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Binciken Asali na Korona

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Binciken Asali na Korona
hypothesis (en) Fassara, aspect of history (en) Fassara, origin tracing (en) Fassara, sanadi da source of infection (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Bangare na Koronavirus 2019 da COVID-19 pandemic (en) Fassara
Facet of (en) Fassara SARS-CoV-2 (mul) Fassara da COVID-19 pandemic (en) Fassara
Ta biyo baya COVID-19 pandemic (en) Fassara
yanda koro ke kumuwa
yanda korona virus ake kamuwa da ita
taswirar duniya kan kiddiga cutar korona
Asalin anobar corona

Akwai ƙoƙarin ci gaba dayawa na masana kimiyya, gwamnatoci, kungiyoyin ƙasa da kasa, da sauransu don tantance asalin SARS-CoO-2, kwayar da ke da alhakin cutar ta COVID-19. Mai masana kimiyya ce cewa kamar yadda tare da kuma sauran cututtukan annoba a tarihin dan Adam, da cutar ne m na zoonotic asalin a wata halitta saitin, sannan da kuma kyakkyawan samo asali daga wani jemage-haifa cutar.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] An gabatar da wasu bayanai da dama, gami da ra'ayoyin makirci da yawa game da asalin kwayar cutar.[8][9][10]

SARS-CoV-2 yana da kamanceceniya ta kamanceceniya da Kuma coronaviruses jemagu da yawa da aka gano a baya, yana ba da shawarar cewa ya kuma ratsa cikin mutane daga jemagu.[11][12][13][14][4] Ana kuma cigaba da bincike kan ko SARS-CoV-2 ta fito ne kai tsaye daga jemagu ko a kaikaice ta kowane runduna ta tsakiya.[15] Jerin kwayoyin halittar farko na kwayar cutar sun nuna bambancin bambancin kwayoyin halitta, duk da cewa daga baya wasu bambance-bambancen bambance-bambancen sun fito (wasu suna yaduwa da karfi), suna nuna cewa abin da ya haifar da bullar SARS-CoV-2 ga mutane yana iya faruwa a ƙarshen shekarar 2019.[16] Hukumomin kiwon lafiya da masana kimiyya a duniya sun bayyana cewa kamar barkewar cutar ta SARS-1 a shekarar 2002-2004, ƙoƙarin gano takamaiman asalin yanki da asalin haraji na SARS-CoV-2 na iya ɗaukar shekaru, kuma sakamakon na iya zama mara ƙima.[17]

A cikin Janairun shekara ta 2021, Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya (kwamitin yanke shawara na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, WHO) ta ba da umarnin bincike kan asalin cutar, wanda za a gudanar tare tsakanin masana WHO da masana kimiyya na China. A cikin Maris din shekarata 2021, an buga sakamakon wannan binciken akan layi a cikin rahoto ga Kwamishinan WHO.[1][18][19] Sake maimaita kimantawar yawancin masu ilimin viro,[20][21][22] rahoton ya ƙaddara cewa mai yiwuwa ƙwayar cutar tana da asalin zoonotic a cikin jemagu, mai yiwuwa ta watsa ta hanyar mai watsa shiri na tsakiya. Ta kuma bayyana cewa asalin dakin gwaje -gwaje na kwayar cutar “ba zai yiwu ba.”[8] [23]Masana kimiyya sun gano ƙarshen rahoton na WHO yana da taimako amma sun lura cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin aiki.[24] A Amurka, EU da wasu ƙasashe, wasu sun soki rashin gaskiya da samun bayanai a cikin tsarin rahoton. [25][26] Hukumar ta WHO ta fitar da rahotonta na ranar 30 ga Maris tare da sanarwar babban daraktan WHO Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus yana mai cewa lamarin "yana bukatar karin bincike".[27][28][29] Gwamnatin Amurka da wasu ƙasashe 13 da Tarayyar Turai sun ba da sanarwa a wannan rana, inda suka yi ta sukar Tedros game da rahoton saboda rashin gaskiya da samun bayanai a cikin tsara shi.[30][31] A cikin wani taron manema labarai daga baya, babban daraktan na WHO ya ce "bai kai lokaci ba" ga rahoton na WHO don yin watsi da yuwuwar alaƙa tsakanin ɓarkewar dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma ya yi kira ga China da ta samar da '' bayanai masu inganci '' da binciken lab a mataki na biyu na bincike.[32][33] A ranar 12 ga Oktoba 2021, WHO ta ba da sanarwar sabuwar ƙungiya don yin nazarin asalin barkewar cutar sankara.[34]

Tun da farko, a ranar 22 ga Yuli 2021, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta gudanar da taron manema labarai inda Zeng Yixin, Mataimakin Ministan Lafiya na Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa (NHC), ya ce China ba za ta shiga cikin kashi na biyu na binciken na WHO ba, tare da yin tir da shi a matsayin "m" da "girman kai".[35][36]

Bayanan kimiyya

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COVID-19 yana haifar da kamuwa da cuta tare da kwayar cutar da ake kira matsanancin ciwon numfashi coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 da alama ya samo asali ne daga jemagu kuma an watsa shi ga mutane ta hanyar canja wurin zoonotic.[37][38][39] Ainihin tarihin juyin halitta, ainihi da asalin kakanninsa na baya -bayan nan, da wuri, lokaci, da kuma tsarin watsa cutar ɗan adam na farko, har yanzu ba a san su ba.[1][39] Ilimin halittu da rarraba yanki na sauran coronaviruses a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, gami da SARS-CoV, suna taimaka wa masana kimiyya ƙarin fahimta game da asalin SARS-CoV-2.[40]

Ta hanyar haraji, SARS-CoV-2 kwayar cuta ce ta nau'in cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da coronavirus (SARSr-CoV).[41] An yi imanin yana da asalin zoonotic kuma yana da kamanceceniya ta dabi'a ga coronaviruses na jemage, yana ba da shawarar cewa ya fito daga kwayar cutar da ke ɗauke da jemagu.[12][13][14][4] Ana ci gaba da bincike kan ko SARS-CoV-2 ta fito ne kai tsaye daga jemagu ko a kaikaice ta kowane runduna ta tsakiya.[42] Kwayar cutar tana nuna ɗan bambancin bambancin kwayoyin halitta, yana nuna cewa yiwuwar zubar da jini wanda ke gabatar da SARS-CoV-2 ga mutane yana iya faruwa a ƙarshen 2019.[18] Daga ƙarshe, takamaiman tarihin juyin halitta na SARS-CoV-2 dangane da sauran coronaviruses zai zama mahimmanci don fahimtar yadda, inda kuma lokacin da kwayar ta bazu cikin yawan mutane.[43]

Tafki da asali

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Cutar farko da aka sani daga SARS ‑ CoV ‑ 2 an gano ta a Wuhan,[12] China. Asalin asalin watsa kwayar cutar ga mutane har yanzu ba a sani ba, kamar yadda ko kwayar cutar ta zama mai cutarwa kafin ko bayan faruwar lamarin. Saboda yawancin masu kamuwa da cutar da farko ma’aikata ne a Kasuwar Abincin Huanan, an ba da shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa cutar ta samo asali daga kasuwa. Koyaya, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa mai yiwuwa baƙi sun gabatar da ƙwayar cutar a kasuwa, wanda daga nan ya sauƙaƙe faɗaɗa cututtukan.[18][40][4] Rahoton da WHO ta shirya a watan Maris na 2021 ya bayyana cewa kwararar dan adam ta hanyar mai masaukin dabbobi na tsaka-tsaki shine mafi yuwuwar bayani,[4] tare da kwararar kai tsaye daga jemagu na gaba. Gabatarwa ta hanyar sarkar samar da abinci da Kasuwar Abincin Huanan an yi la'akari da wata yuwuwar,[18] amma da ƙyar, bayani.[1]

Don ƙwayar cuta da aka samu kwanan nan ta hanyar watsawa ta giciye, ana tsammanin saurin juyin halitta.[44] Adadin maye gurbi da aka kiyasta daga farkon shari'o'in SARS-CoV-2 ya kasance 6.54 × 10−4 a kowane rukunin yanar gizo a kowace shekara. Coronaviruses gabaɗaya suna da filastik na ƙwayoyin cuta, amma juyin halittar hoto na SARS-CoV-2 yana raguwa ta hanyar sake fasalin RNA na kayan aikin kwafinsa. Don kwatantawa, an gano ƙimar maye gurbi a cikin vivo na SARS-CoV-2 ya yi ƙasa da na mura.[45]

Bincike a cikin madatsar ruwa na ƙwayar cuta wanda ya haifar da barkewar SARS na 2002-2004 ya haifar da gano yawancin coronaviruses irin na SARS, mafi yawa sun samo asali ne daga jemagu. Binciken Phylogenetic yana nuna cewa samfuran da aka ɗauka daga Rhinolophus sinicus suna nuna kamannin 80% zuwa SARS -CoV -2. Binciken Phylogenetic ya kuma nuna cewa kwayar cutar daga Rhinolophus affinis, wanda aka tattara a lardin Yunnan kuma aka sanya RaTG13, yana da kamanni da kashi 96.1% na SARS -CoV -2.[12] Wannan jerin shine mafi kusa da SARS-CoV-2 da aka sani a lokacin gano shi, amma ba shine kakansa kai tsaye ba.[46] An kuma gano wasu jerin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da juna a cikin samfura daga yawan jemagu na gida, kuma an sami mafi kusanci a cikin BANAL-20-52 (BANAL-52), ƙwayar jemagu daga Laos wanda aka fara bayyana shi a watan Satumba 2021, wanda ke raba ainihi har zuwa 100% don wasu sunadarai da jimlar jimlar jimlar kashi 96.8% tare da SARS-CoV-2[47]

ats ana ɗauka mafi girman tafkin halitta na SARS -CoV -2. Bambance -bambance tsakanin jemagu coronavirus da SARS -CoV ‑ 2 suna ba da shawarar cewa wataƙila mutane sun kamu da cutar ta hanyar mai masaukin baki; ko da yake ba a san tushen gabatarwa cikin mutane ba.

Kodayake an fara gabatar da rawar pangolins a matsayin mai masaukin tsaka-tsaki (wani binciken da aka buga a watan Yuli 2020 ya ba da shawarar cewa pangolins babban mai watsa shirye-shirye ne na SARS-CoV-2-like [48][49]coronaviruses), binciken da ya biyo baya bai tabbatar da gudummawar da suka bayar ba. Shaida kan wannan hasashe ya haɗa da cewa samfuran ƙwayoyin cuta na pangolin sun yi nisa da SARS-CoV-2: warewar da aka samu daga pangolins da aka kama a Guangdong sun kasance daidai da kashi 92% a jere ga tsarin SARS ‑ CoV ‑ 2 genome (matakan sama da kashi 90 na iya sauti babba, amma a cikin yanayin jinsi yana da rata mai yawa na juyin halitta). Bugu da kari, duk da kamanceceniya a cikin wasu mahimmin amino acid, samfuran kwayar cutar pangolin suna nuna rashin dauri ga mai karɓar ACE2 na ɗan adam. Akwai shaidar kimiyya da ke akwai tana nuna cewa SARS-CoV-2 tana da asalin zoonotic na halitta. Amma duk da haka asalinsa, wanda har yanzu ba a san shi ba, ya zama muhawara a cikin mahallin rikicin geopolitical na duniya.[50] A farkon barkewar cutar, ra'ayoyin makirci sun bazu a kafafen sada zumunta suna iƙirarin cewa kwayar cutar makami ce ta halittar da China ta haɓaka,[51][52][53][54] ɗakunan da ake kira echo a cikin Amurka na dama. Sauran ka'idodin maƙarƙashiya sun inganta ba da labari cewa cutar ba mai yaduwa ba ce ko an ƙirƙira ta don cin gajiyar sabbin alluran rigakafi.

Wasu 'yan siyasa da masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa watakila kwayar cutar ta bulla ne da gangan daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Wuhan.[55][56] Hakan ya sa kafafen yada labarai suka yi ta kiraye-kirayen a ci gaba da bincike kan lamarin. Yawancin masana ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suka yi nazarin coronaviruses suna la'akari da yuwuwar nesa sosai[57]. Rahoton da WHO ta kira daga Maris 2021 ya bayyana cewa irin wannan bayanin ba zai yuwu ba. [58] A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 2021, Peter Ben Embarek, babban mai binciken kungiyar ta WHO, ya fada wa wani shirin talabijin na Danish cewa kungiyar ta WHO ta ji matsin lamba daga hukumomin kasar Sin da su sanya "mafi wuya" a matsayin tantancewar su.[59]

Phylogenetics da taxonomy

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Yanayin asali

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Asalin SARS-CoV-2 ya kasance batun muhawara.[60] Akwai bayanai da yawa da aka gabatar game da yadda aka shigar da SARS-CoV-2 a cikin, da haɓakar abubuwan da suka dace da, yawan ɗan adam. Akwai mahimmin shaida da yarjejeniya cewa mafi kusantar asalin tafki mai hoto hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri don SARS-CoV-2 shine jemagu na doki, tare da sanannen dangin hoto na hoto shine RaTG13 . An kiyasta nisa na juyin halitta tsakanin SARS-CoV-2 da RaTG13 kusan shekaru 50 (tsakanin shekaru 38 zuwa 72.[61][62] An gano farkon shari'ar ɗan adam na SARS-CoV-2 a Wuhan, amma har yanzu ba a san yanayin cutar ba. An yi samfurin RaTG13 daga jemagu a Yunnan,[63][1] yana da kusan 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) nesa da Wuhan,[64] kuma akwai ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na jemage daga lardin Hubei. Kowane hasashe na asali yana ƙoƙarin bayyana wannan rata a cikin juyin halittar ƙwayoyin cuta da wuri ta wata hanya dabam. Ana ci gaba da bincika waɗannan al'amuran don gano ainihin asalin cutar.

Kai tsaye watsa zoonotic a cikin yanayin yanayi

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Hanya mafi kai tsaye ta gabatarwa ita ce watsa zoonotic kai tsaye (wanda kuma aka sani da spillover) daga nau'in tafki zuwa ga mutane. Masana kimiyya sunyi la'akari da wannan a matsayin mai yuwuwar asalin kwayar cutar SARS-CoV-2 a cikin mutane. Haɗin ɗan adam da jemagu ya ƙaru yayin da cibiyoyin jama'a ke mamaye wuraren zama na jemagu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin damar zubewa. Jemage wani muhimmin nau'in tafki ne na nau'ikan coronaviruses daban-daban, kuma an sami mutane da ƙwayoyin rigakafi a gare su suna ba da shawarar cewa wannan nau'in kamuwa da cuta kai tsaye ta jemagu ya zama ruwan dare. Koyaya, a cikin wannan yanayin, kakannin kai tsaye na SARS-CoV-2 ya kasance ba a gano shi a cikin jemagu ba.[65][1]

Mai masaukin baki

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Baya ga zubewar kai tsaye, wata hanya, wacce masana kimiyya suka yi la'akari sosai, ita ce ta watsa ta hanyar tsaka-tsaki.[66][7] Musamman, wannan ya nuna cewa a gicciye jinsunan watsa faru kafin da mutum fashewa da kuma cewa shi ya pathogenic sakamakon a kan dabba. Wannan hanyar tana da yuwuwar ba da damar haɓaka mafi girma ga watsawar ɗan adam ta hanyar dabbobi masu kama da sifofin furotin ga mutane, kodayake ba a buƙatar wannan don yanayin ya faru. An yi bayanin rabuwar juyin halitta daga ƙwayoyin cuta na jemage a wannan yanayin ta kasancewar kwayar cutar a cikin wani nau'in da ba a sani ba tare da ƙarancin sa ido kan ƙwayoyin cuta fiye da jemagu.[67] Ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin cuta don sauƙaƙewa da daidaitawa ga ƙarin nau'in (ciki har da mink) yana ba da shaida cewa irin wannan hanyar watsawa yana yiwuwa.[1][68]

Sarkar sanyi/abinci

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Wani gabatarwar da aka tsara ga ɗan adam shine ta samfuran abinci sabo ko daskararre, wanda ake magana da shi azaman sarkar sanyi/abinci.[69] Masana kimiyya ba sa ɗaukar wannan a matsayin wata ila asalin SARS-CoV-2 a cikin mutane.[70] Dabbobin tushen wannan yanayin zai iya zama ko dai kai tsaye ko kuma na tsaka-tsaki kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. Yawancin bincike sun ta'allaka ne a kusa da Kasuwar Kasuwar Abincin Teku ta Huanan a Wuhan, wacce ke da tarin lokuta na farko. Yayin da aka sami barkewar cutar kwayar cuta ta abinci a baya, da kuma shaidar sake bullo da SARS-CoV-2 cikin kasar Sin ta hanyar abinci mai daskarewa da aka shigo da su, binciken bai sami cikakkiyar shaidar kamuwa da kwayar cutar kwayar cuta a cikin samfuran a Kasuwar Huanan ba.[71][1]

Lamarin dakin gwaje-gwaje

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  Wani labari na ƙarshe, wanda yawancin masana ke ganin ba zai yuwu ba,[22][23][24] kuma an yi la'akari da "ba zai yuwu ba" ta binciken da WHO ta kira,[1] shine shigar da kwayar cutar ga mutane ta hanyar wani lamari na dakin gwaje-gwaje, wanda aka sani da shi. hasashe na leak.[23] Wannan yanayin zai shafi ma'aikatan dakin gwaje-gwajen kamuwa da cutar daga hulɗa da jemagu masu rai (daji ko fursuna), daga hulɗa da samfuran halitta, ko kuma daga cuɗanya da ƙwayoyin cuta da ake girma a cikin vitro.[72][1] Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Wuhan (WIV) ta gudanar da bincike kan coronaviruses na jemage tun 2005, kuma ta gano kwayar cutar RaTG13 a cikin 2013, wanda shine sanannen dangi na SARS-CoV-2. [73] Bukatun bincike na WIV sun haɗa da bincike kan tushen fashewar 2002-2004 SARS da barkewar MERS na 2012, tare da haɗin gwiwar masu binciken Amurka.[74][75] Kusancin dakin gwaje-gwajen da kasuwar abincin teku ta Huanan ya sa wasu ke hasashen akwai alaka tsakanin su biyun,[76][77] da 'yan siyasa, masu watsa labarai, kuma wasu masana kimiyya sun yi kira da a ci gaba da bincike kan lamarin.[78][79] Masana sun yi watsi da yin amfani da kwayar cutar da gangan (watau injiniyan halittu ) a matsayin asali mai ma'ana,[80][81][82] saboda rashin shaidar da za ta taimaka,[83][84]da girma shaida a cikin ni'imar na halitta asali.[85][86][87][88]

Binciken da ya biyo baya (kamar binciken da WHO ta kira) yayi la'akari da yuwuwar kamuwa da kwayar cuta ta dabi'a ta cutar da ma'aikatan dakin gwaje-gwaje ba da gangan ba.[89] A ranar 15 ga Yuli 2021 WHO darektan-janar Tedros Adhanom ya bayyana a wani jawabin da ya kasance wani "wanda bai kai da tura" raunana ra'ayin wani Lab zuba.[90] Daga baya a cikin wannan jawabin, ya faɗaɗa, “Ni ƙwararren Lab ne, masanin rigakafi, kuma na yi aiki a cikin lab. Kuma hatsarurruka na lab suna faruwa."[91] Hukumar ta WHO ta shirya kashi na biyu na bincike wanda zai hada da "binciken dakunan gwaje-gwaje da cibiyoyin bincike". [92] Duk da haka, kasar Sin ta yi watsi da wannan shirin tana mai cewa "ba shi yiwuwa a gare mu mu yarda da irin wannan shirin gano asali". [93]

Wani mahimmin ka'idar leak ta wasu mambobin gwamnatin China ne suka gabatar da su wadanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa kwayar ta fito ne daga dakin gwaje-gwajen sojan Amurka.[94] Bukatun kasar Sin na binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje na Amurka a Fort Detrick an ce an yi niyya ne don kawar da hankali daga Wuhan.[95]

Bincike

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Gwamnatin kasar Sin

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Binciken farko da aka gudanar a kasar Sin shi ne na Hukumar Lafiya ta birnin Wuhan, inda ta mayar da martani ga asibitocin da ke ba da rahoton bullar cutar huhu da ba a san ko wane irin yanayi ba, wanda ya haifar da rufe kasuwar sayar da abincin teku ta Huanan a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2020 saboda tsaftar muhalli da kuma kawar da cutar.[96] Tun farko dai ana zargin kasuwar ne tushen kwayar cutar; duk da haka, gwamnatin China da WHO sun yanke shawarar daga baya cewa ba haka ba ne.[97][98][99]

A cikin Afrilu 2020, China ta sanya takunkumi kan buga binciken ilimi kan sabon coronavirus. Binciken asalin cutar zai sami ƙarin bincike kuma dole ne jami'an Gwamnatin Tsakiya su amince da su.[100][101] Ƙuntatawa ba su hana bincike ko bugawa ba, gami da masu binciken da ba na China ba; Ian Lipkin, masanin kimiyar Amurka, yana aiki tare da tawagar masu bincike na kasar Sin karkashin kulawar cibiyar dakile cututtuka da rigakafin cututtuka ta kasar Sin, wata hukumar gwamnatin kasar Sin, domin gudanar da bincike kan asalin cutar. Lipkin yana da dadaddiyar alaka da jami'an kasar Sin, ciki har da firaministan kasar Li Keqiang, saboda gudunmuwar da ya bayar wajen yin gwajin gaggawa ga SARS a shekarar 2003.[102]

Gwamnatin Amurka

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Gwamnatin Trump

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A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2020, darektan Ofishin Kimiyya da Fasaha na Fadar White House ya bukaci Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa, Injiniya, da Magunguna ta kasa da su kira wani taro na "masana, masana kimiyyar halittu na duniya, kwararrun coronavirus, da masanan juyin halitta", don " tantance menene bayanai, bayanai da samfurori da ake buƙata don magance abubuwan da ba a sani ba, don fahimtar asalin juyin halitta na COVID-19 da kuma ba da amsa da kyau ga duka fashewa da duk wani bayanin da ya haifar".[103][104]

A watan Afrilun 2020, an ba da rahoton cewa, jami'an leken asirin Amurka suna gudanar da bincike kan ko kwayar cutar ta fito ne daga wani kwatsam da aka yi daga dakin binciken kasar Sin. Hasashen yana ɗaya daga cikin damammaki da masu binciken ke bi. Sakataren tsaron Amurka Mark Esper ya ce sakamakon binciken da aka gudanar bai kai ga cimma ruwa ba.[105][106] Ya zuwa karshen Afrilu 2020, Ofishin Daraktan Leken Asiri na Kasa ya ce kungiyar leken asirin Amurka ta yi imanin cewa coronavirus ba mutum ne ya yi ba ko kuma an canza shi ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta.[107][108]

Jami'an Amurka sun soki "sharuɗɗan tunani" da ke baiwa masana kimiyyar China damar yin kashi na farko na binciken farko.[20] A ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2021, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Mike Pompeo ya ce don taimakawa aikin tawagar binciken na WHO da tabbatar da cikakken bincike na gaskiya game da asalin COVID-19, Amurka tana musayar sabbin bayanai tare da yin kira ga WHO da ta matsa wa gwamnatin China don magance matsalar. takamaiman batutuwa guda uku, gami da cututtukan masu bincike da yawa a cikin WIV a cikin kaka 2019 "tare da alamun da suka dace da duka COVID-19 da cututtukan yanayi na yau da kullun", binciken WIV akan " RaTG13 " da" samun aiki ", da haɗin gwiwar WIV zuwa Rundunar Jama'a .[109][110] A ranar 18 ga Janairu, Amurka ta yi kira ga kasar Sin da ta ba wa kwararrun kungiyar ta WHO damar yin hira da "masu ba da kulawa, tsoffin marasa lafiya da ma'aikatan dakin gwaje-gwaje" a cikin birnin Wuhan, tare da tsawatawa daga gwamnatin kasar Sin. Ostiraliya ta kuma yi kira ga ƙungiyar ta WHO ta sami damar yin amfani da "bayanan da suka dace, bayanai da mahimman wurare".[111]

Wani rahoto da aka keɓe daga Mayu 2020 na Laboratory National Lawrence Livermore, wani dakin gwaje-gwaje na gwamnatin Amurka, ya kammala da cewa hasashen cewa kwayar cutar ta fito daga WIV "yana da ma'ana kuma ya cancanci ƙarin bincike", kodayake rahoton ya kuma lura cewa cutar za ta iya tasowa. a dabi'ance, yana mai da ra'ayin jama'ar leken asirin Amurka, kuma ba ya bayar da "bindigar shan taba" ga ko wanne hasashe.[112][113]

Biden administration

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A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 2021, Fadar White House ta ce tana da "damuwa mai zurfi" game da yadda aka ba da rahoton binciken na WHO da kuma tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi don isa gare su. Da yake nuna damuwar da gwamnatin Trump ta nuna, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro Jake Sullivan ya ce yana da matukar muhimmanci cewa rahoton da WHO ta kira ya zama mai zaman kansa kuma "ba tare da canji daga gwamnatin China ba".[114] A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2021, Daraktan leken asiri na kasa Avril Haines, tare da sauran jami'an gwamnatin Biden, sun ce ba su yanke hukuncin yiwuwar hadarin dakin gwaje-gwaje ba a matsayin asalin kwayar cutar ta COVID-19. [115]

A ranar 26 ga Mayu, 2021, Shugaba Joe Biden ya umurci kungiyar leken asirin Amurka da su fitar da rahoto cikin kwanaki 90 kan ko kwayar cutar ta COVID-19 ta samo asali ne daga cudanya da dabba da ta kamu da cutar ko kuma ta hanyar leken asiri na bazata, [116] yana bayyana tsaron kasarsa. ma'aikatan sun ce babu isassun shaidun da za su tantance ko dai hasashe zai iya yiwuwa.[117] A ranar 26 ga Agusta, 2021, Ofishin Daraktan Leken Asirin na Kasa ya fitar da takaitaccen bayani game da bincikensu,[118] tare da babban batu shi ne cewa rahoton ya ci gaba da kasancewa maras tushe game da asalin kwayar cutar, tare da raba hukumomin leken asiri kan tambayar.[119] Rahoton ya kuma kara da cewa, mai yiwuwa ba a yi amfani da kwayar cutar ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta ba, kuma kasar Sin ba ta da masaniya kan cutar kafin barkewar cutar. Rahoton ya kammala da cewa, ba zai yuwu a tantance asalin asalin ba, ba tare da hadin gwiwa daga gwamnatin kasar Sin ba, yana mai cewa rashin nuna gaskiya a baya "yana nuna rashin tabbas na gwamnatin kasar Sin game da inda bincike zai kai, da kuma takaicin da ta nuna cewa. kasashen duniya na amfani da batun wajen yin matsin lamba na siyasa kan kasar Sin."[120]

A ranar 23 ga Mayu 2021, Jaridar Wall Street Journal ta ruwaito cewa wani rahoton leken asirin Amurka da ba a bayyana a baya ya bayyana cewa masu bincike uku daga Cibiyar Nazarin Virology ta Wuhan sun kamu da rashin lafiya a watan Nuwamba 2019 don neman kulawar asibiti. Rahoton bai fayyace ko menene ciwon ba. Jami'ai da suka saba da bayanan sun banbanta game da ƙarfin da ya tabbatar da hasashen cewa kwayar cutar da ke da alhakin COVID-19 ta fito daga WIV. Rahoton na WSJ ya lura cewa ba sabon abu ba ne mutane a China su je asibiti tare da mura marasa rikitarwa ko alamun mura.[121]

Yuan Zhiming, darektan dakin gwaje-gwajen Biosafety na WIV na WIV, ya mayar da martani a cikin Global Times, wata kafar yada labarai ta kasar Sin, cewa "da'awar ba ta da tushe".[122][123] Marion Koopmans, memba na ƙungiyar binciken WHO, ya bayyana adadin cututtuka masu kama da mura a WIV a cikin 2019 a matsayin "cikakkiyar al'ada". [124] Ma'aikata a WIV dole ne su ba da samfuran maganin magani na shekara. [125][1] Shi Zhengli masanin cutar WIV ya ce a cikin 2020 cewa, dangane da kimanta waɗancan samfuran maganin, duk ma'aikatan sun gwada rashin lafiyar ƙwayoyin rigakafin COVID-19.[126]

An sake farfado da ka'idar hadarin dakin gwaje-gwaje a wani bangare ta hanyar bugawa, a cikin watan Mayu 2021, na imel na farko tsakanin Anthony Fauci da masana kimiyya da ke tattaunawa kan batun, kafin a cire magudi da gangan har zuwa Maris 2020.[127]

A ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2021, Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kimiyya, Sararin Samaniya da Fasaha ya gudanar da zaman majalisa na farko kan asalin cutar. Bill Foster, dan Democrat na Illinois wanda ya jagoranci sauraron karar, ya ce rashin gaskiyar gwamnatin China ba ita kanta shaida ce ta leburori ba kuma ya yi gargadin cewa ba za a iya sanin amsoshi ba ko da bayan gwamnatin ta fitar da rahoton leken asirinta.[128] Shaidu kwararre Stanley Perlman da David Relman sun gabatar wa dan majalisar bayanai daban-daban da suka gabatar dangane da asalin cutar da kuma yadda ake gudanar da bincike.[129]

A ranar 16 ga Yuli 2021, CNN ta ba da rahoton cewa jami'an gwamnatin Biden sun ɗauki ka'idar leak ɗin lab "a matsayin abin dogaro" a matsayin ka'idar asalin halitta.[130]

Hukumar Lafiya Ta Duniya

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Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ayyana cewa gano inda SARS-CoV-2 ta fito shine fifiko kuma yana da "mahimmanci don fahimtar yadda cutar ta fara." A cikin Mayu 2020, Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya, wacce ke mulkin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), ta zartar da wani kuduri da ke kira da a yi "cikakkiyar nazari, mai zaman kansa da rashin son kai" game da cutar ta COVID-19. Kasashe 137 da suka hada da China ne suka dauki nauyin wannan kudiri, inda suka ba da gagarumin goyon bayan kasashen duniya kan binciken.[131] A tsakiyar shekarar 2020, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta fara tattaunawa da gwamnatin kasar Sin kan gudanar da wani bincike a hukumance kan tushen COVID-19.

A watan Nuwamba 2020, WHO ta buga wani shiri na nazari mai kashi biyu. Manufar kashi na farko shi ne don fahimtar yadda kwayar cutar "zai iya fara yaduwa a Wuhan", kuma kashi na biyu ya ƙunshi nazarin dogon lokaci bisa sakamakon binciken kashi na farko.[132][1] Darakta Janar na WHO Tedros Adhanom ya ce "Muna bukatar sanin asalin wannan kwayar cutar saboda za ta iya taimaka mana wajen hana barkewar cutar nan gaba," ya kara da cewa, "Babu wani abu da za mu boye. Muna son sanin asali, kuma shi ke nan." Ya kuma bukaci kasashen da kada su sanya siyasa a tsarin gano asali, yana mai cewa hakan ba zai haifar da cikas ba ga sanin gaskiya.[133]

Mataki na 1

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A kashi na farko, hukumar ta WHO ta kafa wata tawaga ta masu bincike guda goma wadanda suka kware a fannin nazarin halittu, kiwon lafiyar jama'a da dabbobi domin gudanar da cikakken nazari.[134] Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da ƙungiyar ta yi shi ne ta sake yin la'akari da abin da ake sayar da namun daji a kasuwannin cikin gida da ke Wuhan.[135] Tawagar WHO ta kashi daya ta isa Wuhan, Hubei, China a watan Janairun 2021.[136][137]

Mambobin ƙungiyar sun haɗa da Thea Fisher, John Watson, Marion Koopmans, Dominic Dwyer, Vladimir Dedkov, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Fabian Leendertz, Peter Daszak, Farag El Moubasher, da Ken Maeda. Tawagar ta kuma hada da kwararrun WHO guda biyar karkashin jagorancin Peter Ben Embarek, da wakilai biyu na Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma, da wakilai biyu daga Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Dabbobi ta Duniya .[1]

Shigar da Peter Daszak a cikin tawagar ya haifar da cece-kuce. Daszak shi ne shugaban EcoHealth Alliance, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke nazarin abubuwan da suka faru, kuma ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwa fiye da shekaru 15 tare da Shi Zhengli, daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Wuhan na Cibiyar Cututtuka masu tasowa.[138][139] Yayin da Daszak ya kware sosai kan dakunan gwaje-gwajen kasar Sin da kuma bullar cututtuka a yankin, dangantakarsa da WIV wasu na kallonsa a matsayin cin karo da sha'awar binciken hukumar ta WHO.[140][141] Lokacin da wani dan jaridan BBC ya tambaya game da dangantakarsa da WIV, Daszak ya ce, "Muna shigar da takardun mu, duk a can ne kowa ya gani."[142]

Sakamakon bincike
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A watan Fabrairun 2021, bayan gudanar da wani bangare na bincikensu, WHO ta bayyana cewa yiwuwar asalin COVID-19 wani lamari ne na zoonotic daga kwayar cutar da ke yawo a cikin jemagu, mai yiwuwa ta wani jigilar dabba, kuma mai yiwuwa lokacin yadawa ga mutane yana zuwa. karshen 2019.[143]

Sinawa da masana na kasa da kasa wadanda suka gudanar da binciken tare da WHO sun yi la'akari da cewa "ba shi da wuya" COVID-19 ya fito daga dakin gwaje-gwaje. [144][145][146][25] Kungiyar ta WHO ta gano babu wata shaida ta leburori daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Wuhan, tare da shugaban kungiyar Peter Ben Embarek ya bayyana cewa "ba shi da wuya" saboda ka'idojin aminci a wurin.[25] A cikin wata hira ta mintuna 60 da Lesley Stahl, Peter Daszak, wani memba na kungiyar ta WHO, ya bayyana tsarin binciken da cewa jerin tambayoyi ne da amsoshi tsakanin tawagar WHO da ma'aikatan dakin gwaje-gwaje na Wuhan. Stahl ya yi tsokaci cewa tawagar "kawai suna daukar maganarsu ne kawai", wanda Daszak ya amsa, "To, me kuma za mu iya yi? Akwai iyaka ga abin da za ku iya yi kuma mun ci gaba har zuwa iyakar. Muka yi musu tambayoyi masu tsauri. Ba a tantance su a gaba ba. Kuma amsoshin da suka bayar, mun ga abin gaskatawa ne—daidai kuma tabbatacce.”[147]

Binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa, da wuya a yi canjawa wuri daga dabbobi zuwa mutane a Kasuwar Abincin Tekun Huanan, tun da an tabbatar da kamuwa da cututtuka ba tare da wata hanyar da aka sani ba, kafin barkewar cutar a kewayen kasuwar.[25] A cikin sanarwar da ta bai wa wasu ƙwararrun ƙasashen waje mamaki, binciken haɗin gwiwar ya kammala cewa watsawa da wuri ta hanyar sarkar sanyi na samfuran daskararre abu ne mai yuwuwa.[25]

A cikin Maris 2021, WHO ta buga rubutaccen rahoto tare da sakamakon binciken.[148] Ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar ta bayyana cewa akwai yanayi guda huɗu don gabatarwa:[110]

  • watsa zoonotic kai tsaye ga mutane (spillover), wanda aka kiyasta a matsayin "mai yiwuwa"
  • gabatarwa ta hanyar tsaka-tsaki mai masaukin baki wanda zai biyo baya, wanda aka kiyasta a matsayin "mai yiwuwa"
  • gabatarwa ta hanyar sarkar abinci (sanyi), wanda aka kiyasta a matsayin "mai yiwuwa"
  • gabatarwa ta hanyar wani lamari na dakin gwaje-gwaje, wanda aka kiyasta a matsayin "wanda ba zai yuwu ba"

Rahoton ya ambaci cewa watsa zoonotic kai tsaye ga mutane yana da abin koyi, saboda yawancin coronaviruses na ɗan adam na yanzu sun samo asali ne daga dabbobi. Hakanan ana samun goyan bayan watsawar Zoonotic ta gaskiyar cewa RaTG13 yana ɗaure zuwa hACE2, kodayake dacewa ba shine mafi kyau ba.[1][149]

Ƙungiyar binciken ta lura da abin da ake buƙata don ci gaba da karatu, tare da lura cewa waɗannan za su "yiwuwar haɓaka ilimi da fahimta a duniya." [150][1]:9

Martani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Darakta Janar na WHO Tedros Adhanom, wanda ba shi da hannu kai tsaye a binciken, ya ce a shirye yake ya aika da karin ayyuka da suka hada da kwararrun kwararru don haka akwai bukatar a kara bincike. A cikin wata sanarwa da ya fitar, ya ce, "Wasu bayanai na iya yiwuwa fiye da sauran, amma a yanzu duk damar da za ta kasance a kan tebur".[151] Ya kuma ce, "har yanzu ba mu gano tushen kwayar cutar ba, don haka dole ne mu ci gaba da bin kimiyya ba tare da barin komai ba kamar yadda muke yi." Tedros ya kuma yi kira ga kasar Sin da ta samar da "fiye da lokaci da cikakkun bayanai" a matsayin wani bangare na binciken nan gaba.[152]

Kafofin yada labarai sun lura cewa ko da yake ba gaskiya ba ne a yi tsammanin sakamako mai sauri da kuma babban sakamako daga rahoton, amma "ya ba da ƴan yanke shawara game da fara barkewar cutar", "ya kasa yin nazari kan matsayin jami'in Sinawa a wasu sassan rahoton", kuma ya kasance "mai son zuciya bisa ga masu suka".[153][154][155][156] Sauran masana kimiyya sun yaba da yadda rahoton ya yi cikakken bayani kan hanyoyin da za su iya ba da haske kan asalin, idan aka bincika daga baya.[157]

Bayan buga rahoton, 'yan siyasa, masu gabatar da shirye-shiryen magana, 'yan jarida, da wasu masana kimiyya sun ci gaba da ikirarin da ba a tallafawa ba cewa SARS-CoV-2 na iya fitowa daga WIV. [158] A cikin Amurka, kiraye-kirayen yin bincike kan ledar dakin gwaje-gwaje ya kai “zazzabi,” yana haifar da zazzafan kalaman da ke haifar da kyama ga mutanen asalin Asiya,[159][160] da cin zarafi na masana kimiyya.[161][162][163] Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, da wasu kasashe 13 sun soki binciken da WHO ta kira, inda suka yi kira da a nuna gaskiya daga kasar Sin da samun damar yin amfani da danyen bayanai da samfuran asali.[164] Jami'an kasar Sin sun bayyana wadannan suka a matsayin wani yunkuri na siyasantar da binciken.[165] Masana kimiyya da ke da ruwa da tsaki a cikin rahoton na WHO da suka hada da Liang Wannian, John Watson, da Peter Daszak, sun nuna rashin amincewa da sukar da ake yi, kuma sun ce rahoton wani misali ne na hadin gwiwa da tattaunawa da ake bukata domin samun nasarar ci gaba da bincike kan lamarin.[166]

A cikin wasiƙar da aka buga a Kimiyya, yawancin masana kimiyya, ciki har da Ralph Baric, sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba a yi cikakken bincike ba game da ra'ayin dakin gwaje-gwaje na haɗari kuma ya kasance mai yiwuwa, yana kira ga karin haske da ƙarin bayanai.[74] Wasikar tasu ta samu suka daga wasu masana kimiyyar halittu da kwararrun kiwon lafiyar jama'a, wadanda suka ce "makiya" da "rarrabuwar kawuna" kan WIV ba ta da wata hujja ta hanyar shaida, kuma zai sa masana kimiyya da hukumomin kasar Sin su raba kasa, maimakon karin bayanai.

Mataki na 2

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A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2021, masanin cututtukan Danish Tina Fischer ya yi magana a cikin wannan makon a cikin faifan bidiyo na Virology, tana ba da shawarar yin kashi na biyu na binciken don tantance samfuran jini don rigakafin COVID-19 a China.[167][168] Mamba na kungiyar WHO da aka kira Marion Koopmans, a kan wannan watsa shirye-shiryen, ya ba da shawarar kasashe mambobin WHO su yanke shawara a kan kashi na biyu na binciken, kodayake ta kuma yi gargadin cewa binciken binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje da kansa na iya zama maras dacewa. [169] [170] A farkon watan Yulin 2021, babban jami'in gaggawa na WHO Michael Ryan ya ce ana aiwatar da cikakkun bayanai na karshe na mataki na 2 a tattaunawar da ake yi tsakanin WHO da kasashe mambobinta, yayin da WHO ke aiki "ta hanyar lallashi" kuma ba za ta tilasta wa kowace kasa memba (ciki har da China) ba da hadin kai.[171]

A watan Yulin 2021 China ta yi watsi da buƙatun WHO na nuna gaskiya, haɗin kai, da samun bayanai a matsayin wani ɓangare na mataki na 2. A ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2021, kakakin ma'aikatar harkokin wajen kasar Sin Zhao Lijian ya bayyana cewa, matsayin kasar Sin shi ne, a gudanar da bincike a nan gaba a wasu wurare, kuma ya kamata a mai da hankali kan watsa sarkar sanyi da dakunan gwaje-gwajen sojojin Amurka.[172] A ranar 22 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2021, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta gudanar da wani taron manema labarai, inda Zeng Yixin, mataimakin ministan kiwon lafiya na hukumar lafiya ta kasar (NHC), ya bayyana cewa, kasar Sin ba za ta shiga wani mataki na biyu na binciken hukumar ta WHO ba, yana mai bayyana hakan a matsayin wani abin mamaki. da "masu girman kai".[36] Ya yi karin haske "A wasu bangarori, shirin na WHO na mataki na gaba na binciken asalin coronavirus baya mutunta hankali, kuma ya saba wa kimiyya. Ba shi yiwuwa mu yarda da irin wannan shiri.”[37]

Kwamitin Task Force na Lancet COVID-19

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A cikin Nuwamba 2020, an kafa wata ƙungiya ta ƙasa da ƙasa karkashin jagorancin Peter Daszak, shugaban EcoHealth Alliance, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Hukumar Lancet COVID-19, wanda mujallar likita ta Lancet ta goyi bayan.[173] Daszak ya bayyana cewa an kafa rundunar ne don " gudanar da cikakken bincike mai zurfi game da asali da yaduwar cutar ta SARS-CoV-2 ". Rundunar ta goma sha biyu mambobi tare da backgrounds a Daya Health, fashewa da bincike, virology, Lab biosecurity da cutar da lafiyar qasa . [174] Rundunar ta yi shirin nazarin binciken kimiyya kuma ba ta shirin ziyartar kasar Sin. [175] A watan Yuni 2021, The Lancet ta sanar da cewa Daszak ya janye kansa daga hukumar.[176] A ranar 25 ga Satumba 2021, aikin aikin ya ninka bayan abubuwan da suka shafi tsari da kuma buƙatar faɗaɗa ikonsa don bincika gaskiya da ƙa'idodin gwamnati na binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje mai haɗari.[177]

Bincike mai zaman kansa

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A cikin Yuni 2021, NIH ta ba da sanarwar cewa an cire saitin bayanan jeri daga Taskar Karatu (SRA) a watan Yuni 2020. An aiwatar da cirewar bisa ga daidaitaccen aiki bisa buƙatar masu binciken waɗanda suka mallaki haƙƙin jeri, tare da hujjar masu binciken cewa za a ƙaddamar da jeri zuwa wani bayanan bayanai.[178][179] Masu binciken daga baya sun buga takarda a cikin wata jarida ta ilimi a wannan watan da aka cire su daga bayanan NIH wanda ya bayyana jerin dalla-dalla kuma sun tattauna dangantakar su ta juyin halitta da wasu jerin, amma ba su haɗa da cikakkun bayanai ba.[180] Masanin ilimin halittu David Robertson ya ce yana da wahala a iya yanke hukunci cewa rufin asiri ne maimakon bayanin da ya fi dacewa: shafe bayanai na yau da kullun ba tare da kuskure ba.[181][182] An dawo da bayanan jeri na kwayoyin da suka ɓace a cikin wani gyara da aka buga a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2021 bayan an bayyana shi kuskuren gyara ne.[183][184]

Kiraye-kirayen kasa da kasa na yin bincike

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin Afrilu 2020, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Australiya Marise Payne da Firayim Ministan Australiya Scott Morrison sun yi kira da a gudanar da bincike na kasa da kasa mai zaman kansa kan asalin cutar sankara. [185][186] Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan haka, shugabar gwamnatin Jamus Angela Merkel ita ma ta matsa wa China don nuna gaskiya game da asalin coronavirus, biyo bayan irin wannan damuwar da shugaban Faransa Emmanuel Macron ya gabatar.[187] Birtaniya ta kuma nuna goyon bayanta ga gudanar da bincike, duk da cewa kasashen Faransa da Birtaniya sun ce fifiko a lokacin shi ne fara yaki da cutar.[188][189] Wasu kwararrun masana kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun kuma yi kira da a gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa na asalin COVID-19, "suna jayayya cewa WHO ba ta da karfin siyasa don gudanar da irin wannan bincike na bincike".[190] A cikin Mayu 2021, Firayim Minista Justin Trudeau ya gaya wa manema labarai Kanada "za ta goyi bayan kiran da Amurka da wasu suka yi don fahimtar asalin COVID-19." [191][192] A watan Yunin 2021, a taron G7 da aka yi a Cornwall, shugabannin da suka halarci taron sun fitar da wata sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa inda suka yi kira da a gudanar da wani sabon bincike, inda suka yi nuni da kin ba da hadin kai da kasar Sin ta yi da wasu bangarori na ainihin binciken da WHO ta kira.[193] Wannan juriya ga matsin lamba na ƙasa da ƙasa yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman binciken binciken Wall Street Journal kan asalin cutar.[194]

Halin rarrabuwar kawuna a muhawarar ya sa masana kimiyya suka yi kira da a rage matsin lamba na siyasa kan batun.[195] Manazarta harkokin kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun yi la'akari da cewa muhawarar game da asalin SARS-CoV-2 tana haifar da rikici da ba dole ba ne, wanda ke haifar da cin zarafi da cin zarafi na masana kimiyya,[196] kuma yana kara zurfafa rikice-rikicen geopolitical da ke hana haɗin gwiwa a daidai lokacin da irin wannan haɗin gwiwar ya kasance. da ake buƙata, duka don magance cutar ta yanzu da kuma shirye-shiryen irin wannan barkewar nan gaba. [197] Wannan ya zo a gaban masana kimiyya da suka yi hasashen irin waɗannan abubuwan shekaru da yawa: a cewar Katie Woolaston, mai bincike a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Queensland, "Ba a tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli na annoba ba". Muhawarar ta zo ne a daidai lokacin da ake fama da matsananciyar dangantaka da mahukuntan China. Masu bincike sun lura cewa siyasantar da muhawarar yana kara yin wahala, kuma sau da yawa ana karkatar da kalmomi don zama "abinci na ka'idojin makirci." [198][199] Wasiƙar da aka buga a cikin The Lancet a watan Yuli 2021 ta nuna cewa yanayin hasashe da ke tattare da batun ba shi da wani taimako wajen yin kima na haƙiƙa na lamarin.[200] Dangane da wannan wasiƙar, a cikin wata hanyar sadarwa da aka buga a cikin wannan mujalla, wasu ƙananan masana kimiyya sun yi adawa da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata masana kimiyya su inganta haɗin kai tare da yin kira ga buɗaɗɗen ra'ayoyin.[201] Duk da rashin yuwuwar taron, kuma duk da cewa ana iya ɗaukar tabbataccen amsoshi na tsawon shekaru ana gudanar da bincike, masana harkokin kiwon lafiyar halittu sun yi kira da a sake nazarin manufofin kare lafiyar halittu na duniya, tare da yin la'akari da gibin da aka sani a cikin ƙa'idodin kasa da kasa don kare lafiyar halittu. [202] Har ila yau, lamarin ya sake haifar da muhawara kan bincike na samun aiki, kodayake zafafan kalaman siyasa da ke tattare da batun sun yi barazanar yin watsi da babban bincike kan manufofi a wannan fanni.[203]

Duba kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Rukunin Shawarwari na Kimiyya don Tushen Sabbin Cututtuka
  • Martanin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya game da cutar ta COVID-19

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 "Virus origin / Origins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus". www.who.int (in Turanci). Retrieved 23 June 2021. WHO-convened Global Study of the Origins of SARS-CoV-2
  2. ↑ "The COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin, scientists say – Scripps Research's analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS‑CoV‑2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered". EurekAlert!. Scripps Research Institute. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  3. ↑ Latinne, Alice; Hu, Ben; Olival, Kevin J.; Zhu, Guangjian; Zhang, Libiao; Li, Hongying; Chmura, Aleksei A.; Field, Hume E.; Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlos; Epstein, Jonathan H.; Li, Bei; Zhang, Wei; Wang, Lin-Fa; Shi, Zheng-Li; Daszak, Peter (25 August 2020). "Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 4235. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.4235L. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17687-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7447761. PMID 32843626.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF (17 March 2020). "Correspondence: The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2". Nature Medicine. 26 (4): 450–452. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9. PMC 7095063. PMID 32284615.
  5. ↑ Gorman, James; Zimmer, Carl (13 May 2021). "Another Group of Scientists Calls for Further Inquiry Into Origins of the Coronavirus". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  6. ↑ Hu, Ben; Guo, Hua; Zhou, Peng; Shi, Zheng-Li (6 October 2020). "Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 19 (3): 141–154. doi:10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7. ISSN 1740-1526. PMC 7537588. PMID 33024307.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kramer, Jillian (30 March 2021). "Here's what the WHO report found on the origins of COVID-19". Science (in Turanci). Retrieved 7 June 2021. Most scientists are not surprised by the report's conclusion that SARS-CoV-2 most likely jumped from an infected bat or pangolin to another animal and then to a human.
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  11. ↑ Latinne, Alice; Hu, Ben; Olival, Kevin J.; et al. (25 August 2020). "Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China". Nature Communications (in Turanci). 11 (1): 4235. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.4235L. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17687-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7447761. PMID 32843626.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. (February 2020). "A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin". Nature. 579 (7798): 270–273. Bibcode:2020Natur.579..270Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. PMC 7095418. PMID 32015507.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Perlman S (February 2020). "Another Decade, Another Coronavirus". The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (8): 760–762. doi:10.1056/NEJMe2001126. PMC 7121143. PMID 31978944.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Perlman S (February 2020). "Another Decade, Another Coronavirus". The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (8): 760–762. doi:10.1056/NEJMe2001126. PMC 7121143. PMID 31978944.
  15. ↑ Shield C (7 February 2020). "Coronavirus: From bats to pangolins, how do viruses reach us?". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
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  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Frutos, Roger; Serra-Cobo, Jordi; Chen, Tianmu; Devaux, Christian A. (October 2020). "COVID-19: Time to exonerate the pangolin from the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to humans". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 84: 104493. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104493. ISSN 1567-1348. PMC 7405773. PMID 32768565.
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  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Fujiyama, Emily Wang; Moritsugu, Ken (11 February 2021). "EXPLAINER: What the WHO coronavirus experts learned in Wuhan". Associated Press News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
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  26. ↑ Cohen, Jon (February 13, 2021). "China refused to provide WHO team with raw data on early COVID cases, team member says". Reuters. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
  27. ↑ "Virus origin / Origins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus". www.who.int (in Turanci).
  28. ↑ Maxmen, Amy (30 March 2021). "WHO report into COVID pandemic origins zeroes in on animal markets, not labs". Nature (in Turanci). pp. 173–174. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00865-8. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  29. ↑ Shepherd, Christian (31 March 2021). "China rejects WHO criticism and says Covid lab-leak theory 'ruled out'". www.ft.com. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  30. ↑ Mulier, Thomas (31 March 2021). "WHO Chief Faults Covid Report for Dismissing Lab Leak Theory".
  31. ↑ Reuters Staff (31 March 2021). "U.S., 13 countries concerned WHO COVID-19 origin study was delayed, lacked access - statement". Reuters (in Turanci). Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  32. ↑ Cohen, Jon (17 July 2021). "With call for 'raw data' and lab audits, WHO chief pressures China on pandemic origin probe". Science (in Turanci). Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  33. ↑ Jordans, Frank; Cheng, Maria (15 July 2021). "WHO chief says it was 'premature' to rule out COVID lab leak". AP News (in Turanci). The Associated Press. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  34. ↑ Mueller, Benjamin (12 October 2021). "W.H.O. Will Announce New Team to Study Coronavirus Origins - "This new group can do all the fancy footwork it wants, but China's not going to cooperate," one expert said". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  35. ↑ Buckley, Chris (22 July 2021). "China denounces the W.H.O.'s call for another look at the Wuhan lab as 'shocking' and 'arrogant.'". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Ben Westcott, Isaac Yee and Yong Xiong. "Chinese government rejects WHO plan for second phase of Covid-19 origins study". CNN. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Fujiyama, Emily Wang; Moritsugu, Ken (11 February 2021). "EXPLAINER: What the WHO coronavirus experts learned in Wuhan". Associated Press News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  38. ↑ Barh, Debmalya; Silva Andrade, Bruno; Tiwari, Sandeep; Giovanetti, Marta; Góes-Neto, Aristóteles; Alcantara, Luiz Carlos Junior; Azevedo, Vasco; Ghosh, Preetam (1 September 2020). "Natural selection versus creation: a review on the origin of SARS-COV-2". Le Infezioni in Medicina. 28 (3): 302–311. ISSN 1124-9390. PMID 32920565. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
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  55. ↑ Bloom, Jesse D.; Chan, Yujia Alina; Baric, Ralph S.; Bjorkman, Pamela J.; Cobey, Sarah; Deverman, Benjamin E.; Fisman, David N.; Gupta, Ravindra; Iwasaki, Akiko; Lipsitch, Marc; Medzhitov, Ruslan; Neher, Richard A.; Nielsen, Rasmus; Patterson, Nick; Stearns, Tim; Nimwegen, Erik van; Worobey, Michael; Relman, David A. (14 May 2021). "Investigate the origins of COVID-19". Science (in Turanci). 372 (6543): 694. Bibcode:2021Sci...372..694B. doi:10.1126/science.abj0016. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 33986172 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 234487267 Check |s2cid= value (help). Lay summary.
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  58. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  59. ↑ Dyer, Owen (13 August 2021). "Covid-19: China pressured WHO team to dismiss lab leak theory, claims chief investigator". BMJ (in Turanci). BMJ News. pp. n2023. doi:10.1136/bmj.n2023. A World Health Organisation mission to study the covid pandemic’s origins in China, which announced in February that the possibility that the virus had escaped from a laboratory needed no further investigation,1 was put under pressure by Chinese scientists who made up half the team to reach that conclusion, the scientist who led the mission has said...Discussing the team’s findings before leaving China, Ben Embarek told reporters that a lab leak was “extremely unlikely.” Asked by Denmark’s TV2 if that wording was a Chinese requirement, he said, “It was the category we chose to put it in at the end, yes.” This did not mean it was not impossible, he added.
  60. ↑ Frutos, Roger; Pliez, Olivier; Gavotte, Laurent; Devaux, Christian A. (October 2021). "There is no "origin" to SARS-CoV-2". Environmental Research: 112173. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112173.
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  63. ↑ Zhou, Hong; Chen, Xing; Hu, Tao; Li, Juan; Song, Hao; Liu, Yanran; Wang, Peihan; Liu, Di; Yang, Jing; Holmes, Edward C.; Hughes, Alice C.; Bi, Yuhai; Shi, Weifeng (June 2020). "A Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to SARS-CoV-2 Contains Natural Insertions at the S1/S2 Cleavage Site of the Spike Protein". Current Biology. 30 (11): 2196–2203.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.023. ISSN 1879-0445. PMC 7211627. PMID 32416074.
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  66. ↑ Banerjee, Arinjay; Doxey, Andrew C.; Mossman, Karen; Irving, Aaron T. (1 March 2021). "Unraveling the Zoonotic Origin and Transmission of SARS-CoV-2". Trends in Ecology & Evolution (in English). 36 (3): 180–184. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2020.12.002. ISSN 0169-5347. PMC 7733689. PMID 33384197.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  67. ↑ Frutos, Roger; Serra-Cobo, Jordi; Chen, Tianmu; Devaux, Christian A (1 October 2020). "COVID-19: Time to exonerate the pangolin from the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to humans". Infection, Genetics and Evolution (in Turanci). 84: 104493. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104493. ISSN 1567-1348. PMC 7405773. PMID 32768565.
  68. ↑ Banerjee, Arinjay; Doxey, Andrew C.; Mossman, Karen; Irving, Aaron T. (1 March 2021). "Unraveling the Zoonotic Origin and Transmission of SARS-CoV-2". Trends in Ecology & Evolution (in English). 36 (3): 180–184. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2020.12.002. ISSN 0169-5347. PMC 7733689. PMID 33384197.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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  70. ↑ "Origins of the COVID-19 Pandemic". Congressional Research Service. 11 June 2021. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  71. ↑ Lardieri, Alexa (9 February 2021). ""WHO: 'Extremely Unlikely' Coronavirus Came From Lab in China"". US News. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  72. ↑ Lawton, Graham (June 2021). "Did covid-19 come from a lab?". New Scientist. 250 (3337): 10–11. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(21)00938-6. PMC 8177866 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34108789 Check |pmid= value (help).
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  185. ↑ Worthington, Brett (19 April 2020). "Payne wants transparent probe into coronavirus origins independent of WHO". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 19 April 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  186. ↑ STAYNER, TOM (21 April 2020). "Australia and China clash over independent inquiry into coronavirus pandemic". SBS News. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  187. ↑ Lau, Stuart; Wong, Catherine (21 April 2020). "Germany adds to growing pressure on China over coronavirus origin". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  188. ↑ "UK envoy in Washington backs probe into origins of pandemic, WHO reforms". Reuters. 29 April 2020. Archived from the original on 13 December 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  189. ↑ Needham, Kirsty; Nebehay, Stephanie (21 April 2020). "Australia seeks probe into coronavirus spread, France and UK say now not the time". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  190. ↑ "WHO chief says it was 'premature' to rule out COVID lab leak". AP NEWS (in Turanci). Associated Press. 15 July 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  191. ↑ "Canada supports U.S. efforts to seek origins of COVID-19 -PM Trudeau". Reuters. 27 May 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  192. ↑ "Military deployed to help Manitoba; Trudeau supports search for COVID-19 origin". The Outlook. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  193. ↑ Liptak, Kevin; Sullivan, Kate. "G7 calls for new study into origins of Covid and voices concern on China". CNN. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  194. ↑ McKay, Drew Hinshaw, Jeremy Page and Betsy (26 June 2021). "What We Know About the Origins of Covid-19". Wall Street Journal. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  195. ↑ Spinney, Laura (18 June 2021). "In hunt for Covid's origin, new studies point away from lab leak theory". The Guardian (in Turanci).
  196. ↑ Fay Cortez, Michelle. "The Last—And Only—Foreign Scientist in the Wuhan Lab Speaks Out". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  197. ↑ Ni, Vincent; Borger, Julian (27 May 2021). "Biden move to investigate Covid origins opens new rift in US-China relations". The Guardian (in Turanci).
  198. ↑ Smith, Michael (18 June 2021). "Conspiracy, cover-up or distraction: the lab leak theory is back". Australian Financial Review (in Turanci).
  199. ↑ Caulfield, Timothy. "Opinion | The consequences of Wuhan lab leak fearmongering could outlast Covid". NBC News (in Turanci).
  200. ↑ Calisher, Charles H; Carroll, Dennis; Colwell, Rita; Corley, Ronald B; Daszak, Peter; Drosten, Christian; Enjuanes, Luis; Farrar, Jeremy; Field, Hume; Golding, Josie; Gorbalenya, Alexander E; Haagmans, Bart; Hughes, James M; Keusch, Gerald T; Lam, Sai Kit; Lubroth, Juan; Mackenzie, John S; Madoff, Larry; Mazet, Jonna Keener; Perlman, Stanley M; Poon, Leo; Saif, Linda; Subbarao, Kanta; Turner, Michael (July 2021). "Science, not speculation, is essential to determine how SARS-CoV-2 reached humans". The Lancet (in English). 398 (10296): 209–211. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01419-7. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 8257054 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34237296 Check |pmid= value (help).CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  201. ↑ van Helden, Jacques; Butler, Colin D; Achaz, Guillaume; Canard, Bruno; Casane, Didier; Claverie, Jean-Michel; Colombo, Fabien; Courtier, Virginie; Ebright, Richard H; Graner, François; Leitenberg, Milton; Morand, Serge; Petrovsky, Nikolai; Segreto, Rossana; Decroly, Etienne; Halloy, José (September 2021). "An appeal for an objective, open, and transparent scientific debate about the origin of SARS-CoV-2". The Lancet: S0140673621020195. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02019-5. PMC 8448488 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34543608 Check |pmid= value (help).
  202. ↑ Smith, Michael (18 June 2021). "Conspiracy, cover-up or distraction: the lab leak theory is back". Australian Financial Review (in Turanci).
  203. ↑ Zimmer, Carl; Gorman, James (20 June 2021). "Fight Over Covid's Origins Renews Debate on Risks of Lab Work". The New York Times.
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