Papers by Magdalena Skarżyńska-Wawrykiewicz
Warmińsko–Mazurski Biuletyn Konserwatorski, 2021
Leszek Wawrykiewicz, Magdalena Skarżyńska-Wawrykiewicz: Dwa gotyckie dzwony a kwestia datowania ś... more Leszek Wawrykiewicz, Magdalena Skarżyńska-Wawrykiewicz: Dwa gotyckie dzwony a kwestia datowania średniowiecznego kościoła fundacji Bażyńskich w Leszczu
W przypadku gotyckiego kościoła Świętej Trójcy w Leszczu, jak przystało na kościół średniowieczny, niewielu rzeczy można być do końca pewnym, a szereg kwestii badawczych dotyczących jego powstania wciąż pozostaje sprawą otwartą. Przeprowadzenie wielokierunkowych analiz możliwie szerokiego kontekstu historycznego oraz społeczno-kulturowego pozwala nam jednak formułować istotne pytania odnoszące się do dziejów budowy i wyposażenia tej świątyni oraz już dziś stawiać pewne hipotezy, których weryfikacja zapewne będzie możliwa w niedalekiej przyszłości, wraz z postępem badań nad sztuką i architekturą ziem zakonnych w Prusach.
Budowę obecnej murowanej świątyni w Leszczu (Heselicht, Heselecht) należy wiązać z rodziną von Baysen – Bażyńskich. Pierwszy jej przedstawiciel, Peter von Baysen, stał się właścicielem tych dóbr pod koniec XIV wieku. To w Leszczu, w odziedziczonym po ojcu majątku, miał swą siedzibę rycerz pruski Johannes von Baysen – Jan Bażyński (około 1390–1459), działacz antykrzyżackiego Związku Pruskiego, poseł na dwór króla polskiego, skutecznie zabiegający w 1454 roku o przyłączenie Prus do Korony. Niekompletny stan zachowania średniowiecznego kościoła w Leszczu utrudnia dziś analizę porównawczą i ustalenie czasu powstania budowli. W artykule omówiono więc zagadnienie datowania średniowiecznego kościoła. Zwrócono uwagę na możliwości płynące z analizy kontekstu historycznego oraz zachowanego wyposażenia i wystroju malarskiego średniowiecznej świątyni, mających istotne znaczenie w kontekście problematyki datowania budowli. Na podstawie analizy dwóch średniowiecznych dzwonów zachowanych na wieży kościoła, a także znanych faktów z życiorysu Jana Bażyńskiego, ustalono, że budowa gotyckiego kościoła w Leszczu z murowaną wieżą od zachodu musiała nastąpić w pierwszej ćwierci XV i zapewne na początku drugiej ćwierci XV wieku – najprawdopodobniej w latach 1422–1431 – została ostatecznie ukończona. Analiza gotyckich malowideł odsłoniętych we wnętrzu nawy była kolejnym elementem umożliwiającym datowanie średniowiecznej świątyni.
Mimo wieloletnich badań oraz niewątpliwych osiągnięć historii sztuki, ustalenie lub też uściślenie czasu powstania wielu średniowiecznych budowli wciąż pozostaje aktualnym i podstawowym postulatem badawczym. Wpływ na ten stan rzeczy ma oczywiście zróżnicowany stopień zachowania budowli średniowiecznych, a także szczątkowy stopień zachowania dokumentów źródłowych, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do ziem zakonnych w Prusach. Z tego względu w kwestii datowania zabytków architektury średniowiecznej niezwykle istotny okazuje się kontekst – historyczny, społeczny, kulturowy, gospodarczy. Przykład gotyckiego kościoła w Leszczu pokazuje, że nowe ustalenia, interesujące z naukowego punktu widzenia, można uzyskać nie tylko na podstawie klasycznych badań archiwalnych, badań historyczno-architektonicznych, badań konserwatorskich oraz technologicznych, badań archeologicznych, czy analizy dendrochronologicznej. W datowaniu zabytków architektury średniowiecznej z pomocą mogą nam przyjść także: kampanologia, numizmatyka, epigrafika (czy też, jak chce Krzysztof Maciej Kowalski, epigrafika kampanologiczna), ikonografia, ikonologia, a także genealogia.
Ochrona Zabytków, 2015
Magdalena Skarżyńska-Wawrykiewicz, Leszek Wawrykiewicz: Medieval carpentry structures of the sout... more Magdalena Skarżyńska-Wawrykiewicz, Leszek Wawrykiewicz: Medieval carpentry structures of the southern wing of the Warmia Chapter Castle in Olsztyn. Contribution to the history of the castle
The article presents the results of an analysis carried out during the renovation of a roof of the southern wing of the Warmia Chapter in Olsztyn in the years 2013-2014. The renovation of the castle wing roof provided us with the possibility to freely access normally inaccessible places and an opportunity to analyse the form and rules of carpentry structures found in this part of the castle, that is, a roof truss and frame walls from around 1429, including the stock-taking of carpentry joints that are not visible after the structure assembly. Since it was impossible to carry out a conservation analysis of carpentry structures in isolation from the context they are situated in, the research conclusions often have a broader scope and concern the history of the entire southern wing.
The example of the Olsztyn castle presented in the article shows a significant role of analyses of historical carpentry structures in chronological order and studies of architecture and construction monuments. Historical and architectural studies of historic carpentry structures, covering a typological analysis of the structure, along with an analysis of carpentry joints, assembly signs, traces of processing and other traces and distinguishing marks, e.g. inscriptions, as well as comprehensive archival studies allow chronological breakdown of the sole carpentry structure and determination of relative chronology and stratification of the entire historic building, usually subject to conversions and reconstructions over centuries. As we can see on an example of the discussed monument, studies of historical carpentry structures can often contribute to targeting architectural studies of the entire object, representing a point of departure for stratification of the entire building in many cases.
Researchers have not paid much attention to wooden structures of the Olsztyn Castle. As we can speculate, a frame structure of the southern wing yard wall with a secondary masonry work could have been beyond the awareness of castle users and researchers. The level of complexity of frame structures of walls erected along with mezzanine floors and a structure of roof truss attests to the fact that the wooden structure of the granary was erected one of the highly qualified carpentry workshops, established and functioning in the Teutonic Knights state in Prussia in the 14th and 15th centuries under the influence of settlers coming from the West.
Broader studies of the typology of medieval frame structures on the territory of former Prussia, especially those applied in secular construction, are seriously hindered due to the low number of preserved fachwerk walls to our times. Therefore, we should all the more indicate the need for preparing detailed documentations and analysing all relics of ancient frame structures, even those – or perhaps especially those – hidden behind subsequent masonry work, which was attempted at demonstrating on the basis of an analysis of medieval carpentry structures of a former granary in the southern wing of the Olsztyn fortress.
It is not for the first time that it turns out how important the performance of scientific research during the construction investments carried out in an architecture monument is for its preservation. Not only does it allow us to become familiar with its structural transformations and supplement previous knowledge, but also to verify previous findings. Such simultaneous continuation of scientific research can often influence the construction process itself, allowing potential corrections of initial investment assumptions for the benefit of the monument’s value. As regards the roof of the southern wing of the Olsztyn Castle, the research influenced, among others, the scope and method of conducting carpentry works and the type of reconstructed roof covering. No pre-investment architectural studies carried out at an object that is continuously used cannot contribute to the collection of such a large amount of information about a given monument, as regular, careful supervision exercised by persons with appropriate qualifications, carried out during renovation works.
https://ochronazabytkow.nid.pl/numery/ochrona-zabytkow-2-2015/
Rocznik Mazurski, 2010
Leszek Wawrykiewicz, Magdalena Skarżyńska-Wawrykiewicz: King post roof structures of the churches... more Leszek Wawrykiewicz, Magdalena Skarżyńska-Wawrykiewicz: King post roof structures of the churches in Szczytno County. The importance of research on historic roof structures in dating and chronological stratification of architectural monuments on the example of Evangelical churches in Pasym and Dźwierzuty [Poland]
The first part of the article discusses the history of the construction of a Gothic parish church in Pasym, while the second part discusses the Evangelical church in Dźwierzuty. In both cases, the starting point for the analysis of the structure of the object was to present the state of research in an issue-based manner. Then the analysis of the roof structure was carried out and the chronological stratification of the whole building structure was made, presenting the conclusions from the analysis. In both cases, architectural research of former roof structures is closely related to the investigation of historical transformations of the entire building structure, and a careful analysis of the attic space often leads to research conclusions of a much broader scope than the construction history of just one element of the historic building, which is the roof structure. Research on timber roof structures is of particular importance, especially in the case of architectural monuments of several hundred years of history, the construction of which is unfortunately not mentioned in written sources. On the basis of a stylistic analysis of the architectural form of the building itself, it is not possible to draw the right conclusions as to its chronology and time of construction. Architectural research on historical roof structures, using knowledge of the history of construction techniques, can be helpful both in dating architectural monuments and in establishing the relative chronology of the object (chronological stratification of the historic building).
http://www.icomos-poland.org/pl/struktura-organizacyjna/komisja-drewna/24-leszek-wawrykiewicz-magdalena-skarzynska-wawrykiewicz-storczykowe-wiezby-dachowe-kosciolow-powiat.html
Renowacje i Zabytki, 2013
Leszek Wawrykiewicz, Magdalena Skarżyńska-Wawrykiewicz: The oldest roofs in Olsztyn. Medieval roo... more Leszek Wawrykiewicz, Magdalena Skarżyńska-Wawrykiewicz: The oldest roofs in Olsztyn. Medieval roof trusses of Gothic buildings [Poland]
Among the most important brick buildings of medieval Olsztyn that have survived to our times, the Olsztyn castle deserves special attention, as well as two Gothic churches of today's Olsztyn – the parish church of St. James the Apostle (currently co-cathedral) and the parish church of St. Lawrence in Gutkowo. The roof structures of the Gothic wings of the Olsztyn Castle are high-class artefacts of medieval carpentry art, an invaluable collection of scientific information. However, the attics of the Olsztyn parish church and the church in Gutkowo also turn out to be no less interesting sources of knowledge about the monument.
http://www.icomos-poland.org/pl/struktura-organizacyjna/komisja-drewna/279-magdalena-skarzynska-wawrykiewicz-leszek-wawrykiewicz-najstarsze-dachy-olsztyna-sredniowieczne-wiezby-dachowe-budowli-gotyckich.html
Wiadomości Konserwatorskie / Journal of Heritage Conservation, 2011
Magdalena Skarżyńska-Wawrykiewicz, Leszek Wawrykiewicz: The role of architectonic research carrie... more Magdalena Skarżyńska-Wawrykiewicz, Leszek Wawrykiewicz: The role of architectonic research carried out in historical buildings on the example of adaptation of the bailey in Lidzbark Warmiński [Poland]
Architectural research of a historic building, leading to chronological stratification of its structure and determining the transformations in its architectonic form, thorough evaluation of historic substance and identifying priorities of conservation character, ought to constitute essential treatment applied before commencing any project work, and subsequently continued while carrying out an investment in the monument. The example of the bailey from the castle of the Bishops of Warmia in Lidzbark Warmiński shows how important for the proper conduct of architectural research is carrying out archive and bibliographic preliminary research, posing appropriate research questions which would take into account the results of preliminary research, and trying to find answers to them. Directing architectural research properly and thoroughly documenting its results could then constitute a basis not only for renovation or adaptation work, but also for systematising knowledge concerning the monument. The carried out renovation and adaptation work confirmed how significant yet still unrecognised are the historic objects in the bailey. Previous knowledge about the bailey was based on guesswork in various issues and, as acquired from more or less explicit archive sources, required to be expanded or even confirmed directly in the object. Building and functional transformations of the bailey, which took place over centuries, usually constituted a side issue when confronted with an understandable desire to learn the detailed history of the proper castle. The successful attempt of chronological stratification of the bailey objects allowed for partially verifying and completing the current state of knowledge concerning its building history. Architectural research allows for discovering concealed relics of older buildings, expanding our knowledge of the monument and, on such basis, re-evaluating previous opinions concerning it. Complex and detailed architectural research allows for verifying the degree of preservation of historic substance from particular building phases, which is of great significance when it is planned to recreate the appearance of the historic building from one of its many construction phases. Restoration work in a monument of architecture always has to be preceded by complex historical, architectural and archaeological research, because only on the basis of its results it is possible to fully and properly evaluate the historic substance.
https://repozytorium.biblos.pk.edu.pl/resources/32117
http://www.zeriba.pl/wkjohc/wk/wk30.pdf
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Papers by Magdalena Skarżyńska-Wawrykiewicz
W przypadku gotyckiego kościoła Świętej Trójcy w Leszczu, jak przystało na kościół średniowieczny, niewielu rzeczy można być do końca pewnym, a szereg kwestii badawczych dotyczących jego powstania wciąż pozostaje sprawą otwartą. Przeprowadzenie wielokierunkowych analiz możliwie szerokiego kontekstu historycznego oraz społeczno-kulturowego pozwala nam jednak formułować istotne pytania odnoszące się do dziejów budowy i wyposażenia tej świątyni oraz już dziś stawiać pewne hipotezy, których weryfikacja zapewne będzie możliwa w niedalekiej przyszłości, wraz z postępem badań nad sztuką i architekturą ziem zakonnych w Prusach.
Budowę obecnej murowanej świątyni w Leszczu (Heselicht, Heselecht) należy wiązać z rodziną von Baysen – Bażyńskich. Pierwszy jej przedstawiciel, Peter von Baysen, stał się właścicielem tych dóbr pod koniec XIV wieku. To w Leszczu, w odziedziczonym po ojcu majątku, miał swą siedzibę rycerz pruski Johannes von Baysen – Jan Bażyński (około 1390–1459), działacz antykrzyżackiego Związku Pruskiego, poseł na dwór króla polskiego, skutecznie zabiegający w 1454 roku o przyłączenie Prus do Korony. Niekompletny stan zachowania średniowiecznego kościoła w Leszczu utrudnia dziś analizę porównawczą i ustalenie czasu powstania budowli. W artykule omówiono więc zagadnienie datowania średniowiecznego kościoła. Zwrócono uwagę na możliwości płynące z analizy kontekstu historycznego oraz zachowanego wyposażenia i wystroju malarskiego średniowiecznej świątyni, mających istotne znaczenie w kontekście problematyki datowania budowli. Na podstawie analizy dwóch średniowiecznych dzwonów zachowanych na wieży kościoła, a także znanych faktów z życiorysu Jana Bażyńskiego, ustalono, że budowa gotyckiego kościoła w Leszczu z murowaną wieżą od zachodu musiała nastąpić w pierwszej ćwierci XV i zapewne na początku drugiej ćwierci XV wieku – najprawdopodobniej w latach 1422–1431 – została ostatecznie ukończona. Analiza gotyckich malowideł odsłoniętych we wnętrzu nawy była kolejnym elementem umożliwiającym datowanie średniowiecznej świątyni.
Mimo wieloletnich badań oraz niewątpliwych osiągnięć historii sztuki, ustalenie lub też uściślenie czasu powstania wielu średniowiecznych budowli wciąż pozostaje aktualnym i podstawowym postulatem badawczym. Wpływ na ten stan rzeczy ma oczywiście zróżnicowany stopień zachowania budowli średniowiecznych, a także szczątkowy stopień zachowania dokumentów źródłowych, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do ziem zakonnych w Prusach. Z tego względu w kwestii datowania zabytków architektury średniowiecznej niezwykle istotny okazuje się kontekst – historyczny, społeczny, kulturowy, gospodarczy. Przykład gotyckiego kościoła w Leszczu pokazuje, że nowe ustalenia, interesujące z naukowego punktu widzenia, można uzyskać nie tylko na podstawie klasycznych badań archiwalnych, badań historyczno-architektonicznych, badań konserwatorskich oraz technologicznych, badań archeologicznych, czy analizy dendrochronologicznej. W datowaniu zabytków architektury średniowiecznej z pomocą mogą nam przyjść także: kampanologia, numizmatyka, epigrafika (czy też, jak chce Krzysztof Maciej Kowalski, epigrafika kampanologiczna), ikonografia, ikonologia, a także genealogia.
The article presents the results of an analysis carried out during the renovation of a roof of the southern wing of the Warmia Chapter in Olsztyn in the years 2013-2014. The renovation of the castle wing roof provided us with the possibility to freely access normally inaccessible places and an opportunity to analyse the form and rules of carpentry structures found in this part of the castle, that is, a roof truss and frame walls from around 1429, including the stock-taking of carpentry joints that are not visible after the structure assembly. Since it was impossible to carry out a conservation analysis of carpentry structures in isolation from the context they are situated in, the research conclusions often have a broader scope and concern the history of the entire southern wing.
The example of the Olsztyn castle presented in the article shows a significant role of analyses of historical carpentry structures in chronological order and studies of architecture and construction monuments. Historical and architectural studies of historic carpentry structures, covering a typological analysis of the structure, along with an analysis of carpentry joints, assembly signs, traces of processing and other traces and distinguishing marks, e.g. inscriptions, as well as comprehensive archival studies allow chronological breakdown of the sole carpentry structure and determination of relative chronology and stratification of the entire historic building, usually subject to conversions and reconstructions over centuries. As we can see on an example of the discussed monument, studies of historical carpentry structures can often contribute to targeting architectural studies of the entire object, representing a point of departure for stratification of the entire building in many cases.
Researchers have not paid much attention to wooden structures of the Olsztyn Castle. As we can speculate, a frame structure of the southern wing yard wall with a secondary masonry work could have been beyond the awareness of castle users and researchers. The level of complexity of frame structures of walls erected along with mezzanine floors and a structure of roof truss attests to the fact that the wooden structure of the granary was erected one of the highly qualified carpentry workshops, established and functioning in the Teutonic Knights state in Prussia in the 14th and 15th centuries under the influence of settlers coming from the West.
Broader studies of the typology of medieval frame structures on the territory of former Prussia, especially those applied in secular construction, are seriously hindered due to the low number of preserved fachwerk walls to our times. Therefore, we should all the more indicate the need for preparing detailed documentations and analysing all relics of ancient frame structures, even those – or perhaps especially those – hidden behind subsequent masonry work, which was attempted at demonstrating on the basis of an analysis of medieval carpentry structures of a former granary in the southern wing of the Olsztyn fortress.
It is not for the first time that it turns out how important the performance of scientific research during the construction investments carried out in an architecture monument is for its preservation. Not only does it allow us to become familiar with its structural transformations and supplement previous knowledge, but also to verify previous findings. Such simultaneous continuation of scientific research can often influence the construction process itself, allowing potential corrections of initial investment assumptions for the benefit of the monument’s value. As regards the roof of the southern wing of the Olsztyn Castle, the research influenced, among others, the scope and method of conducting carpentry works and the type of reconstructed roof covering. No pre-investment architectural studies carried out at an object that is continuously used cannot contribute to the collection of such a large amount of information about a given monument, as regular, careful supervision exercised by persons with appropriate qualifications, carried out during renovation works.
https://ochronazabytkow.nid.pl/numery/ochrona-zabytkow-2-2015/
The first part of the article discusses the history of the construction of a Gothic parish church in Pasym, while the second part discusses the Evangelical church in Dźwierzuty. In both cases, the starting point for the analysis of the structure of the object was to present the state of research in an issue-based manner. Then the analysis of the roof structure was carried out and the chronological stratification of the whole building structure was made, presenting the conclusions from the analysis. In both cases, architectural research of former roof structures is closely related to the investigation of historical transformations of the entire building structure, and a careful analysis of the attic space often leads to research conclusions of a much broader scope than the construction history of just one element of the historic building, which is the roof structure. Research on timber roof structures is of particular importance, especially in the case of architectural monuments of several hundred years of history, the construction of which is unfortunately not mentioned in written sources. On the basis of a stylistic analysis of the architectural form of the building itself, it is not possible to draw the right conclusions as to its chronology and time of construction. Architectural research on historical roof structures, using knowledge of the history of construction techniques, can be helpful both in dating architectural monuments and in establishing the relative chronology of the object (chronological stratification of the historic building).
http://www.icomos-poland.org/pl/struktura-organizacyjna/komisja-drewna/24-leszek-wawrykiewicz-magdalena-skarzynska-wawrykiewicz-storczykowe-wiezby-dachowe-kosciolow-powiat.html
Among the most important brick buildings of medieval Olsztyn that have survived to our times, the Olsztyn castle deserves special attention, as well as two Gothic churches of today's Olsztyn – the parish church of St. James the Apostle (currently co-cathedral) and the parish church of St. Lawrence in Gutkowo. The roof structures of the Gothic wings of the Olsztyn Castle are high-class artefacts of medieval carpentry art, an invaluable collection of scientific information. However, the attics of the Olsztyn parish church and the church in Gutkowo also turn out to be no less interesting sources of knowledge about the monument.
http://www.icomos-poland.org/pl/struktura-organizacyjna/komisja-drewna/279-magdalena-skarzynska-wawrykiewicz-leszek-wawrykiewicz-najstarsze-dachy-olsztyna-sredniowieczne-wiezby-dachowe-budowli-gotyckich.html
Architectural research of a historic building, leading to chronological stratification of its structure and determining the transformations in its architectonic form, thorough evaluation of historic substance and identifying priorities of conservation character, ought to constitute essential treatment applied before commencing any project work, and subsequently continued while carrying out an investment in the monument. The example of the bailey from the castle of the Bishops of Warmia in Lidzbark Warmiński shows how important for the proper conduct of architectural research is carrying out archive and bibliographic preliminary research, posing appropriate research questions which would take into account the results of preliminary research, and trying to find answers to them. Directing architectural research properly and thoroughly documenting its results could then constitute a basis not only for renovation or adaptation work, but also for systematising knowledge concerning the monument. The carried out renovation and adaptation work confirmed how significant yet still unrecognised are the historic objects in the bailey. Previous knowledge about the bailey was based on guesswork in various issues and, as acquired from more or less explicit archive sources, required to be expanded or even confirmed directly in the object. Building and functional transformations of the bailey, which took place over centuries, usually constituted a side issue when confronted with an understandable desire to learn the detailed history of the proper castle. The successful attempt of chronological stratification of the bailey objects allowed for partially verifying and completing the current state of knowledge concerning its building history. Architectural research allows for discovering concealed relics of older buildings, expanding our knowledge of the monument and, on such basis, re-evaluating previous opinions concerning it. Complex and detailed architectural research allows for verifying the degree of preservation of historic substance from particular building phases, which is of great significance when it is planned to recreate the appearance of the historic building from one of its many construction phases. Restoration work in a monument of architecture always has to be preceded by complex historical, architectural and archaeological research, because only on the basis of its results it is possible to fully and properly evaluate the historic substance.
https://repozytorium.biblos.pk.edu.pl/resources/32117
http://www.zeriba.pl/wkjohc/wk/wk30.pdf
W przypadku gotyckiego kościoła Świętej Trójcy w Leszczu, jak przystało na kościół średniowieczny, niewielu rzeczy można być do końca pewnym, a szereg kwestii badawczych dotyczących jego powstania wciąż pozostaje sprawą otwartą. Przeprowadzenie wielokierunkowych analiz możliwie szerokiego kontekstu historycznego oraz społeczno-kulturowego pozwala nam jednak formułować istotne pytania odnoszące się do dziejów budowy i wyposażenia tej świątyni oraz już dziś stawiać pewne hipotezy, których weryfikacja zapewne będzie możliwa w niedalekiej przyszłości, wraz z postępem badań nad sztuką i architekturą ziem zakonnych w Prusach.
Budowę obecnej murowanej świątyni w Leszczu (Heselicht, Heselecht) należy wiązać z rodziną von Baysen – Bażyńskich. Pierwszy jej przedstawiciel, Peter von Baysen, stał się właścicielem tych dóbr pod koniec XIV wieku. To w Leszczu, w odziedziczonym po ojcu majątku, miał swą siedzibę rycerz pruski Johannes von Baysen – Jan Bażyński (około 1390–1459), działacz antykrzyżackiego Związku Pruskiego, poseł na dwór króla polskiego, skutecznie zabiegający w 1454 roku o przyłączenie Prus do Korony. Niekompletny stan zachowania średniowiecznego kościoła w Leszczu utrudnia dziś analizę porównawczą i ustalenie czasu powstania budowli. W artykule omówiono więc zagadnienie datowania średniowiecznego kościoła. Zwrócono uwagę na możliwości płynące z analizy kontekstu historycznego oraz zachowanego wyposażenia i wystroju malarskiego średniowiecznej świątyni, mających istotne znaczenie w kontekście problematyki datowania budowli. Na podstawie analizy dwóch średniowiecznych dzwonów zachowanych na wieży kościoła, a także znanych faktów z życiorysu Jana Bażyńskiego, ustalono, że budowa gotyckiego kościoła w Leszczu z murowaną wieżą od zachodu musiała nastąpić w pierwszej ćwierci XV i zapewne na początku drugiej ćwierci XV wieku – najprawdopodobniej w latach 1422–1431 – została ostatecznie ukończona. Analiza gotyckich malowideł odsłoniętych we wnętrzu nawy była kolejnym elementem umożliwiającym datowanie średniowiecznej świątyni.
Mimo wieloletnich badań oraz niewątpliwych osiągnięć historii sztuki, ustalenie lub też uściślenie czasu powstania wielu średniowiecznych budowli wciąż pozostaje aktualnym i podstawowym postulatem badawczym. Wpływ na ten stan rzeczy ma oczywiście zróżnicowany stopień zachowania budowli średniowiecznych, a także szczątkowy stopień zachowania dokumentów źródłowych, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do ziem zakonnych w Prusach. Z tego względu w kwestii datowania zabytków architektury średniowiecznej niezwykle istotny okazuje się kontekst – historyczny, społeczny, kulturowy, gospodarczy. Przykład gotyckiego kościoła w Leszczu pokazuje, że nowe ustalenia, interesujące z naukowego punktu widzenia, można uzyskać nie tylko na podstawie klasycznych badań archiwalnych, badań historyczno-architektonicznych, badań konserwatorskich oraz technologicznych, badań archeologicznych, czy analizy dendrochronologicznej. W datowaniu zabytków architektury średniowiecznej z pomocą mogą nam przyjść także: kampanologia, numizmatyka, epigrafika (czy też, jak chce Krzysztof Maciej Kowalski, epigrafika kampanologiczna), ikonografia, ikonologia, a także genealogia.
The article presents the results of an analysis carried out during the renovation of a roof of the southern wing of the Warmia Chapter in Olsztyn in the years 2013-2014. The renovation of the castle wing roof provided us with the possibility to freely access normally inaccessible places and an opportunity to analyse the form and rules of carpentry structures found in this part of the castle, that is, a roof truss and frame walls from around 1429, including the stock-taking of carpentry joints that are not visible after the structure assembly. Since it was impossible to carry out a conservation analysis of carpentry structures in isolation from the context they are situated in, the research conclusions often have a broader scope and concern the history of the entire southern wing.
The example of the Olsztyn castle presented in the article shows a significant role of analyses of historical carpentry structures in chronological order and studies of architecture and construction monuments. Historical and architectural studies of historic carpentry structures, covering a typological analysis of the structure, along with an analysis of carpentry joints, assembly signs, traces of processing and other traces and distinguishing marks, e.g. inscriptions, as well as comprehensive archival studies allow chronological breakdown of the sole carpentry structure and determination of relative chronology and stratification of the entire historic building, usually subject to conversions and reconstructions over centuries. As we can see on an example of the discussed monument, studies of historical carpentry structures can often contribute to targeting architectural studies of the entire object, representing a point of departure for stratification of the entire building in many cases.
Researchers have not paid much attention to wooden structures of the Olsztyn Castle. As we can speculate, a frame structure of the southern wing yard wall with a secondary masonry work could have been beyond the awareness of castle users and researchers. The level of complexity of frame structures of walls erected along with mezzanine floors and a structure of roof truss attests to the fact that the wooden structure of the granary was erected one of the highly qualified carpentry workshops, established and functioning in the Teutonic Knights state in Prussia in the 14th and 15th centuries under the influence of settlers coming from the West.
Broader studies of the typology of medieval frame structures on the territory of former Prussia, especially those applied in secular construction, are seriously hindered due to the low number of preserved fachwerk walls to our times. Therefore, we should all the more indicate the need for preparing detailed documentations and analysing all relics of ancient frame structures, even those – or perhaps especially those – hidden behind subsequent masonry work, which was attempted at demonstrating on the basis of an analysis of medieval carpentry structures of a former granary in the southern wing of the Olsztyn fortress.
It is not for the first time that it turns out how important the performance of scientific research during the construction investments carried out in an architecture monument is for its preservation. Not only does it allow us to become familiar with its structural transformations and supplement previous knowledge, but also to verify previous findings. Such simultaneous continuation of scientific research can often influence the construction process itself, allowing potential corrections of initial investment assumptions for the benefit of the monument’s value. As regards the roof of the southern wing of the Olsztyn Castle, the research influenced, among others, the scope and method of conducting carpentry works and the type of reconstructed roof covering. No pre-investment architectural studies carried out at an object that is continuously used cannot contribute to the collection of such a large amount of information about a given monument, as regular, careful supervision exercised by persons with appropriate qualifications, carried out during renovation works.
https://ochronazabytkow.nid.pl/numery/ochrona-zabytkow-2-2015/
The first part of the article discusses the history of the construction of a Gothic parish church in Pasym, while the second part discusses the Evangelical church in Dźwierzuty. In both cases, the starting point for the analysis of the structure of the object was to present the state of research in an issue-based manner. Then the analysis of the roof structure was carried out and the chronological stratification of the whole building structure was made, presenting the conclusions from the analysis. In both cases, architectural research of former roof structures is closely related to the investigation of historical transformations of the entire building structure, and a careful analysis of the attic space often leads to research conclusions of a much broader scope than the construction history of just one element of the historic building, which is the roof structure. Research on timber roof structures is of particular importance, especially in the case of architectural monuments of several hundred years of history, the construction of which is unfortunately not mentioned in written sources. On the basis of a stylistic analysis of the architectural form of the building itself, it is not possible to draw the right conclusions as to its chronology and time of construction. Architectural research on historical roof structures, using knowledge of the history of construction techniques, can be helpful both in dating architectural monuments and in establishing the relative chronology of the object (chronological stratification of the historic building).
http://www.icomos-poland.org/pl/struktura-organizacyjna/komisja-drewna/24-leszek-wawrykiewicz-magdalena-skarzynska-wawrykiewicz-storczykowe-wiezby-dachowe-kosciolow-powiat.html
Among the most important brick buildings of medieval Olsztyn that have survived to our times, the Olsztyn castle deserves special attention, as well as two Gothic churches of today's Olsztyn – the parish church of St. James the Apostle (currently co-cathedral) and the parish church of St. Lawrence in Gutkowo. The roof structures of the Gothic wings of the Olsztyn Castle are high-class artefacts of medieval carpentry art, an invaluable collection of scientific information. However, the attics of the Olsztyn parish church and the church in Gutkowo also turn out to be no less interesting sources of knowledge about the monument.
http://www.icomos-poland.org/pl/struktura-organizacyjna/komisja-drewna/279-magdalena-skarzynska-wawrykiewicz-leszek-wawrykiewicz-najstarsze-dachy-olsztyna-sredniowieczne-wiezby-dachowe-budowli-gotyckich.html
Architectural research of a historic building, leading to chronological stratification of its structure and determining the transformations in its architectonic form, thorough evaluation of historic substance and identifying priorities of conservation character, ought to constitute essential treatment applied before commencing any project work, and subsequently continued while carrying out an investment in the monument. The example of the bailey from the castle of the Bishops of Warmia in Lidzbark Warmiński shows how important for the proper conduct of architectural research is carrying out archive and bibliographic preliminary research, posing appropriate research questions which would take into account the results of preliminary research, and trying to find answers to them. Directing architectural research properly and thoroughly documenting its results could then constitute a basis not only for renovation or adaptation work, but also for systematising knowledge concerning the monument. The carried out renovation and adaptation work confirmed how significant yet still unrecognised are the historic objects in the bailey. Previous knowledge about the bailey was based on guesswork in various issues and, as acquired from more or less explicit archive sources, required to be expanded or even confirmed directly in the object. Building and functional transformations of the bailey, which took place over centuries, usually constituted a side issue when confronted with an understandable desire to learn the detailed history of the proper castle. The successful attempt of chronological stratification of the bailey objects allowed for partially verifying and completing the current state of knowledge concerning its building history. Architectural research allows for discovering concealed relics of older buildings, expanding our knowledge of the monument and, on such basis, re-evaluating previous opinions concerning it. Complex and detailed architectural research allows for verifying the degree of preservation of historic substance from particular building phases, which is of great significance when it is planned to recreate the appearance of the historic building from one of its many construction phases. Restoration work in a monument of architecture always has to be preceded by complex historical, architectural and archaeological research, because only on the basis of its results it is possible to fully and properly evaluate the historic substance.
https://repozytorium.biblos.pk.edu.pl/resources/32117
http://www.zeriba.pl/wkjohc/wk/wk30.pdf