In support of the Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative (NEESPI), we have been wo... more In support of the Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative (NEESPI), we have been working on the development of the Asian Dust Databank by integrating the diverse satellite and ground-based data on land- use/land-cover, atmospheric mineral dust, and climatic variables in Central and East Asia. The ultimate goal of this effort is to gain a better understanding of interactions between
During the complex aerosol-radiation-cloudiness experiment at Zvenigorod Research Station (50 km ... more During the complex aerosol-radiation-cloudiness experiment at Zvenigorod Research Station (50 km to the west of Moscow) in the spring of 2002 we have carried out regular spectrometric measurements of the NO2 abundance. At the same time, submicron aerosol was deposited on germanium plates transparent in IR spectral range using cascade impactor. The same measurements were done during the period of the forest and peatbog fires near Moscow in July-September 2002. Characteristic diameter of aerosol particles deposited in the submicron cascade is within 0.7-1.3 µm. The aerosol samples were collected in daytime during two-to-three days, with interruptions; the duration of sample collecting was about 24 hours. Identification of chemical compounds in the aerosol samples was done with the use of transmittance spectra of the samples measured with resolution 8-10 cm-1 by two-beam spectrophotometer UR-20 in the wave number range 500-5000 cm-1.
ABSTRACT The characteristics of the Ladoga and Onega hydrological regimes were analyzed, and the ... more ABSTRACT The characteristics of the Ladoga and Onega hydrological regimes were analyzed, and the features of the annual and long-term variations in their water balance components were determined. The statistically significant positive trends of the average annual precipitation and evaporation in the Ladoga water area and the water inflow for the period of 1932–1995 were determined. The relative effect of the Ladoga water balance components on the formation of its level was studied. Spectral analysis of the components of this balance revealed, in particular, characteristic periods of about four years in the last decades. Based on the analysis, including wavelet, of the longer series of long-term variations in the Ladoga water level, it was found that the spectral structure pronouncedly changed in the period from 1859 to 1995.
The project in question (http://www.combat-meteo.net/) aims to provide the basis for the reform o... more The project in question (http://www.combat-meteo.net/) aims to provide the basis for the reform of the system of higher education in the area of hydrometeorology in the Russian Federation to comply with the Bologna Declaration. In this regard, the project puts the following specific objectives: 1. To develop internationally recognized competency-based two-level (Bachelor / Master) curricula in meteorology by December 2007.
High people sensitivity to weather and space factors, particularly encumbered by various illnesse... more High people sensitivity to weather and space factors, particularly encumbered by various illnesses, was from time immemorial. Now, in terms of global climate change, accompanied by frequent and severe restructuring of atmospheric processes, thermal anomalies, droughts, environmental change through meteorological and heliogeophysical factors affect the human body particularly intense, causing adverse effects to health. There are currently beginning to develop
Fine structure of the atmospheric boundary layer in desert regions of Kalmykia and on dried botto... more Fine structure of the atmospheric boundary layer in desert regions of Kalmykia and on dried bottom of the Aral Sea and its relation to soil particle emission in the atmosphere are discussed. It was found that in a hot season in the absence of dust storms convective processes lift up dust particles into the atmospheric boundary layer from sandy landscapes of Kalmykia and Sub-Aral regions. This aerosol consists of aggregate particles and contains a significant amount of long-living aerosol of size less than 5 µm (including fine-dispersion 0.01-0.1 µm aerosol). The increasing of fine aerosol concentration was found at air temperature above 25 • C, surface temperature above 50 • C, and relative humidity less than 40-50%. Some mechanisms influencing the particle emission rates are briefly considered.
... Khon, 2010, published in Izvestiya AN ... episodes of the numerical integration of RCAO regio... more ... Khon, 2010, published in Izvestiya AN ... episodes of the numerical integration of RCAO regional climate model that was developed in the Rossby Center of Swedish Meteorological and Hydro logical Institute (SMHI) [11–13] and which has a very fine horizontal resolution of 49 km. ...
Using data on temperature of the atmosphere at heights of 30 100 km measured by rocket and spectr... more Using data on temperature of the atmosphere at heights of 30 100 km measured by rocket and spectrophotometric methods in middle latitudes we study the altitude distributions of the temperature response on solar activity. The large seasonal variations of the response are observed at heights ˜ 80 95 km (winter ˜ - (5 ± 1.7) K/100 sfu, summer ˜ + (8 ± 1.7) K/100 sfu), minimal-at heights ˜55 70 km (winter ˜ + (2 ± 0.4) K/100 sfu, summer ˜ - (1 ± 0.4) K/100 sfu). The height, where the response of the middle atmosphere temperature to solar activity is close to zero, varies within a year in a range of 55 70 km (spring summer of ˜70 km, autumn winter of ˜55 km). Essential seasonal distinction of the temperature response in the region of mesopause to solar activity is obviously caused by peculiarities of the altitude distributions of some chemically active gas components and by changes of the Sun UV radiation in many respects determining the altitude distribution of temperature. The empirica...
There is a long-standing need for measurement-based estimates of the emissions of ozonedepleting ... more There is a long-standing need for measurement-based estimates of the emissions of ozonedepleting substances (ODSs) in Russia. This need arises from >20 years of globally important ODS manufacture in Russia that reportedly ceased in December 2000, for which only aggregated, unaudited production figures are available. The integrity of these production figures is questionable because, for nearly the last decade, the global emissions of several important ODSs estimated from global production figures (production-based estimates) have been insufficient to account for their measured atmospheric burdens. Are these shortfalls in worldwide production-based estimates the result of Russian emissions that are inordinate relative to the reported production figures? We estimate Russian emissions of six ODSs 2 (chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11, CCl 3 F), CFC-12 (CCl 2 F 2 ), CFC-113 (CCl 2 FCClF 2 ), carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ), methyl chloroform (CH 3 CCl 3 ), and halon-1211 (CBrClF 2 )) from thousands of measurements of their mixing ratios along 8500 km of the Russian trans-Siberian railway in June-July 2001. Our measurement-based estimates indicate that Russian emissions in 2001, even if grossly underestimated because of underreported production, were insufficient in magnitude to play a major role in recent global emission shortfalls. The results also corroborate the reported termination of CFC production in Russia at the end of 2000. The large CFC-12 emissions observed in Russia suggest that a recent estimate of the global CFC-12 reserve is too small.
1] The chemical composition of the surface boundary layer over the Eurasian continent is still an... more 1] The chemical composition of the surface boundary layer over the Eurasian continent is still an area of high uncertainty. In the framework of the Trans-Siberian Observations Into the Chemistry of the Atmosphere (TROICA) project, measurements of O 3 , NO, NO 2 , CO, CO 2 , CH 4 , 222 Rn, J(NO 2 ), and black carbon aerosol were carried out on the Trans-Siberian railroad during June-July 1999. Boundary layer data over more than 16,000 km, from Kirov ($58°N, 49°E; 972 km east of Moscow) to Khabarovsk ($48°N, 135°E) and back to Moscow, were obtained without significant contamination, emphasizing the potential of using the Trans-Siberian railroad system for atmospheric measurements. The 222 Rn and CO 2 concentrations were determined for the first time using our laboratory wagon. The diurnal variations of these gases and of CH 4 due to micrometeorological conditions, as well as their dependence on various soil sources and vegetation types, were used to estimate ecosystem fluxes of CO 2 and CH 4 . The highest soil flux of CH 4 was 70 ± 35 m mol m À2 h À1 for the wet habitats of the West Siberian lowlands, and the lowest CH 4 flux was 3.2 ± 1.6 m mol m À2 h À1 for drier habitats of eastern Siberia. Although the wet tundra emissions found between 67°and 77°N are higher than in comparable environments at much lower latitudes , boreal wetlands in Siberia at 50°-60°N represent a very important player in the global methane budget. The CO 2 density fluxes exhibited the opposite to CH 4 fluxes tendency. Ozone mixing ratios varied from a few nmol/mol during nighttime inversions to more than 60 nmol/mol during the day. These values were generally higher than during the 1996 summer campaign (TROICA 2). CH 4 and CO levels followed the pattern observed during TROICA 2; elevated levels of CH 4 with a mean mixing ratio of 1.97 ± 0.009 mmol/mol were found over the West Siberian lowlands, decreasing to 1.88 ± 0.13 mmol/mol toward East Siberia. Conversely, while background CO levels of the West Siberian wetlands were generally below 140 nmol/mol, high CO concentrations, once even exceeding 2 mmol/mol, were registered east of Chita ($52°N, 113°E), as a consequence of forest and other vegetation fires, which significantly affect the chemical composition of the air over parts of Russia.
Emission of soil particles is usually related to strong winds or dust devils Gillette and Sinclai... more Emission of soil particles is usually related to strong winds or dust devils Gillette and Sinclair, 1989). We consider dust distribution ill the atmosphere of Kalmykia Black Lands (Russia) during calm weather with wind velocity that do not exceed 4 m/s from 14 to 22 June 1996. The observation experiments included the ground and aircraft aerosol measurements. Measurements of aerosol mass concentration are performed continuously by nephelometer and counters, discretely by aspirate and aspiration-free samplers, and by weight method. The instrumental complex applied for these measurements covers size interval from 0.005 to 10 lam: electrostatic analyser (0.005i.0 ~tm ), laser analyser (0.1-5.0 ~tm), impactor (0.01-15.0 am). Lidar study of aerosol systems are performed from laboratory aircraft. The direction of lidar sounding was close to vertical. The near region (about 100 m from the aircraft) and far region, where signal to noise ratio exceeded two, were analysed. For calibration of lidar the electrostatic counters were used. To simulate numerically these processes, a hydrodynamical spatial eddy-resolution model is used. The model describes non-stationary convection processes emerging during warm daytime in the lower troposphere over the surface. The data for surface temperature were obtained by thermovision camera. Then, on the background of the flow fields formed, the transport of sand from the Earth's surface to upper layers of the atmospheric boundary layer is simulated.
We analyse data from weekly rocket temperature soundings up to 75 km carried out since mid-1960s ... more We analyse data from weekly rocket temperature soundings up to 75 km carried out since mid-1960s at polar (Heiss Island, 80.6°N and Molodezhnaya, 67.7°S), temperate (Volgograd, 48.7°N and Balkhash, 46.8°N) and tropical (Thumba, 8.5°N) latitudes. All records show significant cooling which is of the order of a few degrees K at 30–40 km, 10 K at 50 km and 20 K at 60–70 km. In the mesosphere the temperature trends are estimated from the hydroxyl rotational temperature records which start in 1957 at Zvenigorod (55.7°N) and Abastumani (41.8°N). These are related to the mesopause at 87 km and also show a cooling of about 30 K during the time. The cooling is qualitatively consistent with increasing concentration of greenhouse gases but may also reflect the changing chemistry of stratosphere and mesosphere, which is clearly seen in increasing emission intensities of hydroxyl during the last decades. Therefore the stratosphere and mesosphere may be regions with the strongest signals of global change.
In support of the Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative (NEESPI), we have been wo... more In support of the Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative (NEESPI), we have been working on the development of the Asian Dust Databank by integrating the diverse satellite and ground-based data on land- use/land-cover, atmospheric mineral dust, and climatic variables in Central and East Asia. The ultimate goal of this effort is to gain a better understanding of interactions between
During the complex aerosol-radiation-cloudiness experiment at Zvenigorod Research Station (50 km ... more During the complex aerosol-radiation-cloudiness experiment at Zvenigorod Research Station (50 km to the west of Moscow) in the spring of 2002 we have carried out regular spectrometric measurements of the NO2 abundance. At the same time, submicron aerosol was deposited on germanium plates transparent in IR spectral range using cascade impactor. The same measurements were done during the period of the forest and peatbog fires near Moscow in July-September 2002. Characteristic diameter of aerosol particles deposited in the submicron cascade is within 0.7-1.3 µm. The aerosol samples were collected in daytime during two-to-three days, with interruptions; the duration of sample collecting was about 24 hours. Identification of chemical compounds in the aerosol samples was done with the use of transmittance spectra of the samples measured with resolution 8-10 cm-1 by two-beam spectrophotometer UR-20 in the wave number range 500-5000 cm-1.
ABSTRACT The characteristics of the Ladoga and Onega hydrological regimes were analyzed, and the ... more ABSTRACT The characteristics of the Ladoga and Onega hydrological regimes were analyzed, and the features of the annual and long-term variations in their water balance components were determined. The statistically significant positive trends of the average annual precipitation and evaporation in the Ladoga water area and the water inflow for the period of 1932–1995 were determined. The relative effect of the Ladoga water balance components on the formation of its level was studied. Spectral analysis of the components of this balance revealed, in particular, characteristic periods of about four years in the last decades. Based on the analysis, including wavelet, of the longer series of long-term variations in the Ladoga water level, it was found that the spectral structure pronouncedly changed in the period from 1859 to 1995.
The project in question (http://www.combat-meteo.net/) aims to provide the basis for the reform o... more The project in question (http://www.combat-meteo.net/) aims to provide the basis for the reform of the system of higher education in the area of hydrometeorology in the Russian Federation to comply with the Bologna Declaration. In this regard, the project puts the following specific objectives: 1. To develop internationally recognized competency-based two-level (Bachelor / Master) curricula in meteorology by December 2007.
High people sensitivity to weather and space factors, particularly encumbered by various illnesse... more High people sensitivity to weather and space factors, particularly encumbered by various illnesses, was from time immemorial. Now, in terms of global climate change, accompanied by frequent and severe restructuring of atmospheric processes, thermal anomalies, droughts, environmental change through meteorological and heliogeophysical factors affect the human body particularly intense, causing adverse effects to health. There are currently beginning to develop
Fine structure of the atmospheric boundary layer in desert regions of Kalmykia and on dried botto... more Fine structure of the atmospheric boundary layer in desert regions of Kalmykia and on dried bottom of the Aral Sea and its relation to soil particle emission in the atmosphere are discussed. It was found that in a hot season in the absence of dust storms convective processes lift up dust particles into the atmospheric boundary layer from sandy landscapes of Kalmykia and Sub-Aral regions. This aerosol consists of aggregate particles and contains a significant amount of long-living aerosol of size less than 5 µm (including fine-dispersion 0.01-0.1 µm aerosol). The increasing of fine aerosol concentration was found at air temperature above 25 • C, surface temperature above 50 • C, and relative humidity less than 40-50%. Some mechanisms influencing the particle emission rates are briefly considered.
... Khon, 2010, published in Izvestiya AN ... episodes of the numerical integration of RCAO regio... more ... Khon, 2010, published in Izvestiya AN ... episodes of the numerical integration of RCAO regional climate model that was developed in the Rossby Center of Swedish Meteorological and Hydro logical Institute (SMHI) [11–13] and which has a very fine horizontal resolution of 49 km. ...
Using data on temperature of the atmosphere at heights of 30 100 km measured by rocket and spectr... more Using data on temperature of the atmosphere at heights of 30 100 km measured by rocket and spectrophotometric methods in middle latitudes we study the altitude distributions of the temperature response on solar activity. The large seasonal variations of the response are observed at heights ˜ 80 95 km (winter ˜ - (5 ± 1.7) K/100 sfu, summer ˜ + (8 ± 1.7) K/100 sfu), minimal-at heights ˜55 70 km (winter ˜ + (2 ± 0.4) K/100 sfu, summer ˜ - (1 ± 0.4) K/100 sfu). The height, where the response of the middle atmosphere temperature to solar activity is close to zero, varies within a year in a range of 55 70 km (spring summer of ˜70 km, autumn winter of ˜55 km). Essential seasonal distinction of the temperature response in the region of mesopause to solar activity is obviously caused by peculiarities of the altitude distributions of some chemically active gas components and by changes of the Sun UV radiation in many respects determining the altitude distribution of temperature. The empirica...
There is a long-standing need for measurement-based estimates of the emissions of ozonedepleting ... more There is a long-standing need for measurement-based estimates of the emissions of ozonedepleting substances (ODSs) in Russia. This need arises from >20 years of globally important ODS manufacture in Russia that reportedly ceased in December 2000, for which only aggregated, unaudited production figures are available. The integrity of these production figures is questionable because, for nearly the last decade, the global emissions of several important ODSs estimated from global production figures (production-based estimates) have been insufficient to account for their measured atmospheric burdens. Are these shortfalls in worldwide production-based estimates the result of Russian emissions that are inordinate relative to the reported production figures? We estimate Russian emissions of six ODSs 2 (chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11, CCl 3 F), CFC-12 (CCl 2 F 2 ), CFC-113 (CCl 2 FCClF 2 ), carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ), methyl chloroform (CH 3 CCl 3 ), and halon-1211 (CBrClF 2 )) from thousands of measurements of their mixing ratios along 8500 km of the Russian trans-Siberian railway in June-July 2001. Our measurement-based estimates indicate that Russian emissions in 2001, even if grossly underestimated because of underreported production, were insufficient in magnitude to play a major role in recent global emission shortfalls. The results also corroborate the reported termination of CFC production in Russia at the end of 2000. The large CFC-12 emissions observed in Russia suggest that a recent estimate of the global CFC-12 reserve is too small.
1] The chemical composition of the surface boundary layer over the Eurasian continent is still an... more 1] The chemical composition of the surface boundary layer over the Eurasian continent is still an area of high uncertainty. In the framework of the Trans-Siberian Observations Into the Chemistry of the Atmosphere (TROICA) project, measurements of O 3 , NO, NO 2 , CO, CO 2 , CH 4 , 222 Rn, J(NO 2 ), and black carbon aerosol were carried out on the Trans-Siberian railroad during June-July 1999. Boundary layer data over more than 16,000 km, from Kirov ($58°N, 49°E; 972 km east of Moscow) to Khabarovsk ($48°N, 135°E) and back to Moscow, were obtained without significant contamination, emphasizing the potential of using the Trans-Siberian railroad system for atmospheric measurements. The 222 Rn and CO 2 concentrations were determined for the first time using our laboratory wagon. The diurnal variations of these gases and of CH 4 due to micrometeorological conditions, as well as their dependence on various soil sources and vegetation types, were used to estimate ecosystem fluxes of CO 2 and CH 4 . The highest soil flux of CH 4 was 70 ± 35 m mol m À2 h À1 for the wet habitats of the West Siberian lowlands, and the lowest CH 4 flux was 3.2 ± 1.6 m mol m À2 h À1 for drier habitats of eastern Siberia. Although the wet tundra emissions found between 67°and 77°N are higher than in comparable environments at much lower latitudes , boreal wetlands in Siberia at 50°-60°N represent a very important player in the global methane budget. The CO 2 density fluxes exhibited the opposite to CH 4 fluxes tendency. Ozone mixing ratios varied from a few nmol/mol during nighttime inversions to more than 60 nmol/mol during the day. These values were generally higher than during the 1996 summer campaign (TROICA 2). CH 4 and CO levels followed the pattern observed during TROICA 2; elevated levels of CH 4 with a mean mixing ratio of 1.97 ± 0.009 mmol/mol were found over the West Siberian lowlands, decreasing to 1.88 ± 0.13 mmol/mol toward East Siberia. Conversely, while background CO levels of the West Siberian wetlands were generally below 140 nmol/mol, high CO concentrations, once even exceeding 2 mmol/mol, were registered east of Chita ($52°N, 113°E), as a consequence of forest and other vegetation fires, which significantly affect the chemical composition of the air over parts of Russia.
Emission of soil particles is usually related to strong winds or dust devils Gillette and Sinclai... more Emission of soil particles is usually related to strong winds or dust devils Gillette and Sinclair, 1989). We consider dust distribution ill the atmosphere of Kalmykia Black Lands (Russia) during calm weather with wind velocity that do not exceed 4 m/s from 14 to 22 June 1996. The observation experiments included the ground and aircraft aerosol measurements. Measurements of aerosol mass concentration are performed continuously by nephelometer and counters, discretely by aspirate and aspiration-free samplers, and by weight method. The instrumental complex applied for these measurements covers size interval from 0.005 to 10 lam: electrostatic analyser (0.005i.0 ~tm ), laser analyser (0.1-5.0 ~tm), impactor (0.01-15.0 am). Lidar study of aerosol systems are performed from laboratory aircraft. The direction of lidar sounding was close to vertical. The near region (about 100 m from the aircraft) and far region, where signal to noise ratio exceeded two, were analysed. For calibration of lidar the electrostatic counters were used. To simulate numerically these processes, a hydrodynamical spatial eddy-resolution model is used. The model describes non-stationary convection processes emerging during warm daytime in the lower troposphere over the surface. The data for surface temperature were obtained by thermovision camera. Then, on the background of the flow fields formed, the transport of sand from the Earth's surface to upper layers of the atmospheric boundary layer is simulated.
We analyse data from weekly rocket temperature soundings up to 75 km carried out since mid-1960s ... more We analyse data from weekly rocket temperature soundings up to 75 km carried out since mid-1960s at polar (Heiss Island, 80.6°N and Molodezhnaya, 67.7°S), temperate (Volgograd, 48.7°N and Balkhash, 46.8°N) and tropical (Thumba, 8.5°N) latitudes. All records show significant cooling which is of the order of a few degrees K at 30–40 km, 10 K at 50 km and 20 K at 60–70 km. In the mesosphere the temperature trends are estimated from the hydroxyl rotational temperature records which start in 1957 at Zvenigorod (55.7°N) and Abastumani (41.8°N). These are related to the mesopause at 87 km and also show a cooling of about 30 K during the time. The cooling is qualitatively consistent with increasing concentration of greenhouse gases but may also reflect the changing chemistry of stratosphere and mesosphere, which is clearly seen in increasing emission intensities of hydroxyl during the last decades. Therefore the stratosphere and mesosphere may be regions with the strongest signals of global change.
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Papers by G. Golitsyn