A Glance at Neurofitness in Nutrition Perspective

EAS Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences Abbreviated Key Title:EAS J Nutr Food Sci ISSN: 2663-1873 (Print) & ISSN: 2663-7308 (Online) Published By East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya Volume-2 | Issue-5 | Sep-Oct; 2020 | DOI:10.36349/easjnfs.2020.v02i05.005 Review Article A Glance at Neurofitness in Nutrition Perspective Saleha Sarfraz1, Fatima Hussain Bukhari2, Sidra Khalid3*, Maria Aslam4, Tabeen Irfan5, Kinza Seher5, Raheela Zubair2 1 University College of Medicine and Dentistry, the University of Lahore Pakistan 2 Doctor of Dietetics and Nutrition Sciences, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, the University of Lahore Pakistan 3 Senior Lecturer at, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, the University of Lahore Pakistan 4 Assistant Professor at, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, the University of Lahore Pakistan 5 Student of Master of Philosophy in Human Nutrition and Dietetics Lahore Pakistan Abstract: Human body composed of four components mind, heart, soul, body these all Article History effect on each other in different way, which may be the cause of disease or heal if we heal Received: 26.08.2020 ourselves right best thing s come out of us with world changing power. Microbiota the Accepted: 18.09.2020 whole colony of the microorganisms is preset in our body and performing different function Published: 14.10.2020 affecting our mood decision making abilities. A universe living inside us and with their whole perfections 98% of our body contains these microorganisms, and only 2% of our own Journal homepage: https://www.easpublisher.com/easjnfs genome present inside us which tell us how they are controlling us and if through poor food choices how we can affect their growth and they may become cause of several inflammatory diseases. Isalm is the absolute religion which teach us not only Spirituality but also give us Quick Response Code the right idea of life how to live and what is being required by a human. Because Allah SWT makes mankind, HE knows what is beneficial for him through food or in any other purposes. Because maker know what and how did he make a thing and what is going be its fuel. Our food our thoughts are fuel of our life if we use rightly we will manage all the relations we have with other humans and surroundings. Nutrients deficiencies such as vitamin B12, B9, B1, B3, A, D, E and omega 3 fatty acids influence the neurological issues. Diet plays a pivotal role in the management of neurological disorders. Keywords: Neurofitness, Microbiota, Omega-3 fatty acid. Nutrients. Copyright © 2020 The Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the original author and source are credited. INTRODUCTION From old stories to modern medical science tell us about brain and food connection. Food are the chemical signals received by the body and it can directly or indirectly effect our mood, learning abilities, thinking capacity, making decisions, in different disease condition what responses shown by our body and how to be a healing and energy factor in this regard. In other words we can say it is a fuel for the brain to perform a fine function in daily routine life tasks with efficiency [1]. In the studies are being performed in the past and in present regarding its effect on human health and how human health can be reach at its healthiest level. In Linyi peoples hospital china perform a researcher in food and depression relation which tell us how several food consumption and increase and decrease or contribute to depression. For example greater use of salty sugar high fats products or refined factory made highly processed food may contribute to depression or other associated health problems [2]. A study conducted by mood and food centre Deakin university in Australia. Which suggested lower intake of nutrients *Corresponding Author: Sidra Khalid dense food and high intake of unhealthy food could be the cause of smaller left hippocampal volume [3]. This has been seen unhealthy dietary approaches can be associated with ADHA in children. Although fruits and vegetables rich diet a low risk diet in several mental health disorders and key to the neurofitness[4, 5]. These types of studies help us to understand the nutrition psychology. How multi nutrients play important role in state of mind and other co morbidities [6]. Omega 3 is the most known nutrient in the field of neurology and psychology this has been seen those kids who received omega 3 supplements were less hyperactive and more stable or emotionally controlled [1]. World Health Organization (WHO), defines mental health is ―A state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community[7]‖. According to World Health Organization (WHO). Some of the disorders like anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, autism, eating disorders, panic attacks and hyperactivity may cost 269 Saleha Sarfraz et al.; EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-2, Iss-5 (Sep-Oct, 2020): 269-276 triple amount in 2030 of current cost in treatments of these disorders [8]. Many reseachers in the past tell us about bidirectional relationship between gut and brain, vagus nerve or microbial neurometabolite production. Imbalance in gut microbial funtions leads to many behavioural and psychiatric problems. But the dietary interventions are being seen as a beneficial in this regard. It may helpful in preventing many neurological diseases, and improve brain functioning and fitness [9]. This has been seen those who lack the important phase of development during their childhood are being more facing difficulties regarding learning, habits, memory, etc [10]. Pakistan has reported the world leading rank countries, according to National Nutrition survey, 33%underweight, 44%sunted, 15%wasted, 50% or nearly were anemic. These statistics roughly can tell us about the learning abilities of the children Pakistan and their neurofitness[11]. Fig-1: Relationship of food with brain efficiency Brain - gut axis A large number of microbes live in our gut specially in small and large intestine, this has been said that bacterial cells are more in ratio of human cell 10 to 1, and they are involved in encoding of our genes more than human genes[12]. With the help of genomic technologies it becomes possible to see which type and how much microbial content are present and where, bacteria, virus, fungi, protozao, archea, 75%beacterial load is present in a adult gut [13]. Microbiota plays a very important role in the development of human immune system, metabolizing of nutrients, drugs, and in the production of vitamins and bioactive compounds [14]. We can say now 50% modification in microbiota is due the change in our food choices, it can bring the change to it in just few days [15, 16]. The fluctuation in the gut microbiota due to food or any surrounding causes can leads to dsybiosis, overproduction of microorganisms at the end (pathobionts)[17]. This sort of change mostly leads to damage of intestinal lumen which produces leaky gut, and further become a cause of chronic inflammatory diseases and alternation in the central nervous system working capacity [18, 19]. It can contribute to behavrioural and coginative abnormalities as gut microbiata influence the CNS functioning [20]. Gut microbiota can tell which nutrient to bioactive signaling compunds can be taken out from the food of the host [21]. Molecules like serotonin, gammaaminobutyric acid( GABA) these are neuro active molecules they can modulate the eneteric nervous system through the neuro signaling and can influence behavior and brain function of the host [22]. This two way pathway plays an important role in balancing between neural, hormonal, immunological responses, such as producing cytokines by mucosal immune cells [23]. Nutrients present in the lumen of GI tract and the ecosystem of microbes in the GI tract influences the © East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya entero-endrocrine cells responses which designated as the largest endocrine organ in the human body [24]. Fig-2: Microbiota Interaction to cause CNS Figure 2 explains the process of how microbiota interacts with the metabolites to cause CNS disorders [25]. These EESs are very important in different processes of GI tract they can bring the in ion transport which are the source of appetite, insulin secretion and motility etc[26]. Nerves and the hormonal signaling between the gut, the sensory responses of the gut may involve in many influencing factors like food and microbiota modulate the sensory receptors that may release hormons in responses, and brig about the number of functional changes in alimentary canal, high 270 Saleha Sarfraz et al.; EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-2, Iss-5 (Sep-Oct, 2020): 269-276 fat diet may increase the uptake of energy as it may bring the many changes in GI tract [27]. About 200 to 600 million neurons are present in enteric nervous system which relates to gut. Vagus nerve a parasympathetic nerve a division of the autonomic nervous system has a important role in the bidireational pathway of GI tract and CNS [26, 28] The gut of human act as a endocrine organ as well produce microbial and neurometabolites, like short chain fatty acids nerurotransmitters like serotonin and GABA which may influence the human behavior, vitamins which bring out the brain and gut connecetion[29, 30]. Short chain fatty acids like butyrate and propionate involve infuntioning of brain in terms of appetite and hemostasis by regulating the neuropepetide production [31]. These short chain fatty acids are being produce by the bacteria present in the gut Roseburia spp and Faecalibacterium by the fermentation process of polysaccrides[32]. The inner lining of the gut( epithelial) controlled by Gut microbiota which may not enter the endotoxin into the bloodstream. Increased permeability leads to large amount of lipopolysaccharides in the blood which may cause inflammation. Diet and obesity increase the chance of inflammation prebiotics supplementation play a fine role in effecting inflammation [30]. This chronic inflammation directly or indirectly linked with neurological disorders like dementia, depression, etc. different researches are being conducting to see the benefits of probiotics in psychiatric issues or neurofitness issues [34]. This has been seen gut microbiota is linked with neuro-psyche health in different ways [20] and the part of nutrition in aetiology of brain related disorders and their link with it, there has been seen a benefits of psychobiotics in human to perform different function of brain or may influence [35]. Lactobacillus casei and bifidobacterium longum, bifidobacteria has been seen as a anxiety depressor in humans [36]. Prophetic teaching and its effect on human brain health The life style of Muhammad (s.a.w) is the best example for human in each and every walk of life, that could be psychological, physical, spiritual, guide us properly how to live life, as holy Quran said about prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) ―you are of a great moral character‖ (Al Najm 68:4}[37]. He is the most compassionate, and we have not sent you, [O Muhammad], except as a mercy to the worlds (Al Anbeya‟21:107) [38]. ―The son of Adam does not fill any vessel worse than his stomach. It is sufficient for the son of Adam to eat a few mouthfuls, to keep him going. If he must do that (fill his stomach), then let him fill one third with food, one third with drink and one third with air.‖ Prophet Muhammed PBUH [39]. Now research has proven that our brain get the response of food after 20 minutes of eating if we use this hadis as a hidayat we will not gain weight and donot develop unhealthy eating habits [40]. "A man from among the Companions of the Prophet (PBUH) said, ‗The Prophet (PBUH) forbade (mixing) unripe dates and dried dates, and (mixing) raisins and dried dates. Aisha, (may Allah be pleased with her), related that, "The Apostle of Allah (PBUH) used to eat melon with fresh dates, and he used to say, ‗The heat of the one is broken by the coolness of the other, and the coolness of the one by the heat of the other [41].‘ Now science has proven that dates are very beneficial for brain health it lets not brain inflamed. And watermelon is the fruit which gives feeling of fullness to early and manage the high content of water and work as a antioxidant [42]. This has been seen 800000 people die every year due to committing suicide, mostly are rich people and between the age of 17to 34 according to World health organization data [43] being a Muslim suicide is strictly prohibited that why the ration in the Muslim countries is too much lower the non-Muslims countries [44]. Fig-3: Relationship of faith with mental health © East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya 271 Saleha Sarfraz et al.; EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-2, Iss-5 (Sep-Oct, 2020): 269-276 Poor mental health and lack of faith take us towards bad habits like different addictions of substances which effect eventually our food choices and the cycle keep on repeating [45]. A depress person mostly go towards the comfort food which are high in sugar and fats ultimately leads to poor mental health [46]. Faith give us a purpose, let us know we are different from animals, took us towards self – actualization. Spirituality taught by faith in Allah, the knowledge given by Muhammad (s.a.w) how to live life is the best example [47]. Indeed, those who have said, "Our Lord is Allah," and then remained on a right course - there will be no fear concerning them, nor will they grieve} (Al Ahkaf 46:13) [48]. Even the listening of holy Quran can be useful for mental health or gives relaxations of mind [49]. Salah play very important role in neurofitness and a positive impact on metabolism of the individual, it depends of the person although this has been seen six minutes of Salah can burn 35 to 80 calories according to individual weight and height [50]. This unique type of body movement found very helpful, can be consider slow moderate exercise having many health benefits like increases muscles flexibility, yoga like activity [51, 52]. The activity during salah is very usefull in nourishinf heart, kidney, impotence of men increase quality of sex and recovery of genital muscle [52]. The Prophetic advices about foods, ―'A'isha the wife of Allah's Apostle said: When there was any bereavement in her family the women gathered there for condolence and they departed except the members of the family and some selected persons. She asked to prepare talbina in a small couldron and it was cooked and then tharid was prepared and it was poured over talbina, then she said: Eat it, for I heard Allah's Messenger as saying: Talbina gives comfort to the aggrieved heart and it lessens grief[8, 53]. We can avoid most of the diseases if we eat the natural and seasonal foods, written Chemistry of Man [54]. In Pakistan traditionally faith has used to deal with several mental health issues, mental health mostly come in supernatural influences the perception mostly taken by Pakistani public. [55, 56]. Spirituality play an important role in holistic and palliative care though could be usefull before treating mental illness [57]. Nutrients helpful for brain Numerous food items possess the large amount of the nutrient which are helpful for brain functioning, this has been seen in aging process that low level of cardiovascular fitness, stress, poor diet make a powerful contribution of atrophy of hippocampus and mild cognitive impairtment [58]. Omega-3 fatty acids Omega-3 fatty acids play important role in depression and mood disorders as different studies suggested that, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) [59]. DHA is the ample omega -3 fatty acid in the brain relatively others [60]. Omega-3fatty acids are involve in help to build cell membrane throughout the body, body itself cannot prepare it, have to consume in diet or supplementation [61]. PUFA involvel in brain functioning through lots of ways like signaling, activations of receptors, endocannabinoid system, DHA, AA involved in neuroinflammation, neurotransmission, gene transcription [62]. Dietary deficiency of omega -3 fatty acids include many psychiatric diseases, like depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, autism, dementia, schizophrenia, attentiondeficits/hyperactivity disorder [63]. 200-500mg for normal adults has been recommended by many organizatios [66]. RDA for ALA is 1.6g/day for men and 1.1g/day for women [73]. Table-1: Food items which contain omega-3 fatty acids Food items gram per servings ALA DHA EPA Flax seed oil, 1 tsp 7.26 Chia seeds, 1 ounce 5.06 English walnut ,1 ounce 2.57 Egg cooked 1 egg 0.3 Chicken breast roasted 2 ounce 0.02 0.01 Honey and black cumin (seed) This is the most powerful healer in prophetic medicines, mostly beneficial in all diseases. Its advantage has been discussed in holy Quran many times. ‗The bee as a, and your Lord inspired to the bee, ―Take for yourself among the mountains, houses, and among the trees and that which they construct. Then eat from all the fruits and follow the ways of your Lord laid down [for you].‖ There emerges from their bellies a drink, varying in colors, in which there is healing for people. Indeed in that is a sign for a people who give thought‘? The Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) said ―Honey is a medicine for the body, Quran is © East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya medicine to the soul [65]. Honey contains protein calcium, phosphorus, iron, niacin, vitamin c and other minerals, and sugar. Black seed flavonoids which are consider being the source of good memory and mood and it also contains vitamins A, B, C niacin potassium, iron. Daily treatment with the black seed increased serotonin, 5 hydroxytryptamine [5-TH] and decreased hydroxyl indole acetic acid [5HIAA], in the brain act as anti anxetic[66, 67]. Vitamins and minerals Vitamins and mineral deficiencies leads to many central and peripheral nervous system damage 272 Saleha Sarfraz et al.; EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-2, Iss-5 (Sep-Oct, 2020): 269-276 these deficiencies should not be avoided at any cost because they involve in many reaction as co enzyme, mediators etc [68]. Table-2: Different nutrients and their role in neurological disorders and how deficiencies play their part. Food are being mentioned which may help to overcome the deficiencies. Vitamins Sources Deficiencies Neurological defects Normal due to deficiencies. /minerals dosage. B12 Sea food, poultry, dairy Pernicious anemia, Different types of 2.4mcg (cobalamine) products, supplemented food advanced age (due to neuropathies and [69] whole grains [69]. atrophic gastritis and Alzheimer disease. food-cobalamin Dementia[70] malabsorption), gastric surgery, acid reduction therapy, gastrointestinal disease, parasitic infestation , rarely strict vegetarianism[71], often unknown B9(folate) In mostly in green leafy Alcoholism, Psychosis, behavior 400mcg vegetables, fresh fruits, nuts, gastrointestinal changes [70] [69] dairy products, eggs, organ disorders, folate meat poultry, seafood); found metabolisms problems. in bread and cereal group[69], B1(thiamine) fortified, whole-grains/bread Excessive unhealthy Beriberi Wernicke 50-100mg and cereals products, legumes, weight loss, chronic encephalopathy, /IV dry fruits[69], disorders, obesity[72] Korsakoff syndrome [70] B3( niacin) Sea food, poultry, dairy Absorption related Encephalopathy, alter 35miligram products, fortified/whole-grain problems, vitamin B6 gait. Numbness.[70] /day[69] cereals, legumes deficiency, patient on dialysis go through it. B6( Sea food poultry soybeans, dry Vitamin B6 absorption Seizures,. Convulsion. 1.3mg/day[ pyridoxine) fruits chickpeas, dairy problem, Gut related Depression and 69] products, starchy vegetables, disease[70] irritability [73]. non-citrus fruits, bread and cereal group Vitamin A Liver carotene carrots, papaya, Excessive use of rice Nyctalopia 900male, oranges, green leafy and wheat in diet, altered taste buds,, 700 vegetables. alcoholism, keratinization (cornea, female/day Malabsorption conjunctiva, respiratory, [69] gastrointestinal, urinary tract) autism spectrum disorder [74] Vitamin E Vegetable oil, leafy vegetable, Ataxia with vitamin E Spinocerebellar 15nuts, meat cereals. deficiency, syndrome with dorsal 19mg/day[ homozygous column involvement and 69] hypobetalipoproteinemi peripheral neuropathy, a, abetalipoproteinemia, ophthalmoplegia, chylomicron retention pigmentary retinopathy disease [75] Vitamin D Sun is its natural source, Poor sun light Poor brain functioning 10poultry, dairy products organ exposure, GIT poor due to inflammation[25] 20mcg/day meat. absorption, Copper Organ meat , sea food, nuts, Zinc toxicity, surgery, Myelopathy or 900mcg whole grains, legumes dietary deficiency. Myeloneuropathy [80] Iron Organ meat, pulses, fruits, Dietary deficiency, Confusion, fall. 8mg nuts, bleeding Impaired brain male/18mg disorders,/carbonated functioning [81,82] female drinks [69]. [69]. © East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya 273 Saleha Sarfraz et al.; EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-2, Iss-5 (Sep-Oct, 2020): 269-276 CONCLUSION The food we consume effect our brain in different way, if we use more knowledgably we can get best out of our food, extra use of junk food may leads to many diseases and leaves very bad impact on our brain. If we develop habit of these food it may consider dangerous for brain functioning. What we eat we become. Human comprises on 4 things and these four things need to be recovered or nourished properly so we will be able to get to achieve the reality of life. We have to nourish our soul, our mind, our heart; lastly our body and these all are interlinked, which make us a successful in every walk of life. 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