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Malaysia

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Malaysia
A blue rectangle with a gold star and crescent in the canton, with 14 horizontal red and white stripes on the rest of the flag
Menira
Shield showing the symbols of the Malaysian states with a star and crescent above and a motto below, supported by two tigers
Coat of arms
Rambai jaku: Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu[1]
برسکوتو برتمبه موتو‎ (Jawi)
"Beserakup Betambah Kualiti"
Anthem: "Negaraku"
"Menuaku"
Location of Malaysia (dark green)

– in Asia (dark gray & white)
– in ASEAN (dark gray)

Indu menua
enggau nengeri ke pemadu besai
Kuala Lumpur[fn 1]
3°8′N 101°41′E / 3.133°N 101.683°E / 3.133; 101.683
Palan perintahPutrajaya[fn 2]
2°56′N 101°42′E / 2.933°N 101.700°E / 2.933; 101.700
Jaku resmiJaku Melayu[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3]
Jaku ti diakuJaku Inggeris[lower-alpha 3]
Raban bansa
(2023)[2][3]
Pengarap
(2020)[5]
PerintahMonarki elektif bekonstitusyen parlimen federal
Ibrahim Iskandar
Anwar Ibrahim
Paung
Johari Abdul
Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat
Dewan Undangan NegeriParliamen
• Upper house
Diwan Menua (Senat)
• Lower house
Diwan Rayat (House of Representatives)
Meredika 
ari United Kingdom
31 Ogos 1957[6]
22 Julai 1963
31 Ogos 1963[7]
16 September 1963
Menua
• Pemesai
330,803[8][9] km2 (127,724 bt2) (67th)
• Ai (%)
0.3
Penyampau tubuh
• 2024 estimate
34,564,810[10] (43rd)
• 2020 census
32,447,385[11]
• Pemayuh tubuh
101/km2 (261.6/sq mi) (116th)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $1.306 trilion[12] (30th)
• Per capita
Increase $39,030[12] (53rd)
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $445.519 billion[12] (36th)
• Per capita
Increase $13,315[12] (67th)
Gini (2021)Positive decrease 40.7[13]
medium
HDI (2022)Increase 0.807[14]
very high · 63rd
Mata duitRinggit Malaysia (RM) (MYR)
Zon jamUTC+8 (JSM)
Date formatdd-mm-yyyy
Tisi deribaleft
Kod talipaun+60
Kod ISO 3166MY
TLD Internet.my

Malaysia siti menua raja federal konstitusyen ba Asia Tenggara ti ditubuhka ari 11 iti negeri ba Semenanjung Malaysia, 2 iti negeri ba Borneo enggau 3 iti Wilayah Persekutuan. Pemesai menua tu nyampau 330,803 km2. Malaysia bekunsi arih tanah enggau menua Thailand, Indonesia, enggau Brunei sereta arih tasik enggau Singapura enggau Filipina. Ba Malaysia bisi siti titik ti pemadu selatan urung semua tanah besai Eurasia, ianya Tanjung Piai.

Tuai menua Malaysia ianya Yang di-Pertuan Agong, raja elektif ti dipilih ari 9 iku raja negeri Melayu. Tuai eksekutif perintah ianya Menteri Besai. Kuala Lumpur nya indu menua Malaysia, Putrajaya nya pusat perintah federal. Malaysia siti menua perintis Serakup Menua-Menua Asia Tenggara enggau Serakup Aum Islam, sereta siti ari raban Saup Ekonomi Asia-Pasifik, Menua-Menua Komanwel, enggau Non-Alligned Movement.

Asal menua tu ari perintah-perintah orang Laut ti ulih ditemu ba Semenanjung Malaysia. Menua nya udah dijajah Empayar British ari abad ke-18. Begian menua keterubah ti udah dijajah British dikumbai Negeri-Negeri Selat. Maya Perang Dunya Kedua, British Malaya udah dijajah menua Jipun. Sepengudah perang nya, Semenanjung Malaysia ti dikelala enggau nama Tanah Melayu tauka Malaya maya nya, udah diserakup baruh siti komanwel maya taun 1946, sebedau nyadi Persekutuan Tanah Melayu maya taun 1948. Maya taun 1957 Semenanjung Malaysia udah meredika. Sepengudah nya, ba taun 1963, Tanah Melayu beserakup enggau Sabah, Sarawak, enggau Singapura ungkup nubuhka menua Malaysia. Singapura udah dipansutka ari federasyen lalu nyadi siti menua ti bibas maya taun 1965.

Negeri

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Semenanjung Malaysia

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  1. Johor
  2. Kedah
  3. Kelantan
  4. Melaka
  5. Negeri Sembilan
  6. Pahang
  7. Perak
  8. Perlis
  9. Pulau Pinang
  10. Selangor
  11. Terengganu

Borneo Malaysia

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  1. Sabah
  2. Sarawak

Wilayah Persekutuan

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  1. Kuala Lumpur
  2. Labuan
  3. Putrajaya

Nama

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English Map of Southeast Asia, "MALAYSIA" typeset horizontally so that the letters run across the northernmost corner of Borneo and pass just south of the Philippines.
"Malaysia" dikena nyadi label ke Pulau Melayu ba kar taun 1914 dalam atlas Amerika Serikat

Nama "Malaysia" datai ari dua leka jaku iya nya "Malays" enggau penambah pengujung jaku Latin-Gerika "-ia"/"-ία"[15] ke ulih dikalih jaku nyadi "tanah orang Melayu".[16] Asal leka jaku 'Melayu' ngembuan mayuh macham teori. Bisi pelaba leka jaku tu datai ari jaku Sanskrit iya nya "Himalaya", ti nujuka kandang menua ke tinggi sereta begunung, tauka leka jaku "Malaiyur-pura", ti mai reti "nengeri gunung".[17] Teori bukai madahka asal penatai leka jaku tu ari jaku Tamil "malai" enggau "ur" ke mai reti "gunung" enggau "nengeri, tanah".[18][19][20] Siti agi penemu iya nya bepun ari peristiwa Pamalayu ti mai reti Ekspedisyen Melayu. Siti penemu iya nya iya datai ari leka jaku Jawa "mlaya" enggau "mlayu" ti mai reti "belanda", ari sungai, iya nya Sungai Melayu, ti diberi nama ketegal arus iya.[17] Varian mega bisi ayan dalam rikud ke tuai agi ari abad ke-11, nyadi toponim ungkup kandang endur di Sumatera tauka nunjukka pelilih menua ke besai agi ngelingi Selat Melaka.[21] Teks Sanskrit Vayu Purana, ti dipelabaka udah bisi kenyau ari milenium keterubah, nyebut pasal tanah ti dikumbai ‘Malayadvipa’ ti dikelala sekeda pakar nyadi semenanjung Melayu moden.[22][23][24][25][26] Rikud bukai iya nya Geografi Ptolemy abad ke-2 ti ngena nama Malayu Kulon ungkup pantai barat Semenanjung Emas, enggau rikud Yijing abad ke-7 pasal Malayu.[21]

Bisi sekali, Perintah Melayu ngambi nama ari Sungai Melayu.[17][27] 'Melayu' lalu dipaut ngagai Srivijaya,[21] lalu mengkang begulai enggau mayuh bengkah endur di Sumatera, nyengkaum Palembang, endur ke dipelaba orang asal penumbuh Kesultanan Melaka.[28] Iya dipelabaka mansang nyadi etnonim laban Melaka nyadi kuasa pelilih menua dalam abad ke-15. Islam nempa identiti etnik pengarap di Melaka, enggau leka jaku ‘Melayu’ pansut. Engka enggau spesifik ngenang pasal orang ke bejaku Melayu setempat ti dianggap taluk ngagai Sultan Melaka. Pengawa orang Portugis ngena penambah jaku Malayos ulih nunjukka orang ke bekuasa di Melaka. Pengelebih orang dagang ari Melaka ngasuh bansa ‘Melayu’ begulai enggau orang dagang ti bepengarap Islam, lalu ari nya sida dikaul enggau raban budaya enggau jaku ti lebih luas.[21] Melaka lalu udah nya Johor ngumbai diri nyadi pusat budaya Melayu, siti penuduk ti disukung British.[28]

Pengudah ekspedisyen pelayar Peranchis Jules Dumont d'Urville ngagai Oceania maya taun 1826, siku pakar Jereman Johann Friedrich Blumenbach merambu leka jaku "Malaysia", "Mikronesia" enggau "Melanesia" ngagai Société de Géographie maya taun 1831, midaka budaya enggau raban pulau Pasifik tu ari leka jaku ke udah bisi iya nya "Polinesia". Dumont d'Urville nerangka Malaysia nyadi "kandang menua ti suah dikelala enggau nama Hindia Timur".[29] Maya taun 1850, raban etnologi British, George Samuel Windsor Earl, nulis dalam Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, merambu deka meri nama ngagai pulau-pulau di Asia Tenggara nya “Melayunesia” tauka “Indunesia”, nitihka nama ke dulu suba.[30] Nama Malaysia berengkah dikena ngelabel endur ti nyadi Pulau Melayu.[31]

Menua ti merdeka ari British dalam taun 1957 ngambi nama “Persekutuan Tanah Melayu” nyadika pilih ari nama bukai ti bisi potensial baka “Langkasuka”, udah bekau perintah besejarah ti bepalan ba tuchung Semenanjung Melayu.[32][33] Bala orang politik di Filipina kala berunding deka nukar nama menua sida "Malaysia" sebedau menua "moden" nya ngambi nama tu.[34]

Demografi

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Artikel batang: Demografi Malaysia
A map of Malaysia depicting the expected 2010 estimated population density.
Pemadat mensia (orang per km2) maya 2010
Percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group, 2010
The percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group based on 2010 census

Nitihka penerang ari Opis Statistik Malaysia, penyampau tubuh peranak menua tu manggai 32,447,385 iku ba taun 2020,[35] nyadika menua ke-42 pemadu mayuh mensia. Nitihka anggar taun 2012, penyampau tubuh majak nambah 1.54 peratus setaun. Malaysia ngembuan pemadat pemayuh tubuh 96 iku per km2, ba penuduk lumur 116 ba dunya ungkup pemadat mensia. Orang dalam kandang umur 15–64 taun nyadi 69.5 peratus ari penyampau tubuh; raban umur 0–14 taun setipak enggau 24.5 peratus; lalu orang tuai ke beumur 65 taun ke atas manggai 6.0 peratus. Dalam taun 1960, lebuh pengawa ngitung tubuh enggau rasmi keterubah iya dirikod di Malaysia, penyampau tubuh mensia mayuh bisi 8.11 juta iku. 91.8 peratus ari penyampau tubuh peranak menua Malaysia.[36]

Peranak Malaysia dibagi nitihka garis etnik setempat, enggau 69.7 peratus dianggap bumiputera.[37] Raban bumiputera ke pemadu mayuh iya nya bansa Melayu, ke ditukuka dalam konstitusyen nyadi orang Islam ke ngemeranka adat enggau budaya Melayu. Sida bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti dominan ba politik.[38] Status Bumiputera mega diberi ngagai raban bansa asal ukai Melayu Sabah enggau Sarawak: ti nyengkaum bansa Dayak (Iban, Bidayuh, Orang Ulu), Kadazan-Dusun, Melanau, Bajau sereta ke bukai. Bumiputera ukai Melayu mungkur lebih setengah ari penyampau tubuh peranak Sarawak enggau lebih dua pertiga ari penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah.[39][40] Bisi mega raban bansa asal tauka orang asal ke jauh mimit agi ba semenanjung, ke alai sida begulai dikelala enggau nama Orang Asli.[41] Undang-undang pasal sapa ke bulih status bumiputera bebida entara negeri.[42]

Pia mega bisi dua bengkah etnik setempat bukai ke ukai Bumiputera. 22.8 peratus ari penyampau tubuh nya bansa China Malaysia, lalu 6.8 peratus bansa India Malaysia.[37] Raban bansa China setempat ari suba udah lebih dominan dalam komuniti dagang. Orang India setempat tebal agi bebansa Tamil.[43][44] Peranak menua Malaysia ukai automatik diberi ngagai sida ke ada di Malaysia, tang diberi ngagai anak mit ke ada ari dua iku apai indai peranak Malaysia di luar Malaysia. Dua peranak menua enda dikemendarka nitihka undang-undang menua tu.[45] Peranak menua di nengeri Sabah enggau Sarawak di Kalimantan Malaysia bebida enggau peranak menua di Semenanjung Malaysia ungkup tuju imigresyen. Tetiap rayat dikeluarka kad pengelala chip pintar biometrik ti dikelala enggau nama MyKad maya umur 12 taun, lalu mesti mai kad nya belama.[46]

Penyampau tubuh mensia mayuh ba Semenanjung Malaysia,[47] ke alai 20 juta ari urung 28 juta iku rayat Malaysia diau.[48] 70 persin orang diau ba nengeri.[49] Berindik ari peniki industri ti begunaka pengereja pengawa,[50] menua tu dipelabaka ngembuan lebih 3 juta iku pengereja pengawa migran; urung 10 peratus ari penyampau tubuh.[51] Bala NGO ke bepalan ba Sabah melabaka ari 3 juta iku ke nyadi penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah, 2 juta iku nya PATI.[52] Malaysia nyadi tuai rumah ngagai penyampau tubuh pelarian enggau orang ke minta suaka urung 171,500 iku. Ari penyampau tubuh tu, urung 79,000 iku ari Burma, 72,400 iku ari Filipina, lalu 17,700 iku ari Indonesia. Bala pemesai Malaysia diripotka udah nyerahka orang ti dibuai terus ngagai orang ti mai mensia enggau chara belalai dalam taun 2007, lalu Malaysia ngambi RELA, sebengkah raban militia sukarelawan ti ngembuan sejarah kontroversi, dikena neritka undang-undang imigresyen sida.[53]

Pengarap

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Artikel batang: Pengarap ba Malaysia
A Map of Malaysia showing religious statistics by state
Pengarap ti dominan di Malaysia nitihka pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 2020:[54]Gadung tuai: Majoriti Islam > 50%
Gadung muda: Pluraliti Islam < 50%
Biru: Majoriti Kristian > 50%

Konstitusyen meri pengelepas pengarap, seraya numbuhka Islam nyadi "agama Persekutuan".[55][56] Nitihka angka Pengirau Penduduk enggau Pengawa Berumah 2020, etnik enggau pengarap bisi kaul ke tinggi. Kira-kira 63.5% ari penyampau tubuh ngemeranka pengarap Islam, 18.7% ngemeranka pengarap Buddha, 9.1% pengarap Kristian, 6.1% pengarap Hindu enggau 1.3% ngemeranka pengarap Konfusianisme, Taoisme enggau pengarap tradisional China ke bukai. 2.7% madahka nadai pengarap tauka ngemeranka pengarap bukai tauka nadai meri sebarang penerang.[35] Negeri Sarawak, Pulau Pinang enggau kandang menua perintah besai Kuala Lumpur ngembuan majoriti ukai Islam.[57][58]

Islam Sunni ari mazhab Shafi'i nya pampang Islam ti dominan di Malaysia,[59][60] lalu 18% orang Islam Malaysia nadai bemazhab.[61] Konstitusyen Malaysia terit netapka nama utai ti ngasuh orang nyadi "Melayu", ngira Melayu sida ti bepengarap Islam, bejaku Melayu enggau tetap, ngemeranka adat Melayu, sereta diau tauka bisi aki ini ari Brunei, Malaysia enggau Singapura.[62] Statistik ari Pengitung Penyampau Mensia 2010 nunjukka 83.6% ari penyampau tubuh China ngelala diri nyadi pengarap Buddha, enggau penyampau ke signifikan nitihka pengarap Taoisme (3.4%) enggau Kristian (11.1%), begulai enggau penyampau tubuh Islam ke mit ba kandang endur baka Pulau Pinang. Majoriti peranak India nitihka pengarap Hindu (86.2%), enggau minoriti ke signifikan ngelala diri nyadi orang Kristian (6.0%) tauka Islam (4.1%). Pengarap Kristian nyadi pengarap ke tebal agi ba komuniti bumiputera ukai Melayu (46.5%) enggau tambah 40.4% ngelala diri nyadi orang Islam.[35]

Orang Islam diwajibka nitihka pemutus Kort Syariah dalam pekara ti bekaul enggau pengarap sida. Bala akim Islam disadang nitihka sekula undang-undang Islam Shafi’i, iya nya mazhab besai Malaysia.[59] Bidang kuasa kort Syariah semina diungkupka ngagai orang Islam dalam pekara baka tikah, pesaka, sarak, murtad, nukar pengarap, enggau hak ngibun anak enggau ke bukai. Nadai penyalah jenayah tauka sivil bukai di baruh kuasa kort Syariah, ti ngembuan hierarki ti sebaka enggau Kort Sivil. Kort Sivil enda mendingka pekara ti bekaul enggau pengawa Islam.[63]

Jaku

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Artikel batang: Jaku ba Malaysia
Agih ruang bilik jaku Malaysia ti dipandangka ngena chura:
  Malayic
  Bornean
  Aslian
  Land Dayak
  Sama–Bajaw
  Philippine
  Chinese
  Kandang menua enggau mayuh iti jaku

Jaku rasmi enggau bansa menua Malaysia iya nya jaku Melayu Malaysia,[49] siti tukuh standard jaku Melayu.[64] Terminologi rasmi sebedau tu iya nya Bahasa Malaysia (Jaku Malaysia)[65][66][67] tang diatu polisi perintah ngena "Bahasa Melayu" (Jaku Melayu) deka nujuka jaku resmi[68] lalu kededua leka jaku nya mengkang dikena.[69][70] Akta Bahasa Kebangsaan 1967 netapka urup Latin (Rumi) nyadi tulis rasmi jaku bansa, tang nadai nagang ngena urup Jawi.[71]

Jaku English mengkang nyadi jaku kedua ti aktif, enggau guna iya dikemendarka ungkup sekeda tuju rasmi ari baruh Akta Jaku Nasional 1967.[71] Ba Sarawak, Jaku English nyadi jaku rasmi negeri begulai enggau jaku Melayu.[72][73][74] Ari segi sejarah, jaku English nyadi jaku perintah de facto; Jaku Melayu nyadi dominan pengudah penyarut bansa 1969 (insiden 13 Mei).[75] Jaku English tauka dikumbai jaku English Malaysia iya nya siti tukuh jaku English ti datai ari jaku English British. Jaku English Malaysia mayuh dikena dalam pengawa dagang, begulai enggau jaku Manglish, iya nya jaku English ti dikena sehari-hari enggau pengaruh jaku Melayu, China, enggau Tamil ti berat. Perintah enda meransang ngena jaku Melayu ti enda standard tang nadai kuasa ngeluarka kompaun tauka ukum ngagai sida ti ngena utai ti dianggap enda menuku jaku Melayu ba iklan sida.[76][77]

Mayuh jaku bukai dikena di Malaysia, ti ngundan orang ti bejaku 137 bansa jaku ti idup.[78] Semenanjung Malaysia ngundan orang ke bejaku ngena 41 iti jaku tu.[79] Suku bansa asal Malaysia Timur bisi jaku kediri empu ti bekaul enggau, tang mudah dibida enggau, jaku Melayu. Jaku Iban nyadi batang jaku suku bansa di Sarawak seraya jaku Dusunik enggau Kadazan dikena orang asal di Sabah.[80] Rayat Malaysia China tebal agi bejaku ngena dialek China ari bagi menua selatan China. Jaku China ke suah agi ditemu ba menua tu iya nya jaku Mandarin, Kanton, Hokkien, enggau ke bukai.[81] Jaku Tamil tu tebal dikena majoriti bansa India Malaysia.[82] Sekeda rayat Malaysia ngembuan peturun Eropah lalu bejaku ngena jaku kreol, baka jaku Kristang ti bepelasarka jaku Portugis,[83] enggau jaku Chavacano ti bepelasarka jaku Sepanyol.[84]

Penerang

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Malin

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  1. ↑ "Malaysian Flag and Coat of Arms". Malaysian Government. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  2. ↑ "Minister: Census shows Malaysia's oldest man and woman aged 120 and 118; preliminary census findings to be released in Feb 2022". Malaymail. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  3. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  4. ↑ "The States, Religion and Law of the Federation" (PDF). Constitution of Malaysia. Judicial Appointments Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017. Islam is the religion of the Federation; but other religions may be practised in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation.
  5. ↑ "Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2020". Department of Statistics, Malaysia. 14 February 2020. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  6. ↑ Mackay, Derek (2005). Eastern Customs: The Customs Service in British Malaya and the Opium Trade. The Radcliffe Press. pp. 240–. ISBN 978-1-85043-844-1. Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  7. ↑ "31 Ogos 1963, Hari kemerdekaan Sabah yang rasmi". AWANI. 14 May 2021. Archived from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  8. ↑ "Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010". Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. p. 27. Archived from the original on 27 Disember 2010. Retrieved 2 Ogos 2023.
  9. ↑ "Malaysia country profile". BBC News. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  10. ↑ Templat:Cite CIA World Factbook
  11. ↑ "Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020". Department of Statistics, Malaysia. p. 48. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Malaysia)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 16 April 2024. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  13. ↑ "World Bank Open Data".
  14. ↑ "Human Development Report 2023/2024" (PDF) (in Inggeris). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  15. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  16. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  18. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  19. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  20. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  22. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  23. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  24. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  25. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  26. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  27. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Andaya, Leonard Y. (October 2001). "The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 32 (3): 315–316, 324, 327–328, 330. doi:10.1017/S0022463401000169. JSTOR 20072349. S2CID 62886471.
  29. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  30. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  31. ↑ Barrows, David P. (1905). A History of the Philippines. American Book Company. pp. 25–26.
  32. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  33. ↑ "Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 (c. 60)e". The UK Statute Law Database. 31 July 1957. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  34. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 "Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics" (PDF). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. p. 82. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
  36. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Infographics". Department of Statistics. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  38. ↑ Brant, Robin (4 March 2008). "Malaysia's lingering ethnic divide". BBC News. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  39. ↑ "2. Socio-Economic and National Context [People]". Malaysian-Danish Country Programme for Cooperation in Environment and Development (2002–2006). Miljøstyrelsens Informationscenter. Archived from the original on 21 September 2004. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  40. ↑ Leong, Trinna (3 August 2017). "Who are Malaysia's bumiputera?". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
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Nota

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  1. ↑ Constitutional capital, ceremonial and legislative
  2. ↑ administrative and judicial


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