sampling techniques and data analysis techniques used path analysis. The results showed that the leadership style variables affect company performance. The compensation variable affects company performance. Job satisfaction variables affect company performance. The influence of leadership style on company performance through employee job satisfaction is 0.216. In this case, the direct effect is greater than the indirect effect, so it can be said that the job satisfaction variable is not intervening. The effect of compensation on employee performance through job satisfaction is 0.253. In this case, the direct effect is greater than the indirect effect, so it can be said that the job satisfaction variable is not intervening.

A Glance at Neurofitness in Nutrition Perspective

Saleha Sarfraz et al.; EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-2, Iss-5 (Sep-Oct, 2020): 269-276, 2020

Human body composed of four components mind, heart, soul, body these all effect on each other in ... more Human body composed of four components mind, heart, soul, body these all effect on each other in different way, which may be the cause of disease or heal if we heal ourselves right best thing s come out of us with world changing power. Microbiota the whole colony of the microorganisms is preset in our body and performing different function affecting our mood decision making abilities. A universe living inside us and with their whole perfections 98% of our body contains these microorganisms, and only 2% of our own genome present inside us which tell us how they are controlling us and if through poor food choices how we can affect their growth and they may become cause of several inflammatory diseases. Isalm is the absolute religion which teach us not only Spirituality but also give us the right idea of life how to live and what is being required by a human. Because Allah SWT makes mankind, HE knows what is beneficial for him through food or in any other purposes. Because maker know what and how did he make a thing and what is going be its fuel. Our food our thoughts are fuel of our life if we use rightly we will manage all the relations we have with other humans and surroundings. Nutrients deficiencies such as vitamin B12, B9, B1, B3, A, D, E and omega 3 fatty acids influence the neurological issues. Diet plays a pivotal role in the management of neurological disorders.

The Nexus between Human Capital Development and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Var Methodology

Imandojemu, Kingsley et al., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 10 (Oct, 2020): 795-805, 2020

This study investigated the relationship between human capital development and economic growth in... more This study investigated the relationship between human capital development
and economic growth in Nigeria within the period 1990 to 2018. Annual time series data
collected from the World Development Indicators (WDI), Central Bank of Nigeria
Bulletin and the National Bureau of Statistics were used. Gross domestic product (GDP)
was used as proxy for economic growth. The exogenous variables for human capital
development were Human Capital (HC), government expenditure on education (GXE),
government expenditure on health (GXH), life expectancy (LE), and fertility rate (FE).
The vector autoregressive (VAR), Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Philip Perron
(PP) test were employed. The results showed that FE had an inverse significant
relationship with GDP while HC, GXE, GXH, LE had a direct significant relationship
with GDP. A long run relation was established in the study. The paper recommended that
the Nigerian government should evolve practicable framework for improved investment
in key human capital development deliverables especially education and health which
remains germane to labour productivity and economic development.
Keywords: Human Capital Development, Poverty, Economic Growth, Inequality and
VAR.

The Nutritional Habits of College Students: A Study of Wiawso College of Education

Nana Akua Osei.; EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-2, Iss-5 (Sep-Oct, 2020): 265-268, 2020

A lot of research has been done on food service satisfaction on college campuses; however the pur... more A lot of research has been done on food service satisfaction on college campuses; however the purpose of this study is to investigate the nutritional habits of college students in relationship to healthy eating. The study is a qualitative research and 150 students were randomly interviewed with an interview guide. From the data collected, the researcher was able to draw the following conclusions from the environment studied; the restricted environment had a lot of influence in their choice of meals. The choice of meals was mainly motivated by price, nutritional value and taste. In summary, although the students were limited in variety, majority (90%) of them had preference for diets prepared from the three functional food groups, which the researcher considered healthy.

Impact of COVID-19 on Labor Management; A Case of Reconstruction Works at Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal

Bijay Raj Neupane & Anjay Kumar Mishra., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 10 (Oct, 2020): 789-794, 2020

Nepal government had established National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) for the Reconstruction o... more Nepal government had established National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) for the Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures. Chitwan is one of the least affected districts where Bharatpur Metropolitan City lies. In Bharatpur, there were 711 total victims whose houses were completely destroyed by Earthquake. According to NRA, the Earthquake victims are the beneficiary of 3 lakhs grants for reconstruction of their houses in three installments. In the case study of Bharatpur Metropolitan City, we had conducted research on effect of COVID-19 on labor management for reconstruction works of those victims from 15 th September 2019 till 07 th September 2020. The reconstruction activities were halted completely for two and half months in lockdown periods. The major problem for this was due to lack of labors and materials scarcity in local market. As most of the labors working on Bharatpur were found to be from Country Border areas like Bara, Parsa, Siraha, Saptari, Sarlahi, Sunsari, Morang, etc and from India too; lockdown had stopped them to reach their destiny and other problem was the fear of COVID-19 transmission. Local government shall manage labors effectively by producing local masons of its own area rather than depending upon outsiders and provide the local masons with proper trainings and uplift the reconstruction works by following the health protocols as explained by WHO and Health Offices. The study is limited to assess the impact new provision of labour permit system.

Interest Rate and Real Sector Output Growth in Nigeria: Empirical Evidence

by Eas Publisher and ubong effiong

Ubong E. Effiong., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 10 (Oct, 2020): 781-788, 2020

This paper examined the effect of interest rate on real sector output growth in Nigeria through t... more This paper examined the effect of interest rate on real sector output growth in Nigeria through the period 1985 to 2019. Data were obtained from the World Bank Database on World Development Indicators and the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. The data were analysed using Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test, Co-integration, and the Error Correction Mechanism. The unit root test revealed that the variables were stationary at mixed order of levels and first difference necessitating the test for co-integration. The co-integration test supported the existence of a long run equilibrium relationship between interest rate and real sector output growth. Also, interest rate was observed to exert a negative and significant effect on real sector growth. Thus, a unit percentage increase in interest rate is likely to lead to a 0.274% decrease in real sector output growth. The error correction term showed that 59.9% of the short run disequilibrium in real sector output growth is corrected annually. The paper recommended a cheap monetary policy that will keep interest rate at a favourable level so as to encourage investors to borrow.

Determinants of Peptic Ulcer Disease: A Systematic Review

Kainat Sadiq et al.; EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-2, Iss-5 (Sep-Oct, 2020): 257-264, 2020

Peptic ulcer is in the study for centuries. A peptic ulcer is the formation of sores and ulcer in... more Peptic ulcer is in the study for centuries. A peptic ulcer is the formation of sores and ulcer in the stomach and duodenum. The two main types of peptic ulcer are gastric ulcer and duodenum ulcer. It is the multifactorial health problem in the past century; its popularity and risk factors have changed a lot. The population is suffering from a peptic ulcer is about 4%. About 10% is the risk in the duration of a person life. To aim at the different risk factors of peptic ulcers in this systematic review with reference to the literature. Medlin, Embase, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and books were used to collect the data. Data were collected from studies published between 2015-2020, and the studies published before 2015 were excluded. Studies were reviewed manually by their abstract and by full text. H pylori and the use of NSAIDs are the main risk factors for developing peptic ulcer disease. Studies showed that the risk of peptic ulcer disease is double in the people with these risk factors. The result of this review concluded that the administration of all these risk factors contributes to the increase in the number and severity of peptic ulcers. According to the results, by overcoming all these risk factors and improving our health and living standards, this disease can be cured.

Audit Team Characteristics, and External Environment Audit Factors: Effects on Audit Quality in Libya

Fuad Elmahedi Hussein et al., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 10 (Oct, 2020): 768-780, 2020

Purpose: The paper aims to analyse audit team characteristics that were perceived to be affected ... more Purpose: The paper aims to analyse audit team characteristics that were perceived to be affected on audit quality. Specifically, it focuses principally on whether audit team characteristics, i.e., independence, continuous education and training, experience and professional conduct enhances audit quality. This study examines the moderating effect of the external environment audit i.e., professional bodies, laws and regulations, and recognized standards in the relationship between audit team characteristics and audit quality. Design/methodology/approach: Multiple regression analysis is applied to examine the association between variables of the study. A questionnaire survey was conducted of 251 external auditors, by personally administered questionnaire from Libyan the Association of Accountants and Auditors (LAAA). Findings: the audit team characteristics have positively and significantly related to audit quality. As well as the regression analysis at dimension level shows positively and significantly related to audit quality. The findings also indicate that the external environment audit factors moderates the relationship between variables of study. Practical implications: The instrument presented will provide to measure audit quality in Libya, with a practical understanding in the area of audit quality. Moreover, researchers and practitioners from other may be able to use these models in future to measure audit quality. Originality/value: This is the first study examining the impact of external environmental factors on audit quality and the findings demonstrated its moderating effect on audit quality.

A Review on the Concentration of the Pesticides in Milk, Dairy Products, Vegetables and Fruits

O.P. Bansal; EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-2, Iss-5 (Sep-Oct, 2020): 222-256, 2020

Pesticides from decades are used not only in the agricultural fields for the increase in food pro... more Pesticides from decades are used not only in the agricultural fields for the increase in food production but also for public health protection. More than 1000 different organic and inorganic compounds are used as pesticides. Most widely used pesticides are organochlorine pesticides, which are not only toxic but persist in the environment for decades and are bio accumulated. Uncontrolled use of pesticides, their persistence results in the pesticide residues or related daughter products in the soil, surface water, groundwater, air, and in primary and derived agricultural products. Due to consumption of pesticides contaminated rations and use of the pesticides on the animals to control ectoparasites, application of pesticides on fruits and vegetables to control pests lead to the presence of pesticides in milk, vegetables, and fruits. For the survival of any humankind milk, vegetables, and fruits play a very important role as they are the sources of vitamins, carbohydrates, essential trace metals, antioxidants. The accumulation of the pesticides in food products adversely affects human health ranging from short term to long-term impacts. Headaches, nausea, asthma, sore throat, eye irritation, skin irritation, diarrhoea, pharyngitis, nasal irritation, sinusitis, contact dermatitis, inflammation, endocrine disruption are some short-term effects of pesticides to human, while long term exposure may cause birth defects, infertility, endocrine disruption, depression, diabetes, neurological deficits besides cancer. This review aims to report the concentration of the commonly used pesticides in animal milk, human milk, fruits, vegetables, grains and their impact on human.

Analysis of Career Management and Career Development as a Mediation of the Influence Leadership Role on Work Motivation in Bank Rakyat Indonesia

I Gusti Gede Narung; East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 10 (Oct, 2020): 762-767, 2020

This research explores four factors, namely leadership positions, career management, career devel... more This research explores four factors, namely leadership positions, career management, career development, and work motivation for employees. The objectives of this study are to analyze and explain the impact of leadership's position on work motivation by examining career management and career development as they interfere. The respondents of this study are permanent employees of the marketing department of PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. Malang Martadinata Branch Office. A total of 41 people were sampled in this study. The analysis techniques are descriptive and multiple linear regression for confirmation on a structural equation model created by the researcher. A quantitative approach was chosen to explain the influence between research variables. Data collection using questionnaires. The results of this study found that the role of leadership showed insignificant symptoms on work motivation, but had a positive impact if mediated by career management and career development.

Entrepreneurship Education as a Vital Tool for Wealth Creation and Unemployment Reduction in Nigeria

Tofi Simon Ternenge et al., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 11 (Nov, 2020): 891-898, 2020

The progress of a nation is a function of the level of the resourcefulness of the people which to... more The progress of a nation is a function of the level of the resourcefulness of the people which to a great extent, relates to the level of quality of the training and purposeful development of education in that nation. Such progress or development could only occur when an individual in the society is gainfully employed and per capital income is enhanced. This could only be possible when government educational policies are geared towards a functional education that can lead to job creation and also self-reliance. Entrepreneurship education is a means through which government could attain such development in the society. Therefore, this paper examined entrepreneurship education as the way forward to wealth creation and unemployment in Nigeria. Entrepreneurship education could help in wealth creation and graduates employment in Nigeria. Entrepreneurship education in Nigeria with effective implementation of the programme could help to overcome the challenge of unemployment.

Dynamics between Chengdu and Kunming's New Home Markets

Gao-Lu Zou., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 11 (Nov, 2020): 886-890, 2020

Chengdu and Kunming are two spatially close cities located in West China. We argue that similar m... more Chengdu and Kunming are two spatially close cities located in West China. We argue that similar macro-regulative policies, close geographical, historical, and trade ties, may not only produce significant short-run dynamics but also lead to a long-term equilibrium between housing markets in neighboring cities. This paper aims to study the interactions between Chengdu and Kunming's new home markets. Data were monthly home price indices over the period from January 2006 to December 2015. We tested for unit root using the ADF, PP, and ERS-DF-GLS tests and the Perron test. We tested for cointegration by driving the Johansen trace test. Also, we tested for weak exogeneity and Granger causality and estimated ECMs. We found a long-run relationship between Chengdu and Kunming's new home markets. Bi-directional causal effects or a feedback effect between the two markets was indicated. The short-run (in four months) elasticity of home price in Kunming relative to that in Chengdu was about 0.27. The short-run (in two months) elasticity of home price in Chengdu relative to that in Kunming was about 0.37. The short-run dynamics may have facilitated the formation of the long-run relation. Across-city portfolios are difficult to gain. Shocks like the RMB Four Trillion Investment Plan initiating from 2009 may have changed home price trends.

The Exploitation of Oysters and Welfare of the Mouanko Community in Cameroon

Henri Ndame Makembe., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 11 (Nov, 2020): 873-885, 2020

The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of the exploitation of oysters on the welfare of t... more The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of the exploitation of oysters on the welfare of the population of Mouanko. The methodology, inspired by the Capabilities Approach of Sen consisted of the elaboration of a questionnaire administered on a sample of 215 inhabitants of the Mouanko Municipality. The vector of variables combined the functioning modes of the inhabitants and the components of their welfare. The results obtained from the effective analysis of 187 questionnaires showed that in addition to other activities and the aspirations of the inhabitants susceptible to contribute to their welfare, the exploitation of oysters which employ 55.6% of respondents as main activity is acknowledged by 88.2% of respondents to highly contribute to their welfare. Finally, welfare in Mouanko is determined by a combination of factors with the exploitation of oysters having a considerable impact. All the factors revealed by this study needs to be appropriately considered by competent authorities in view of improving the welfare of inhabitants of Mouanko.

EAS Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences Abbreviated Key Title:EAS J Nutr Food Sci Morphological and Physicochemical Parameters of Three Mango (Mangifera Indica L) Varieties Exported In North of Ivory Coast

The main mango (Mangifera indica L.) production area is located in the North of Ivory Coast. But,... more The main mango (Mangifera indica L.) production area is located in the North of Ivory Coast. But, the only quality parameters controlled for mangoes exported by packing stations in these localities are morphological and sensory criteria. Therefore, present study which focuses on three mango varieties (Kent, Amelie and Keitt) grown in Northern Ivory Coast, aims to evaluate their morphological characteristics and the physicochemical properties of their pulp. Thirty (30) mango samples constituted of ten (10) fruits of each variety were provided by packing stations of SODIPEX Company (Korhogo, Ivory Coast). Morphological and physicochemical characteristics of the three mango varieties were analyzed at Laboratory of Peleforo Gon Coulibaly University (Korhogo, Ivory Coast). The morphological parameters included caliber index, sphericity index and shape coefficient of each mango sample were evaluated. The proportions of different parts of mangoes (kernel, pulp and peel) were also determined. The physicochemical properties of mango pulps were analyzed for their moisture, pH, and acidity and reducing sugar. For morphological parameters, the results showed the caliber indexes of the three mango varieties varying from 9.01 ± 0.28 to 9.89 ± 0.50 were in range export criteria of European Union. Their sphericity indexes were ranged from an average of 1.36 ± 0.03 to 1.49 ± 0.06 and their shape coefficients were between 1.13 ± 0.06 and 1.29 ± 0.20. Therefore, these morphological parameters were indicated that the three (03) mango varieties have elongated shape. However, according morphological indicators, Kent variety has the best characteristics for export. Study of proportions of mango varieties parts revealed with respectively 80.36 ± 2.06 % and 82.04 ± 3.27 %, Amelie and Keitt varieties have the high pulp contents. Kent variety has the lowest pulp proportion with 72.14 ± 1.74 %. Physicochemical properties analysis showed Keitt and Amelie varieties contain high moisture of 82.80 ± 3.16 % and 84.80 ± 2.70 % respectively compared to Kent variety which only contains 77.80 ± 1.75 %. All mango varieties are acidic with pH values of 3.41 ± 0.30 % to 3.67 ± 0.12 % and titratable acidities of 0.19 ± 0.04 meq/100g to 2.00 ± 0.58 meq/100g. Amelie variety have the high titratable acitdity. For reducing sugar content, Kent and Keitt varities have the highest values with 26.10 ± 0.27 % and 25.10 ± 0.29 % respectively. The results of this work could constitute a necessary database for marketing, exporting and processing of these three (03) mango varieties studied.

Analysis of Influence of Managerial Skills, Company Diversification Policy, Audit Committee, and External Audit and Their Impact on the Financial Reporting Aggressiveness (Study in Public Listed Manufacturing Companies)

Sri Kurniawati., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 11 (Nov, 2020): 855-872, 2020

The study is aimed to examine and analyze the influence of managerial skills, company diversifica... more The study is aimed to examine and analyze the influence of managerial skills, company diversification policy, audit committee, and external audit and their impact on the financial reporting aggressiveness. Analysis of regression used in the research is using the panel data approach through purposive sampling on the manufacturing companies listed on the Stock Exchange the period 2006-2017. Results of the study showed that partially company diversification policy and audit committee influence positively and significantly to financial reporting aggressiveness. Meanwhile, managerial skill and external audit partially do not impact significantly on the financial reporting aggressiveness. The research findings also show that managerial skills, diversification policies, audit committees, and external audits have a significant effect simultaneously on the aggressiveness of financial reporting.

Smartphone Addiction/ Overuse and Its Effect on Dietary Behavior and Lifestyle -A Systematic Review

Ayesha Manzoor et al., EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-2, Iss-5 (Sep-Oct, 2020): 289-297, 2020

Smartphones have progressively been turned out to be the most important segment of our lives beca... more Smartphones have progressively been turned out to be the most important segment of our lives because of their several advantages but in recent modern years, the negative consequences of smartphone useage has also been raised. Intention to write this review was to summarize the evidences that have illustrated a significant influence of smartphone addiction/overuse on the dietary behavior and lifestyle of university/college/school students. Research was conducted in accordance with the principles of systematic review. Four databases were searched and found total 62 studies, and only 12 relevant observational, open access studies were extracted that included participants with smartphone addiction/overuse, and its effect on dietary behaviors, the sleep habits and physical activity or exercise pattern. All the studies stated negative correlation between smartphone addiction/overuse and dietary behavior, sleep pattern and physical activity. Investigations of all the included studies stated that, due to excessive use of smartphones, students had poor eating behavior, and were more likely to develop nutritional deficiencies and might suffer from health consequences and psychopathologies. Students wo had smartphone addiction adopted a sedentary lifestyle, and were more prone to suffer from physical fitness and might develop non-communicable diseases like CVD and obesity in future. In all studies researchers suggested the common intervention that effective nutrition education and awareness programs must be initiated to bring students toward healthy lifestyle.

The Finance & Its Impact on Economic Development in SUDAN Assessment Study: (2011-2018)

AbdelrahmanTahir Hag Adam., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 11 (Nov, 2020): 835-854, 2020

This Preliminary Development Finance Assessment (DFA) comes at a key moment for Sudan as we look ... more This Preliminary Development Finance Assessment (DFA) comes at a key moment for Sudan as we look towards the 2030 Agenda by aiming to achieve the ambitious Sustainable Development Goals. To translate this vision into action requires concrete and comprehensive strategies, including in relation to the mobilization and use of finance. This preliminary DFA provides evidence and analysis towards articulating the finance sources for Sudan and looks generally at how the country can make better use of existing finance, while not losing sight of the need to identify new avenues of mobilizing additional resources. The Addis Ababa Action Agenda, which emerged from the third International Conference on Financing for Development 2015 emphasized the need for countries to take a more integrated approach to managing all types of finance, by improving integration across government, as well as between government and other stakeholders. The preliminary DFA for Sudan makes preliminary observations towards this end. And the committed to implement policy frameworks that will contribute to increased mobilization of public resources and unlock the potential of the private sector and the civil society to finance development, in collaboration with our development partners. We are also committed to review our institutional arrangements for more integrated use of resources. Efforts will be complemented by up-scaled and more effective international assistance to overcome the structural challenges we face. While the preliminary DFA recommendations outline an ambitious agenda, to look forward to collaborating with our partners on further articulating these observations. As we look ahead to the challenges of mobilizing and managing a range of different types of finance in pursuance of the country"s development priorities, this type of intra-governmental collaboration will be critical, especially as Sudan looks towards the achievement of the SDGs. Finally, I am hopeful that the Government, together with relevant stakeholders, will be able to benefit from this assessment.

The Insecure Investment Climate & It’s Impact on Foreign Direct Investment Flows in SUDAN

AbdelrahmanTahir Hag Adam., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 10 (Oct, 2020): 819-834, 2020

The changing international/external economic environment, which is characterized by rapid globali... more The changing international/external economic environment, which is characterized by rapid globalization, expansion of foreign direct investment (FDI), trade liberalization, and technological developments, is creating both opportunities for and risks in achieving development objectives in Sudan. Within that international context and having in mind the difficult Sudanese external economic situation characterized by debt, embargos, deterioration of oil revenues and foreign exchange reserves, and loss of exports, the issue of FDI, in particular, and flows of foreign resources to the country, in general, need to be kept at the center of attention. As explained in a World Bank report [9].

Pasting Properties of Acha-Green Banana Composite Flour Fortified with Cowpea Flour and Quality Evaluation of Gluten-Free Biscuit Made from the Blends

Inyang UE & Nwabueze SO., EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-2, Iss-5 (Sep-Oct, 2020): 277-288, 2020

The needs to limit wheat importation into Nigeria and to develop nutritious products for celiac p... more The needs to limit wheat importation into Nigeria and to develop nutritious products for celiac patients have necessitated the search for alternative flour sources to partially or wholly replace wheat in bakery products preparation. The present study was aimed at evaluating the effects of substituting 70% acha-30 green banana composite flour with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% cowpea flour on the pasting properties of the flour blends and on the physical properties, nutrient composition and sensory characteristics of biscuits made from the flour blends. The unfortified flour served as the control sample. The result showed that all the parameters evaluated varied with the proportion of cowpea flour incorporation. The peak, trough, final and setback viscosities significantly (p<0.05) decreased while the peak time and peak temperature increased with increase in cowpea flour substitution. Biscuit made from unfortified flour exhibited lower thickness but higher diameter and spread ratio than biscuits made from cowpea substituted flours. The protein, fat, crude fibre, calcium, iron and zinc contents in the biscuits progressively increased from 9.57-17.41%, 10.86-12.01%, 1.92-2.14%, 31.79-43.95mg/100g, 3.01-4.58mg/100g and 1.95-3.23mg/100g respectively with increase in cowpea flour substitution. Conversely, the ash, carbohydrate and potassium contents in the biscuits progressively decreased from 2.48-2.13%, 75.17-66.14% and 78.84-56.90mg/100g respectively with increase in cowpea flour substitution. The sensory mean scores by the panellists for the attributes evaluated showed variations among the biscuit samples. Biscuits produced from blend of 80% acha-green banana composite flour and 20% cowpea flour was the most preferred by the panellists in terms of taste, aroma, texture, and overall acceptability. Utilization of composite flour from these locally grown crops will reduce wheat importation, increase their utilization, enhance the nutritional value and provide biscuit variety for celiac patients.

Effect of Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Discipline on the Company Performance through Motivation as Variable Mediation in PT. Henkel Indonesia

Yudha Yan Kusuma et al., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 10 (Oct, 2020): 813-818, 2020

This study aims to examine organizational citizenship behavior and discipline on company performa... more This study aims to examine organizational citizenship behavior and discipline on company performance through motivation. The research was conducted at PT Henkel Indonesia with a sample size of 222 respondents. The sampling technique is saturated sample and data analysis uses path analysis. The results showed that organizational citizenship behavior variables partially influence company performance. The discipline variable partially affects company performance. Motivation variables partially affect company performance. Organizational citizenship behavior variables partially influence motivation. The discipline variable partially affects motivation. The effect of organizational citizenship behavior on company performance is 0.600. The influence of organizational citizenship behavior on performance through motivation is 0.712 x 0.878 = 0.625. The direct effect of organizational citizenship behavior on company performance is 0.657. While the influence of work organizational citizenship behavior on company performance through motivation is 0.772 x 0.878 = 0.678. In this case, the work motivation variable is intervening.

The Effect of Leadership Style and Compensation on Company Performance with Job Satisfaction as an Intervening Variables in PT Arminareka Perdana

Norman Maulana et al., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 10 (Oct, 2020): 806-812, 2020

This study aims to determine the effect of leadership style and compensation on company performan... more This study aims to determine the effect of leadership style and compensation on company performance with job satisfaction as intervening variables. The research was conducted at PT Arminareka Perdana. The research sample was 70 respondents. The sampling technique used random sampling techniques and data analysis techniques used path analysis. The results showed that the leadership style variables affect company performance. The compensation variable affects company performance. Job satisfaction variables affect company performance. The influence of leadership style on company performance through employee job satisfaction is 0.216. In this case, the direct effect is greater than the indirect effect, so it can be said that the job satisfaction variable is not intervening. The effect of compensation on employee performance through job satisfaction is 0.253. In this case, the direct effect is greater than the indirect effect, so it can be said that the job satisfaction variable is not intervening.

A Glance at Neurofitness in Nutrition Perspective

Saleha Sarfraz et al.; EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-2, Iss-5 (Sep-Oct, 2020): 269-276, 2020

Human body composed of four components mind, heart, soul, body these all effect on each other in ... more Human body composed of four components mind, heart, soul, body these all effect on each other in different way, which may be the cause of disease or heal if we heal ourselves right best thing s come out of us with world changing power. Microbiota the whole colony of the microorganisms is preset in our body and performing different function affecting our mood decision making abilities. A universe living inside us and with their whole perfections 98% of our body contains these microorganisms, and only 2% of our own genome present inside us which tell us how they are controlling us and if through poor food choices how we can affect their growth and they may become cause of several inflammatory diseases. Isalm is the absolute religion which teach us not only Spirituality but also give us the right idea of life how to live and what is being required by a human. Because Allah SWT makes mankind, HE knows what is beneficial for him through food or in any other purposes. Because maker know what and how did he make a thing and what is going be its fuel. Our food our thoughts are fuel of our life if we use rightly we will manage all the relations we have with other humans and surroundings. Nutrients deficiencies such as vitamin B12, B9, B1, B3, A, D, E and omega 3 fatty acids influence the neurological issues. Diet plays a pivotal role in the management of neurological disorders.

The Nexus between Human Capital Development and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Var Methodology

Imandojemu, Kingsley et al., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 10 (Oct, 2020): 795-805, 2020

This study investigated the relationship between human capital development and economic growth in... more This study investigated the relationship between human capital development
and economic growth in Nigeria within the period 1990 to 2018. Annual time series data
collected from the World Development Indicators (WDI), Central Bank of Nigeria
Bulletin and the National Bureau of Statistics were used. Gross domestic product (GDP)
was used as proxy for economic growth. The exogenous variables for human capital
development were Human Capital (HC), government expenditure on education (GXE),
government expenditure on health (GXH), life expectancy (LE), and fertility rate (FE).
The vector autoregressive (VAR), Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Philip Perron
(PP) test were employed. The results showed that FE had an inverse significant
relationship with GDP while HC, GXE, GXH, LE had a direct significant relationship
with GDP. A long run relation was established in the study. The paper recommended that
the Nigerian government should evolve practicable framework for improved investment
in key human capital development deliverables especially education and health which
remains germane to labour productivity and economic development.
Keywords: Human Capital Development, Poverty, Economic Growth, Inequality and
VAR.

The Nutritional Habits of College Students: A Study of Wiawso College of Education

Nana Akua Osei.; EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-2, Iss-5 (Sep-Oct, 2020): 265-268, 2020

A lot of research has been done on food service satisfaction on college campuses; however the pur... more A lot of research has been done on food service satisfaction on college campuses; however the purpose of this study is to investigate the nutritional habits of college students in relationship to healthy eating. The study is a qualitative research and 150 students were randomly interviewed with an interview guide. From the data collected, the researcher was able to draw the following conclusions from the environment studied; the restricted environment had a lot of influence in their choice of meals. The choice of meals was mainly motivated by price, nutritional value and taste. In summary, although the students were limited in variety, majority (90%) of them had preference for diets prepared from the three functional food groups, which the researcher considered healthy.

Impact of COVID-19 on Labor Management; A Case of Reconstruction Works at Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal

Bijay Raj Neupane & Anjay Kumar Mishra., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 10 (Oct, 2020): 789-794, 2020

Nepal government had established National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) for the Reconstruction o... more Nepal government had established National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) for the Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures. Chitwan is one of the least affected districts where Bharatpur Metropolitan City lies. In Bharatpur, there were 711 total victims whose houses were completely destroyed by Earthquake. According to NRA, the Earthquake victims are the beneficiary of 3 lakhs grants for reconstruction of their houses in three installments. In the case study of Bharatpur Metropolitan City, we had conducted research on effect of COVID-19 on labor management for reconstruction works of those victims from 15 th September 2019 till 07 th September 2020. The reconstruction activities were halted completely for two and half months in lockdown periods. The major problem for this was due to lack of labors and materials scarcity in local market. As most of the labors working on Bharatpur were found to be from Country Border areas like Bara, Parsa, Siraha, Saptari, Sarlahi, Sunsari, Morang, etc and from India too; lockdown had stopped them to reach their destiny and other problem was the fear of COVID-19 transmission. Local government shall manage labors effectively by producing local masons of its own area rather than depending upon outsiders and provide the local masons with proper trainings and uplift the reconstruction works by following the health protocols as explained by WHO and Health Offices. The study is limited to assess the impact new provision of labour permit system.

Interest Rate and Real Sector Output Growth in Nigeria: Empirical Evidence

by Eas Publisher and ubong effiong

Ubong E. Effiong., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 10 (Oct, 2020): 781-788, 2020

This paper examined the effect of interest rate on real sector output growth in Nigeria through t... more This paper examined the effect of interest rate on real sector output growth in Nigeria through the period 1985 to 2019. Data were obtained from the World Bank Database on World Development Indicators and the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. The data were analysed using Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test, Co-integration, and the Error Correction Mechanism. The unit root test revealed that the variables were stationary at mixed order of levels and first difference necessitating the test for co-integration. The co-integration test supported the existence of a long run equilibrium relationship between interest rate and real sector output growth. Also, interest rate was observed to exert a negative and significant effect on real sector growth. Thus, a unit percentage increase in interest rate is likely to lead to a 0.274% decrease in real sector output growth. The error correction term showed that 59.9% of the short run disequilibrium in real sector output growth is corrected annually. The paper recommended a cheap monetary policy that will keep interest rate at a favourable level so as to encourage investors to borrow.

Determinants of Peptic Ulcer Disease: A Systematic Review

Kainat Sadiq et al.; EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-2, Iss-5 (Sep-Oct, 2020): 257-264, 2020

Peptic ulcer is in the study for centuries. A peptic ulcer is the formation of sores and ulcer in... more Peptic ulcer is in the study for centuries. A peptic ulcer is the formation of sores and ulcer in the stomach and duodenum. The two main types of peptic ulcer are gastric ulcer and duodenum ulcer. It is the multifactorial health problem in the past century; its popularity and risk factors have changed a lot. The population is suffering from a peptic ulcer is about 4%. About 10% is the risk in the duration of a person life. To aim at the different risk factors of peptic ulcers in this systematic review with reference to the literature. Medlin, Embase, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and books were used to collect the data. Data were collected from studies published between 2015-2020, and the studies published before 2015 were excluded. Studies were reviewed manually by their abstract and by full text. H pylori and the use of NSAIDs are the main risk factors for developing peptic ulcer disease. Studies showed that the risk of peptic ulcer disease is double in the people with these risk factors. The result of this review concluded that the administration of all these risk factors contributes to the increase in the number and severity of peptic ulcers. According to the results, by overcoming all these risk factors and improving our health and living standards, this disease can be cured.

Audit Team Characteristics, and External Environment Audit Factors: Effects on Audit Quality in Libya

Fuad Elmahedi Hussein et al., East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 10 (Oct, 2020): 768-780, 2020

Purpose: The paper aims to analyse audit team characteristics that were perceived to be affected ... more Purpose: The paper aims to analyse audit team characteristics that were perceived to be affected on audit quality. Specifically, it focuses principally on whether audit team characteristics, i.e., independence, continuous education and training, experience and professional conduct enhances audit quality. This study examines the moderating effect of the external environment audit i.e., professional bodies, laws and regulations, and recognized standards in the relationship between audit team characteristics and audit quality. Design/methodology/approach: Multiple regression analysis is applied to examine the association between variables of the study. A questionnaire survey was conducted of 251 external auditors, by personally administered questionnaire from Libyan the Association of Accountants and Auditors (LAAA). Findings: the audit team characteristics have positively and significantly related to audit quality. As well as the regression analysis at dimension level shows positively and significantly related to audit quality. The findings also indicate that the external environment audit factors moderates the relationship between variables of study. Practical implications: The instrument presented will provide to measure audit quality in Libya, with a practical understanding in the area of audit quality. Moreover, researchers and practitioners from other may be able to use these models in future to measure audit quality. Originality/value: This is the first study examining the impact of external environmental factors on audit quality and the findings demonstrated its moderating effect on audit quality.

A Review on the Concentration of the Pesticides in Milk, Dairy Products, Vegetables and Fruits

O.P. Bansal; EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-2, Iss-5 (Sep-Oct, 2020): 222-256, 2020

Pesticides from decades are used not only in the agricultural fields for the increase in food pro... more Pesticides from decades are used not only in the agricultural fields for the increase in food production but also for public health protection. More than 1000 different organic and inorganic compounds are used as pesticides. Most widely used pesticides are organochlorine pesticides, which are not only toxic but persist in the environment for decades and are bio accumulated. Uncontrolled use of pesticides, their persistence results in the pesticide residues or related daughter products in the soil, surface water, groundwater, air, and in primary and derived agricultural products. Due to consumption of pesticides contaminated rations and use of the pesticides on the animals to control ectoparasites, application of pesticides on fruits and vegetables to control pests lead to the presence of pesticides in milk, vegetables, and fruits. For the survival of any humankind milk, vegetables, and fruits play a very important role as they are the sources of vitamins, carbohydrates, essential trace metals, antioxidants. The accumulation of the pesticides in food products adversely affects human health ranging from short term to long-term impacts. Headaches, nausea, asthma, sore throat, eye irritation, skin irritation, diarrhoea, pharyngitis, nasal irritation, sinusitis, contact dermatitis, inflammation, endocrine disruption are some short-term effects of pesticides to human, while long term exposure may cause birth defects, infertility, endocrine disruption, depression, diabetes, neurological deficits besides cancer. This review aims to report the concentration of the commonly used pesticides in animal milk, human milk, fruits, vegetables, grains and their impact on human.

Analysis of Career Management and Career Development as a Mediation of the Influence Leadership Role on Work Motivation in Bank Rakyat Indonesia

I Gusti Gede Narung; East African Scholars J Econ Bus Manag; Vol-3, Iss- 10 (Oct, 2020): 762-767, 2020

This research explores four factors, namely leadership positions, career management, career devel... more This research explores four factors, namely leadership positions, career management, career development, and work motivation for employees. The objectives of this study are to analyze and explain the impact of leadership's position on work motivation by examining career management and career development as they interfere. The respondents of this study are permanent employees of the marketing department of PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. Malang Martadinata Branch Office. A total of 41 people were sampled in this study. The analysis techniques are descriptive and multiple linear regression for confirmation on a structural equation model created by the researcher. A quantitative approach was chosen to explain the influence between research variables. Data collection using questionnaires. The results of this study found that the role of leadership showed insignificant symptoms on work motivation, but had a positive impact if mediated by career management and career development.