Kajian Ilmiah Mahasiswa Administrasi Publik (KIMAP), Nov 14, 2021
The purpose of this study was to determine the Social Service Strategy in the Control of Street C... more The purpose of this study was to determine the Social Service Strategy in the Control of Street Children in Makassar City. The number of informants in this study was 9 people. This study used qualitative with a type of phenomenological research that emphasized the subjectivity of human life experiences. Data collection techniques used the method of observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis used interactive analysis models. The results showed that the Social Service Strategy in the Control of Street Children in Makassar City had not been fully implemented optimally. This was seen from the aspect of the organizational structure, especially the social service, it has worked well to always pay special attention to Street Children, the program strategy also provided guidance in stages to Street children who had been raided, the strategy of supporting resources that control Makassar Street Children was supported not only from social services but the involvement of local communities, and institutional strategies that the government's strategy in dealing with Makassar City Street Children collaborated with the police in dealing with street children which could be unsettling for road users.
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 2019
This paper presents an advanced pitch-angle control for large scale Wind Energy Conversion System... more This paper presents an advanced pitch-angle control for large scale Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) based on a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). Blade pitch-angle control technique is implemented for regulating the aerodynamic power of the wind turbine and minimize aerodynamic fatigue when the wind-speed is higher than its rated value. The traditional control techniques require proper system modelling and analytical analysis of the transfer function of the system which is not always available. Moreover, nonlinearity of the system increases the complexity of the system. To overcome the issues in the traditional control, adaptive fuzzy-PID control is proposed in this work. The process of the blade pitch control using adaptive fuzzy-PID control strategy is featured with nonlinearity, multi-variable, time variation and time delay. The developed control strategy is applied to a WECS of 1.5 MW based Doubly-fed induction generator wind turbine. System modelling and analysis are performed using MATLAB/Simulink software. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the auto-tuning adaptive fuzzy-PID (AF-PID) controller in improving the dynamic performance of the wind turbine (WT).
Salivary gland tumors are relatively uncommon with most being benign. When diagnosed the most com... more Salivary gland tumors are relatively uncommon with most being benign. When diagnosed the most common benign and malignant tumors are pleomorphic adenoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), respectively. However, not uncommonly, it is difficult to differentiate between the histopathological entities, leading to a diagnostic dilemma that can impact a patient's treatment and prognosis. A 24-year-old woman presented with a three-year history of asymptomatic left-sided facial swelling. She denied any prior history of head and neck radiation. There was no history of alcohol consumption or smoking exposure and there was no personal or family history of head and neck cancers. Additionally, she did not have any known occupational or environmental exposures. Due to the chronicity and painless nature of this facial mass, our patient did not pursue evaluation initially. Subsequently, she experienced an increase in size and pain for a few months exacerbated by swallowing. She had no other symptoms. On physical examination, a 3 x 3 cm left parotid gland mass was noted. There was no associated head or neck lymphadenopathy and compression of the left facial mass did not elicit secretions from the opening of Stensen's duct. Due to the rapid increase in size, she was sent for CT neck/soft tissue with contrast which confirmed a 3.56 x 2.67 cm solid nodule within the superficial portion of the left parotid gland. This was followed by an MRI orbit/face/neck with and without contrast, for further delineation, which demonstrated a 4 x 3.7 x 3 cm complex heterogeneous mass within the superficial left parotid gland. Thereafter the patient underwent an uncomplicated ultrasound-guided biopsy of the parotid mass. The histopathological appraisal concluded that this was a cellular pleomorphic adenoma, with mucinous and squamous metaplasia with reactive lymph nodes. Due to the new rapid increase in size and intense painful nature of this tumor, nerve-sparing left parotidectomy, fat grafting and reconstruction were completed. Cellular pleomorphic adenomas are benign low-grade neoplasms, typified as biphasic with both epithelial and myoepithelial components. However, they have increased cellularity and focally increased mitotic activity, not advanced enough to qualify as malignant. The presence of mucinous and squamous metaplasia is of diagnostic interest as it makes diagnosis on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) morphologically challenging. These findings are typical of MEC and on FNA can be misleading in the setting of a pleomorphic adenoma. However, on histopathological evaluation of the gross specimen along with immunohistochemical staining the diagnosis is made much easier. A diagnosis of MEC would have potentially required neck dissection and adjuvant therapy with a potential increased risk of morbidity and mortality. This case emphasises the importance of an adequate tissue biopsy in regards to parotid gland tumors to optimise a patient's care plan.
International Journal of Current Research and Review, 2018
Objective: Aim of the study was to evaluate different parameters that are used to categorise phyl... more Objective: Aim of the study was to evaluate different parameters that are used to categorise phylloides tumor into benign, borderline and malignant type and also to know frequency of Ki-67 expression in different category. Method: It was a prospective study of two year duration carried out in the department of pathology, King George's medical university and included total 30 cases. Results: Most of patients in the entire category were more than 35 years of age and also severity of all the parameters increased as tumor spectrum shift from benign to malignant side. Conclusion: Patient age and tumor size increases as the lesions progress from benign to malignant phyllodes tumor so is the ki-67 expression. Also Ki-67 antigen is a useful adjunct in the diagnosis and prognosis of phylloides tumor.
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Environmental monitoring and assessment, Jan 27, 2018
Proper management of healthcare wastes is a key concern across resource-constrained countries in ... more Proper management of healthcare wastes is a key concern across resource-constrained countries in South Asia. Existing scientific research on this topic usually involves epidemiological and behavioral studies. Similarly, environmental impact assessment of healthcare wastes is mainly conducted from an end-user or anthropocentric point of view. In this study, we took a novel approach by analyzing healthcare wastes using an ecocentric position. Here, we utilize a case study of a general public hospital in a major city of Pakistan to analyze the embodied energy of its waste fractions by category. We used Emergy analysis to assess the true economic potential of recycling these waste items. While doing so, we compared the economic potential of current waste recycling practices with the scenario of 100% recycling of useful waste fractions. We discovered that the latent embodied energy of different recyclable waste fractions made them far more valuable than their existing market prices indic...
Bechet's Disease is an inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent oral ulcers (OU), geni... more Bechet's Disease is an inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent oral ulcers (OU), genital ulcers (GU) and uveitis which can develop a neurobehavioral syndrome, also defined as 'neuro-psycho- BS'. Depending on vascular or parenchymal lesions, the presentations could be varied. Due to sparse literature, there is no consensus on management of psychiatric illness comorbid with Bechet's disease. Bipolar disorder in Bechet's disease is extremely rare. Here, we are presenting a case of episodic exaggeration of Bipolar disorder along with Bechet's disease which imposed both clinical and management challenges.
European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy, 2015
The aim of the present study was to examine the feasibility of applying the catalytic antioxidant... more The aim of the present study was to examine the feasibility of applying the catalytic antioxidant mangafodipir [MnDPDP, manganese (Mn) dipyridoxyl diphosphate] as a cardioprotective adjunct to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) in patients with ST-segment elevation (STE) myocardial infarction (STEMI). Both MnDPDP and a metabolite (Mn dipyridoxyl ethyldiamine) possess properties as mitochondrial superoxide dismutase mimetics and iron chelators, and combat oxidative stress in various tissues and conditions. Methods and results The study tested MnDPDP (n ¼ 10) vs. saline placebo (n ¼ 10), given as a brief intravenous (i.v.) infusion prior to balloon inflation during pPCI in patients with STEMI. Mangafodipir was well tolerated and did not affect heart rate or blood pressure. Despite longer ischaemic time (205 vs. 144 min, P ¼ 0.019) in the MnDPDP group, plasma biomarker releases were identical for the two groups. With placebo vs. MnDPDP, mean STE resolutions were 69.8 vs. 81.9% (P ¼ 0.224) at 6 h and 73.1 vs. 84.3% (P ¼ 0.077) at 48 h. Cardiac magnetic resonance revealed mean infarct sizes of 32.5 vs. 26.2% (P ¼ 0.406) and mean left ventricular (LV) ejection fractions of 41.8 vs. 47.7% (P ¼ 0.617) with placebo vs. MnDPDP. More LV thrombi were detected in placebo hearts (5 of 8) than MnDPDP-treated hearts (1 of 10; P ¼ 0.011). Conclusions Mangafodipir is a safe drug for use as an adjunct to reperfusion therapy. A tendency to benefit of MnDPDP needs confirmation in a larger population. The study revealed important information for the design of a Phase II trial.
Introduction Vitiligo is a common acquired, idiopathic skin disorder, this study was conducted to... more Introduction Vitiligo is a common acquired, idiopathic skin disorder, this study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba in patients with vitiligo. Material and Methods Fifty persons were included, twelve patients received Ginkgo biloba capsule (75mg) twice daily compared with twelve patients received placebo capsule for 8 weeks at Al-Kadhimyia Teaching Hospital. Twenty six healthy volunteers considered as control. Patient's history was taken and measurement of neutrophils percentage, serum Glutathione (Elleman methods), Malonialdehyde (Stocks and Dormandy methods), Interlukine -6 (Elisa) and Vitiligo area scoring index (VASI) at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks interval, as a parameters to indicate the impact of Ginkgo biloba on the disease. Results and discussion showed significant decrease in serum interlukin-6 (S. IL-6) after 4 weeks between Ginkgo biloba group and placebo group. No significant difference was found in Neutrophils percent between Ginkgo biloba gro...
Abstract Common human diseases are complex and likely the result of nonlinear interactions betwee... more Abstract Common human diseases are complex and likely the result of nonlinear interactions between multiple different DNA sequence variations. One goal of human genetics is to use data mining and machine learning methods to identify sets of discrete genetic attributes that are predictive of discrete measures of health in human population data. A variety of different computational intelligence methods based on artificial evolution have been developed and applied in this domain. While artificial evolution approaches ...
An expectation specific version of the QUOTE questionnaire was developed to measure the patients&... more An expectation specific version of the QUOTE questionnaire was developed to measure the patients' perspective on part of the healthcare providers. The consistency and validity of the questionnaire was assessed. Extensive literature review and focus group discussions were used to select aspects for inclusion in the questionnaire that are important to patients. Item and factor analysis and reliability analysis were performed to test the internal consistency and validity of the questionnaire. Sixteen items were used in the QUOTE-Expectation questionnaire. Factors analysis showed that the scale items were loaded on three distinct factors with eiginvalues more than 1 were obtained. The overall explained variance of scale was 84.28% of the total variance.The internal consistency of the total questionnaire was good (Cronbach's alpha >0.90). Test–retest reliability was used to check the stability. Pearson correlation coefficient between the two assessments was high (r= 0, 967 p&g...
IEEE INFCOM '91. The conference on Computer Communications. Tenth Annual Joint Comference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies Proceedings, 1991
The aim of this paper is to understand the internal branding process from the employees' perspect... more The aim of this paper is to understand the internal branding process from the employees' perspective; it will empirically assess the relationship between internal branding and employees' delivery of the brand promise as well as the relationships among their brand identification, brand commitment, and brand loyalty. Design/methodology/approach: On a census basis, a quantitative survey was carried out with 699 customer-interface employees from five major hotels. Findings: Internal branding is found to have a positive impact on attitudinal and behavioural aspects of employees in their delivery of the brand promise. As employees' brand commitment did not have a statistically significant relationship with employees' brand performance, it was not regarded as a mediator in the link between internal branding and employees' brand performance. Furthermore, the study shows that brand identification is a driver of brand commitment, which precedes brand loyalty of employees. Practical Implications: A number of significant managerial implications are draw from this study, for example using both internal communication and training to influence employees' brand-supporting attitudes and behaviours. Still, it should be noted that the effect of internal branding on the behaviours could be dependent on the extent to which it could effectively influence their brand attitudes. Originality/value: The results provide valuable insights from the key internal audience's perspectives into an internal branding process to ensure the delivery of the brand promise. It has empirically shown the relationship between internal branding and the behavioural outcome as well as the meditational effects of employees' brand identification, commitment, and loyalty.
Kajian Ilmiah Mahasiswa Administrasi Publik (KIMAP), Nov 14, 2021
The purpose of this study was to determine the Social Service Strategy in the Control of Street C... more The purpose of this study was to determine the Social Service Strategy in the Control of Street Children in Makassar City. The number of informants in this study was 9 people. This study used qualitative with a type of phenomenological research that emphasized the subjectivity of human life experiences. Data collection techniques used the method of observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis used interactive analysis models. The results showed that the Social Service Strategy in the Control of Street Children in Makassar City had not been fully implemented optimally. This was seen from the aspect of the organizational structure, especially the social service, it has worked well to always pay special attention to Street Children, the program strategy also provided guidance in stages to Street children who had been raided, the strategy of supporting resources that control Makassar Street Children was supported not only from social services but the involvement of local communities, and institutional strategies that the government's strategy in dealing with Makassar City Street Children collaborated with the police in dealing with street children which could be unsettling for road users.
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 2019
This paper presents an advanced pitch-angle control for large scale Wind Energy Conversion System... more This paper presents an advanced pitch-angle control for large scale Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) based on a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). Blade pitch-angle control technique is implemented for regulating the aerodynamic power of the wind turbine and minimize aerodynamic fatigue when the wind-speed is higher than its rated value. The traditional control techniques require proper system modelling and analytical analysis of the transfer function of the system which is not always available. Moreover, nonlinearity of the system increases the complexity of the system. To overcome the issues in the traditional control, adaptive fuzzy-PID control is proposed in this work. The process of the blade pitch control using adaptive fuzzy-PID control strategy is featured with nonlinearity, multi-variable, time variation and time delay. The developed control strategy is applied to a WECS of 1.5 MW based Doubly-fed induction generator wind turbine. System modelling and analysis are performed using MATLAB/Simulink software. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the auto-tuning adaptive fuzzy-PID (AF-PID) controller in improving the dynamic performance of the wind turbine (WT).
Salivary gland tumors are relatively uncommon with most being benign. When diagnosed the most com... more Salivary gland tumors are relatively uncommon with most being benign. When diagnosed the most common benign and malignant tumors are pleomorphic adenoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), respectively. However, not uncommonly, it is difficult to differentiate between the histopathological entities, leading to a diagnostic dilemma that can impact a patient's treatment and prognosis. A 24-year-old woman presented with a three-year history of asymptomatic left-sided facial swelling. She denied any prior history of head and neck radiation. There was no history of alcohol consumption or smoking exposure and there was no personal or family history of head and neck cancers. Additionally, she did not have any known occupational or environmental exposures. Due to the chronicity and painless nature of this facial mass, our patient did not pursue evaluation initially. Subsequently, she experienced an increase in size and pain for a few months exacerbated by swallowing. She had no other symptoms. On physical examination, a 3 x 3 cm left parotid gland mass was noted. There was no associated head or neck lymphadenopathy and compression of the left facial mass did not elicit secretions from the opening of Stensen's duct. Due to the rapid increase in size, she was sent for CT neck/soft tissue with contrast which confirmed a 3.56 x 2.67 cm solid nodule within the superficial portion of the left parotid gland. This was followed by an MRI orbit/face/neck with and without contrast, for further delineation, which demonstrated a 4 x 3.7 x 3 cm complex heterogeneous mass within the superficial left parotid gland. Thereafter the patient underwent an uncomplicated ultrasound-guided biopsy of the parotid mass. The histopathological appraisal concluded that this was a cellular pleomorphic adenoma, with mucinous and squamous metaplasia with reactive lymph nodes. Due to the new rapid increase in size and intense painful nature of this tumor, nerve-sparing left parotidectomy, fat grafting and reconstruction were completed. Cellular pleomorphic adenomas are benign low-grade neoplasms, typified as biphasic with both epithelial and myoepithelial components. However, they have increased cellularity and focally increased mitotic activity, not advanced enough to qualify as malignant. The presence of mucinous and squamous metaplasia is of diagnostic interest as it makes diagnosis on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) morphologically challenging. These findings are typical of MEC and on FNA can be misleading in the setting of a pleomorphic adenoma. However, on histopathological evaluation of the gross specimen along with immunohistochemical staining the diagnosis is made much easier. A diagnosis of MEC would have potentially required neck dissection and adjuvant therapy with a potential increased risk of morbidity and mortality. This case emphasises the importance of an adequate tissue biopsy in regards to parotid gland tumors to optimise a patient's care plan.
International Journal of Current Research and Review, 2018
Objective: Aim of the study was to evaluate different parameters that are used to categorise phyl... more Objective: Aim of the study was to evaluate different parameters that are used to categorise phylloides tumor into benign, borderline and malignant type and also to know frequency of Ki-67 expression in different category. Method: It was a prospective study of two year duration carried out in the department of pathology, King George's medical university and included total 30 cases. Results: Most of patients in the entire category were more than 35 years of age and also severity of all the parameters increased as tumor spectrum shift from benign to malignant side. Conclusion: Patient age and tumor size increases as the lesions progress from benign to malignant phyllodes tumor so is the ki-67 expression. Also Ki-67 antigen is a useful adjunct in the diagnosis and prognosis of phylloides tumor.
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Environmental monitoring and assessment, Jan 27, 2018
Proper management of healthcare wastes is a key concern across resource-constrained countries in ... more Proper management of healthcare wastes is a key concern across resource-constrained countries in South Asia. Existing scientific research on this topic usually involves epidemiological and behavioral studies. Similarly, environmental impact assessment of healthcare wastes is mainly conducted from an end-user or anthropocentric point of view. In this study, we took a novel approach by analyzing healthcare wastes using an ecocentric position. Here, we utilize a case study of a general public hospital in a major city of Pakistan to analyze the embodied energy of its waste fractions by category. We used Emergy analysis to assess the true economic potential of recycling these waste items. While doing so, we compared the economic potential of current waste recycling practices with the scenario of 100% recycling of useful waste fractions. We discovered that the latent embodied energy of different recyclable waste fractions made them far more valuable than their existing market prices indic...
Bechet's Disease is an inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent oral ulcers (OU), geni... more Bechet's Disease is an inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent oral ulcers (OU), genital ulcers (GU) and uveitis which can develop a neurobehavioral syndrome, also defined as 'neuro-psycho- BS'. Depending on vascular or parenchymal lesions, the presentations could be varied. Due to sparse literature, there is no consensus on management of psychiatric illness comorbid with Bechet's disease. Bipolar disorder in Bechet's disease is extremely rare. Here, we are presenting a case of episodic exaggeration of Bipolar disorder along with Bechet's disease which imposed both clinical and management challenges.
European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy, 2015
The aim of the present study was to examine the feasibility of applying the catalytic antioxidant... more The aim of the present study was to examine the feasibility of applying the catalytic antioxidant mangafodipir [MnDPDP, manganese (Mn) dipyridoxyl diphosphate] as a cardioprotective adjunct to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) in patients with ST-segment elevation (STE) myocardial infarction (STEMI). Both MnDPDP and a metabolite (Mn dipyridoxyl ethyldiamine) possess properties as mitochondrial superoxide dismutase mimetics and iron chelators, and combat oxidative stress in various tissues and conditions. Methods and results The study tested MnDPDP (n ¼ 10) vs. saline placebo (n ¼ 10), given as a brief intravenous (i.v.) infusion prior to balloon inflation during pPCI in patients with STEMI. Mangafodipir was well tolerated and did not affect heart rate or blood pressure. Despite longer ischaemic time (205 vs. 144 min, P ¼ 0.019) in the MnDPDP group, plasma biomarker releases were identical for the two groups. With placebo vs. MnDPDP, mean STE resolutions were 69.8 vs. 81.9% (P ¼ 0.224) at 6 h and 73.1 vs. 84.3% (P ¼ 0.077) at 48 h. Cardiac magnetic resonance revealed mean infarct sizes of 32.5 vs. 26.2% (P ¼ 0.406) and mean left ventricular (LV) ejection fractions of 41.8 vs. 47.7% (P ¼ 0.617) with placebo vs. MnDPDP. More LV thrombi were detected in placebo hearts (5 of 8) than MnDPDP-treated hearts (1 of 10; P ¼ 0.011). Conclusions Mangafodipir is a safe drug for use as an adjunct to reperfusion therapy. A tendency to benefit of MnDPDP needs confirmation in a larger population. The study revealed important information for the design of a Phase II trial.
Introduction Vitiligo is a common acquired, idiopathic skin disorder, this study was conducted to... more Introduction Vitiligo is a common acquired, idiopathic skin disorder, this study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba in patients with vitiligo. Material and Methods Fifty persons were included, twelve patients received Ginkgo biloba capsule (75mg) twice daily compared with twelve patients received placebo capsule for 8 weeks at Al-Kadhimyia Teaching Hospital. Twenty six healthy volunteers considered as control. Patient's history was taken and measurement of neutrophils percentage, serum Glutathione (Elleman methods), Malonialdehyde (Stocks and Dormandy methods), Interlukine -6 (Elisa) and Vitiligo area scoring index (VASI) at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks interval, as a parameters to indicate the impact of Ginkgo biloba on the disease. Results and discussion showed significant decrease in serum interlukin-6 (S. IL-6) after 4 weeks between Ginkgo biloba group and placebo group. No significant difference was found in Neutrophils percent between Ginkgo biloba gro...
Abstract Common human diseases are complex and likely the result of nonlinear interactions betwee... more Abstract Common human diseases are complex and likely the result of nonlinear interactions between multiple different DNA sequence variations. One goal of human genetics is to use data mining and machine learning methods to identify sets of discrete genetic attributes that are predictive of discrete measures of health in human population data. A variety of different computational intelligence methods based on artificial evolution have been developed and applied in this domain. While artificial evolution approaches ...
An expectation specific version of the QUOTE questionnaire was developed to measure the patients&... more An expectation specific version of the QUOTE questionnaire was developed to measure the patients' perspective on part of the healthcare providers. The consistency and validity of the questionnaire was assessed. Extensive literature review and focus group discussions were used to select aspects for inclusion in the questionnaire that are important to patients. Item and factor analysis and reliability analysis were performed to test the internal consistency and validity of the questionnaire. Sixteen items were used in the QUOTE-Expectation questionnaire. Factors analysis showed that the scale items were loaded on three distinct factors with eiginvalues more than 1 were obtained. The overall explained variance of scale was 84.28% of the total variance.The internal consistency of the total questionnaire was good (Cronbach's alpha >0.90). Test–retest reliability was used to check the stability. Pearson correlation coefficient between the two assessments was high (r= 0, 967 p&g...
IEEE INFCOM '91. The conference on Computer Communications. Tenth Annual Joint Comference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies Proceedings, 1991
The aim of this paper is to understand the internal branding process from the employees' perspect... more The aim of this paper is to understand the internal branding process from the employees' perspective; it will empirically assess the relationship between internal branding and employees' delivery of the brand promise as well as the relationships among their brand identification, brand commitment, and brand loyalty. Design/methodology/approach: On a census basis, a quantitative survey was carried out with 699 customer-interface employees from five major hotels. Findings: Internal branding is found to have a positive impact on attitudinal and behavioural aspects of employees in their delivery of the brand promise. As employees' brand commitment did not have a statistically significant relationship with employees' brand performance, it was not regarded as a mediator in the link between internal branding and employees' brand performance. Furthermore, the study shows that brand identification is a driver of brand commitment, which precedes brand loyalty of employees. Practical Implications: A number of significant managerial implications are draw from this study, for example using both internal communication and training to influence employees' brand-supporting attitudes and behaviours. Still, it should be noted that the effect of internal branding on the behaviours could be dependent on the extent to which it could effectively influence their brand attitudes. Originality/value: The results provide valuable insights from the key internal audience's perspectives into an internal branding process to ensure the delivery of the brand promise. It has empirically shown the relationship between internal branding and the behavioural outcome as well as the meditational effects of employees' brand identification, commitment, and loyalty.
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