Existing research suggests that leaders/supervisors are the major persons in work organizations t... more Existing research suggests that leaders/supervisors are the major persons in work organizations to promote employee perception of job significance, which is an intrinsic motivator for employee productivity. However, the literature remains unclear on the relationship between workplace friendship and perceived job significance. Results from a survey of 290 Taiwanese employees indicated that workplace friendship enhanced perceived job significance, and such enhancement did not vary across organizational levels. Our findings suggest intrinsically motivating employees through workplace friendship, which extends extant literature on work role of leaders/supervisors in employee motivation. Further, although lower organizational levels have a disadvantage of objectively less job significance in work organizations, our findings suggest workplace friendship is an effective factor in promoting employee perception of job significance. Thus, organizations can embed the mechanism of workplace fri...
Children nowadays has unlimited access to the Internet that possibly will harm them, thus parents... more Children nowadays has unlimited access to the Internet that possibly will harm them, thus parents' roles in mitigating their children online risks is crucial. Previous studies show a positive parent-child attachment may reduce the risks. A survey was conducted and a total of 387 participants aged 9 to 16 have been recruited to completed a 14-item questionnaire form. The instrument consists of three sub-scales, namely trust, communication and alienation. Results showed that almost 80% of children in this study trust their parents, feel their parents' concern (75%), and depend on their parents (74%). Malaysian children are actually very in need to be safe during online due the facts that they knew regarding the Internet effects. They also show a willingness to do the right things by letting their parents involve into their online live activities.
Before the advent of the Internet, television with limited channels was the only media choice tha... more Before the advent of the Internet, television with limited channels was the only media choice that most children were exposed to, and took place under family supervision. Children's television viewing was controllable and the risks were limited to watching sexual and violent content. Nowadays, children are surrounded by a variety of digital media and are exposed to many different risks, many of which are still unknown and under-researched. For many children, the Internet is fully integrated into their daily lives, along with the potential risks. The present study aimed to (i) describe the level of risks children are exposed to, and (2) test the measurement validity of a total of 45 items assessing nine scales online risky behavior in children were adapted from studies carried out in Europe and the United States. The study comprised 420 school going children aged 9, 11, 13, 14, and 16 studding in Malaysia. Descriptive analyses showed that children were more exposed to 'unwanted exposure to pornography' and less to 'conduct risk'. Boys and older children were more exposed to the risks compared to girls and younger children. The study validated five dimensions (inappropriate materials, sexting, contact-related risks on, risky online sexual behavior, and bullying/being bullied) assessing children's online risky behavior by using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Further research is needed to investigate the measurement of children's online risk, since the scales developed in Europe and the United States are not wholly suitable to an Asian context.
As Malaysian children continue to spend a lot of time online, they are exposed to unknown undesir... more As Malaysian children continue to spend a lot of time online, they are exposed to unknown undesirable experiences. Testing an integrated model of online protection behaviour using three theoretical approaches, namely the parental mediation model (Livingstone, Haddon & Gorzig, 2012); protection motivation theory (Rogers, 1975); and the health belief model (Janz & Becker, 1984; Glanz & Rimer, 2005), this study aims to suggest a way to reduce online risks for children. Online risk to children is measured using a 39-item scale adapted from two national studies in Europe (EU Kids Online; 2006–9) and the US [(Youth Internet Safety Survey-1 (YISS-1), 2000; YISS-2, 2005; YISS-3, 2010)]. A quantitative survey was conducted among 420 school children and one of their respective parents/guardians; structural equation modeling-partial least squares (SEMPLS) was applied using SmartPLS (Version 3.2.1) to test the proposed model. The results of this study suggest that children with higher perceptio...
Children are surrounded by a variety of digital media and are exposed to potential risks that com... more Children are surrounded by a variety of digital media and are exposed to potential risks that come with such easy accessibility. Learning how to be safe online is an important consideration for both children and their caregivers. The present study proposes an integrated model of online safety based on constructs from protection motivation theory and the health belief model, namely perceived severity of (and susceptibility to) risk, online self-efficacy, online privacy concern, and digital literacy. The study comprised a survey conducted among 420 schoolchildren aged 9–16 years. Using partial least squares-structural equation modelling, the results illustrated the presence of a negative effect of ‘perceived severity of online risk’ toward online risks, whereas the effect of ‘digital literacy’ was found to be positive. Children whose perception of online risks was more severe were less exposed to online risks if they had higher ‘online privacy concerns’ than the children with higher ‘...
Parents play an important role in how their children use media. There has been limited research i... more Parents play an important role in how their children use media. There has been limited research in Malaysia on the influence of four parental mediation strategies (active co-use, interaction restriction, technical restriction and monitoring) on children's positive use of the Internet. This study investigates the relationship between the four mediation strategies and children's positive use of the Internet. The data were collected from 384 children aged 9 to 16, and 384 parents; both types of data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. The study was conducted in the state of Selangor, Malaysia by using stratified sampling. Path analysis revealed that parental mediation via active co-use and interaction restriction had a significant negative relationship with children's positive use of the Internet, while technical restriction had a significant positive relationship with children's positive use of the Internet. Parental mediation via monitoring had non-...
The main objective of this study is to determine the nature of relationship between workplace fri... more The main objective of this study is to determine the nature of relationship between workplace friendship and organizational commitment in two Iranian organizations. Data collected via a questionnaire survey of 302 employees from an Iranian delivery service company and a milk products company. Workplace friendship and multi-dimensional of organizational commitment scales, created by Neilson (2000) and Mayer & Allen (1997) was used to ask respondents about their perception of workplace friendship and organizational commitment.Data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS software version 16. The relationship between two dimensions of workplace friendship, which is including of Friendship Prevalence and Friendship Opportunity, and three components of organizational commitment (Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment) were examined using the Spearman Rho correlation.The findings indicate that the level of Organizational Commitment and Workplace Friendship are rather high among the...
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2015
The Parental Mediation Model (PMM) was initially designed to regulate children's attitudes toward... more The Parental Mediation Model (PMM) was initially designed to regulate children's attitudes towards the traditional media. In the present era, because of prevalent online media there is a need for similar regulative measures. Spending long hours on social media and playing online games increase the risks of exposure to the negative outcomes of online gaming. This paper initially applied the PMM developed by European Kids Online to (i) test the reliability and validity of this model and (ii) identify the effectiveness of this model in controlling problematic online gaming (POG). The data were collected from 592 participants comprising 296 parents and 296 students of four foreign universities, aged 16 to 22 years in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). The study found that the modified model of the five-factor PMM (Technical mediation, Monitoring mediation, Restrictive mediation, Active Mediation of Internet Safety, and Active mediation of Internet Use) functions as a predictor for mitigating POG. The findings suggest the existence of a positive relation between 'monitoring' and 'restrictive' mediation strategies and exposure to POG while Active Mediation of Internet Safety and Active mediation of Internet use were insignificant predictors. Results showed a higher utility of 'technical' strategies by the parents led to less POG. The findings of this study do not support the literature suggesting active mediation is more effective for reducing youth's risky behaviour. Instead, parents need
Parental Mediation Model was initially formed to regulate children's attitudes regarding the ... more Parental Mediation Model was initially formed to regulate children's attitudes regarding the media usage by strategies including active mediation, rule-making or restrictions, and co-viewing. Application of Parental Mediation Model was initiated with television usage, continued with video games and turned out to be more challenging by the emergence of new media which is more focused on the Internet. In Malaysia however, children spend a considerable portion of their waking time on surfing online material and they are mostly exposed to the negative outcomes of the new media especially online games and pornographic contents. This paper looks at the role of Parental Mediation Model to explore the mediation strategies that are effective in controlling negative experiences of online gaming such as game addiction and exposure to online pornography. The literature that is reviewed to fulfil the objectives of this paper suggested that parents need to be more engaged with their children's Internet use to minimize the negative effects of online gaming.
Before the advent of the Internet, television and film was the only audiovisual medium to which m... more Before the advent of the Internet, television and film was the only audiovisual medium to which most children were exposed. The risks were primarily limited to children being exposed to sexual and violent materials, the nature of which were known and easy to control. Nowadays, children are surrounded by a variety of digital media and are exposed to different risks, many of which are still unknown. The Internet is fully integrated into children's daily lives, along with the potential risks. The present study aimed to (i) describe the level of risks children are exposed to, and (ii) test the measurement validity of a total of 45 items assessing nine scales of online risk to children that were adapted from studies carried out in Europe and the United States. The study comprised 420 schoolchildren. The results showed that children were more exposed to 'unwanted exposure to pornography' and less to 'conduct risk' (e.g., accidental illegal downloading; creating profile...
In Malaysia, children spend a lot of time online and are thus often exposed to undesirable experi... more In Malaysia, children spend a lot of time online and are thus often exposed to undesirable experiences. However, little is known about how parents monitor children’s online activities to avert negative exposure. Using the Malaysian context, this study tests the Parental Mediation Model (PMM) developed by the European Kids Online project (a multinational research network on new media and children). The objective of the study is to test the reliability and validity of measurements of parental mediation of children’s Internet use. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 420 school children and their parents/guardians. Self-administered questionnaires were employed and exploratory factor analyses and structural equation modelling used to test the model. The results show that the five-factor PMM (technical, monitoring, restrictive, active mediation of Internet safety and active mediation of Internet use) is not applicable to the Malaysian context. Instead, a three-factor model (tech...
The Internet offers children opportunities as well as risks. However, the risks children are expo... more The Internet offers children opportunities as well as risks. However, the risks children are exposed to are still unknown. A total number of 420 Malaysian children aged 9-16 were asked to fill a 54-items questionnaire measuring Child Online Risks. The result shows that children are more exposed to ‘Unwanted Exposure to pornography’ such as seeing obscene materials on websites (31%), and ‘Potential harmful risks’ such as seeing bloody movies or photos (26%), people being beaten up (26%), and hate messages (16%). Malaysian children are in danger to encounter with online risks such as pornography and violence materials
Existing research suggests that leaders/supervisors are the major persons in work organizations t... more Existing research suggests that leaders/supervisors are the major persons in work organizations to promote employee perception of job significance, which is an intrinsic motivator for employee productivity. However, the literature remains unclear on the relationship between workplace friendship and perceived job significance. Results from a survey of 290 Taiwanese employees indicated that workplace friendship enhanced perceived job significance, and such enhancement did not vary across organizational levels. Our findings suggest intrinsically motivating employees through workplace friendship, which extends extant literature on work role of leaders/supervisors in employee motivation. Further, although lower organizational levels have a disadvantage of objectively less job significance in work organizations, our findings suggest workplace friendship is an effective factor in promoting employee perception of job significance. Thus, organizations can embed the mechanism of workplace fri...
Children nowadays has unlimited access to the Internet that possibly will harm them, thus parents... more Children nowadays has unlimited access to the Internet that possibly will harm them, thus parents' roles in mitigating their children online risks is crucial. Previous studies show a positive parent-child attachment may reduce the risks. A survey was conducted and a total of 387 participants aged 9 to 16 have been recruited to completed a 14-item questionnaire form. The instrument consists of three sub-scales, namely trust, communication and alienation. Results showed that almost 80% of children in this study trust their parents, feel their parents' concern (75%), and depend on their parents (74%). Malaysian children are actually very in need to be safe during online due the facts that they knew regarding the Internet effects. They also show a willingness to do the right things by letting their parents involve into their online live activities.
Before the advent of the Internet, television with limited channels was the only media choice tha... more Before the advent of the Internet, television with limited channels was the only media choice that most children were exposed to, and took place under family supervision. Children's television viewing was controllable and the risks were limited to watching sexual and violent content. Nowadays, children are surrounded by a variety of digital media and are exposed to many different risks, many of which are still unknown and under-researched. For many children, the Internet is fully integrated into their daily lives, along with the potential risks. The present study aimed to (i) describe the level of risks children are exposed to, and (2) test the measurement validity of a total of 45 items assessing nine scales online risky behavior in children were adapted from studies carried out in Europe and the United States. The study comprised 420 school going children aged 9, 11, 13, 14, and 16 studding in Malaysia. Descriptive analyses showed that children were more exposed to 'unwanted exposure to pornography' and less to 'conduct risk'. Boys and older children were more exposed to the risks compared to girls and younger children. The study validated five dimensions (inappropriate materials, sexting, contact-related risks on, risky online sexual behavior, and bullying/being bullied) assessing children's online risky behavior by using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Further research is needed to investigate the measurement of children's online risk, since the scales developed in Europe and the United States are not wholly suitable to an Asian context.
As Malaysian children continue to spend a lot of time online, they are exposed to unknown undesir... more As Malaysian children continue to spend a lot of time online, they are exposed to unknown undesirable experiences. Testing an integrated model of online protection behaviour using three theoretical approaches, namely the parental mediation model (Livingstone, Haddon & Gorzig, 2012); protection motivation theory (Rogers, 1975); and the health belief model (Janz & Becker, 1984; Glanz & Rimer, 2005), this study aims to suggest a way to reduce online risks for children. Online risk to children is measured using a 39-item scale adapted from two national studies in Europe (EU Kids Online; 2006–9) and the US [(Youth Internet Safety Survey-1 (YISS-1), 2000; YISS-2, 2005; YISS-3, 2010)]. A quantitative survey was conducted among 420 school children and one of their respective parents/guardians; structural equation modeling-partial least squares (SEMPLS) was applied using SmartPLS (Version 3.2.1) to test the proposed model. The results of this study suggest that children with higher perceptio...
Children are surrounded by a variety of digital media and are exposed to potential risks that com... more Children are surrounded by a variety of digital media and are exposed to potential risks that come with such easy accessibility. Learning how to be safe online is an important consideration for both children and their caregivers. The present study proposes an integrated model of online safety based on constructs from protection motivation theory and the health belief model, namely perceived severity of (and susceptibility to) risk, online self-efficacy, online privacy concern, and digital literacy. The study comprised a survey conducted among 420 schoolchildren aged 9–16 years. Using partial least squares-structural equation modelling, the results illustrated the presence of a negative effect of ‘perceived severity of online risk’ toward online risks, whereas the effect of ‘digital literacy’ was found to be positive. Children whose perception of online risks was more severe were less exposed to online risks if they had higher ‘online privacy concerns’ than the children with higher ‘...
Parents play an important role in how their children use media. There has been limited research i... more Parents play an important role in how their children use media. There has been limited research in Malaysia on the influence of four parental mediation strategies (active co-use, interaction restriction, technical restriction and monitoring) on children's positive use of the Internet. This study investigates the relationship between the four mediation strategies and children's positive use of the Internet. The data were collected from 384 children aged 9 to 16, and 384 parents; both types of data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. The study was conducted in the state of Selangor, Malaysia by using stratified sampling. Path analysis revealed that parental mediation via active co-use and interaction restriction had a significant negative relationship with children's positive use of the Internet, while technical restriction had a significant positive relationship with children's positive use of the Internet. Parental mediation via monitoring had non-...
The main objective of this study is to determine the nature of relationship between workplace fri... more The main objective of this study is to determine the nature of relationship between workplace friendship and organizational commitment in two Iranian organizations. Data collected via a questionnaire survey of 302 employees from an Iranian delivery service company and a milk products company. Workplace friendship and multi-dimensional of organizational commitment scales, created by Neilson (2000) and Mayer & Allen (1997) was used to ask respondents about their perception of workplace friendship and organizational commitment.Data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS software version 16. The relationship between two dimensions of workplace friendship, which is including of Friendship Prevalence and Friendship Opportunity, and three components of organizational commitment (Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment) were examined using the Spearman Rho correlation.The findings indicate that the level of Organizational Commitment and Workplace Friendship are rather high among the...
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2015
The Parental Mediation Model (PMM) was initially designed to regulate children's attitudes toward... more The Parental Mediation Model (PMM) was initially designed to regulate children's attitudes towards the traditional media. In the present era, because of prevalent online media there is a need for similar regulative measures. Spending long hours on social media and playing online games increase the risks of exposure to the negative outcomes of online gaming. This paper initially applied the PMM developed by European Kids Online to (i) test the reliability and validity of this model and (ii) identify the effectiveness of this model in controlling problematic online gaming (POG). The data were collected from 592 participants comprising 296 parents and 296 students of four foreign universities, aged 16 to 22 years in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). The study found that the modified model of the five-factor PMM (Technical mediation, Monitoring mediation, Restrictive mediation, Active Mediation of Internet Safety, and Active mediation of Internet Use) functions as a predictor for mitigating POG. The findings suggest the existence of a positive relation between 'monitoring' and 'restrictive' mediation strategies and exposure to POG while Active Mediation of Internet Safety and Active mediation of Internet use were insignificant predictors. Results showed a higher utility of 'technical' strategies by the parents led to less POG. The findings of this study do not support the literature suggesting active mediation is more effective for reducing youth's risky behaviour. Instead, parents need
Parental Mediation Model was initially formed to regulate children's attitudes regarding the ... more Parental Mediation Model was initially formed to regulate children's attitudes regarding the media usage by strategies including active mediation, rule-making or restrictions, and co-viewing. Application of Parental Mediation Model was initiated with television usage, continued with video games and turned out to be more challenging by the emergence of new media which is more focused on the Internet. In Malaysia however, children spend a considerable portion of their waking time on surfing online material and they are mostly exposed to the negative outcomes of the new media especially online games and pornographic contents. This paper looks at the role of Parental Mediation Model to explore the mediation strategies that are effective in controlling negative experiences of online gaming such as game addiction and exposure to online pornography. The literature that is reviewed to fulfil the objectives of this paper suggested that parents need to be more engaged with their children's Internet use to minimize the negative effects of online gaming.
Before the advent of the Internet, television and film was the only audiovisual medium to which m... more Before the advent of the Internet, television and film was the only audiovisual medium to which most children were exposed. The risks were primarily limited to children being exposed to sexual and violent materials, the nature of which were known and easy to control. Nowadays, children are surrounded by a variety of digital media and are exposed to different risks, many of which are still unknown. The Internet is fully integrated into children's daily lives, along with the potential risks. The present study aimed to (i) describe the level of risks children are exposed to, and (ii) test the measurement validity of a total of 45 items assessing nine scales of online risk to children that were adapted from studies carried out in Europe and the United States. The study comprised 420 schoolchildren. The results showed that children were more exposed to 'unwanted exposure to pornography' and less to 'conduct risk' (e.g., accidental illegal downloading; creating profile...
In Malaysia, children spend a lot of time online and are thus often exposed to undesirable experi... more In Malaysia, children spend a lot of time online and are thus often exposed to undesirable experiences. However, little is known about how parents monitor children’s online activities to avert negative exposure. Using the Malaysian context, this study tests the Parental Mediation Model (PMM) developed by the European Kids Online project (a multinational research network on new media and children). The objective of the study is to test the reliability and validity of measurements of parental mediation of children’s Internet use. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 420 school children and their parents/guardians. Self-administered questionnaires were employed and exploratory factor analyses and structural equation modelling used to test the model. The results show that the five-factor PMM (technical, monitoring, restrictive, active mediation of Internet safety and active mediation of Internet use) is not applicable to the Malaysian context. Instead, a three-factor model (tech...
The Internet offers children opportunities as well as risks. However, the risks children are expo... more The Internet offers children opportunities as well as risks. However, the risks children are exposed to are still unknown. A total number of 420 Malaysian children aged 9-16 were asked to fill a 54-items questionnaire measuring Child Online Risks. The result shows that children are more exposed to ‘Unwanted Exposure to pornography’ such as seeing obscene materials on websites (31%), and ‘Potential harmful risks’ such as seeing bloody movies or photos (26%), people being beaten up (26%), and hate messages (16%). Malaysian children are in danger to encounter with online risks such as pornography and violence materials
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Papers by Misha Teimouri