Joan M Spaw

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Armando Marques-Guedes

UNL - New University of Lisbon

Paul E. Olsen

Columbia University

W.N.W Saelan

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu

Ines Wendler

Universität Bremen

Blanca Figuerola

CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Spanish National Research Council)

Fernando Ángel Fernández-Álvarez

CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Spanish National Research Council)

Hamzeh Mehrabi

University of Tehran

Champoungam Panmei

Indian Institute Of Technology, Roorkee

anna travé

Universitat de Barcelona

Gemma Alías

Universitat de Barcelona

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Chapter 1 Part 1: Biostratigraphic and Geochemical Constraints on the Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments of the Eagle Ford and Woodbine Groups of Texas

Abstract The 130-year history of study of the Cenomanian–Turonian Eagle Ford and Woodbine Groups ... more Abstract The 130-year history of study of the Cenomanian–Turonian Eagle Ford and Woodbine Groups of Texas has created a complicated and often confusing nomenclature system. Deciphering these nomenclatures has frequently been hindered by outdated biostratigraphic studies with inaccurate age interpretations. To resolve these issues, a comprehensive compilation and vetting of available biostratigraphic, geochemical, and lithologic data from Eagle Ford and Woodbine outcrops and subsurface penetrations was undertaken, which was then tied to a large network of wells in both south and east Texas. Composite sections were built for four outcrop areas of central and north Texas (Dallas, Red River, Waco, Austin), five outcrop areas from west Texas (Langtry, Del Rio, Big Bend, Chispa Summit, Quitman Mountains), four subsurface areas from south Texas (Webb County, Atascosa County, Karnes County, DeWitt/Gonzales Counties), and two cross sections from the east Texas subsurface (basin center and eastern margin). The resulting datasets were utilized to construct age models and characterize depositional environments, including paleoceanography. In agreement with previous studies, the total organic carbon (TOC)-rich Lower Eagle Ford was interpreted to have been deposited under anoxic to euxinic conditions and the Upper Eagle Ford under dysoxic to anoxic conditions. The Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2) interval is missing at all locations north of Atascosa County; when present it is characterized as having been deposited under oxic to suboxic conditions. High abundances of radiolaria and calcispheres identified within recrystallized medial to distal limestones of the Lower Eagle Ford indicated limestone formation during periods of enhanced water-column mixing and increased primary productivity, in contrast to proximal limestones composed of planktonic foraminifera and inoceramid prisms concentrated by bottom currents. Standardized nomenclature systems and age models are proposed for each of the outcrop and subsurface areas. Proposed changes to existing nomenclatures include reassignment of the Tarrant Formation of the Eagle Ford to the Lewisville Formation of the Woodbine in the Dallas area and the Templeton Member of the Lewisville Formation to the Britton Formation of the Eagle Ford in the Red River area. The proposed term “Waller Member” of Fairbanks (2012) for the former Cloice Member of the Lake Waco Formation in the Austin area is recognized with a new stratotype proposed and described, although the Waller Member is transferred to the Pepper Shale Formation of the Woodbine. The Terrell Member is proposed for the carbonate-rich section at the base of the Boquillas Formation in the Langtry and Del Rio areas, restricting the Lozier Canyon Member to the organic-rich rocks underlying the Antonio Creek Member. The south Texas subsurface is divided into the Upper Eagle Ford and Lower Eagle Ford Formations, with the clay-rich Maness Shale Member at the base of the Lower Eagle Ford and the foraminifera grainstone dominated Langtry Member at the top of the Upper Eagle Ford. Use of the term “middle Eagle Ford” for the clay-rich facies south of the San Marcos arch is not recommended.

Evaluation of waste-entrained concrete using image analysis and quantification

Nuclear and Chemical Waste Management, 1988

Image analysis techniques were used to characterize the composition of waste-entrained concrete, ... more Image analysis techniques were used to characterize the composition of waste-entrained concrete, and to provide quantitative data on the size, shape and location of each component in the samples. Multiple samples were analyzed to determine the degree of heterogeneity in the sample. Homogeneous samples were characterized by soils that occur in numerous, small isolated islands within the large, convoluted cement objects. Compressive strength is high because of the presence of hardened concrete framework. Porosity is restricted to nonsoil zones, lowering the probability of leaching by percolating fluids. The heterogeneous samples contain numerous cement islands within a soil matrix. Compressive strength is low because the load must be supported by the soil rather than the cement. Long fluid pathways, often in contact with the soil characterize these samples.

Joan M Spaw

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