Student retention is an issue facing higher education administrators that cannot be ignored. Prog... more Student retention is an issue facing higher education administrators that cannot be ignored. Program directors of athletic training education programs (ATEP) must become aware of the factors which influence retention and develop strategies to reduce attrition. Because the majority of attrition occurs during the freshman year, the focus of retention programs should be on the first year of the students ’ college experience. To better understand why they persist in undergraduate ATEPs, freshman students (n = 603) were surveyed to determine their level of satisfaction with various aspects of the program as well as whether or not they chose to apply to the program during the spring semester. Of the surveys that were mailed, 347 were returned for a 58 % return rate. Significant differences were found at the p <.01 level with regard to their satisfaction with their intellectual integration, social integration, commitment, and clinical education experience. Significant differences betwee...
Context: Approximately 1 to 1.4 million individuals (0.58% of the population) in the United State... more Context: Approximately 1 to 1.4 million individuals (0.58% of the population) in the United States identify as transgender, yet no literature could be found regarding how researchers should adapt clinical research studies when intersex or transgender individuals volunteer as participants. Therefore, the objective was to determine if there is a consensus among recently published researchers in 3 athletic training and sports medicine journals regarding procedures used to categorize participants and data of transgender or intersex individuals in a research study. Methods: The authors developed a 14-item survey using Qualtrics XM to assess how researchers categorize individuals and their data when intersex or transgender individuals volunteer to participate in clinical research studies that are not intended to focus on intersex or transgender individuals. The survey was sent to 378 individuals in athletic training and related fields who recently published research manuscripts from 2018 ...
The Effect of Student Satisfaction on Freshman Retention in Undergraduate Athletic Training Educa... more The Effect of Student Satisfaction on Freshman Retention in Undergraduate Athletic Training Education Programs Student retention is an issue facing higher education administrators that cannot be ignored. Program directors of athletic training education programs (ATEP) must become aware of the factors which influence retention and develop strategies to reduce attrition. Because the majority of attrition occurs during the freshman year, the focus of retention programs should be on the first year of the students’ college experience. To better understand why they persist in undergraduate ATEPs, freshman students (n = 603) were surveyed to determine their level of satisfaction with various aspects of the program as well as whether or not they chose to apply to the program during the spring semester. Of the surveys that were mailed, 347 were returned for a 58% return rate. Significant differences were found at the p < .01 level with regard to their satisfaction with their intellectual ...
The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences & Practice, 2009
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine core temperature (TC) and markers of dehydratio... more Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine core temperature (TC) and markers of dehydration during one-a-day (D1) practices compared to two-a-day (D2) practices. Methods: Twenty-five National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) football players volunteered to participate in the study, with thirteen subjects providing data for all four practices. Each subject was measured prior to and following D1 and D2 practices and tested for body mass, core temperature, supine and standing blood pressure, and blood volume changes. Environmental temperature, humidity and barometric pressure were measured at the practice field during the last hour of each practice. Results: During moderate environmental temperatures and humidity, body mass was found to decrease following practice. Core temperature increased following both types of practice. Post practice plasma volume was 4% higher following D1 compared to D2 practice type. Conclusions/Re...
PURPOSE Fascial adhesions can reduce range of motion (ROM). Different techniques of varying costs... more PURPOSE Fascial adhesions can reduce range of motion (ROM). Different techniques of varying costs have been studied to release these adhesions and restore normal ROM, but none have compared instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) with a roller massage stick. The objective was to compare the acute and residual effects of IASTM and a roller massage stick on active and passive hamstring ROM after a single treatment. DESIGN Prospective cohort study in a university laboratory. METHODS Sixteen (8M, 8F) recreationally active individuals (age 23.38±2.45 yrs). IASTM using Graston instruments and a roller massage stick were randomly applied to the hamstrings of the dominant or non-dominant leg for 3.5 minutes. Active and passive ROM were measured pre-intervention, immediately post-intervention, and 48-hrs post-intervention. RESULTS There was a main effect for time showing a significant increase in active and passive ROM from pre-intervention to immediate post-intervention (p<0...
Growth hormone is one of the many dangerous and illegal ergogenic aids currently used by athletes... more Growth hormone is one of the many dangerous and illegal ergogenic aids currently used by athletes. In those who suffer from a growth hormone deficiency, supplementation does produce positive results: Muscle volume increases while adipose tissue volume is significantly reduced. Growth hormone supplementation can also lead to strength increases in the deficient population (2, 6, 13) as well as in the elderly population (16, 18, 25). In healthy young men, growth hormone supplementation has been shown to increase fat-free mass and to decrease fat mass. However, these changes are not accompanied by strength gains (5, 7, 23, 24). This finding, coupled with the numerous side effects associated with the drug, presents a strong case for athletes to abandon its use as an ergogenic aid.
Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice
Purpose: Athletic training clinical education provides students with a variety of real-life patie... more Purpose: Athletic training clinical education provides students with a variety of real-life patient encounters under the supervision of a credentialed athletic trainer. However, clinical education experiences may not allow for all students to practice more invasive or less common skills such as rectal thermometry. The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) determine the effect of a series of low to high-fidelity simulated rectal thermometry experiences on athletic training students’ self-confidence scores; and 2) through a phenomenological qualitative approach, explore athletic training students’ perceptions following the simulated rectal thermometry experiences. Method: This study used a quasi-experimental, mixed methods, one-group repeated measures design. Participants were nine first year professional Master of Athletic Training students who completed four simulated experiences on the skill of rectal thermometry. The outcome measures were The Athletic Trainer’s Self-Confidence Sc...
Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice
Background: There is continued controversy related to flexibility gains from different stretching... more Background: There is continued controversy related to flexibility gains from different stretching protocols and within single protocols. Stretching methods include static, ballistic, dynamic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF). A combination of stretching methods may be an improved way to increase active knee range of motion (ROM). This study evaluated a single program formulated with static and ballistic components. Objective: To compare active knee ROM following stretching programs which either included combined static and ballistic stretching (CSBS) or static stretching (SS) alone. It was hypothesized that CSBS would show a greater increase in active knee ROM than SS. Setting: The pre- and post- measurements were performed in a laboratory. Subjects were randomly assigned to either treatment group or a non-stretching control group and given written instructions on how to perform their designated protocol at home. Subjects: Forty-three (33M, 10F) healthy collegiate...
Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice
Context: Wearing wristbands embedded with holograms at certain frequencies are believed to increa... more Context: Wearing wristbands embedded with holograms at certain frequencies are believed to increase proprioception. There has been very little research to determine if holographic wristbands have any physiological effect on the body. Objective: To determine if the holograms embedded in the wristbands will improve proprioception during a single leg stance test on the dominant foot. Design and Setting: Controlled Athletic Training laboratory study. Participants: Twenty-four healthy college students of different activity levels (7 men, 17 women; age = 22.6 ± 1.2 years, height = 170.18 ± 12.10 cm, mass = 69.51 ± 15.63 kg) without any lower extremity injuries in the past three months participated. The subjects were also excluded if they have worn a holographic wristband in the past three months. Intervention(s): Each subject completed two trials under three protocols (holographic wristband, placebo wristband, no wristband) in a counter-balanced order for a total of six different tests wi...
Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that contribute to student persiste... more Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that contribute to student persistence and gauge prospective athletic training students' perceptions of experiences that contributed to their persistence. Method: The Athletic Training Student Persistence-Revised Survey was developed to gather data about program attributes, social, academic, clinical integration, and program commitment. Institutional demographics, program demographics, and program attributes were collected during interviews. Surveys were administered online through SurveyMonkey. Survey data were returned anonymously by designated contact persons (Athletic Training Program Directors or Clinical Education Coordinators) for all freshmen prospective athletic training students enrolled in the athletic training introductory course/s. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric differences and correlations were calculated. The inductive process was used in coding open-ended data. Results: The Mann Whitney U te...
Conflict resolution involves problem solving and decision making. Conflict resolution involves di... more Conflict resolution involves problem solving and decision making. Conflict resolution involves dialogue and two-way conversation. Conflict resolution strategies can be utilized by anyone to address conflict or differences in viewpoints. Conflict resolution is a learned skill that can be developed with training, practice, and reflection.
Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, Apr 1, 2013
ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term effect of a pointe sh... more ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term effect of a pointe shoe toe box shape on proprioception in novice ballet dancers. Methods: Thirty-six female subjects completed the study (age = 13.2 + 2.2 years, height = 156.4 + 11.5 cm, weight = 46.6 + 9.4 kg). Subjects were assigned randomly to one of two groups. One group of 18 subjects was assigned to the tapered toe box pointe shoe, and the other group of 18 subjects was assigned to the square toe box pointe shoe. Subjects in each group were given a choice of any variation, brand, or size of shoe, only being restricted on the tapered or square box style. They were expected to train using that shoe, exclusively, over the next six weeks. Each subject&#39;s static proprioception (the Center of Pressure [COP] area [Area95] and reaction velocity [Vavg]) was measured prior to and following their six weeks of standard training using the AMTI AccuSway Plus forceplate. Results: A mixed-design ANOVA showed no effect on static proprioception for either shoe type. Conclusions: The shape of pointe shoe toe boxes does not have an effect on static proprioception in novice ballet dancers in a six week training program. Future research should evaluate these effects over a longer duration to evaluate long-term effects. BACKGROUND Like competitive athletes in traditional sports, ballet dancers must perform in environments that are demanding and pose a risk of physical injury. However, there are many tasks and strains placed upon dancers that differ from those placed on a typical athlete. 1 Dancers have to be in the same level of condition as a highly trained athlete to perform, yet because ballet is also a performance art, there are fewer limitations or rules designed for maintaining the safety of the dancer. In the performing arts, quality is more than just the height of a jump, but is also judged by aesthetics of the performance. 2 One aspect of aesthetics is the pointe shoe worn in ballet, which is intended to create a graceful line from the toe to the hip. However, it may be responsible for lower extremity injuries in ballet dancers, particularly in the foot and ankle, as the pointe shoe requires the placement of the full weight of the body on the toes for extended periods of time. 1 Though many types of injuries may result from the use of pointe shoes, this study only addressed the issue of proprioception, which may be an underlying cause of several injuries. Proprioception is simply coordination or the awareness of the body and its limbs and their location as they move through space. It functions through a reflex arc, where afferent nerves communicate changes in the environment, such as air pressure changes, touch, and other senses, and the efferent motor neurons then act to make adjustments. 3 In balance, the feet sense changes in pressure from the ground, shifting the center of pressure (COP), and the motor neurons then activate the appropriate muscles to compensate and avoid falling. Proprioception is, therefore, learned through practice, and it is dependent upon factors such as muscle strength and fiber types, flexibility, motor units, and muscle
Objective: To identify those factors that influence freshmen application to Commission on Accredi... more Objective: To identify those factors that influence freshmen application to Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP)-accredited undergraduate ATEPs having a secondary admissions process. (All undergraduate ATEPs are now accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE)). Design and Setting: The Athletic Training Student Persistence Survey was used to measure freshmen athletic training student level of satisfaction with various aspects of their program in CAAHEPaccredited ATEPs in the United States to determine factors that influence the decision to apply. Subjects: Three hundred and forty-seven freshmen athletic training students (113 males and 234 females) enrolled in CAAHEPaccredited ATEPs. Measurements: Students' level of satisfaction with the ATEP as defined by the constructs, demographic information, and the decision to apply to the ATEP. Results: All of the constructs except Clinical Education were found to be significantly different between the two groups (P < .05). None of the demographic variables were related to a student's decision to apply. Cumulative college grade point average and the grades received in athletic training and science courses did influence a student's decision to apply. (P < .05). Conclusions: Freshman student satisfaction with the ATEP is predictive of a student's decision to apply to the program. Factors affecting the decision to apply included social integration, intellectual integration, commitment, and the clinical education experience.
Student retention is an issue facing higher education administrators that cannot be ignored. Prog... more Student retention is an issue facing higher education administrators that cannot be ignored. Program directors of athletic training education programs (ATEP) must become aware of the factors which influence retention and develop strategies to reduce attrition. Because the majority of attrition occurs during the freshman year, the focus of retention programs should be on the first year of the students ’ college experience. To better understand why they persist in undergraduate ATEPs, freshman students (n = 603) were surveyed to determine their level of satisfaction with various aspects of the program as well as whether or not they chose to apply to the program during the spring semester. Of the surveys that were mailed, 347 were returned for a 58 % return rate. Significant differences were found at the p <.01 level with regard to their satisfaction with their intellectual integration, social integration, commitment, and clinical education experience. Significant differences betwee...
Context: Approximately 1 to 1.4 million individuals (0.58% of the population) in the United State... more Context: Approximately 1 to 1.4 million individuals (0.58% of the population) in the United States identify as transgender, yet no literature could be found regarding how researchers should adapt clinical research studies when intersex or transgender individuals volunteer as participants. Therefore, the objective was to determine if there is a consensus among recently published researchers in 3 athletic training and sports medicine journals regarding procedures used to categorize participants and data of transgender or intersex individuals in a research study. Methods: The authors developed a 14-item survey using Qualtrics XM to assess how researchers categorize individuals and their data when intersex or transgender individuals volunteer to participate in clinical research studies that are not intended to focus on intersex or transgender individuals. The survey was sent to 378 individuals in athletic training and related fields who recently published research manuscripts from 2018 ...
The Effect of Student Satisfaction on Freshman Retention in Undergraduate Athletic Training Educa... more The Effect of Student Satisfaction on Freshman Retention in Undergraduate Athletic Training Education Programs Student retention is an issue facing higher education administrators that cannot be ignored. Program directors of athletic training education programs (ATEP) must become aware of the factors which influence retention and develop strategies to reduce attrition. Because the majority of attrition occurs during the freshman year, the focus of retention programs should be on the first year of the students’ college experience. To better understand why they persist in undergraduate ATEPs, freshman students (n = 603) were surveyed to determine their level of satisfaction with various aspects of the program as well as whether or not they chose to apply to the program during the spring semester. Of the surveys that were mailed, 347 were returned for a 58% return rate. Significant differences were found at the p < .01 level with regard to their satisfaction with their intellectual ...
The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences & Practice, 2009
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine core temperature (TC) and markers of dehydratio... more Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine core temperature (TC) and markers of dehydration during one-a-day (D1) practices compared to two-a-day (D2) practices. Methods: Twenty-five National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) football players volunteered to participate in the study, with thirteen subjects providing data for all four practices. Each subject was measured prior to and following D1 and D2 practices and tested for body mass, core temperature, supine and standing blood pressure, and blood volume changes. Environmental temperature, humidity and barometric pressure were measured at the practice field during the last hour of each practice. Results: During moderate environmental temperatures and humidity, body mass was found to decrease following practice. Core temperature increased following both types of practice. Post practice plasma volume was 4% higher following D1 compared to D2 practice type. Conclusions/Re...
PURPOSE Fascial adhesions can reduce range of motion (ROM). Different techniques of varying costs... more PURPOSE Fascial adhesions can reduce range of motion (ROM). Different techniques of varying costs have been studied to release these adhesions and restore normal ROM, but none have compared instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) with a roller massage stick. The objective was to compare the acute and residual effects of IASTM and a roller massage stick on active and passive hamstring ROM after a single treatment. DESIGN Prospective cohort study in a university laboratory. METHODS Sixteen (8M, 8F) recreationally active individuals (age 23.38±2.45 yrs). IASTM using Graston instruments and a roller massage stick were randomly applied to the hamstrings of the dominant or non-dominant leg for 3.5 minutes. Active and passive ROM were measured pre-intervention, immediately post-intervention, and 48-hrs post-intervention. RESULTS There was a main effect for time showing a significant increase in active and passive ROM from pre-intervention to immediate post-intervention (p<0...
Growth hormone is one of the many dangerous and illegal ergogenic aids currently used by athletes... more Growth hormone is one of the many dangerous and illegal ergogenic aids currently used by athletes. In those who suffer from a growth hormone deficiency, supplementation does produce positive results: Muscle volume increases while adipose tissue volume is significantly reduced. Growth hormone supplementation can also lead to strength increases in the deficient population (2, 6, 13) as well as in the elderly population (16, 18, 25). In healthy young men, growth hormone supplementation has been shown to increase fat-free mass and to decrease fat mass. However, these changes are not accompanied by strength gains (5, 7, 23, 24). This finding, coupled with the numerous side effects associated with the drug, presents a strong case for athletes to abandon its use as an ergogenic aid.
Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice
Purpose: Athletic training clinical education provides students with a variety of real-life patie... more Purpose: Athletic training clinical education provides students with a variety of real-life patient encounters under the supervision of a credentialed athletic trainer. However, clinical education experiences may not allow for all students to practice more invasive or less common skills such as rectal thermometry. The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) determine the effect of a series of low to high-fidelity simulated rectal thermometry experiences on athletic training students’ self-confidence scores; and 2) through a phenomenological qualitative approach, explore athletic training students’ perceptions following the simulated rectal thermometry experiences. Method: This study used a quasi-experimental, mixed methods, one-group repeated measures design. Participants were nine first year professional Master of Athletic Training students who completed four simulated experiences on the skill of rectal thermometry. The outcome measures were The Athletic Trainer’s Self-Confidence Sc...
Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice
Background: There is continued controversy related to flexibility gains from different stretching... more Background: There is continued controversy related to flexibility gains from different stretching protocols and within single protocols. Stretching methods include static, ballistic, dynamic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF). A combination of stretching methods may be an improved way to increase active knee range of motion (ROM). This study evaluated a single program formulated with static and ballistic components. Objective: To compare active knee ROM following stretching programs which either included combined static and ballistic stretching (CSBS) or static stretching (SS) alone. It was hypothesized that CSBS would show a greater increase in active knee ROM than SS. Setting: The pre- and post- measurements were performed in a laboratory. Subjects were randomly assigned to either treatment group or a non-stretching control group and given written instructions on how to perform their designated protocol at home. Subjects: Forty-three (33M, 10F) healthy collegiate...
Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice
Context: Wearing wristbands embedded with holograms at certain frequencies are believed to increa... more Context: Wearing wristbands embedded with holograms at certain frequencies are believed to increase proprioception. There has been very little research to determine if holographic wristbands have any physiological effect on the body. Objective: To determine if the holograms embedded in the wristbands will improve proprioception during a single leg stance test on the dominant foot. Design and Setting: Controlled Athletic Training laboratory study. Participants: Twenty-four healthy college students of different activity levels (7 men, 17 women; age = 22.6 ± 1.2 years, height = 170.18 ± 12.10 cm, mass = 69.51 ± 15.63 kg) without any lower extremity injuries in the past three months participated. The subjects were also excluded if they have worn a holographic wristband in the past three months. Intervention(s): Each subject completed two trials under three protocols (holographic wristband, placebo wristband, no wristband) in a counter-balanced order for a total of six different tests wi...
Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that contribute to student persiste... more Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that contribute to student persistence and gauge prospective athletic training students' perceptions of experiences that contributed to their persistence. Method: The Athletic Training Student Persistence-Revised Survey was developed to gather data about program attributes, social, academic, clinical integration, and program commitment. Institutional demographics, program demographics, and program attributes were collected during interviews. Surveys were administered online through SurveyMonkey. Survey data were returned anonymously by designated contact persons (Athletic Training Program Directors or Clinical Education Coordinators) for all freshmen prospective athletic training students enrolled in the athletic training introductory course/s. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric differences and correlations were calculated. The inductive process was used in coding open-ended data. Results: The Mann Whitney U te...
Conflict resolution involves problem solving and decision making. Conflict resolution involves di... more Conflict resolution involves problem solving and decision making. Conflict resolution involves dialogue and two-way conversation. Conflict resolution strategies can be utilized by anyone to address conflict or differences in viewpoints. Conflict resolution is a learned skill that can be developed with training, practice, and reflection.
Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, Apr 1, 2013
ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term effect of a pointe sh... more ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term effect of a pointe shoe toe box shape on proprioception in novice ballet dancers. Methods: Thirty-six female subjects completed the study (age = 13.2 + 2.2 years, height = 156.4 + 11.5 cm, weight = 46.6 + 9.4 kg). Subjects were assigned randomly to one of two groups. One group of 18 subjects was assigned to the tapered toe box pointe shoe, and the other group of 18 subjects was assigned to the square toe box pointe shoe. Subjects in each group were given a choice of any variation, brand, or size of shoe, only being restricted on the tapered or square box style. They were expected to train using that shoe, exclusively, over the next six weeks. Each subject&#39;s static proprioception (the Center of Pressure [COP] area [Area95] and reaction velocity [Vavg]) was measured prior to and following their six weeks of standard training using the AMTI AccuSway Plus forceplate. Results: A mixed-design ANOVA showed no effect on static proprioception for either shoe type. Conclusions: The shape of pointe shoe toe boxes does not have an effect on static proprioception in novice ballet dancers in a six week training program. Future research should evaluate these effects over a longer duration to evaluate long-term effects. BACKGROUND Like competitive athletes in traditional sports, ballet dancers must perform in environments that are demanding and pose a risk of physical injury. However, there are many tasks and strains placed upon dancers that differ from those placed on a typical athlete. 1 Dancers have to be in the same level of condition as a highly trained athlete to perform, yet because ballet is also a performance art, there are fewer limitations or rules designed for maintaining the safety of the dancer. In the performing arts, quality is more than just the height of a jump, but is also judged by aesthetics of the performance. 2 One aspect of aesthetics is the pointe shoe worn in ballet, which is intended to create a graceful line from the toe to the hip. However, it may be responsible for lower extremity injuries in ballet dancers, particularly in the foot and ankle, as the pointe shoe requires the placement of the full weight of the body on the toes for extended periods of time. 1 Though many types of injuries may result from the use of pointe shoes, this study only addressed the issue of proprioception, which may be an underlying cause of several injuries. Proprioception is simply coordination or the awareness of the body and its limbs and their location as they move through space. It functions through a reflex arc, where afferent nerves communicate changes in the environment, such as air pressure changes, touch, and other senses, and the efferent motor neurons then act to make adjustments. 3 In balance, the feet sense changes in pressure from the ground, shifting the center of pressure (COP), and the motor neurons then activate the appropriate muscles to compensate and avoid falling. Proprioception is, therefore, learned through practice, and it is dependent upon factors such as muscle strength and fiber types, flexibility, motor units, and muscle
Objective: To identify those factors that influence freshmen application to Commission on Accredi... more Objective: To identify those factors that influence freshmen application to Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP)-accredited undergraduate ATEPs having a secondary admissions process. (All undergraduate ATEPs are now accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE)). Design and Setting: The Athletic Training Student Persistence Survey was used to measure freshmen athletic training student level of satisfaction with various aspects of their program in CAAHEPaccredited ATEPs in the United States to determine factors that influence the decision to apply. Subjects: Three hundred and forty-seven freshmen athletic training students (113 males and 234 females) enrolled in CAAHEPaccredited ATEPs. Measurements: Students' level of satisfaction with the ATEP as defined by the constructs, demographic information, and the decision to apply to the ATEP. Results: All of the constructs except Clinical Education were found to be significantly different between the two groups (P < .05). None of the demographic variables were related to a student's decision to apply. Cumulative college grade point average and the grades received in athletic training and science courses did influence a student's decision to apply. (P < .05). Conclusions: Freshman student satisfaction with the ATEP is predictive of a student's decision to apply to the program. Factors affecting the decision to apply included social integration, intellectual integration, commitment, and the clinical education experience.
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Papers by Valerie Herzog