The present investigation was conducted in Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir state during the y... more The present investigation was conducted in Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir state during the year 2008. Two blocks were selected from Jammu district having the highest area under the ber fruit. Cobb-Douglus function was used to study the relationship between output and various inputs. The inputs involved in the production of ber cultivation varied significantly at different age groups. The regression coefficient values of selected inputs mainly human labour, manures + fertilizers, plant protection and pruning + training varied significantly at the six age groups of five years from 5 th to 28 th year. The coefficient of variation was highest in case of area, whereas it was low in case of yield and net returns.
The present investigation was conducted in Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir state during the y... more The present investigation was conducted in Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir state during the year 2008. Two blocks were selected from Jammu district having the highest area under mango fruit. Cobb-Douglus function was used to study the relationship between output and various inputs. Coefficient of variation was calculated in order to analyze the instability in cropped area, yield and net returns. The study on per hectare costs of mango indicated that on an average the cost A, cost B and cost C were Rs. 1523.95, Rs. 4456.20 and Rs. 12910.80, respectively. The benefit cost ratio with respect to cost A was 9.31, 3.28 with respect to cost B and 1.10 with respect to cost C. Human labour was significant and underutilized in mango in all groups except in 20-24`h year group where it was non significant and over utilized. Manures + fertilizers, plant protection and pruning and training over utilized in 10-14`h year group while as in other groups these inputs were under utilized in all gro...
The present investigation was conducted in three agro-climatic zones namely temperate, intermedia... more The present investigation was conducted in three agro-climatic zones namely temperate, intermediate and sub-tropical zones of Jammu region during the year 2011. The optimal plan allocation indicated the shift of land from cereals to other enterprises. The optimal plan allocation resulted in the increase in the income as well as employment of the family in all the farming systems of all the zones. By the optimal plan income of the farmers can be increased by 184, 340 and 165 percent for cereal based farming system and 23, 222 and 134 for livestock based farming system in case of temperate, intermediate and subtropical zones, respectively. Similarly, by the optimal plan employment of the farmers can be increased by 197, 61 and 413 percent for cereal based farming system and 32, 104 and 160 for livestock based farming system in case of temperate, intermediate and sub-tropical zones, respectively. In case of fruit based farming system the optimal plan can result in 20 percent increase i...
A study was undertaken to analyze the dynamic changes in land use pattern relating to growth, ins... more A study was undertaken to analyze the dynamic changes in land use pattern relating to growth, instability, elasticity of major crops in Jammu region. The data was collected for a period of 30 years from 1981 to 2010. The data revealed that there was an overall growth in area, production and yield of rice, 0.24 per cent, 1.61 per cent and 1.32 per cent respectively. In case of maize, growth in area was 1.40 per cent, growth in production was 0.75 per cent and growth in yield was -0.19 per cent, growth in area under wheat was 0.8 per cent, growth in production of wheat was recorded as 2.44 per cent and growth in yield was estimated to be 1.58 per cent. Pulses recorded a growth rate in area of -2.51 per cent, in production it was -7.37 and for yield it was recorded to be 2.78 per cent. The overall instability index in case of rice was16.06 per cent, for maize it was 11.68, wheat recorded instability index of 23.87 and for pulses instability index was found to be 24.80.
Farming systems of households in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir State have been analyzed b... more Farming systems of households in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir State have been analyzed based on the primary data collected through a total sample of 450 farmers in 2010-2011. The cereal based farming system and livestock based farming system has been found mostly in the study area except in Rajouri district where only cereal based farming system was predominant. Livestock and cereals only have been found to be the main sources of farm income in all the districts, whereas maximum contribution to their income was from non-farm. The study has indicated that credit has no impact on farm income as none of the sample farmers has taken credit from any sources, whether it is institutional or non-institutional sources. It was also observed that cross-bred breeding programme has not marked headway in the sample area. As far as resource use efficiency was concerned, Cobb-Douglas production was used and it was observed that the elasticity coefficient was highly significant for area und...
The present investigation was conducted in three agro-climatic zones namely temperate, intermedia... more The present investigation was conducted in three agro-climatic zones namely temperate, intermediate and sub-tropical zones of Jammu region. Four blocks from each agro-climatic zone and two villages from each block were selected randomly for the present study. From each village, respondents were selected randomly using proportional allocation method, so as to constitute a total sample size of 80 in each climatic zone and overall total sample of 240. The input-output model was used to examine the interlinkages between the various enterprises of the farming system. The transaction matrix results indicated that the family labour had the highest input-output coefficient for all the consuming sectors for all the farming systems in all the zones. However, weak inter-linkages were observed between various enterprises.
A study was undertaken to analyze the economic analysis of investment and income pattern in broil... more A study was undertaken to analyze the economic analysis of investment and income pattern in broiler production. Three groups containing 51 broiler entrepreneurs as per flock size were studied. The average bird size of Group I was 3147.96 followed by 8666.66 in Group II and 13481.47 in Group III. The overall average investment came to be Rs.20.44 lakhs. The overall per farm cost of production of broiler per farm was worked out to be Rs.8.67 lakhs. The overall percentage mortality worked out to be 3.92 per cent with monetary loss as Rs.34.22 thousand per hatch. After mortality, the left over production came to be 6997.96 birds with the net income of Rs.2.9 6 lakhs, gross margin of Rs.4.45 and family labour income of Rs.2.11 lakhs. The benefit-cost ratio was worked out to be 1.37 over cost C1, 1.28 over cost C2, and over C3 it came to be 1.16 for overall farm. It was thus concluded that the broiler rearing was profitable in the region.
The present study conducted in subtropical rain fed(locally called as Kandi belt) area of Jammu r... more The present study conducted in subtropical rain fed(locally called as Kandi belt) area of Jammu region is an endaveour to know the economics of Goat rearing among the peoples of this largely hilly dominated area. Goat rearing is still a favorable option for the peoples because of low investments, less feed requirements and relative ease of rearing. The findings of the study reveal that the benefit cost ratio in this enterprise is 1:1.44. A large amount of the cost of rearing is accounted for the labour charges in grazing. Among the three ways by which the returns from goat comes, the largest share is from sale of goat for mutton (56%) followed by sale of milk (41%) and the least by sale of manure (3%). The important bottlenecks faced by goat rearers are non availability of exotic breeds (64%), low yield of milk (74.16%) and inadequate grazing facilities by (60%) of the respondents.
The present study studies the futures trading of major cereal crops of India. The maximum share o... more The present study studies the futures trading of major cereal crops of India. The maximum share of total traded value was of MCX amounting to 88.02 per cent while as that of NCDEX in the trading was 9.16 per cent, ICE was 1.29 per cent, NMCE and ACE was 0.66 per cent each and all other commodity exchanges was only 0.21 per cent. Wheat and rice were banned from futures trading in February 2007 and the ban in case of wheat was lifted in May, 2009 while that of rice is still imposed. It was observed that the claims that futures trading drives up prices and thus inflation is also shooting up to all time high cannot be justified, since the ban on the futures trading was unsuccessful in checking the increasing price of various agricultural commodities. It was observed that futures market encourages competition by attracting traders who hedge their bets and minimize risks on the basis of their own market information and price judgment.
A study was undertaken to analyze the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of rice-wheat system at Far... more A study was undertaken to analyze the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of rice-wheat system at Farming System Research Center Jammu on the basis of time series data on inputs and output for a period of 25 years (1986-97 to 2010-11). The results from the table indicated that for most of the years during last 25years exhibited TFP less than one. Technical regression was found through the periods and also there were dwelling technologies. Most of the period observed efficiency change and technical change less than one were as impact of efficiency change was greater than technological changes. Except for treatment T5 and T6 during period V where they observed marginal increase, all other treatments observed decline in TFP during entire period of study
The present investigation was conducted in Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir state during the y... more The present investigation was conducted in Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir state during the year 2008. Two blocks were selected from Jammu district having the highest area under the ber fruit. Cobb-Douglus function was used to study the relationship between output and various inputs. The inputs involved in the production of ber cultivation varied significantly at different age groups. The regression coefficient values of selected inputs mainly human labour, manures + fertilizers, plant protection and pruning + training varied significantly at the six age groups of five years from 5 th to 28 th year. The coefficient of variation was highest in case of area, whereas it was low in case of yield and net returns.
The present investigation was conducted in Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir state during the y... more The present investigation was conducted in Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir state during the year 2008. Two blocks were selected from Jammu district having the highest area under mango fruit. Cobb-Douglus function was used to study the relationship between output and various inputs. Coefficient of variation was calculated in order to analyze the instability in cropped area, yield and net returns. The study on per hectare costs of mango indicated that on an average the cost A, cost B and cost C were Rs. 1523.95, Rs. 4456.20 and Rs. 12910.80, respectively. The benefit cost ratio with respect to cost A was 9.31, 3.28 with respect to cost B and 1.10 with respect to cost C. Human labour was significant and underutilized in mango in all groups except in 20-24`h year group where it was non significant and over utilized. Manures + fertilizers, plant protection and pruning and training over utilized in 10-14`h year group while as in other groups these inputs were under utilized in all gro...
The present investigation was conducted in three agro-climatic zones namely temperate, intermedia... more The present investigation was conducted in three agro-climatic zones namely temperate, intermediate and sub-tropical zones of Jammu region during the year 2011. The optimal plan allocation indicated the shift of land from cereals to other enterprises. The optimal plan allocation resulted in the increase in the income as well as employment of the family in all the farming systems of all the zones. By the optimal plan income of the farmers can be increased by 184, 340 and 165 percent for cereal based farming system and 23, 222 and 134 for livestock based farming system in case of temperate, intermediate and subtropical zones, respectively. Similarly, by the optimal plan employment of the farmers can be increased by 197, 61 and 413 percent for cereal based farming system and 32, 104 and 160 for livestock based farming system in case of temperate, intermediate and sub-tropical zones, respectively. In case of fruit based farming system the optimal plan can result in 20 percent increase i...
A study was undertaken to analyze the dynamic changes in land use pattern relating to growth, ins... more A study was undertaken to analyze the dynamic changes in land use pattern relating to growth, instability, elasticity of major crops in Jammu region. The data was collected for a period of 30 years from 1981 to 2010. The data revealed that there was an overall growth in area, production and yield of rice, 0.24 per cent, 1.61 per cent and 1.32 per cent respectively. In case of maize, growth in area was 1.40 per cent, growth in production was 0.75 per cent and growth in yield was -0.19 per cent, growth in area under wheat was 0.8 per cent, growth in production of wheat was recorded as 2.44 per cent and growth in yield was estimated to be 1.58 per cent. Pulses recorded a growth rate in area of -2.51 per cent, in production it was -7.37 and for yield it was recorded to be 2.78 per cent. The overall instability index in case of rice was16.06 per cent, for maize it was 11.68, wheat recorded instability index of 23.87 and for pulses instability index was found to be 24.80.
Farming systems of households in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir State have been analyzed b... more Farming systems of households in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir State have been analyzed based on the primary data collected through a total sample of 450 farmers in 2010-2011. The cereal based farming system and livestock based farming system has been found mostly in the study area except in Rajouri district where only cereal based farming system was predominant. Livestock and cereals only have been found to be the main sources of farm income in all the districts, whereas maximum contribution to their income was from non-farm. The study has indicated that credit has no impact on farm income as none of the sample farmers has taken credit from any sources, whether it is institutional or non-institutional sources. It was also observed that cross-bred breeding programme has not marked headway in the sample area. As far as resource use efficiency was concerned, Cobb-Douglas production was used and it was observed that the elasticity coefficient was highly significant for area und...
The present investigation was conducted in three agro-climatic zones namely temperate, intermedia... more The present investigation was conducted in three agro-climatic zones namely temperate, intermediate and sub-tropical zones of Jammu region. Four blocks from each agro-climatic zone and two villages from each block were selected randomly for the present study. From each village, respondents were selected randomly using proportional allocation method, so as to constitute a total sample size of 80 in each climatic zone and overall total sample of 240. The input-output model was used to examine the interlinkages between the various enterprises of the farming system. The transaction matrix results indicated that the family labour had the highest input-output coefficient for all the consuming sectors for all the farming systems in all the zones. However, weak inter-linkages were observed between various enterprises.
A study was undertaken to analyze the economic analysis of investment and income pattern in broil... more A study was undertaken to analyze the economic analysis of investment and income pattern in broiler production. Three groups containing 51 broiler entrepreneurs as per flock size were studied. The average bird size of Group I was 3147.96 followed by 8666.66 in Group II and 13481.47 in Group III. The overall average investment came to be Rs.20.44 lakhs. The overall per farm cost of production of broiler per farm was worked out to be Rs.8.67 lakhs. The overall percentage mortality worked out to be 3.92 per cent with monetary loss as Rs.34.22 thousand per hatch. After mortality, the left over production came to be 6997.96 birds with the net income of Rs.2.9 6 lakhs, gross margin of Rs.4.45 and family labour income of Rs.2.11 lakhs. The benefit-cost ratio was worked out to be 1.37 over cost C1, 1.28 over cost C2, and over C3 it came to be 1.16 for overall farm. It was thus concluded that the broiler rearing was profitable in the region.
The present study conducted in subtropical rain fed(locally called as Kandi belt) area of Jammu r... more The present study conducted in subtropical rain fed(locally called as Kandi belt) area of Jammu region is an endaveour to know the economics of Goat rearing among the peoples of this largely hilly dominated area. Goat rearing is still a favorable option for the peoples because of low investments, less feed requirements and relative ease of rearing. The findings of the study reveal that the benefit cost ratio in this enterprise is 1:1.44. A large amount of the cost of rearing is accounted for the labour charges in grazing. Among the three ways by which the returns from goat comes, the largest share is from sale of goat for mutton (56%) followed by sale of milk (41%) and the least by sale of manure (3%). The important bottlenecks faced by goat rearers are non availability of exotic breeds (64%), low yield of milk (74.16%) and inadequate grazing facilities by (60%) of the respondents.
The present study studies the futures trading of major cereal crops of India. The maximum share o... more The present study studies the futures trading of major cereal crops of India. The maximum share of total traded value was of MCX amounting to 88.02 per cent while as that of NCDEX in the trading was 9.16 per cent, ICE was 1.29 per cent, NMCE and ACE was 0.66 per cent each and all other commodity exchanges was only 0.21 per cent. Wheat and rice were banned from futures trading in February 2007 and the ban in case of wheat was lifted in May, 2009 while that of rice is still imposed. It was observed that the claims that futures trading drives up prices and thus inflation is also shooting up to all time high cannot be justified, since the ban on the futures trading was unsuccessful in checking the increasing price of various agricultural commodities. It was observed that futures market encourages competition by attracting traders who hedge their bets and minimize risks on the basis of their own market information and price judgment.
A study was undertaken to analyze the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of rice-wheat system at Far... more A study was undertaken to analyze the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of rice-wheat system at Farming System Research Center Jammu on the basis of time series data on inputs and output for a period of 25 years (1986-97 to 2010-11). The results from the table indicated that for most of the years during last 25years exhibited TFP less than one. Technical regression was found through the periods and also there were dwelling technologies. Most of the period observed efficiency change and technical change less than one were as impact of efficiency change was greater than technological changes. Except for treatment T5 and T6 during period V where they observed marginal increase, all other treatments observed decline in TFP during entire period of study
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