The main aim of microfinance is to empower women. women make up a large proportion of microfinanc... more The main aim of microfinance is to empower women. women make up a large proportion of microfinance beneficiaries . traditionally ,women have been unable to readily participate in economic activity .microfinance provide women with the financial backing they need to start business venture and activity participate in the economy .it give then confidence ,improve their status and make them more active in decision –making thus encourage gender equality .According to CGAP ,long –standing MFI even report a decline in violence toward since the inception of microfinance .microfinance is the provision of financial services ti low-income client ,including and the self –employed ,who traditionally lack access to banking and related service. Microfinance , or microfinance is banking the unbankables , bring credit , saving and other essential financial service within the reach of millions of people in general , banks are for people with money , not for people without based on the premise that the poor have skills which remain unutilized.in this paper the role played by microfinance in women empowerment are considered into three dimensions namely psychological, social and economical.
Dentigerous cyst is a developmental odontogenic cyst, which develops by accumulation of fluid bet... more Dentigerous cyst is a developmental odontogenic cyst, which develops by accumulation of fluid between reduced enamel epithelium and the tooth crown of an unerupted tooth. Dentigerous cysts are usually solitary, slow growing, asymptomatic lesions that are incidentally found during routine radiographs They most frequently involve the mandibular third molar followed in order of frequency by the maxillary canine, mandibular second pre-molar and maxillary third molar. Occasionally, these cysts become painful when infected causing swelling and erythema. The cyst is usually small, however, when large, results in the expansion and thinning of the cortex leading to pathological fracture. Radiographic features are specific to the lesion characterized by a well-defined radiolucency circumscribed by a sclerotic border, associated with the crown of an impacted or unerupted tooth. Dentigerous cysts are treated most commonly by enucleation, Marsupialization and decompression of cyst by fenestratio...
The current model predicts that MDM2 is primarily overexpressed in cancers with wild-type (WT) p5... more The current model predicts that MDM2 is primarily overexpressed in cancers with wild-type (WT) p53 and contributes to oncogenesis by degrading p53. Following a correlated expression of MDM2 and NF-κB2 transcripts in human lung tumors, we have identified a novel transactivation function of MDM2. Here, we report that in human lung tumors, overexpression of MDM2 was found in approximately 30% of cases irrespective of their p53 status, and expression of MDM2 and NF-κB2 transcripts showed a highly significant statistical correlation in tumors with WT p53. We investigated the significance of this correlated expression in terms of mechanism and biological function. Increase in MDM2 expression from its own promoter in transgenic mice remarkably enhanced expression of NF-κB2 compared with its non-transgenic littermates. Knockdown or elimination of endogenous MDM2 expression in cultured non-transformed or lung tumor cells drastically reduced expression of NF-κB2 transcripts, suggesting a norm...
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2012
p53 mutations are mostly single amino acid changes resulting in expression of a stable mutant pro... more p53 mutations are mostly single amino acid changes resulting in expression of a stable mutant protein with "gain of function" (GOF) activity having a dominant oncogenic role rather than simple loss of function of wild-type p53. Knock-down of mutant p53 in human lung cancer cell lines with different endogenous p53 mutants results in loss of GOF activity as shown by lowering of cell growth rate. Two lung cancer cell lines, ABC1 and H1437, carrying endogenous mutants p53-P278S and -R267P, show reduction in growth rate on knock-down on p53 levels. However, whereas reduction of the p53 level induces loss of tumorigenicity in nude mice for ABC1 cells, it escalates tumorigenicity for H1437 cells. We have tested their transactivation potential on p53 target gene promoters by performing transient transcriptional assays in the p53-null H1299 lung cancer cell line. Interestingly, while the mutant p53 target promoter Axl was activated by both the mutants, the p21 promoter was activated by p53-R267P and wild-type p53 but not by p53-P278S; showing a clear difference in transcriptional activity between the two mutants. Our results demonstrate allele specificity between GOF p53 mutants and attempt to show that the specificity is dependent on the transactivation property of GOF p53; it also suggests importance of p21 activation in tumor suppression by p53.
Cancer cells with p53 mutations, in general, grow more aggressively than those with wild-type p53... more Cancer cells with p53 mutations, in general, grow more aggressively than those with wild-type p53 and show "gain of function"(GOF) phenotypes such as increased growth rate, enhanced resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, increased cell motility and tumorigenicity; although the mechanism for this function remains unknown. In this communication we report that p53mediated NF-κB2 up-regulation significantly contributes to the aggressive oncogenic behavior of cancer cells. Lowering the level of mutant p53 in a number of cancer cell lines resulted in a loss of GOF phenotypes directly implicating p53 mutants in the process. RNAi against NF-κB2 in naturally occurring cancer cell lines also lowers GOF activities. In H1299 cells expressing mutant p53, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays indicate that mutant p53 induces histone acetylation at specific sites on the regulatory regions of its target genes. ChIP assays using antibodies against transcription factors putatively capable of interacting with the NF-κB2 promoter show increased interaction of CBP and STAT2 in the presence of mutant p53. Thus, we propose that in H1299 cells, mutant p53 elevates expression of genes capable of enhancing cell proliferation, motility, and tumorigenicity by inducing acetylation of histones via recruitment of CBP and STAT2 on the promoters causing CBP-mediated histone acetylation.
The main aim of microfinance is to empower women. women make up a large proportion of microfinanc... more The main aim of microfinance is to empower women. women make up a large proportion of microfinance beneficiaries . traditionally ,women have been unable to readily participate in economic activity .microfinance provide women with the financial backing they need to start business venture and activity participate in the economy .it give then confidence ,improve their status and make them more active in decision -making thus encourage gender equality .According to CGAP ,long -standing MFI even report a decline in violence toward since the inception of microfinance .microfinance is the provision of financial services ti low-income client ,including and the self -employed ,who traditionally lack access to banking and related service. Microfinance , or microfinance is banking the unbankables , bring credit , saving and other essential financial service within the reach of millions of people in general , banks are for people with money , not for people without based on the premise that the poor have skills which remain unutilized.in this paper the role played by microfinance in women empowerment are considered into three dimensions namely psychological, social and economical.
The main aim of microfinance is to empower women. women make up a large proportion of microfinanc... more The main aim of microfinance is to empower women. women make up a large proportion of microfinance beneficiaries . traditionally ,women have been unable to readily participate in economic activity .microfinance provide women with the financial backing they need to start business venture and activity participate in the economy .it give then confidence ,improve their status and make them more active in decision -making thus encourage gender equality .According to CGAP ,long -standing MFI even report a decline in violence toward since the inception of microfinance .microfinance is the provision of financial services ti low-income client ,including and the self -employed ,who traditionally lack access to banking and related service. Microfinance , or microfinance is banking the unbankables , bring credit , saving and other essential financial service within the reach of millions of people in general , banks are for people with money , not for people without based on the premise that the poor have skills which remain unutilized.in this paper the role played by microfinance in women empowerment are considered into three dimensions namely psychological, social and economical.
The main aim of microfinance is to empower women. women make up a large proportion of microfinanc... more The main aim of microfinance is to empower women. women make up a large proportion of microfinance beneficiaries . traditionally ,women have been unable to readily participate in economic activity .microfinance provide women with the financial backing they need to start business venture and activity participate in the economy .it give then confidence ,improve their status and make them more active in decision –making thus encourage gender equality .According to CGAP ,long –standing MFI even report a decline in violence toward since the inception of microfinance .microfinance is the provision of financial services ti low-income client ,including and the self –employed ,who traditionally lack access to banking and related service. Microfinance , or microfinance is banking the unbankables , bring credit , saving and other essential financial service within the reach of millions of people in general , banks are for people with money , not for people without based on the premise that the poor have skills which remain unutilized.in this paper the role played by microfinance in women empowerment are considered into three dimensions namely psychological, social and economical.
Dentigerous cyst is a developmental odontogenic cyst, which develops by accumulation of fluid bet... more Dentigerous cyst is a developmental odontogenic cyst, which develops by accumulation of fluid between reduced enamel epithelium and the tooth crown of an unerupted tooth. Dentigerous cysts are usually solitary, slow growing, asymptomatic lesions that are incidentally found during routine radiographs They most frequently involve the mandibular third molar followed in order of frequency by the maxillary canine, mandibular second pre-molar and maxillary third molar. Occasionally, these cysts become painful when infected causing swelling and erythema. The cyst is usually small, however, when large, results in the expansion and thinning of the cortex leading to pathological fracture. Radiographic features are specific to the lesion characterized by a well-defined radiolucency circumscribed by a sclerotic border, associated with the crown of an impacted or unerupted tooth. Dentigerous cysts are treated most commonly by enucleation, Marsupialization and decompression of cyst by fenestratio...
The current model predicts that MDM2 is primarily overexpressed in cancers with wild-type (WT) p5... more The current model predicts that MDM2 is primarily overexpressed in cancers with wild-type (WT) p53 and contributes to oncogenesis by degrading p53. Following a correlated expression of MDM2 and NF-κB2 transcripts in human lung tumors, we have identified a novel transactivation function of MDM2. Here, we report that in human lung tumors, overexpression of MDM2 was found in approximately 30% of cases irrespective of their p53 status, and expression of MDM2 and NF-κB2 transcripts showed a highly significant statistical correlation in tumors with WT p53. We investigated the significance of this correlated expression in terms of mechanism and biological function. Increase in MDM2 expression from its own promoter in transgenic mice remarkably enhanced expression of NF-κB2 compared with its non-transgenic littermates. Knockdown or elimination of endogenous MDM2 expression in cultured non-transformed or lung tumor cells drastically reduced expression of NF-κB2 transcripts, suggesting a norm...
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2012
p53 mutations are mostly single amino acid changes resulting in expression of a stable mutant pro... more p53 mutations are mostly single amino acid changes resulting in expression of a stable mutant protein with "gain of function" (GOF) activity having a dominant oncogenic role rather than simple loss of function of wild-type p53. Knock-down of mutant p53 in human lung cancer cell lines with different endogenous p53 mutants results in loss of GOF activity as shown by lowering of cell growth rate. Two lung cancer cell lines, ABC1 and H1437, carrying endogenous mutants p53-P278S and -R267P, show reduction in growth rate on knock-down on p53 levels. However, whereas reduction of the p53 level induces loss of tumorigenicity in nude mice for ABC1 cells, it escalates tumorigenicity for H1437 cells. We have tested their transactivation potential on p53 target gene promoters by performing transient transcriptional assays in the p53-null H1299 lung cancer cell line. Interestingly, while the mutant p53 target promoter Axl was activated by both the mutants, the p21 promoter was activated by p53-R267P and wild-type p53 but not by p53-P278S; showing a clear difference in transcriptional activity between the two mutants. Our results demonstrate allele specificity between GOF p53 mutants and attempt to show that the specificity is dependent on the transactivation property of GOF p53; it also suggests importance of p21 activation in tumor suppression by p53.
Cancer cells with p53 mutations, in general, grow more aggressively than those with wild-type p53... more Cancer cells with p53 mutations, in general, grow more aggressively than those with wild-type p53 and show "gain of function"(GOF) phenotypes such as increased growth rate, enhanced resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, increased cell motility and tumorigenicity; although the mechanism for this function remains unknown. In this communication we report that p53mediated NF-κB2 up-regulation significantly contributes to the aggressive oncogenic behavior of cancer cells. Lowering the level of mutant p53 in a number of cancer cell lines resulted in a loss of GOF phenotypes directly implicating p53 mutants in the process. RNAi against NF-κB2 in naturally occurring cancer cell lines also lowers GOF activities. In H1299 cells expressing mutant p53, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays indicate that mutant p53 induces histone acetylation at specific sites on the regulatory regions of its target genes. ChIP assays using antibodies against transcription factors putatively capable of interacting with the NF-κB2 promoter show increased interaction of CBP and STAT2 in the presence of mutant p53. Thus, we propose that in H1299 cells, mutant p53 elevates expression of genes capable of enhancing cell proliferation, motility, and tumorigenicity by inducing acetylation of histones via recruitment of CBP and STAT2 on the promoters causing CBP-mediated histone acetylation.
The main aim of microfinance is to empower women. women make up a large proportion of microfinanc... more The main aim of microfinance is to empower women. women make up a large proportion of microfinance beneficiaries . traditionally ,women have been unable to readily participate in economic activity .microfinance provide women with the financial backing they need to start business venture and activity participate in the economy .it give then confidence ,improve their status and make them more active in decision -making thus encourage gender equality .According to CGAP ,long -standing MFI even report a decline in violence toward since the inception of microfinance .microfinance is the provision of financial services ti low-income client ,including and the self -employed ,who traditionally lack access to banking and related service. Microfinance , or microfinance is banking the unbankables , bring credit , saving and other essential financial service within the reach of millions of people in general , banks are for people with money , not for people without based on the premise that the poor have skills which remain unutilized.in this paper the role played by microfinance in women empowerment are considered into three dimensions namely psychological, social and economical.
The main aim of microfinance is to empower women. women make up a large proportion of microfinanc... more The main aim of microfinance is to empower women. women make up a large proportion of microfinance beneficiaries . traditionally ,women have been unable to readily participate in economic activity .microfinance provide women with the financial backing they need to start business venture and activity participate in the economy .it give then confidence ,improve their status and make them more active in decision -making thus encourage gender equality .According to CGAP ,long -standing MFI even report a decline in violence toward since the inception of microfinance .microfinance is the provision of financial services ti low-income client ,including and the self -employed ,who traditionally lack access to banking and related service. Microfinance , or microfinance is banking the unbankables , bring credit , saving and other essential financial service within the reach of millions of people in general , banks are for people with money , not for people without based on the premise that the poor have skills which remain unutilized.in this paper the role played by microfinance in women empowerment are considered into three dimensions namely psychological, social and economical.
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