Papers by Marina Byrro
Anais do 3º Simpósio Científico do ICOMOS Brasil, 2019
Anais do 4º Simpósio Científico do ICOMOS Brasil, 2021
Conference Presentations by Marina Byrro
Anais do 5° Simpósio Científico ICOMOS Brasil e 2° Simpósio Cientifico ICOMOS/LAC, 2023
Anais do 3º Simpósio Científico do ICOMOS Brasil, 2019
Grande parte de nossos edifícios antigos preservados, monumentos isolados e/ou conjuntos urbanos ... more Grande parte de nossos edifícios antigos preservados, monumentos isolados e/ou conjuntos urbanos perdeu sua função original, e essas construções são reutilizadas para diferentes funções, estando assim, dentro de contínuos processos de transformação. Para além das intervenções de restauro e conservação, temos também as intervenções de adaptação voltadas aos novos uso e funcionalidade, exigidas pelo desenvolvimento social. Houve assim grande crescimento das intervenções deliberadamente contemporâneas e de modernização. O século XXI iniciou marcado pelas preocupações com a sustentabilidade em seus diferentes aspectos. O campo do patrimônio histórico edificado, como parte da arquitetura e do urbanismo, integra a indústria da construção civil, que apresenta forte impacto ambiental e não ficou alheio às preocupações relativas à eficiência na manutenção e no uso das edificações históricas. Temos ainda questões específicas de numerosos museus que, abrigados em antigos prédios preservados, necessitam de um microclima adequado à conservação preventiva de seus acervos e, portanto, de um controle ambiental que atue de forma sustentável. Na Europa, a quantidade de áreas urbanas protegidas, palácios e edifícios tombados, apresentam forte demanda de energia e tem gerado a necessidade de intervir nos espaços de edifícios históricos de forma a equilibrar necessidades culturais e energéticas. No Brasil, embora ainda não seja comum o conceito de edifício histórico eficiente, a necessidade de soluções passivas que considerem a relação entre clima e edifício para criação de microclima desejado, se faz notar principalmente nos museus. Os custos operacionais de sistemas ativos de climatização, desumidificação, ventilação e iluminação nos remetem a testar estratégias bioclimáticas com menor consumo de energia, que possam ser incorporadas ao sistema construtivo tradicional. Neste artigo, procuramos avaliar a aplicação de soluções desenvolvidas em países mais avançados no desenvolvimento de estratégias passivas para edifícios históricos, como forma de identificação de instrumentos e métodos para soluções culturais e ambientais em projetos que consideram a eficiência energética em edifícios históricos.
The environmental concern is present in current architectural projects, however, one of the uses ... more The environmental concern is present in current architectural projects, however, one of the uses where the effect of the climate is more directly perceived is in museums. We have in museums the components of the collection conservation, the human comfort and the building interference in the environment.
In this paper we deal with the conditions set by the architecture in order to create a microclimate in museums, the aspects related to the environmental control through the use of passive methods, aimed to the preventive conservation of collections.
In Brazil there are about 3,100 museums. Three dozen of this universe are under IBRAM’s tutelage. This sample was considered representative of the Brazilian museum diversity and, for the purposes of analysis, divided into four groups. The first group consists of the great national museums, the oldest and largest institutions, which are installed in buildings of great historical importance and architectural proportions. The second covers medium-sized museums that occupy urban architecture. The third group is characterized by the occupation
of various architectural typologies such as churches, ruins and fortifications. The fourth group is composed of museum buildings built by recent architectures.
Within each of these categories we seek to highlight the treatment given to the preventive conservation.
PROCESSOS DE MUSEALIZAÇÃO : UM SEMINÁRIO DE INVESTIGAÇÃO INTERNACIONAL.
Ao longo do desenvolvime... more PROCESSOS DE MUSEALIZAÇÃO : UM SEMINÁRIO DE INVESTIGAÇÃO INTERNACIONAL.
Ao longo do desenvolvimento da arquitetura de museus, apesar dos inúmeros avanços e conquistas dessa tipologia arquitetônica, houve um distanciamento entre arquitetura e as necessidades dos museus em relação às condições ambientais que se estabelecem no interior de um edifício de museu. Este artigo busca identificar metodologias de análise do ambiente climático em edifícios históricos de museus, de forma a aproximar as soluções arquitetônicas das necessidades de conservação preventiva dos acervos, com objetivo de alcançar sustentabilidade ambiental no seu interior. Pretende-se aplicar os parâmetros ambientais de temperatura, umidade e iluminação, definidos pelo campo da conservação de coleções museológicas, em instrumentos de projeto da arquitetura bioclimática, e fazer uma releitura destes parâmetros sob a ótica arquitetônica.
41st IAHS WORLD CONGRESS: Sustainability and Innovation for the Future
Abstract:
In Brazil, the ... more 41st IAHS WORLD CONGRESS: Sustainability and Innovation for the Future
Abstract:
In Brazil, the large number of museums installed in previously existing buildings, produced by different proposals and architectural answers, have demanded frequent studies and evaluations to better facilitate their operations. One of the most important conflicts that need to be solved by architecture in a museum installed in historic buildings is caused by the inner microclimate created by the construction and its interference in the preventive conservation of collections. Additionally, we must respect the historic building because it is part of the heritage. It’s needed to develop an evaluation methodology that considers different interferences in the museum architecture in historic buildings, in order to have a tool for decision-making involving utilization requirements and the environmental performance of the buildings, aiming to use heritage to leverage sustainable development. To obtain the environmental indicators for museum in traditional buildings, it’s proposed in our ongoing doctorate the use the Bioclimatic Diagram, including recommended strategies to achieve conditions of environmental comfort. The environment control parameters for objects are included inside the zone of comfort. This Bioclimatic Diagram can also be used to assist corrections in buildings in order to achieve favorable conditions for environmental control. Besides these parameters, safe values of lighting for conservation of collections can also be plotted in a Tridimensional Diagram. Measurements of climate parameters (temperature, relative humidity and lighting) in three different locations, at the same area in the city of Rio de Janeiro, through dataloggers placed in two museums and one outdoor area, have also been conducted in our work.
The bioclimatic strategy has consolidated tools for environmental analysis that can be used for the development of sustainable museum architecture in existing buildings in Brazil.
5th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HERITAGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Throughout the development ... more 5th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HERITAGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Throughout the development of the museums architecture, despite many advances and achievements of this architectural typology, there has been a gap between architecture and the museums environment. The microclimate that is created within a museum building, in particular in existing buildings, usually does not favor collections conservation. In Brazil most of museums are installed in historical buildings and the studies about the building influence in microclimate inside de museum are just beginning. The building is a passive agent of conservation but the architectural projects developed in traditional museums have not taken the performance of the building into account. It’s necessary to develop in Brazil more embracing and updated databases on temperature, humidity, lighting and others parameters to improve those projects. The application of bioclimatic strategies and environmental indicators in existing buildings can drive the internal microclimate in the direction of the preventive conservation needs, and the intentional creation of microclimate can harmonize museum architecture and museum collection, frequently thought as independent beings in Brazil.
Thesis Chapters by Marina Byrro
RESUMO
Essa tese investiga a possibilidade ... more RESUMO
Essa tese investiga a possibilidade de utilização de parâmetros de preservação de acervos museológicos em ferramentas de análise de arquitetura bioclimática e passiva, como forma de direcionar soluções de projeto de arquitetura de museus brasileiros adaptados em edifícios históricos e em clima quente e úmido. Busca interligar as áreas de conservação preventiva de coleções, de arquitetura patrimonial e de arquitetura sustentável, através de análises que permitam tomada de decisões compartilhadas na arquitetura de museus, a partir de indicadores obtidos em cada área. Inclui no Diagrama Bioclimático de Givoni, uma Zona de Controle Ambiental criada a partir dos parâmetros definidos pelo campo da conservação em museus. Esta zona serve para verificação do comportamento ambiental do edifício de museu em relação à preservação dos objetos museológicos. Foi realizado monitoramento pelo período de um ano das condições de temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar e nível de iluminamento em dois museus adaptados em edifícios históricos e em ponto utilizado como referência fora dos museus, através de três data loggers. Plota os dados obtidos no diagrama bioclimático criado com a inclusão da zona de controle ambiental, para identificar as condições do microclima em relação ao conforto ambiental dos usuários e ao controle ambiental para objetos, e gerar indicadores. Verifica a viabilidade de utilização de ferramenta de avaliação de arquitetura bioclimática, para necessidades de conservação preventiva de coleções. Verifica também a viabilidade de identificar interfaces capazes de unir procedimentos utilizados em cada área, apresentada em um diagrama conceitual. Conclui ser possível a utilização de ferramentas do campo da arquitetura sustentável como forma de avaliação das condições do microclima criado pela arquitetura antiga para a preservação de coleções, e indicar possíveis alterações no edifício antigo. Conclui também que a interligação das áreas pesquisadas abre diversas possibilidades de pesquisas no campo dos museus adaptados, tendo o clima como fio condutor.
Palavras chave: arquitetura sustentável, arquitetura de museus, patrimônio histórico sustentável, microclima, conservação preventiva.
ABSTRACT
This thesis investigates the possibility of using parameters for the preservation of museological collections in bioclimatic and passive architecture analysis tools, as a way of directing architecture project solutions from Brazilian museums adapted in historical buildings and in hot and humid climates. It seeks to link the areas of preventive conservation of collections, heritage architecture and sustainable architecture, through analyzes that allow shared decision making in museum architecture, based on indicators obtained in each area. It includes in the Bioclimático Diagram of Givoni, an Environmental Control Zone created from the parameters defined by the conservation field in museums. This area serves to verify the environmental behavior of the museum building in relation to the preservation of museum objects. One-year monitoring of air temperature, relative air humidity and lighting level was carried out in two museums adapted in historical buildings and in point used as reference outside the museums, through three data loggers. Plot the data obtained in the bioclimatic diagram created with the inclusion of the environmental control zone, to identify the conditions of the microclimate in relation to the environmental comfort of the users and the environmental control for objects, and generate indicators. Checks the feasibility of using a bioclimatic architecture assessment tool, for preventive conservation needs of collections. It also verifies the feasibility of identifying interfaces capable of joining procedures used in each area, presented in a conceptual diagram. It concludes that it is possible to use tools from the field of sustainable architecture as a way of assessing the conditions of the microclimate created by the ancient architecture for the preservation of collections, and to indicate possible changes in the old building. It also concludes that the interconnection of the researched areas opens several possibilities for research in the field of adapted museums, with the climate as the guiding line.
Key words: sustainable architecture, museums architecture, sustainable heritage, microclimate, preventive conservation.
Uploads
Papers by Marina Byrro
Conference Presentations by Marina Byrro
In this paper we deal with the conditions set by the architecture in order to create a microclimate in museums, the aspects related to the environmental control through the use of passive methods, aimed to the preventive conservation of collections.
In Brazil there are about 3,100 museums. Three dozen of this universe are under IBRAM’s tutelage. This sample was considered representative of the Brazilian museum diversity and, for the purposes of analysis, divided into four groups. The first group consists of the great national museums, the oldest and largest institutions, which are installed in buildings of great historical importance and architectural proportions. The second covers medium-sized museums that occupy urban architecture. The third group is characterized by the occupation
of various architectural typologies such as churches, ruins and fortifications. The fourth group is composed of museum buildings built by recent architectures.
Within each of these categories we seek to highlight the treatment given to the preventive conservation.
Ao longo do desenvolvimento da arquitetura de museus, apesar dos inúmeros avanços e conquistas dessa tipologia arquitetônica, houve um distanciamento entre arquitetura e as necessidades dos museus em relação às condições ambientais que se estabelecem no interior de um edifício de museu. Este artigo busca identificar metodologias de análise do ambiente climático em edifícios históricos de museus, de forma a aproximar as soluções arquitetônicas das necessidades de conservação preventiva dos acervos, com objetivo de alcançar sustentabilidade ambiental no seu interior. Pretende-se aplicar os parâmetros ambientais de temperatura, umidade e iluminação, definidos pelo campo da conservação de coleções museológicas, em instrumentos de projeto da arquitetura bioclimática, e fazer uma releitura destes parâmetros sob a ótica arquitetônica.
Abstract:
In Brazil, the large number of museums installed in previously existing buildings, produced by different proposals and architectural answers, have demanded frequent studies and evaluations to better facilitate their operations. One of the most important conflicts that need to be solved by architecture in a museum installed in historic buildings is caused by the inner microclimate created by the construction and its interference in the preventive conservation of collections. Additionally, we must respect the historic building because it is part of the heritage. It’s needed to develop an evaluation methodology that considers different interferences in the museum architecture in historic buildings, in order to have a tool for decision-making involving utilization requirements and the environmental performance of the buildings, aiming to use heritage to leverage sustainable development. To obtain the environmental indicators for museum in traditional buildings, it’s proposed in our ongoing doctorate the use the Bioclimatic Diagram, including recommended strategies to achieve conditions of environmental comfort. The environment control parameters for objects are included inside the zone of comfort. This Bioclimatic Diagram can also be used to assist corrections in buildings in order to achieve favorable conditions for environmental control. Besides these parameters, safe values of lighting for conservation of collections can also be plotted in a Tridimensional Diagram. Measurements of climate parameters (temperature, relative humidity and lighting) in three different locations, at the same area in the city of Rio de Janeiro, through dataloggers placed in two museums and one outdoor area, have also been conducted in our work.
The bioclimatic strategy has consolidated tools for environmental analysis that can be used for the development of sustainable museum architecture in existing buildings in Brazil.
Throughout the development of the museums architecture, despite many advances and achievements of this architectural typology, there has been a gap between architecture and the museums environment. The microclimate that is created within a museum building, in particular in existing buildings, usually does not favor collections conservation. In Brazil most of museums are installed in historical buildings and the studies about the building influence in microclimate inside de museum are just beginning. The building is a passive agent of conservation but the architectural projects developed in traditional museums have not taken the performance of the building into account. It’s necessary to develop in Brazil more embracing and updated databases on temperature, humidity, lighting and others parameters to improve those projects. The application of bioclimatic strategies and environmental indicators in existing buildings can drive the internal microclimate in the direction of the preventive conservation needs, and the intentional creation of microclimate can harmonize museum architecture and museum collection, frequently thought as independent beings in Brazil.
Thesis Chapters by Marina Byrro
Essa tese investiga a possibilidade de utilização de parâmetros de preservação de acervos museológicos em ferramentas de análise de arquitetura bioclimática e passiva, como forma de direcionar soluções de projeto de arquitetura de museus brasileiros adaptados em edifícios históricos e em clima quente e úmido. Busca interligar as áreas de conservação preventiva de coleções, de arquitetura patrimonial e de arquitetura sustentável, através de análises que permitam tomada de decisões compartilhadas na arquitetura de museus, a partir de indicadores obtidos em cada área. Inclui no Diagrama Bioclimático de Givoni, uma Zona de Controle Ambiental criada a partir dos parâmetros definidos pelo campo da conservação em museus. Esta zona serve para verificação do comportamento ambiental do edifício de museu em relação à preservação dos objetos museológicos. Foi realizado monitoramento pelo período de um ano das condições de temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar e nível de iluminamento em dois museus adaptados em edifícios históricos e em ponto utilizado como referência fora dos museus, através de três data loggers. Plota os dados obtidos no diagrama bioclimático criado com a inclusão da zona de controle ambiental, para identificar as condições do microclima em relação ao conforto ambiental dos usuários e ao controle ambiental para objetos, e gerar indicadores. Verifica a viabilidade de utilização de ferramenta de avaliação de arquitetura bioclimática, para necessidades de conservação preventiva de coleções. Verifica também a viabilidade de identificar interfaces capazes de unir procedimentos utilizados em cada área, apresentada em um diagrama conceitual. Conclui ser possível a utilização de ferramentas do campo da arquitetura sustentável como forma de avaliação das condições do microclima criado pela arquitetura antiga para a preservação de coleções, e indicar possíveis alterações no edifício antigo. Conclui também que a interligação das áreas pesquisadas abre diversas possibilidades de pesquisas no campo dos museus adaptados, tendo o clima como fio condutor.
Palavras chave: arquitetura sustentável, arquitetura de museus, patrimônio histórico sustentável, microclima, conservação preventiva.
ABSTRACT
This thesis investigates the possibility of using parameters for the preservation of museological collections in bioclimatic and passive architecture analysis tools, as a way of directing architecture project solutions from Brazilian museums adapted in historical buildings and in hot and humid climates. It seeks to link the areas of preventive conservation of collections, heritage architecture and sustainable architecture, through analyzes that allow shared decision making in museum architecture, based on indicators obtained in each area. It includes in the Bioclimático Diagram of Givoni, an Environmental Control Zone created from the parameters defined by the conservation field in museums. This area serves to verify the environmental behavior of the museum building in relation to the preservation of museum objects. One-year monitoring of air temperature, relative air humidity and lighting level was carried out in two museums adapted in historical buildings and in point used as reference outside the museums, through three data loggers. Plot the data obtained in the bioclimatic diagram created with the inclusion of the environmental control zone, to identify the conditions of the microclimate in relation to the environmental comfort of the users and the environmental control for objects, and generate indicators. Checks the feasibility of using a bioclimatic architecture assessment tool, for preventive conservation needs of collections. It also verifies the feasibility of identifying interfaces capable of joining procedures used in each area, presented in a conceptual diagram. It concludes that it is possible to use tools from the field of sustainable architecture as a way of assessing the conditions of the microclimate created by the ancient architecture for the preservation of collections, and to indicate possible changes in the old building. It also concludes that the interconnection of the researched areas opens several possibilities for research in the field of adapted museums, with the climate as the guiding line.
Key words: sustainable architecture, museums architecture, sustainable heritage, microclimate, preventive conservation.
In this paper we deal with the conditions set by the architecture in order to create a microclimate in museums, the aspects related to the environmental control through the use of passive methods, aimed to the preventive conservation of collections.
In Brazil there are about 3,100 museums. Three dozen of this universe are under IBRAM’s tutelage. This sample was considered representative of the Brazilian museum diversity and, for the purposes of analysis, divided into four groups. The first group consists of the great national museums, the oldest and largest institutions, which are installed in buildings of great historical importance and architectural proportions. The second covers medium-sized museums that occupy urban architecture. The third group is characterized by the occupation
of various architectural typologies such as churches, ruins and fortifications. The fourth group is composed of museum buildings built by recent architectures.
Within each of these categories we seek to highlight the treatment given to the preventive conservation.
Ao longo do desenvolvimento da arquitetura de museus, apesar dos inúmeros avanços e conquistas dessa tipologia arquitetônica, houve um distanciamento entre arquitetura e as necessidades dos museus em relação às condições ambientais que se estabelecem no interior de um edifício de museu. Este artigo busca identificar metodologias de análise do ambiente climático em edifícios históricos de museus, de forma a aproximar as soluções arquitetônicas das necessidades de conservação preventiva dos acervos, com objetivo de alcançar sustentabilidade ambiental no seu interior. Pretende-se aplicar os parâmetros ambientais de temperatura, umidade e iluminação, definidos pelo campo da conservação de coleções museológicas, em instrumentos de projeto da arquitetura bioclimática, e fazer uma releitura destes parâmetros sob a ótica arquitetônica.
Abstract:
In Brazil, the large number of museums installed in previously existing buildings, produced by different proposals and architectural answers, have demanded frequent studies and evaluations to better facilitate their operations. One of the most important conflicts that need to be solved by architecture in a museum installed in historic buildings is caused by the inner microclimate created by the construction and its interference in the preventive conservation of collections. Additionally, we must respect the historic building because it is part of the heritage. It’s needed to develop an evaluation methodology that considers different interferences in the museum architecture in historic buildings, in order to have a tool for decision-making involving utilization requirements and the environmental performance of the buildings, aiming to use heritage to leverage sustainable development. To obtain the environmental indicators for museum in traditional buildings, it’s proposed in our ongoing doctorate the use the Bioclimatic Diagram, including recommended strategies to achieve conditions of environmental comfort. The environment control parameters for objects are included inside the zone of comfort. This Bioclimatic Diagram can also be used to assist corrections in buildings in order to achieve favorable conditions for environmental control. Besides these parameters, safe values of lighting for conservation of collections can also be plotted in a Tridimensional Diagram. Measurements of climate parameters (temperature, relative humidity and lighting) in three different locations, at the same area in the city of Rio de Janeiro, through dataloggers placed in two museums and one outdoor area, have also been conducted in our work.
The bioclimatic strategy has consolidated tools for environmental analysis that can be used for the development of sustainable museum architecture in existing buildings in Brazil.
Throughout the development of the museums architecture, despite many advances and achievements of this architectural typology, there has been a gap between architecture and the museums environment. The microclimate that is created within a museum building, in particular in existing buildings, usually does not favor collections conservation. In Brazil most of museums are installed in historical buildings and the studies about the building influence in microclimate inside de museum are just beginning. The building is a passive agent of conservation but the architectural projects developed in traditional museums have not taken the performance of the building into account. It’s necessary to develop in Brazil more embracing and updated databases on temperature, humidity, lighting and others parameters to improve those projects. The application of bioclimatic strategies and environmental indicators in existing buildings can drive the internal microclimate in the direction of the preventive conservation needs, and the intentional creation of microclimate can harmonize museum architecture and museum collection, frequently thought as independent beings in Brazil.
Essa tese investiga a possibilidade de utilização de parâmetros de preservação de acervos museológicos em ferramentas de análise de arquitetura bioclimática e passiva, como forma de direcionar soluções de projeto de arquitetura de museus brasileiros adaptados em edifícios históricos e em clima quente e úmido. Busca interligar as áreas de conservação preventiva de coleções, de arquitetura patrimonial e de arquitetura sustentável, através de análises que permitam tomada de decisões compartilhadas na arquitetura de museus, a partir de indicadores obtidos em cada área. Inclui no Diagrama Bioclimático de Givoni, uma Zona de Controle Ambiental criada a partir dos parâmetros definidos pelo campo da conservação em museus. Esta zona serve para verificação do comportamento ambiental do edifício de museu em relação à preservação dos objetos museológicos. Foi realizado monitoramento pelo período de um ano das condições de temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar e nível de iluminamento em dois museus adaptados em edifícios históricos e em ponto utilizado como referência fora dos museus, através de três data loggers. Plota os dados obtidos no diagrama bioclimático criado com a inclusão da zona de controle ambiental, para identificar as condições do microclima em relação ao conforto ambiental dos usuários e ao controle ambiental para objetos, e gerar indicadores. Verifica a viabilidade de utilização de ferramenta de avaliação de arquitetura bioclimática, para necessidades de conservação preventiva de coleções. Verifica também a viabilidade de identificar interfaces capazes de unir procedimentos utilizados em cada área, apresentada em um diagrama conceitual. Conclui ser possível a utilização de ferramentas do campo da arquitetura sustentável como forma de avaliação das condições do microclima criado pela arquitetura antiga para a preservação de coleções, e indicar possíveis alterações no edifício antigo. Conclui também que a interligação das áreas pesquisadas abre diversas possibilidades de pesquisas no campo dos museus adaptados, tendo o clima como fio condutor.
Palavras chave: arquitetura sustentável, arquitetura de museus, patrimônio histórico sustentável, microclima, conservação preventiva.
ABSTRACT
This thesis investigates the possibility of using parameters for the preservation of museological collections in bioclimatic and passive architecture analysis tools, as a way of directing architecture project solutions from Brazilian museums adapted in historical buildings and in hot and humid climates. It seeks to link the areas of preventive conservation of collections, heritage architecture and sustainable architecture, through analyzes that allow shared decision making in museum architecture, based on indicators obtained in each area. It includes in the Bioclimático Diagram of Givoni, an Environmental Control Zone created from the parameters defined by the conservation field in museums. This area serves to verify the environmental behavior of the museum building in relation to the preservation of museum objects. One-year monitoring of air temperature, relative air humidity and lighting level was carried out in two museums adapted in historical buildings and in point used as reference outside the museums, through three data loggers. Plot the data obtained in the bioclimatic diagram created with the inclusion of the environmental control zone, to identify the conditions of the microclimate in relation to the environmental comfort of the users and the environmental control for objects, and generate indicators. Checks the feasibility of using a bioclimatic architecture assessment tool, for preventive conservation needs of collections. It also verifies the feasibility of identifying interfaces capable of joining procedures used in each area, presented in a conceptual diagram. It concludes that it is possible to use tools from the field of sustainable architecture as a way of assessing the conditions of the microclimate created by the ancient architecture for the preservation of collections, and to indicate possible changes in the old building. It also concludes that the interconnection of the researched areas opens several possibilities for research in the field of adapted museums, with the climate as the guiding line.
Key words: sustainable architecture, museums architecture, sustainable heritage, microclimate, preventive conservation.