In support of the breeder blanket development program, the EU is conducting a dedicated neutronic... more In support of the breeder blanket development program, the EU is conducting a dedicated neutronics R&D effort to provide the basis for the design of nuclear tests to be performed in ITER on the Test Blanket Modules (TBMs). It includes the development of computational tools comprising both Monte-Carlo and deterministic transport, sensitivity and uncertainty codes, the generation of high quality neutron crosssection and covariance data libraries. These are validated experimentally in view of their application in the ITER TBM and the DEMO design. To this purpose, two neutronics experiments have been carried out on mock-ups of both the Helium Cooled Pebble Bed (HCPB) and the Helium Cooled Lithium Lead (HCLL) variants of ITER TBMs, at 14-MeV neutron sources. Redundant experimental techniques have been used to measure the resulting tritium production rate and the neutron and gamma ray spectra which are needed to predict the blanket shielding performance, nuclear power production and all nuclear loads. The comparison of experiment and corresponding calculation is obtained with the associated uncertainty margin based on experimental as well as calculational uncertainties. At the same time, suitable nuclear measuring techniques for TBMs in ITER, in particular for the tritium production, are being developed, optimised, and tested in the mock-up experiments.
New results on WIMP-129 Xe elastic scattering are presented. The target-detector is a pure liquid... more New results on WIMP-129 Xe elastic scattering are presented. The target-detector is a pure liquid Xenon scintillator filled with Kr-free Xenon enriched in 129 Xe at 99.5%. Preliminary measurements with neutrons to estimate the quenching factor and to study a statistical pulse shape discrimination between electromagnetic background and recoils are also discussed. q
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 2000
The Ignitor experiment is an advanced compact high magnetic ®eld tokamak with cryogenically coole... more The Ignitor experiment is an advanced compact high magnetic ®eld tokamak with cryogenically cooled (30 K) normal conductor magnets. Its main purpose is to produce deuterium±tritium plasma regimes where ignition can take place. From the neutronics point of view, the routine operations with 50% of tritium will lead to a very short (4 s) but intense emission of 14 MeV neutrons (up to 3 Â 10 19 n/s). The capability of the boron-free glass reinforced epoxy resin presently adopted for the insulation of the coils conductor to withstand the severe irradiation condition could be a key issue in the performance, reliability and lifespan of Ignitor. In order to better know the radiation environment in which the insulators will operate, calculations of the absorbed dose are performed using the parallelized version of MCNP-4B Monte Carlo code. A detailed 3D geometry description of the tokamak, an accurate representation of the neutron source distribution together with the more recent version of transport cross-section libraries EFF (European Fusion File) are used in this work. The variation of calculated dose depending on the insulator position inside the device, on the neutron energy spectra and on the total number of neutrons produced over the scheduled machine lifetime are discussed in the present paper. Ó
N N Nu u uc c cl l le e ea a ar r r E E En n ne e er r rg g gy y y f f fo o or r r N N Ne e ew w ... more N N Nu u uc c cl l le e ea a ar r r E E En n ne e er r rg g gy y y f f fo o or r r N N Ne e ew w w E E Eu u ur r ro o op p pe e e 2 2 20 0 00 0 09 9 9
ln this paper a novel on-line tritium monitor is pre sented. TI is made with a single crystal dia... more ln this paper a novel on-line tritium monitor is pre sented. TI is made with a single crystal diamond detector (SCD) covt'rtd W\Ul a thin taycr of LiF 95% emiched in oLi. Thermal neutrons impinging on the LiF tayer produce o: and T ions which are detected by tbe uctive diaJ.llood. Tbc pulse beìght spectrum shows two separated peaks due to CII and T ions respectively. By a proper ClIlibration In li reference thennal flux tbc Dumber of 6 Li :,ltOtnS and thus the àbsolute Il +6 Li -t et + T reactioo rate per unit.ary fl u:\: CUn be established. Once callbnlted the detector can be u~lo measure the lritium production. Due lo the many out standlng propcrtles of diamond this detector could operate in the harsh working cOlldi!.i(Jns or a fusioll brudillg blanket. A tesi of ihis dete.:lor was perfurlned:.ll ihe 14 McV Frascati NeutrOll.Geo crator (FNG). The detector was inserted inside a mock-up or tbe European HeliulII COllled Lltbiulll Lead (HCLL) 1'ritium BlankeL Module (TUM), tlesigned lO validale the neul. ronic dalabase for ru sioo applicatioll. The mock-up of tbe TBM was designed lo pcr fornI a full seI of e~erime nCs lO valtdaie triliom prodllction code predictkm comparing Ihe experlmtnlal results wllh calcularions_ The measured tritium rates witb tbe Li-Diamond detector are de seribed in Ihis paper. Comparisoll wilb cakulatiollS is ID progress and wiU be reported in a ruture paper.
Neutron benchmark experiments carried out at 14 MeV neutron generators on ITER relevant materials... more Neutron benchmark experiments carried out at 14 MeV neutron generators on ITER relevant materials and components have provided validation of nuclear data used in shielding and activation calculations for ITER, as well as an assessment of the related uncertainties. Further validation activity is still needed which could be performed in ITER, especially for activation cross sections, for dose rate calculations and for tritium production rates. In particular, concerning the nuclear performance of breeder blankets to be tested in ITER, the paper discusses the extensive preparatory work, to be carried out in a coordinated way among the participating Parties, required to finalize the design of neutronics Test Blanket Modules (TBMs), so that these tests can provide a complete and comparable, therefore useful, picture of the different concepts. Neutronics experiments being carried out at neutron generators on TBM mock-ups are providing important results on the quality of relevant neutron cross sections and for the preparation of the measurement techniques.
• Thermoluminescence detectors (TLD) were used for dose measurements at JET. • Pairs of 6LiF/7LiF... more • Thermoluminescence detectors (TLD) were used for dose measurements at JET. • Pairs of 6LiF/7LiF TLDs allow to measure thermal neutron component of a radiation field. • For detection of neutrons of higher energy, polyethylene (PE-300) moderators were used. • TLDs were installed at eleven positions in the JET hall and the hall labyrinth. • The experimental results are compared with calculations using the MCNP code.
A Mock-up of the inboard shield of the ITER International nuclear fusion reactor was realized at ... more A Mock-up of the inboard shield of the ITER International nuclear fusion reactor was realized at the Frascati Neutron Generator (FNG) at ENEA Frascati with the scope to measure the nuclear heating (total dose) in the superconducting coils. High sensitivity MCP-6 and MCP-7 dosimeters were used to measure the low (
A neutronics experiment has been launched in the European fusion technology program on a mock-up ... more A neutronics experiment has been launched in the European fusion technology program on a mock-up of a test blanket module with the objective to validate the capability of nuclear data to predict nuclear responses with qualified uncertainties. In the experiment, the mock-up will be irradiated with a 14-MeV neutron source and the tritium production rate will be measured and compared with the calculated value by neutron cross sections from the European Fusion File. Given the difficulty of performing a reliable measurement of tritium production rate in such experiments, an international benchmark comparison on tritium measurement techniques has been carried out in collaboration between ENEA, TUD/VKTA and also JAERI that has already performed such experiments. The main purpose of the comparison is to establish the reference technique of TPR measurements to be used later in the TBM experiment. Three steps of the comparison procedure are presented in the paper as well as the preliminary results. The implications for the TBM experiment are also discussed.
In support of the breeder blanket development program, the EU is conducting a dedicated neutronic... more In support of the breeder blanket development program, the EU is conducting a dedicated neutronics R&D effort to provide the basis for the design of nuclear tests to be performed in ITER on the Test Blanket Modules (TBMs). It includes the development of computational tools comprising both Monte-Carlo and deterministic transport, sensitivity and uncertainty codes, the generation of high quality neutron crosssection and covariance data libraries. These are validated experimentally in view of their application in the ITER TBM and the DEMO design. To this purpose, two neutronics experiments have been carried out on mock-ups of both the Helium Cooled Pebble Bed (HCPB) and the Helium Cooled Lithium Lead (HCLL) variants of ITER TBMs, at 14-MeV neutron sources. Redundant experimental techniques have been used to measure the resulting tritium production rate and the neutron and gamma ray spectra which are needed to predict the blanket shielding performance, nuclear power production and all nuclear loads. The comparison of experiment and corresponding calculation is obtained with the associated uncertainty margin based on experimental as well as calculational uncertainties. At the same time, suitable nuclear measuring techniques for TBMs in ITER, in particular for the tritium production, are being developed, optimised, and tested in the mock-up experiments.
New results on WIMP-129 Xe elastic scattering are presented. The target-detector is a pure liquid... more New results on WIMP-129 Xe elastic scattering are presented. The target-detector is a pure liquid Xenon scintillator filled with Kr-free Xenon enriched in 129 Xe at 99.5%. Preliminary measurements with neutrons to estimate the quenching factor and to study a statistical pulse shape discrimination between electromagnetic background and recoils are also discussed. q
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 2000
The Ignitor experiment is an advanced compact high magnetic ®eld tokamak with cryogenically coole... more The Ignitor experiment is an advanced compact high magnetic ®eld tokamak with cryogenically cooled (30 K) normal conductor magnets. Its main purpose is to produce deuterium±tritium plasma regimes where ignition can take place. From the neutronics point of view, the routine operations with 50% of tritium will lead to a very short (4 s) but intense emission of 14 MeV neutrons (up to 3 Â 10 19 n/s). The capability of the boron-free glass reinforced epoxy resin presently adopted for the insulation of the coils conductor to withstand the severe irradiation condition could be a key issue in the performance, reliability and lifespan of Ignitor. In order to better know the radiation environment in which the insulators will operate, calculations of the absorbed dose are performed using the parallelized version of MCNP-4B Monte Carlo code. A detailed 3D geometry description of the tokamak, an accurate representation of the neutron source distribution together with the more recent version of transport cross-section libraries EFF (European Fusion File) are used in this work. The variation of calculated dose depending on the insulator position inside the device, on the neutron energy spectra and on the total number of neutrons produced over the scheduled machine lifetime are discussed in the present paper. Ó
N N Nu u uc c cl l le e ea a ar r r E E En n ne e er r rg g gy y y f f fo o or r r N N Ne e ew w ... more N N Nu u uc c cl l le e ea a ar r r E E En n ne e er r rg g gy y y f f fo o or r r N N Ne e ew w w E E Eu u ur r ro o op p pe e e 2 2 20 0 00 0 09 9 9
ln this paper a novel on-line tritium monitor is pre sented. TI is made with a single crystal dia... more ln this paper a novel on-line tritium monitor is pre sented. TI is made with a single crystal diamond detector (SCD) covt'rtd W\Ul a thin taycr of LiF 95% emiched in oLi. Thermal neutrons impinging on the LiF tayer produce o: and T ions which are detected by tbe uctive diaJ.llood. Tbc pulse beìght spectrum shows two separated peaks due to CII and T ions respectively. By a proper ClIlibration In li reference thennal flux tbc Dumber of 6 Li :,ltOtnS and thus the àbsolute Il +6 Li -t et + T reactioo rate per unit.ary fl u:\: CUn be established. Once callbnlted the detector can be u~lo measure the lritium production. Due lo the many out standlng propcrtles of diamond this detector could operate in the harsh working cOlldi!.i(Jns or a fusioll brudillg blanket. A tesi of ihis dete.:lor was perfurlned:.ll ihe 14 McV Frascati NeutrOll.Geo crator (FNG). The detector was inserted inside a mock-up or tbe European HeliulII COllled Lltbiulll Lead (HCLL) 1'ritium BlankeL Module (TUM), tlesigned lO validale the neul. ronic dalabase for ru sioo applicatioll. The mock-up of tbe TBM was designed lo pcr fornI a full seI of e~erime nCs lO valtdaie triliom prodllction code predictkm comparing Ihe experlmtnlal results wllh calcularions_ The measured tritium rates witb tbe Li-Diamond detector are de seribed in Ihis paper. Comparisoll wilb cakulatiollS is ID progress and wiU be reported in a ruture paper.
Neutron benchmark experiments carried out at 14 MeV neutron generators on ITER relevant materials... more Neutron benchmark experiments carried out at 14 MeV neutron generators on ITER relevant materials and components have provided validation of nuclear data used in shielding and activation calculations for ITER, as well as an assessment of the related uncertainties. Further validation activity is still needed which could be performed in ITER, especially for activation cross sections, for dose rate calculations and for tritium production rates. In particular, concerning the nuclear performance of breeder blankets to be tested in ITER, the paper discusses the extensive preparatory work, to be carried out in a coordinated way among the participating Parties, required to finalize the design of neutronics Test Blanket Modules (TBMs), so that these tests can provide a complete and comparable, therefore useful, picture of the different concepts. Neutronics experiments being carried out at neutron generators on TBM mock-ups are providing important results on the quality of relevant neutron cross sections and for the preparation of the measurement techniques.
• Thermoluminescence detectors (TLD) were used for dose measurements at JET. • Pairs of 6LiF/7LiF... more • Thermoluminescence detectors (TLD) were used for dose measurements at JET. • Pairs of 6LiF/7LiF TLDs allow to measure thermal neutron component of a radiation field. • For detection of neutrons of higher energy, polyethylene (PE-300) moderators were used. • TLDs were installed at eleven positions in the JET hall and the hall labyrinth. • The experimental results are compared with calculations using the MCNP code.
A Mock-up of the inboard shield of the ITER International nuclear fusion reactor was realized at ... more A Mock-up of the inboard shield of the ITER International nuclear fusion reactor was realized at the Frascati Neutron Generator (FNG) at ENEA Frascati with the scope to measure the nuclear heating (total dose) in the superconducting coils. High sensitivity MCP-6 and MCP-7 dosimeters were used to measure the low (
A neutronics experiment has been launched in the European fusion technology program on a mock-up ... more A neutronics experiment has been launched in the European fusion technology program on a mock-up of a test blanket module with the objective to validate the capability of nuclear data to predict nuclear responses with qualified uncertainties. In the experiment, the mock-up will be irradiated with a 14-MeV neutron source and the tritium production rate will be measured and compared with the calculated value by neutron cross sections from the European Fusion File. Given the difficulty of performing a reliable measurement of tritium production rate in such experiments, an international benchmark comparison on tritium measurement techniques has been carried out in collaboration between ENEA, TUD/VKTA and also JAERI that has already performed such experiments. The main purpose of the comparison is to establish the reference technique of TPR measurements to be used later in the TBM experiment. Three steps of the comparison procedure are presented in the paper as well as the preliminary results. The implications for the TBM experiment are also discussed.
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Papers by P. Batistoni