The final section of the report presents a summary of key over-arching themes and lessons for wha... more The final section of the report presents a summary of key over-arching themes and lessons for what can be learned of greatest relevance to sparsely populated areas in Scotland. 3. International Case Studies 3.1 Sweden 3.1.1 Introduction Overall, 54.6% of Sweden is classified as sparsely populatedwith these areas home to 9.1% of the population and providing 8.6% of national economic output (OECD, 2017a). Sparsely populated regions are given a high level of priority nationally and a high level of investment. The accessibility of Sweden's sparsely populated areas and the costs of road maintenance, combined with distance to markets and travel times (exacerbated by the climate), represent 3
Rationale and evolving context for the study Scotland's Rural Economy and Evidence Gaps Growing I... more Rationale and evolving context for the study Scotland's Rural Economy and Evidence Gaps Growing Interest in the Rural Economy Filling the gaps-the rural business survey Data and Methods 2018/19 Survey Results Background characteristics Business structure and choice of location Family workers and paid employees Business Performance
The social, cultural, and economic transitions in rural areas across the globe lead us to critiqu... more The social, cultural, and economic transitions in rural areas across the globe lead us to critique the traditional “top‐down” or “bottom‐up” distinction as being outdated for contemporary rural policy. In Europe and the United States in particular, high rates of counterurbanization heighten the need for new ways of thinking about rural development. To address this, we describe the emergence of neoendogenous development theories in the United Kingdom and elucidate further on the economic implications of this approach for rural development. In particular, we examine the role of local and extralocal networks and population flows as facilitators of neoendogenous development based on our independent studies in northeast England and northern Scotland. This approach highlights the importance of diverse forms of capital in rural economies and examines the role of social networks in the utilization of these resources. In‐migrant business owners are a valuable research focus as they provide a...
This article utilises the concept of the clientelist countryside to examine the similarities and ... more This article utilises the concept of the clientelist countryside to examine the similarities and differences between areas dominated by private estates and areas dominated by large public land holdings. While the paternalistic countryside has been widely studied in England, there has been little in-depth work on the clientelist countryside. Drawing on empirical work on the Isle of Rum, located off the west coast of Scotland, the article argues that there are important differences between paternalistic and clientelist countryside typologies. Rum has a population of 31 and is wholly owned by the statutory nature conservation agency, Scottish Natural Heritage. The article illustrates how this public status structures a whole set of social and economic relations between those who live and work there and those who have a professional involvement on Rum. State ownership has created a situation where those who live on the island are divided by their differing conceptions of their professional, community and individual responsibilities. The article concludes by highlighting four key points of differentiation between the paternalistic and clientelist countryside.
Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit, 2014
This paper explores the role of private sector enterprises in building the resilience of rural Sc... more This paper explores the role of private sector enterprises in building the resilience of rural Scotland. In addition, the paper seeks to identify changes in rural enterprise activities and their impact on rural life. The paper is based on quantitative secondary data analysis and two qualitative case studies. These demonstrate how rural enterprises contribute to economic and social development in rural communities and the wider resilience of rural locations. Analysis of the secondary data highlights an increasing contribution by private sector enterprises to overall employment in rural Scotland. The data verify the importance of SMEs and, in particular, micro businesses in rural job creation. They also show the role of rural businesses in increasing the diversification of the local economy and therefore in building wider rural community resilience. The results identify changing employment patterns in rural areas (such as an increasing level of self-employment, part-time and home work...
I am delighted to take this opportunity to welcome you to the 2014 edition of SRUC's Rural Scotla... more I am delighted to take this opportunity to welcome you to the 2014 edition of SRUC's Rural Scotland in Focus Report. Our two-yearly reports are designed to provide a fast-track to a range of evidence and commentary on how and why rural Scotland is changing, in order to inform policy, practice and research. The population of rural Scotland currently sits at just over one million people, with rural areas accounting for over 90% of Scotland's overall land mass. In this report, we continue to monitor how rural Scotland is changing: its population (through in and out-migration); its young people (what drives them to stay or to leave); the levels and experiences of poverty and disadvantage; and how our finite rural land resource is negotiated through planning and other means. We also show how these different elements knit together with one another, and highlight how policy and practice too must acknowledge the interconnectedness of rural life, work and environment. As with previous reports, we also tease out the differences being experienced in Scotland's diverse areas and communities, further illustrating how policies and approaches need to be designed to 'fit' both what rural Scotland looks like now, and how it might evolve. We are very pleased that, in addition to our core team of writers from SRUC, we have-as in previous years-attracted input from a range of specialists from the private, third and public sectors, to provide their commentary on the issues we present. We value their perspectives and the opportunity to work in partnership with a range of organisations in order to represent better the challenges and opportunities facing rural Scotland.
Key questions to consider: What are the objectives of the strategy, policy, plan or service? What... more Key questions to consider: What are the objectives of the strategy, policy, plan or service? What impact do you intend it to have in rural areas? How is 'rural' defined for the purposes of this policy/strategy/service/plan? What would constitute a fair rural outcome in this case? Step 2: Understand the situation Key questions to consider: What is the current situation in rural areas? What evidence (statistics, data, research, stakeholder advice) do you have about the position in rural areas? If the relevant information is not available, can this be sourced? Do you have access to the views of rural stakeholders about the likely impact of the policy? Are there existing design features or mitigations in place to take account of rural needs? Step 3: Develop and appraise options Key questions to consider: Are there barriers to delivery in rural areas? If so, how can these be overcome or mitigated? Will it cost more to deliver in rural areas? What steps can be taken to achieve fair rural outcomes? Step 4: Prepare for Delivery Key questions to consider: Do the necessary delivery mechanisms exist in rural areas? Have you considered alternative delivery mechanisms? What action has been taken to ensure fair rural outcomes? Is there flexibility for local delivery bodies to find local solutions? Are different solutions required in different areas? Step 5: Implementation and Monitoring Key questions to consider: Have you set any rural specific indicators or targets to monitor? How will the outcomes be measured in rural areas? Are there any statistics or data that you will collect to monitor rural needs and impacts? Step 6: Evaluation and Review Key questions to consider: What processes are in place to evaluate and review the implementation of the policy, strategy, plan or service? Have rural needs been factored into the evaluation process? How will lessons learned in relation to rural outcomes be used to inform future policy making and delivery? The template finishes with requiring a signature from the person undertaking the Assessment and an approver.
I am delighted to welcome you to the fourth edition of SRUC's Rural Scotland in Focus. Our two-ye... more I am delighted to welcome you to the fourth edition of SRUC's Rural Scotland in Focus. Our two-yearly reports give you a fast-track to up-to-date evidence and commentary on key topics of rural and national importance, in order to inform policy, practice and research. In our 2016 Report, we have focused on three themes. Firstly, changing land management, where we show the evolving face of agriculture across all its sectors, examine the important role of private, community and non-governmental organisation owned estates, and explore the importance of woodland and forestry for Scotland's environment and economy. Secondly, we describe the critical contribution made by Scotland's wider rural economy which encompasses a range of enterprises across a breadth of sizes and sectors. Thirdly, we analyse the policy push towards resilient communities, and question whether the evidence exists to say with certainty that such policies have made a significant difference at national level. For all three themes, we have looked both backwards and forwards, identifying how various drivers have shaped decisions over many decades, exploring how this leads to an accumulation of outcomes which then determine options for the future. As with our previous reports, we are driven by the desire to provide impartial, objective, high quality evidence and commentary around issues of central importance to the future of rural Scotland. We have been supported in our analysis by contributors from across the private, public and third sectors, who have shared their valuable perspectives and knowledge, lending additional depth to the themes we have presented. This partnership approach continues to be a valued hallmark of the Rural Scotland in Focus reporting process. In 2016, this combination of evidence leads us to conclude, as in our previous reports, that there is a pressing need for a rural strategy which not only brings together the policies and programmes that affect rural areas, but also couples these with the energy, innovation, resourcefulness and entrepreneurship of those living and working in rural communities and businesses. A forwardthinking and coherent policy approach, underpinned by solid evidence for its evaluation, monitoring and adaptation, will support an ambitious and confident rural Scotland that will create a step change in its contribution to a fairer, greener, smarter and more prosperous Scotland. Ro-ràdh Tha mi toilichte fàilte a chur oirbh chun cheathramh iris de Fòcas air Tuath na h-Alba bho Cholaiste Tuath na h-Alba. Tha na h-aithisgean againn gach dara bliadhna a' toirt dhuibh slighe sgiobalta chun fhianais agus na beachdan as ùire air cuspairean cudromach dhan tuath agus dhan dùthaich. Tha seo feumail ann a bhith a' dealbh phoileasaidhean, chleachdaidhean agus rannsachaidh. Ann an Aithisg 2016, chuir sinn ar fòcas air trì cuspairean. An-toiseach, atharrachadh ann an riaghladh talmhainn, far a bheil sinn a' foillseachadh fàs air gach earrann de dh'ìomhaigh àiteachais, sgrùdadh air dleastanas cudromach oighreachdan fo shealbh phrìobhaideach, fo shealbh choimhearsnachdan agus fo shealbh bhuidhnean neo-riaghaltais, agus gu rannsachadh dè cho cudromach `s a tha coilltean do dh'àrainneachd is do dh'eaconamaidh na h-Alba. San dara h-àite, tha sinn a' mìneachadh cho riatanach sa tha eaconamaidh tuath na h-Alba san fharsaingeachd, a' gabhail a-steach raon de dh'iomairtean de dh'iomadh meud is cruth. San treas àite, tha sinn a' toirt sùil mhionaideach air sparradh poileasaidh a chum coimhearsnachdan làidir, agus a' faighneachd a bheil fianais ann le cinnt gun tug na poileasaidhean sin buaidh mhòr sam bith aig ìre nàiseanta. A thaobh na trì cùisean, thug sinn sùil air ais agus air adhart, a' comharrachadh mar a tha cuid de dh'iùilean air buaidh a thoirt air co-dhùnaidhean thairis iomadh bliadhna, a' rannsachadh na builean a dh'èirich asta sin agus mar a dhearbhas seo roghainnean airson an àm a tha romhainn. Coltach ri na h-aithisgean eile a dh'ullaich sinn, `s e tha fa-near dhuinn fianais agus beachdan a thoirt seachad, a tha neothaobhach agus aig sàr àrd inbhe, mu chuisean a tha fior riatanach do thuath na h-Alba san àm ri teachd. Fhuair sinn taic leis an anailis bho fheadhainn an sàs ann an roinnean prìobhaideach agus poblach agus cuideachd bhon treas roinn. Bhuapasan thàinig seallaidhean agus eòlas, a' toirt dhuinn doimhneachd a bharrachd air na cuisean. Tha an compàirteachas seo na chomharra luachmhor ann am pròiseas aithriseachd Fòcas air Tuath na h-Alba. Ann an 2016, tha an cruinneachadh de dh'fhianais gar toirt gu co-dhùnadh, dìreach mar a thachair anns na h-aithisgean roimhe seo, gu bheil dian-fheum air ro-innleachd dhan tuath a bhios a' toirt ri chèile, chan e a-mhàin na poileasaidhean is prògraman a tha ri toirt buaidh air sgìrean san tuath, ach a tha dhan ceangal ri lùths, ùr-ghnathas, innleachdas agus gnothachas an fheadhainn a tha a' fuireach agus ag obair ann an coimhearsnachd air an tuath. Nan deidheadh gabhail ri poileasaidh soilleir, reusanta, stèidhichte air fianais làidir, bhiodh bun-stèidh ion-mhiannaichte, misneachail aig tuath na h-Alba a' cosnadh atharrachadh mòr a thaobh Alba a bhith nas cothromaiche, nas uaine, nas comasaiche agus nas saidhbhire.
Understanding differential economic performance at local and regional levels is a key element in ... more Understanding differential economic performance at local and regional levels is a key element in devising practical strategies and programmes for sustainable rural and regional development in different contexts. The project DORA-Dynamics of Rural Areas deals with regional and local differences in rural Europe. The DORA project seeks to improve our understanding of the factors underlying and explaining persistent differences in economic performance between rural localities. The basic hypothesis is that the differential development of rural areas can be explained by a combination of 'tangible' and 'less tangible' factors and the way in which these interact in specific national, regional and local contexts. Such factors not only define different opportunities and constraints for local development, but also illustrate how effective the local and regional system is in tapping resources and opportunities and ameliorating constraints. This paper provides a discussion of the preliminary results for the Swedish case study areas based on the analysis of ten factors as well as the interrelationships between them to explain differential economic performance and gives an account of methodological challenges when combining qualitative and quantitative methods. 1 This paper draws on the joint work of the DORA team. DORA is a joint European project coordinated by Arkleton Centre
The final section of the report presents a summary of key over-arching themes and lessons for wha... more The final section of the report presents a summary of key over-arching themes and lessons for what can be learned of greatest relevance to sparsely populated areas in Scotland. 3. International Case Studies 3.1 Sweden 3.1.1 Introduction Overall, 54.6% of Sweden is classified as sparsely populatedwith these areas home to 9.1% of the population and providing 8.6% of national economic output (OECD, 2017a). Sparsely populated regions are given a high level of priority nationally and a high level of investment. The accessibility of Sweden's sparsely populated areas and the costs of road maintenance, combined with distance to markets and travel times (exacerbated by the climate), represent 3
Rationale and evolving context for the study Scotland's Rural Economy and Evidence Gaps Growing I... more Rationale and evolving context for the study Scotland's Rural Economy and Evidence Gaps Growing Interest in the Rural Economy Filling the gaps-the rural business survey Data and Methods 2018/19 Survey Results Background characteristics Business structure and choice of location Family workers and paid employees Business Performance
The social, cultural, and economic transitions in rural areas across the globe lead us to critiqu... more The social, cultural, and economic transitions in rural areas across the globe lead us to critique the traditional “top‐down” or “bottom‐up” distinction as being outdated for contemporary rural policy. In Europe and the United States in particular, high rates of counterurbanization heighten the need for new ways of thinking about rural development. To address this, we describe the emergence of neoendogenous development theories in the United Kingdom and elucidate further on the economic implications of this approach for rural development. In particular, we examine the role of local and extralocal networks and population flows as facilitators of neoendogenous development based on our independent studies in northeast England and northern Scotland. This approach highlights the importance of diverse forms of capital in rural economies and examines the role of social networks in the utilization of these resources. In‐migrant business owners are a valuable research focus as they provide a...
This article utilises the concept of the clientelist countryside to examine the similarities and ... more This article utilises the concept of the clientelist countryside to examine the similarities and differences between areas dominated by private estates and areas dominated by large public land holdings. While the paternalistic countryside has been widely studied in England, there has been little in-depth work on the clientelist countryside. Drawing on empirical work on the Isle of Rum, located off the west coast of Scotland, the article argues that there are important differences between paternalistic and clientelist countryside typologies. Rum has a population of 31 and is wholly owned by the statutory nature conservation agency, Scottish Natural Heritage. The article illustrates how this public status structures a whole set of social and economic relations between those who live and work there and those who have a professional involvement on Rum. State ownership has created a situation where those who live on the island are divided by their differing conceptions of their professional, community and individual responsibilities. The article concludes by highlighting four key points of differentiation between the paternalistic and clientelist countryside.
Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit, 2014
This paper explores the role of private sector enterprises in building the resilience of rural Sc... more This paper explores the role of private sector enterprises in building the resilience of rural Scotland. In addition, the paper seeks to identify changes in rural enterprise activities and their impact on rural life. The paper is based on quantitative secondary data analysis and two qualitative case studies. These demonstrate how rural enterprises contribute to economic and social development in rural communities and the wider resilience of rural locations. Analysis of the secondary data highlights an increasing contribution by private sector enterprises to overall employment in rural Scotland. The data verify the importance of SMEs and, in particular, micro businesses in rural job creation. They also show the role of rural businesses in increasing the diversification of the local economy and therefore in building wider rural community resilience. The results identify changing employment patterns in rural areas (such as an increasing level of self-employment, part-time and home work...
I am delighted to take this opportunity to welcome you to the 2014 edition of SRUC's Rural Scotla... more I am delighted to take this opportunity to welcome you to the 2014 edition of SRUC's Rural Scotland in Focus Report. Our two-yearly reports are designed to provide a fast-track to a range of evidence and commentary on how and why rural Scotland is changing, in order to inform policy, practice and research. The population of rural Scotland currently sits at just over one million people, with rural areas accounting for over 90% of Scotland's overall land mass. In this report, we continue to monitor how rural Scotland is changing: its population (through in and out-migration); its young people (what drives them to stay or to leave); the levels and experiences of poverty and disadvantage; and how our finite rural land resource is negotiated through planning and other means. We also show how these different elements knit together with one another, and highlight how policy and practice too must acknowledge the interconnectedness of rural life, work and environment. As with previous reports, we also tease out the differences being experienced in Scotland's diverse areas and communities, further illustrating how policies and approaches need to be designed to 'fit' both what rural Scotland looks like now, and how it might evolve. We are very pleased that, in addition to our core team of writers from SRUC, we have-as in previous years-attracted input from a range of specialists from the private, third and public sectors, to provide their commentary on the issues we present. We value their perspectives and the opportunity to work in partnership with a range of organisations in order to represent better the challenges and opportunities facing rural Scotland.
Key questions to consider: What are the objectives of the strategy, policy, plan or service? What... more Key questions to consider: What are the objectives of the strategy, policy, plan or service? What impact do you intend it to have in rural areas? How is 'rural' defined for the purposes of this policy/strategy/service/plan? What would constitute a fair rural outcome in this case? Step 2: Understand the situation Key questions to consider: What is the current situation in rural areas? What evidence (statistics, data, research, stakeholder advice) do you have about the position in rural areas? If the relevant information is not available, can this be sourced? Do you have access to the views of rural stakeholders about the likely impact of the policy? Are there existing design features or mitigations in place to take account of rural needs? Step 3: Develop and appraise options Key questions to consider: Are there barriers to delivery in rural areas? If so, how can these be overcome or mitigated? Will it cost more to deliver in rural areas? What steps can be taken to achieve fair rural outcomes? Step 4: Prepare for Delivery Key questions to consider: Do the necessary delivery mechanisms exist in rural areas? Have you considered alternative delivery mechanisms? What action has been taken to ensure fair rural outcomes? Is there flexibility for local delivery bodies to find local solutions? Are different solutions required in different areas? Step 5: Implementation and Monitoring Key questions to consider: Have you set any rural specific indicators or targets to monitor? How will the outcomes be measured in rural areas? Are there any statistics or data that you will collect to monitor rural needs and impacts? Step 6: Evaluation and Review Key questions to consider: What processes are in place to evaluate and review the implementation of the policy, strategy, plan or service? Have rural needs been factored into the evaluation process? How will lessons learned in relation to rural outcomes be used to inform future policy making and delivery? The template finishes with requiring a signature from the person undertaking the Assessment and an approver.
I am delighted to welcome you to the fourth edition of SRUC's Rural Scotland in Focus. Our two-ye... more I am delighted to welcome you to the fourth edition of SRUC's Rural Scotland in Focus. Our two-yearly reports give you a fast-track to up-to-date evidence and commentary on key topics of rural and national importance, in order to inform policy, practice and research. In our 2016 Report, we have focused on three themes. Firstly, changing land management, where we show the evolving face of agriculture across all its sectors, examine the important role of private, community and non-governmental organisation owned estates, and explore the importance of woodland and forestry for Scotland's environment and economy. Secondly, we describe the critical contribution made by Scotland's wider rural economy which encompasses a range of enterprises across a breadth of sizes and sectors. Thirdly, we analyse the policy push towards resilient communities, and question whether the evidence exists to say with certainty that such policies have made a significant difference at national level. For all three themes, we have looked both backwards and forwards, identifying how various drivers have shaped decisions over many decades, exploring how this leads to an accumulation of outcomes which then determine options for the future. As with our previous reports, we are driven by the desire to provide impartial, objective, high quality evidence and commentary around issues of central importance to the future of rural Scotland. We have been supported in our analysis by contributors from across the private, public and third sectors, who have shared their valuable perspectives and knowledge, lending additional depth to the themes we have presented. This partnership approach continues to be a valued hallmark of the Rural Scotland in Focus reporting process. In 2016, this combination of evidence leads us to conclude, as in our previous reports, that there is a pressing need for a rural strategy which not only brings together the policies and programmes that affect rural areas, but also couples these with the energy, innovation, resourcefulness and entrepreneurship of those living and working in rural communities and businesses. A forwardthinking and coherent policy approach, underpinned by solid evidence for its evaluation, monitoring and adaptation, will support an ambitious and confident rural Scotland that will create a step change in its contribution to a fairer, greener, smarter and more prosperous Scotland. Ro-ràdh Tha mi toilichte fàilte a chur oirbh chun cheathramh iris de Fòcas air Tuath na h-Alba bho Cholaiste Tuath na h-Alba. Tha na h-aithisgean againn gach dara bliadhna a' toirt dhuibh slighe sgiobalta chun fhianais agus na beachdan as ùire air cuspairean cudromach dhan tuath agus dhan dùthaich. Tha seo feumail ann a bhith a' dealbh phoileasaidhean, chleachdaidhean agus rannsachaidh. Ann an Aithisg 2016, chuir sinn ar fòcas air trì cuspairean. An-toiseach, atharrachadh ann an riaghladh talmhainn, far a bheil sinn a' foillseachadh fàs air gach earrann de dh'ìomhaigh àiteachais, sgrùdadh air dleastanas cudromach oighreachdan fo shealbh phrìobhaideach, fo shealbh choimhearsnachdan agus fo shealbh bhuidhnean neo-riaghaltais, agus gu rannsachadh dè cho cudromach `s a tha coilltean do dh'àrainneachd is do dh'eaconamaidh na h-Alba. San dara h-àite, tha sinn a' mìneachadh cho riatanach sa tha eaconamaidh tuath na h-Alba san fharsaingeachd, a' gabhail a-steach raon de dh'iomairtean de dh'iomadh meud is cruth. San treas àite, tha sinn a' toirt sùil mhionaideach air sparradh poileasaidh a chum coimhearsnachdan làidir, agus a' faighneachd a bheil fianais ann le cinnt gun tug na poileasaidhean sin buaidh mhòr sam bith aig ìre nàiseanta. A thaobh na trì cùisean, thug sinn sùil air ais agus air adhart, a' comharrachadh mar a tha cuid de dh'iùilean air buaidh a thoirt air co-dhùnaidhean thairis iomadh bliadhna, a' rannsachadh na builean a dh'èirich asta sin agus mar a dhearbhas seo roghainnean airson an àm a tha romhainn. Coltach ri na h-aithisgean eile a dh'ullaich sinn, `s e tha fa-near dhuinn fianais agus beachdan a thoirt seachad, a tha neothaobhach agus aig sàr àrd inbhe, mu chuisean a tha fior riatanach do thuath na h-Alba san àm ri teachd. Fhuair sinn taic leis an anailis bho fheadhainn an sàs ann an roinnean prìobhaideach agus poblach agus cuideachd bhon treas roinn. Bhuapasan thàinig seallaidhean agus eòlas, a' toirt dhuinn doimhneachd a bharrachd air na cuisean. Tha an compàirteachas seo na chomharra luachmhor ann am pròiseas aithriseachd Fòcas air Tuath na h-Alba. Ann an 2016, tha an cruinneachadh de dh'fhianais gar toirt gu co-dhùnadh, dìreach mar a thachair anns na h-aithisgean roimhe seo, gu bheil dian-fheum air ro-innleachd dhan tuath a bhios a' toirt ri chèile, chan e a-mhàin na poileasaidhean is prògraman a tha ri toirt buaidh air sgìrean san tuath, ach a tha dhan ceangal ri lùths, ùr-ghnathas, innleachdas agus gnothachas an fheadhainn a tha a' fuireach agus ag obair ann an coimhearsnachd air an tuath. Nan deidheadh gabhail ri poileasaidh soilleir, reusanta, stèidhichte air fianais làidir, bhiodh bun-stèidh ion-mhiannaichte, misneachail aig tuath na h-Alba a' cosnadh atharrachadh mòr a thaobh Alba a bhith nas cothromaiche, nas uaine, nas comasaiche agus nas saidhbhire.
Understanding differential economic performance at local and regional levels is a key element in ... more Understanding differential economic performance at local and regional levels is a key element in devising practical strategies and programmes for sustainable rural and regional development in different contexts. The project DORA-Dynamics of Rural Areas deals with regional and local differences in rural Europe. The DORA project seeks to improve our understanding of the factors underlying and explaining persistent differences in economic performance between rural localities. The basic hypothesis is that the differential development of rural areas can be explained by a combination of 'tangible' and 'less tangible' factors and the way in which these interact in specific national, regional and local contexts. Such factors not only define different opportunities and constraints for local development, but also illustrate how effective the local and regional system is in tapping resources and opportunities and ameliorating constraints. This paper provides a discussion of the preliminary results for the Swedish case study areas based on the analysis of ten factors as well as the interrelationships between them to explain differential economic performance and gives an account of methodological challenges when combining qualitative and quantitative methods. 1 This paper draws on the joint work of the DORA team. DORA is a joint European project coordinated by Arkleton Centre
There are very few current studies that place a monetary value on coastal and marine ecosystems... more There are very few current studies that place a monetary value on coastal and marine ecosystems aside from direct sea food catches and recreational use.
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Papers by J. Atterton