The percentage of global population living in urban areas increases and could rise up to 70% of t... more The percentage of global population living in urban areas increases and could rise up to 70% of the total in 2050. These areas consume large amounts of materials and energy to maintain their activities. In the last years, they have promoted sustainable development initiatives to reduce the environmental impacts generated by their material and energy metabolisms. This research takes place within the framework of the Ecotech Sudoe Project. This project contributes to build an industrial ecology network between member-state academics in southern Europe. It consists in studying urban metabolisms of three Southern European cities (Aveiro in Portugal, Barcelona in Spain and Marseille in France) and their environmental impacts, to contribute to the development and testing of environmental accounting and impact assessment methodologies. It aims at 1/ comparing the elements resulting from the use of Material Flow Analysis, Extended Environmental Input-Output analysis and Process Life Cycle Assessment and 2/ identifying their potential articulation in the production of a territorial diagnosis. On the basis of these results, a comparative analysis of the three cities is performed in order to highlight the levers and opportunities on the three territories.
Les territoires portuaires intègrent de manière croissante l’écologie industrielle et territorial... more Les territoires portuaires intègrent de manière croissante l’écologie industrielle et territoriale (ou économie circulaire) comme facteur de différenciation, dans un contexte mondial très compétitif entre places et régions portuaires. L’écologie industrielle et territoriale interpelle les acteurs portuaires (autorités portuaires, entreprises, collectivités d’ancrage des zones industrielles, etc.) sur de multiples enjeux propres à leur stratégie de développement. L’éventail des contextes portuaires, à l’échelle internationale, permet d’explorer une grande variété d’initiatives optimisant la gestion des flux de matières et d’énergie. Améliorer la connaissance de ces pratiques locales encouragées ou contraintes par le contexte dans lequel elles s’inscrivent permet de 1/ capitaliser sur des expériences acquises (succès et échecs), 2/ contribuer à faire évoluer de manière globale la gestion de ces flux dans les territoires portuaires et ainsi 3/ apporter des arguments pour une vision pro...
Industrial port cities are essential components in a society dependant on fossil fuels and low co... more Industrial port cities are essential components in a society dependant on fossil fuels and low cost energy. In the global move towards a low-carbon society, industrial port cities are emblematic of complex and integrated socio-ecological systems, which are experiencing transition processes related to interactions between bio-geo-physical components and governance. Using a socio-ecological system framework, this article provides insights into innovative regional eco-industrial development strategies for moving toward a low-carbon future in industrial port areas. Based on three case studies (Marseille-Fos in France, Ningbo in China, and Ulsan in South Korea), our analysis focuses on the changing relationships between energy, land cover, time use, and governance. The historical socio-ecological transition of industrial port cities is described as a stepwise process of spatial and functional disconnection/connection of port industrial complexes, which decouple/combine the port city's metabolism from local resources. We highlight the impacts of globalization on port-city socio-ecological trends, describing the effects of the integration of port cities into global economic processes, the impact of global awareness on global environmental changes, and the accelerating pace of change. We compare low-carbon strategies, revealing similarities in terms of conversion toward low carbon sources and growing connectedness and functional diversity of port-industrial systems.
Les territoires industrialo-portuaires sont des lieux d'échanges et de transformation massifs... more Les territoires industrialo-portuaires sont des lieux d'échanges et de transformation massifs de matière et d'énergie. Souvent situés sur des espaces géographiques remarquables et sensibles (baies protégées, estuaires par exemple), ces territoires s'approprient progressivement les principes et outils de l'écologie industrielle et territoriale afin d'optimiser leurs flux de matière et d'énergie et de favoriser les pratiques collaboratives de recyclage et de valorisation des effluents industriels liquides, solides ou gazeux. Ces actions se révèlent nécessaires tant au maintien et à la compétitivité des activités industrielles et portuaires et qu'à la réduction des pressions qu'elles exercent sur l'environnement. Cependant, la diffusion de telles pratiques ne dépend pas seulement des caractéristiques intrinsèques des flux de matière et d'énergie (quantité, qualité, variabilité etc.). Les cultures de coopération des différents acteurs territoriaux...
En s'inspirant du fonctionnement des systèmes biologiques, l'écologie industrielle cherch... more En s'inspirant du fonctionnement des systèmes biologiques, l'écologie industrielle cherche à optimiser le management local des ressources et des déchets en densifiant les interactions, et notamment les échanges de flux, entre parties prenantes occupant une même aire géographique. Le présent article propose de considérer les territoires portuaires, en tant que plateformes de circulation et de transformation des principaux flux de matières et d'énergie, comme des laboratoires pertinents pour la mise en œuvre de l'écologie industrielle. Il a pour objectif de présenter les enjeux de l'écologie industrielle pour les territoires portuaires en fournissant des exemples précis d'initiatives portuaires d'écologie industrielle en Europe, en Afrique, en Asie et en Amérique du Nord. Il s'agit de présenter la diversité des approches techniques (types de synergies) et organisationnelles (types de gouvernance) dans les territoires portuaires afin d'offrir un pano...
Industrial ecology explores the analogical relationships between biological ecosystems and anthro... more Industrial ecology explores the analogical relationships between biological ecosystems and anthropogenic systems, in order to optimize the latter's resource management inspired by the former's mechanisms. A renewed conception of industrial ecology consists in considering it as the building process of a collective territorial knowledge, in its two complementary dimensions: the development of a collective knowledge and the development of the collective through knowledge. It proposes a collaborative construction of a territorial definition, through the sharing and mutualization of information flow, transmitted by the territory and interpreted by actors, leading to a collective decision process.
ABSTRACT The aim of Industrial ecology (IE) is to optimize resource management by densifying inte... more ABSTRACT The aim of Industrial ecology (IE) is to optimize resource management by densifying interactions between stakeholders occupying a common geographic area. This article considers ports, understood as platforms of circulation and transformation of material and energy flows. It addresses the role and capacity of ports to foster the implementation of IE in port cities and to contribute to the optimization of resource management in coastal areas. This article presents the result of a research project (2011–2012) consisting of an international inventory of innovative resource management initiatives in port areas. 18 port-based industrial complexes were visited, enabling the analysis of 23 port IE initiatives. Cross-case analysis was carried out following a 3 step methodology: 1/ definition of the research boundaries; 2/ qualitative data collection by means of interviews and a literature review; 3/ data analysis in order to build a typology of port contribution to the implementation of IE in port-city areas. The case studies analyzed can be classified into 9 patterns based on temporal and spatial characteristics of P-IE initiatives. They provide insights on the ports' influence on local IE dynamics: as areas of testing and implementation of industrial symbiosis, ports can constitute exemplary self-sufficient areas, likely to boost the development of other local eco-parks; as drivers of local economic development, ports act as levers for the implementation of sustainable policies at a regional scale; as nodes in a global port network, ports can develop inter-port by-product exchanges and utility sharing. Ports question the relevance of geographical proximity in IE.
The percentage of global population living in urban areas increases and could rise up to 70% of t... more The percentage of global population living in urban areas increases and could rise up to 70% of the total in 2050. These areas consume large amounts of materials and energy to maintain their activities. In the last years, they have promoted sustainable development initiatives to reduce the environmental impacts generated by their material and energy metabolisms. This research takes place within the framework of the Ecotech Sudoe Project. This project contributes to build an industrial ecology network between member-state academics in southern Europe. It consists in studying urban metabolisms of three Southern European cities (Aveiro in Portugal, Barcelona in Spain and Marseille in France) and their environmental impacts, to contribute to the development and testing of environmental accounting and impact assessment methodologies. It aims at 1/ comparing the elements resulting from the use of Material Flow Analysis, Extended Environmental Input-Output analysis and Process Life Cycle Assessment and 2/ identifying their potential articulation in the production of a territorial diagnosis. On the basis of these results, a comparative analysis of the three cities is performed in order to highlight the levers and opportunities on the three territories.
Les territoires portuaires intègrent de manière croissante l’écologie industrielle et territorial... more Les territoires portuaires intègrent de manière croissante l’écologie industrielle et territoriale (ou économie circulaire) comme facteur de différenciation, dans un contexte mondial très compétitif entre places et régions portuaires. L’écologie industrielle et territoriale interpelle les acteurs portuaires (autorités portuaires, entreprises, collectivités d’ancrage des zones industrielles, etc.) sur de multiples enjeux propres à leur stratégie de développement. L’éventail des contextes portuaires, à l’échelle internationale, permet d’explorer une grande variété d’initiatives optimisant la gestion des flux de matières et d’énergie. Améliorer la connaissance de ces pratiques locales encouragées ou contraintes par le contexte dans lequel elles s’inscrivent permet de 1/ capitaliser sur des expériences acquises (succès et échecs), 2/ contribuer à faire évoluer de manière globale la gestion de ces flux dans les territoires portuaires et ainsi 3/ apporter des arguments pour une vision pro...
Industrial port cities are essential components in a society dependant on fossil fuels and low co... more Industrial port cities are essential components in a society dependant on fossil fuels and low cost energy. In the global move towards a low-carbon society, industrial port cities are emblematic of complex and integrated socio-ecological systems, which are experiencing transition processes related to interactions between bio-geo-physical components and governance. Using a socio-ecological system framework, this article provides insights into innovative regional eco-industrial development strategies for moving toward a low-carbon future in industrial port areas. Based on three case studies (Marseille-Fos in France, Ningbo in China, and Ulsan in South Korea), our analysis focuses on the changing relationships between energy, land cover, time use, and governance. The historical socio-ecological transition of industrial port cities is described as a stepwise process of spatial and functional disconnection/connection of port industrial complexes, which decouple/combine the port city's metabolism from local resources. We highlight the impacts of globalization on port-city socio-ecological trends, describing the effects of the integration of port cities into global economic processes, the impact of global awareness on global environmental changes, and the accelerating pace of change. We compare low-carbon strategies, revealing similarities in terms of conversion toward low carbon sources and growing connectedness and functional diversity of port-industrial systems.
Les territoires industrialo-portuaires sont des lieux d'échanges et de transformation massifs... more Les territoires industrialo-portuaires sont des lieux d'échanges et de transformation massifs de matière et d'énergie. Souvent situés sur des espaces géographiques remarquables et sensibles (baies protégées, estuaires par exemple), ces territoires s'approprient progressivement les principes et outils de l'écologie industrielle et territoriale afin d'optimiser leurs flux de matière et d'énergie et de favoriser les pratiques collaboratives de recyclage et de valorisation des effluents industriels liquides, solides ou gazeux. Ces actions se révèlent nécessaires tant au maintien et à la compétitivité des activités industrielles et portuaires et qu'à la réduction des pressions qu'elles exercent sur l'environnement. Cependant, la diffusion de telles pratiques ne dépend pas seulement des caractéristiques intrinsèques des flux de matière et d'énergie (quantité, qualité, variabilité etc.). Les cultures de coopération des différents acteurs territoriaux...
En s'inspirant du fonctionnement des systèmes biologiques, l'écologie industrielle cherch... more En s'inspirant du fonctionnement des systèmes biologiques, l'écologie industrielle cherche à optimiser le management local des ressources et des déchets en densifiant les interactions, et notamment les échanges de flux, entre parties prenantes occupant une même aire géographique. Le présent article propose de considérer les territoires portuaires, en tant que plateformes de circulation et de transformation des principaux flux de matières et d'énergie, comme des laboratoires pertinents pour la mise en œuvre de l'écologie industrielle. Il a pour objectif de présenter les enjeux de l'écologie industrielle pour les territoires portuaires en fournissant des exemples précis d'initiatives portuaires d'écologie industrielle en Europe, en Afrique, en Asie et en Amérique du Nord. Il s'agit de présenter la diversité des approches techniques (types de synergies) et organisationnelles (types de gouvernance) dans les territoires portuaires afin d'offrir un pano...
Industrial ecology explores the analogical relationships between biological ecosystems and anthro... more Industrial ecology explores the analogical relationships between biological ecosystems and anthropogenic systems, in order to optimize the latter's resource management inspired by the former's mechanisms. A renewed conception of industrial ecology consists in considering it as the building process of a collective territorial knowledge, in its two complementary dimensions: the development of a collective knowledge and the development of the collective through knowledge. It proposes a collaborative construction of a territorial definition, through the sharing and mutualization of information flow, transmitted by the territory and interpreted by actors, leading to a collective decision process.
ABSTRACT The aim of Industrial ecology (IE) is to optimize resource management by densifying inte... more ABSTRACT The aim of Industrial ecology (IE) is to optimize resource management by densifying interactions between stakeholders occupying a common geographic area. This article considers ports, understood as platforms of circulation and transformation of material and energy flows. It addresses the role and capacity of ports to foster the implementation of IE in port cities and to contribute to the optimization of resource management in coastal areas. This article presents the result of a research project (2011–2012) consisting of an international inventory of innovative resource management initiatives in port areas. 18 port-based industrial complexes were visited, enabling the analysis of 23 port IE initiatives. Cross-case analysis was carried out following a 3 step methodology: 1/ definition of the research boundaries; 2/ qualitative data collection by means of interviews and a literature review; 3/ data analysis in order to build a typology of port contribution to the implementation of IE in port-city areas. The case studies analyzed can be classified into 9 patterns based on temporal and spatial characteristics of P-IE initiatives. They provide insights on the ports' influence on local IE dynamics: as areas of testing and implementation of industrial symbiosis, ports can constitute exemplary self-sufficient areas, likely to boost the development of other local eco-parks; as drivers of local economic development, ports act as levers for the implementation of sustainable policies at a regional scale; as nodes in a global port network, ports can develop inter-port by-product exchanges and utility sharing. Ports question the relevance of geographical proximity in IE.
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