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Kalu E Uma

Federal University Ndufu Alike Ikwo, Economics and development studies, Faculty Member

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Dr Kalu Ebi Uma is an Associate Professor of Economics at Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Department of Economics and Development Studies, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. He has taught economics for over 13 years. His research interests are public sector economics, international economics, economics of development and urban economics. He is also an Associate Fellow at the African Heritage (formerly the African Institute for Applied Economics) , a full member of the Nigeria Economics Society and a member of International Society for Development and Sustainability (ISDS), Japan. He is a lover of truth and divine wisdom.

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Armando Marques-Guedes

UNL - New University of Lisbon

Oluranti OLURINOLA (formerly Ogunrinola)

Covenant University Canaanland, Ota.

American University

Tulane University

Universidad de Buenos Aires

UFF - Universidade Federal Fluminense

Benha University

Luis Gonzalez Vaque

Usmanu Dan Fodiyo University, Sokoto-Nigeria

busayo aderounmu

Covenant University Canaanland, Ota.

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Papers by Kalu E Uma

Intervention for burnout among English education undergraduates: implications for curriculum innovation

by Otu Otu Akanu and Kalu E Uma

Medicine, 2019

Background/Objective: The present study investigated the effect of Rational Emotive Behavior Ther... more Background/Objective: The present study investigated the effect of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) intervention on burnout among English education undergraduates in southeastern Nigeria. Method: The study adopted a randomized controlled trial design. A total of 96 English education undergraduates with high burnout symptoms in the participating universities took part in the study. These were randomly assigned to groups – intervention group (n = 48) and control group (n = 48). The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory for students (OLBI-S) was used for data collection. The collected data were analyzed using 2-way mixed repeated measure ANOVA at .05 probability level. Result: Results showed that the REBT program significantly reduced the burnout level among English education undergraduates in the intervention group compared to the students in the no-intervention control group as measured by the OLBI-S subscales. Also, the students who benefited from the REBT program maintained reduced b...

Interaction Between Oil Price Shocks and Nigeria's Non-Oil Macroeconomy

Past Nigeria specific studies on oil price shocks-macroeconomy association had earlier discovered... more Past Nigeria specific studies on oil price shocks-macroeconomy association had earlier discovered a significant real effective exchange rate appreciation, which is suggestive of the existence of “Dutch Disease” in Nigeria. As a result, this paper undertook a detailed investigation into oil price shocks-non-oil macroeconomy association, which it believes should be the first major step to solving the “Dutch Disease” problem in Nigeria. Analysis was conducted using linear and non-linear variants of oil price, employing the multivariate Vector Autoregressive (VAR) and Vector Error Correction (VEC ) models respectively. Results indicate that both measures of oil price account for remarkable changes in real exchange rates, and the transmission effects of these variations on non-oil export and import are both negative. On the bases of this, the paper recommend policies geared towards evolving realistic and stable exchange rates for the naira, to complement current efforts being made to div...

The Influence of Investments on Economic Growth: The Case of Nigeria

The study dwells on the effect of domestic investment, foreign direct investment and economic ope... more The study dwells on the effect of domestic investment, foreign direct investment and economic openness on the economic growth of Nigeria from 1970-2012. The approach of vector error correction model was adopted after some descriptive statistics, series of tests of the time series property and diagnostic tests. The study found amongst others the insignificant effect of the domestic investment in promoting growth at the period of study. The response of the foreign direct investment on growth was not satisfactory and was envisaged to be due to Nigeria is dominantly agrarian economy with insufficient technology and weak manufacturing sector needed to enhance sophisticated foreign production. Openness result seems inconclusive and unsatisfactory but further analysis depicted desirable effect in the long-run of its operation. Consequently, among the policy implications made were: fiscal and monetary incentives should intensively be pursued to encourage and stimulate domestic investments in small, medium and large scale industries especially in the rural areas dominantly occupied by the large proportion of the populace; acceleration of technological innovation needed by foreign investors and institutional reforms, elimination of double taxation, high import tariffs in some sectors of the economy should be avoided.

Regime dependent effects and cyclical volatility spillover between crude oil price movements and stock returns

International Economics, May 1, 2020

What are the triggers of household decision-making on waste disposal choices? A gender differentiated analysis

Heliyon, Dec 1, 2020

Across the African continent especially in Nigeria, solid waste disposal has created significant ... more Across the African continent especially in Nigeria, solid waste disposal has created significant environmental and health issues. Studies on household decision-making on waste disposal choices are insignificant. This study uses the most recent 2018/2019 General Household Survey (GHS) – a national representative sample of 5000 households collected by the Nigerian Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and World Bank – to offer greater insight on the socio-economic drivers of household's decision-making on the choice of alternative refuse disposal systems and how these choices vary across male-headed households (MHHs) and female-headed households (FHHs) in Nigeria. Adopting the Multinomial Logit and Exogenous Switching Treatment Effects Regression (ESTER) models, estimates show that education, family sizes, non-home ownerships, water availability, toilet locations, electricity connections within buildings, geopolitical zones, and urban areas are some determinants of household waste disposal choices which also varies by household types. However, quite a significant number of FHHs are observed to utilize informal refuse disposal systems than the MHHs representing a gender gap in the informal waste usage of 9%. In the counterfactual scenario FHHs average probability of adopting compound (informal) refuse disposal choices, would have increased by 4.2% (decreased by 5.4%) if they had the same socio-economic characteristics as MHHs. These results present some interesting factors related to the heterogeneity of alternative refuse disposal choices the heterogeneous effects of gender on such decisions. The study thus offers some policy inputs on how to ensure a clean and safe environment through proper disposal options.

Poverty and its Alleviation: Lessons for Nigeria

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, Jun 30, 2017

The study focused on the persistent poverty status in Nigeria in spite of all the actions and act... more The study focused on the persistent poverty status in Nigeria in spite of all the actions and activities directly and indirectly put in place to reduce it. Nigerian poverty statistics and government actions in tackling poverty were examined. Few countries that have succeeded in reducing poverty position were briefly examined. Specifically, we highlighted how Malaysia, China and South Korea aspired and attained high level poverty alleviation. The lessons of their success stories were the basis for recommendations for Nigeria as a panacea for poverty reduction which has persevere in spite of every efforts over the years. Among the recommendations made include: designing of poverty line for the entire geopolitical zone, stating target of poverty reduction within a time frame, and sincerely implementing and monitoring of strategies, programmes and policies.

How does bribery affect the wage performance of formal firms? Instrumental variables and matching evidence from Nigeria

South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, Mar 19, 2020

The aim of this study is to estimate the impact of bribery on the wage performance of formal firm... more The aim of this study is to estimate the impact of bribery on the wage performance of formal firms. Setting: The empirical assessment uses a unique firm-level data set comprising 1141 Nigerian manufacturing firms, some of whom paid bribes to corrupt bureaucrats. Methods: The study utilised a standard ordinary least-squares estimation technique. To address the potential endogeneity and measurement error bias arising from bribery, we used industry-location average bribe rate as instrument. Results: We find a significant negative effect of bribery on wages to the extent that a one percentage point increase in the rate of bribery reduces the level of wages paid to the workers by about 230 000 naira per worker per annum. A robustness check using the counterfactual evaluation framework of propensity score matching, supports the ordinary least-squares estimation. Conclusion: This study lends support to the firm level-based hypothesis that bribery has a detrimental long-term effect on firm performance. In particular, that employers using their monopsony power shift the burden of bribery to the workers through compressing wages. In addition, our results justify the enormous attention of the international community in combating bribery and corruption in Nigeria and other developing countries.

Immiseration of the Nigerian Pensioners the Socio-Economic Implications

The study focuses on the pattern of mal-treatment, denial of means of livelihood and lack of care... more The study focuses on the pattern of mal-treatment, denial of means of livelihood and lack of care of senior citizens in Nigeria due to the actions of societal resource managers over the years, which grossly impoverished this category of Nigerians. This expository work unraveled the various activities with respect to pension issue, specifically the difficulties associated with old pension benefit system that led to the recent pension reform of 2004, which is yet to be adopted by many states and private organisations. It also pointed the ugly circumstances of the pensioners that resulted in many deaths and cases of pensioners' demonstrations to attract attentions, which achieve little or nothing. In view of the prevailing situations of the senior citizens in spite of recent reforms, we made the following suggestions for improvement, among others: the federal government should by all means use a proportion of states' allocations and settle all pension outstanding in the states and design a standing order and guideline on the general treatment of all retirees in the country; enforce the adoption of uniform pension scheme for all retirees in the country, and the establishment of senior citizen homes with sufficient living facilities in virtually all the 774 local government areas in the country.

Revamping the Nigerian Education Sector For Quality Manpower Development: Lessons From Japan

American Journal of Social Issues and Humanities, Nov 30, 2013

The study has exposed the problems of education system in Nigeria and decent qualities of educati... more The study has exposed the problems of education system in Nigeria and decent qualities of education system in Japan worthy of emulation as a panacea for revamping Nigerian education system for quality manpower building. Poor education standard in Nigeria stemmed from varieties of factors that are revertible, but the authors are convinced that the adoption, implementation and monitoring of lessons from Japan have the magic wand to revive the ugly trend in Nigeria’s education system experienced over the years. Among the articulated lessons needed are: enacting of laws on compulsory basic education, single control and uniformity of education system in Nigeria; sufficient and equal remuneration of all teachers in the country; training, retraining of teachers and adequate reform of teachers to avoid favoritism of any kind; provision of facilities and equipment for learning to all schools in every nook and cranny of the country and avoidance of incessant interruption of education system by industrial strikes.

The Impact of Capital Flight on Economic Development: Nigeria in Focus

British Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, Jan 10, 2015

The study investigated the impact of capital flight on the economic development of Nigeria. Follo... more The study investigated the impact of capital flight on the economic development of Nigeria. Following the behavioural pattern of the variables on the basis of time series property test involving Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), we adopted Autoregressive Distributed Lagged model (ARDL) due to Pesaran and Shin (1999) in the study. The result of the Auto Regressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) model showed that capital flight has negative but significant impact on economic development. It further showed that programmes and policies in the economy in previous period also enhance the economic situation in the current period. The CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests showed evidence of long run stability of the parameters of the model. We, therefore, made the following recommendations, among others: Government should take concerted steps to improve security of life and property in the country because security lapse is a threat to investment as well as business; the public resource managers should sincerely partner with anti-graft agencies to ensure that all the channels through which public office holders launder money abroad are stopped; besides, the international anti-corruption law should be implemented to reduce the quantum of launder money and efficient public finance management discipline should be adhered strictly.

Restructuring Urban Solid Waste Management and Housing Problems for Economic Development: A Case of Nigeria

The paper focused on the need to reform solid waste management and housing problems as among the ... more The paper focused on the need to reform solid waste management and housing problems as among the factors for the economic development of Nigeria. This is based on authors’ perception that decent housing and environment ensure quality of life and by extension a measure of development. The authors unraveled that housing and solid waste problems in Nigeria stemmed from increasing population, insufficient funding, lack of better condition of living in rural areas, thus leading to rural-urban migration. Consequently, there is a high concentration of people in Nigerian urban places and the insufficient availability of housing has compelled Nigerians to live in slums and shantytowns. This has raised the solid waste generated by households, businesses, artisans and markets thereby reducing the living standard. The efforts put in place by the government over the years to manage the situation have failed to achieve much, hence adversely affecting economic development. Based on the foregoing, among the recommendations made to revive the ugly trend are: repositioning the state of Nigerian rural areas; establishment of mortgage banks in every state of the country; increasing private sector participation in both housing provision and solid waste management and promotion of greater awareness on the need for proper waste disposal by all and sundry.

Government Expenditure in Nigeria: Effect on Economic Development

AJSIH | ISSN: 2276–6928 Vol. 3 | Iss. 3 | May 2013 | 119 ABSTRACT The study focused on the empiri... more AJSIH | ISSN: 2276–6928 Vol. 3 | Iss. 3 | May 2013 | 119 ABSTRACT The study focused on the empirical investigation of the influence of government expenditure on administration, economic services, social and community services and total recurrent expenditure on economic development of Nigeria measured by real gross domestic product. Quarterly data ranging from 1980Q1 to 2010Q4 was tested for time series property using Augmented DickeyFuller test for stationery and each of the variables was integrated of order two, I (2).The study employed Johansen test for cointegration and we found two cointegrating factors. Our empirical finding showed a longrun relationship between government expenditure and real gross domestic product. It also showed that expenditure on administration and total recurrent expenditure impacted significantly on real gross domestic product at the period of study while expenditure on economic services and social and community services have insignificant effect on real gross domestic product. Based on the findings, among the recommendations made were that government should sieve out sincere, honest and men of integrity to be at the helm of affairs in the government institutions; corruption should honestly be addressed and priority attention in spending be given to highly interdependent areas like economic services, social and community services.

Agricultural production and CO2 emissions from two sources in the ECOWAS region: New insights from quantile regression and decomposition analysis

Science of The Total Environment, Dec 1, 2020

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Dynamic Entrepreneurial or Subsistence Self-employed? Self-employment among Urban and Rural Nigerian Workers

Emerald Publishing Limited eBooks, Aug 2, 2021

Controversy in the literature exists over whether self-employment is driven by worker’s deliberat... more Controversy in the literature exists over whether self-employment is driven by worker’s deliberate entrepreneurial choices (pull factors) or an indeliberate subsistence employment option (push factors) in developing countries. It is therefore very important to investigate whether the self-employed are the dynamic entrepreneurial group or the subsistence-oriented group. In this chapter, the authors examine the driving forces behind the plausible growth of self-employment in urban and rural Nigeria by analyzing the self-employment choices as a function of employment’s differences in predicted earnings, human capital, demographic and family characteristics. Using the 2010/2011 and 2012/2013 waves of the General Household Survey Panel data for Nigeria, this chapter utilizes the Random Effects Regression Models (OLS and Probit Models). This chapter finds that the predicted individual earning differences between self- and paid-employment has a negative significant effect on self-employment choices – contrary to developed countries’ evidence. In other words, overwhelmingly the poor are “entrepreneurs.” This therefore means that self-employment choice is driven by the necessity of survival – the subsistence self-employed groups rather than the dynamic entrepreneurial hypothesis. The implication of these finding is unique and interesting for an African country such as Nigeria where the self-employees are vulnerable to poverty and perhaps an involuntary employment option conditioned by economic failures.

Gender of the family head and food insecurity in urban and rural Nigeria

African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, May 23, 2020

Purpose-Are the urban and rural male-headed households (MHHs) or female-headed households (FHHs) ... more Purpose-Are the urban and rural male-headed households (MHHs) or female-headed households (FHHs) poorer and food (in)secured? Such question is of very important policy concern in the drive towards achieving the first two of the Sustainable Development Goals. Design/methodology/approach-This paper uses 2010-2012 waves of General Household Survey crosssectional panel data to investigate food (in)security and poverty dynamics amongst MHHs and FHHs in Nigeria, with particular attention to rural and urban dimensions. Findings-Applying the tobit and probit regressions while controlling for poverty and other household characteristics, we observed that female-headed families are more vulnerable to higher incidences of food insecurity than male-headed ones and with an overall significant urban food security advantage compared to rural areas. Comparing urban and rural results in terms of land access rights, urban food insecurity manifests more amongst urban FHHs non-Agri-land owners which however falls as food expenditure rises. However, the rise in per capita food consumption, agricultural characteristics and years of schooling reduces the likelihood of food insecurity for all households. Originality/value-This study, therefore, offers relevant policy inputs towards addressing poverty and food insecurity in a typical developing country such as Nigeria.

Determinants of household fuel choices among Nigerian family heads: are there gender-differentiated impacts?

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Jul 26, 2020

The consensus in the literature holds that female-headed households (FHHs) are more vulnerable to... more The consensus in the literature holds that female-headed households (FHHs) are more vulnerable to social and economic exclusion than male-headed households (MHHs). This paper investigates the socioeconomic determinants of household cooking fuel choices across MHHs and FHHs, using the rich Nigerian Demographic Health Survey data. Using the exogenous switching treatment effect regression (ESTER) technique, the study is able to unravel differences in socioeconomic effects of gender inequality on cooking fuel choices in Nigeria. The results validate the energy ladder hypothesis in the Nigerian case and show that the choices of dirty fuel (biomass) is more prevalent among the de-jure FHH when compared with the de-facto FHH and MHHs. Also, the probability of biomass-use among MHHs would have fallen by 1.3% if MHHs had similar socioeconomic attributes as the FHHs. In the same vain for FHHs, the probability of kerosene-use would have increased by 2%. The study observed no gender gap in kerosene-use. Thus, the established gender gap in biomass-and kerosene-use would have reduced to 6.7% and 2.8%, respectively, if the de-facto FHHs had same socioeconomic attributes as the de-jures. Considering the traditional gendered household division of labor within the households, de-jure FHHs' energy choices may be due to limited economic opportunities that guarantees cleaner energy options.

Trade openness and unemployment: Empirical evidence for Nigeria

Economic and Labour Relations Review, Feb 9, 2015

Purpose of the study: The study aims is to examine the effect of trade openness on inflation rate... more Purpose of the study: The study aims is to examine the effect of trade openness on inflation rate in Nigeria. Methodology: Time series data were collected from secondary sources. EViews10 (statistical software for data analysis) ware employed to analyze the data collected. Findings: The results revealed a cointegrating and one-way Granger causality between inflation rate, and trade openness. In addition, both the short-run and the long-run results demonstrate a significant and negative relationship between inflation rate and trade openness in Nigeria. Application: The study is paramount to the government and policymakers in dealing and taking a decision regarding consumer price index and trade openness in Nigeria. We conclude that the government should work towards full diversification and diversion of the economy from oil export, control, and management of the degree of trade liberalization and the extent to which goods enter the country, and the control of money supplied. Novelty/Originality: The study accorded to debate on the inflation rate, and trade openness in Nigeria looking, at both short-run and long-run effects, before few accessible studies focused on impact, and trade openness was not measured as the value of net export divided by gross domestic product. Finally, the paper contributed to the scanty of the literature.

Multi-National Corporations Influence on Human Capital Development in Host Economies

International Journal of Economics and Management Studies

The price of inequality in Africa

African J. of Economic and Sustainable Development

Corruption, Economic Development and Emerging Markets: Evidence from Nigeria

Asian journal of management sciences & education, 2013

The paper examined the involvement and the role of corruption in the economic advancement of Nige... more The paper examined the involvement and the role of corruption in the economic advancement of Nigeria. The study is more of expository of the level of corruption in Nigeria. The investigation revealed that there is high level corruption in Nigeria that has refused to decline in spite of the measures put in place by the federal government to curb the menace, and it also found out that, in Nigeria, corruption has a multifaceted dimension and has eaten deep into all the nuclei of the sectors of the Nigerian economy. Besides, it was revealed that corruption is one of the greatest obstacles to the development of the Nigerian economy as it has brought about high level selfishness, misallocation, diversion and improper allocation of scarce resources. On the basis of the realization, the authors made the following recommendations, among others: radical leaders and radical reform are needed in all sectors of the Nigerian economy as was done in the banking sector in 2005; the basic necessities...

Intervention for burnout among English education undergraduates: implications for curriculum innovation

by Otu Otu Akanu and Kalu E Uma

Medicine, 2019

Background/Objective: The present study investigated the effect of Rational Emotive Behavior Ther... more Background/Objective: The present study investigated the effect of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) intervention on burnout among English education undergraduates in southeastern Nigeria. Method: The study adopted a randomized controlled trial design. A total of 96 English education undergraduates with high burnout symptoms in the participating universities took part in the study. These were randomly assigned to groups – intervention group (n = 48) and control group (n = 48). The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory for students (OLBI-S) was used for data collection. The collected data were analyzed using 2-way mixed repeated measure ANOVA at .05 probability level. Result: Results showed that the REBT program significantly reduced the burnout level among English education undergraduates in the intervention group compared to the students in the no-intervention control group as measured by the OLBI-S subscales. Also, the students who benefited from the REBT program maintained reduced b...

Interaction Between Oil Price Shocks and Nigeria's Non-Oil Macroeconomy

Past Nigeria specific studies on oil price shocks-macroeconomy association had earlier discovered... more Past Nigeria specific studies on oil price shocks-macroeconomy association had earlier discovered a significant real effective exchange rate appreciation, which is suggestive of the existence of “Dutch Disease” in Nigeria. As a result, this paper undertook a detailed investigation into oil price shocks-non-oil macroeconomy association, which it believes should be the first major step to solving the “Dutch Disease” problem in Nigeria. Analysis was conducted using linear and non-linear variants of oil price, employing the multivariate Vector Autoregressive (VAR) and Vector Error Correction (VEC ) models respectively. Results indicate that both measures of oil price account for remarkable changes in real exchange rates, and the transmission effects of these variations on non-oil export and import are both negative. On the bases of this, the paper recommend policies geared towards evolving realistic and stable exchange rates for the naira, to complement current efforts being made to div...

The Influence of Investments on Economic Growth: The Case of Nigeria

The study dwells on the effect of domestic investment, foreign direct investment and economic ope... more The study dwells on the effect of domestic investment, foreign direct investment and economic openness on the economic growth of Nigeria from 1970-2012. The approach of vector error correction model was adopted after some descriptive statistics, series of tests of the time series property and diagnostic tests. The study found amongst others the insignificant effect of the domestic investment in promoting growth at the period of study. The response of the foreign direct investment on growth was not satisfactory and was envisaged to be due to Nigeria is dominantly agrarian economy with insufficient technology and weak manufacturing sector needed to enhance sophisticated foreign production. Openness result seems inconclusive and unsatisfactory but further analysis depicted desirable effect in the long-run of its operation. Consequently, among the policy implications made were: fiscal and monetary incentives should intensively be pursued to encourage and stimulate domestic investments in small, medium and large scale industries especially in the rural areas dominantly occupied by the large proportion of the populace; acceleration of technological innovation needed by foreign investors and institutional reforms, elimination of double taxation, high import tariffs in some sectors of the economy should be avoided.

Regime dependent effects and cyclical volatility spillover between crude oil price movements and stock returns

International Economics, May 1, 2020

What are the triggers of household decision-making on waste disposal choices? A gender differentiated analysis

Heliyon, Dec 1, 2020

Across the African continent especially in Nigeria, solid waste disposal has created significant ... more Across the African continent especially in Nigeria, solid waste disposal has created significant environmental and health issues. Studies on household decision-making on waste disposal choices are insignificant. This study uses the most recent 2018/2019 General Household Survey (GHS) – a national representative sample of 5000 households collected by the Nigerian Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and World Bank – to offer greater insight on the socio-economic drivers of household's decision-making on the choice of alternative refuse disposal systems and how these choices vary across male-headed households (MHHs) and female-headed households (FHHs) in Nigeria. Adopting the Multinomial Logit and Exogenous Switching Treatment Effects Regression (ESTER) models, estimates show that education, family sizes, non-home ownerships, water availability, toilet locations, electricity connections within buildings, geopolitical zones, and urban areas are some determinants of household waste disposal choices which also varies by household types. However, quite a significant number of FHHs are observed to utilize informal refuse disposal systems than the MHHs representing a gender gap in the informal waste usage of 9%. In the counterfactual scenario FHHs average probability of adopting compound (informal) refuse disposal choices, would have increased by 4.2% (decreased by 5.4%) if they had the same socio-economic characteristics as MHHs. These results present some interesting factors related to the heterogeneity of alternative refuse disposal choices the heterogeneous effects of gender on such decisions. The study thus offers some policy inputs on how to ensure a clean and safe environment through proper disposal options.

Poverty and its Alleviation: Lessons for Nigeria

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, Jun 30, 2017

The study focused on the persistent poverty status in Nigeria in spite of all the actions and act... more The study focused on the persistent poverty status in Nigeria in spite of all the actions and activities directly and indirectly put in place to reduce it. Nigerian poverty statistics and government actions in tackling poverty were examined. Few countries that have succeeded in reducing poverty position were briefly examined. Specifically, we highlighted how Malaysia, China and South Korea aspired and attained high level poverty alleviation. The lessons of their success stories were the basis for recommendations for Nigeria as a panacea for poverty reduction which has persevere in spite of every efforts over the years. Among the recommendations made include: designing of poverty line for the entire geopolitical zone, stating target of poverty reduction within a time frame, and sincerely implementing and monitoring of strategies, programmes and policies.

How does bribery affect the wage performance of formal firms? Instrumental variables and matching evidence from Nigeria

South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, Mar 19, 2020

The aim of this study is to estimate the impact of bribery on the wage performance of formal firm... more The aim of this study is to estimate the impact of bribery on the wage performance of formal firms. Setting: The empirical assessment uses a unique firm-level data set comprising 1141 Nigerian manufacturing firms, some of whom paid bribes to corrupt bureaucrats. Methods: The study utilised a standard ordinary least-squares estimation technique. To address the potential endogeneity and measurement error bias arising from bribery, we used industry-location average bribe rate as instrument. Results: We find a significant negative effect of bribery on wages to the extent that a one percentage point increase in the rate of bribery reduces the level of wages paid to the workers by about 230 000 naira per worker per annum. A robustness check using the counterfactual evaluation framework of propensity score matching, supports the ordinary least-squares estimation. Conclusion: This study lends support to the firm level-based hypothesis that bribery has a detrimental long-term effect on firm performance. In particular, that employers using their monopsony power shift the burden of bribery to the workers through compressing wages. In addition, our results justify the enormous attention of the international community in combating bribery and corruption in Nigeria and other developing countries.

Immiseration of the Nigerian Pensioners the Socio-Economic Implications

The study focuses on the pattern of mal-treatment, denial of means of livelihood and lack of care... more The study focuses on the pattern of mal-treatment, denial of means of livelihood and lack of care of senior citizens in Nigeria due to the actions of societal resource managers over the years, which grossly impoverished this category of Nigerians. This expository work unraveled the various activities with respect to pension issue, specifically the difficulties associated with old pension benefit system that led to the recent pension reform of 2004, which is yet to be adopted by many states and private organisations. It also pointed the ugly circumstances of the pensioners that resulted in many deaths and cases of pensioners' demonstrations to attract attentions, which achieve little or nothing. In view of the prevailing situations of the senior citizens in spite of recent reforms, we made the following suggestions for improvement, among others: the federal government should by all means use a proportion of states' allocations and settle all pension outstanding in the states and design a standing order and guideline on the general treatment of all retirees in the country; enforce the adoption of uniform pension scheme for all retirees in the country, and the establishment of senior citizen homes with sufficient living facilities in virtually all the 774 local government areas in the country.

Revamping the Nigerian Education Sector For Quality Manpower Development: Lessons From Japan

American Journal of Social Issues and Humanities, Nov 30, 2013

The study has exposed the problems of education system in Nigeria and decent qualities of educati... more The study has exposed the problems of education system in Nigeria and decent qualities of education system in Japan worthy of emulation as a panacea for revamping Nigerian education system for quality manpower building. Poor education standard in Nigeria stemmed from varieties of factors that are revertible, but the authors are convinced that the adoption, implementation and monitoring of lessons from Japan have the magic wand to revive the ugly trend in Nigeria’s education system experienced over the years. Among the articulated lessons needed are: enacting of laws on compulsory basic education, single control and uniformity of education system in Nigeria; sufficient and equal remuneration of all teachers in the country; training, retraining of teachers and adequate reform of teachers to avoid favoritism of any kind; provision of facilities and equipment for learning to all schools in every nook and cranny of the country and avoidance of incessant interruption of education system by industrial strikes.

The Impact of Capital Flight on Economic Development: Nigeria in Focus

British Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, Jan 10, 2015

The study investigated the impact of capital flight on the economic development of Nigeria. Follo... more The study investigated the impact of capital flight on the economic development of Nigeria. Following the behavioural pattern of the variables on the basis of time series property test involving Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), we adopted Autoregressive Distributed Lagged model (ARDL) due to Pesaran and Shin (1999) in the study. The result of the Auto Regressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) model showed that capital flight has negative but significant impact on economic development. It further showed that programmes and policies in the economy in previous period also enhance the economic situation in the current period. The CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests showed evidence of long run stability of the parameters of the model. We, therefore, made the following recommendations, among others: Government should take concerted steps to improve security of life and property in the country because security lapse is a threat to investment as well as business; the public resource managers should sincerely partner with anti-graft agencies to ensure that all the channels through which public office holders launder money abroad are stopped; besides, the international anti-corruption law should be implemented to reduce the quantum of launder money and efficient public finance management discipline should be adhered strictly.

Restructuring Urban Solid Waste Management and Housing Problems for Economic Development: A Case of Nigeria

The paper focused on the need to reform solid waste management and housing problems as among the ... more The paper focused on the need to reform solid waste management and housing problems as among the factors for the economic development of Nigeria. This is based on authors’ perception that decent housing and environment ensure quality of life and by extension a measure of development. The authors unraveled that housing and solid waste problems in Nigeria stemmed from increasing population, insufficient funding, lack of better condition of living in rural areas, thus leading to rural-urban migration. Consequently, there is a high concentration of people in Nigerian urban places and the insufficient availability of housing has compelled Nigerians to live in slums and shantytowns. This has raised the solid waste generated by households, businesses, artisans and markets thereby reducing the living standard. The efforts put in place by the government over the years to manage the situation have failed to achieve much, hence adversely affecting economic development. Based on the foregoing, among the recommendations made to revive the ugly trend are: repositioning the state of Nigerian rural areas; establishment of mortgage banks in every state of the country; increasing private sector participation in both housing provision and solid waste management and promotion of greater awareness on the need for proper waste disposal by all and sundry.

Government Expenditure in Nigeria: Effect on Economic Development

AJSIH | ISSN: 2276–6928 Vol. 3 | Iss. 3 | May 2013 | 119 ABSTRACT The study focused on the empiri... more AJSIH | ISSN: 2276–6928 Vol. 3 | Iss. 3 | May 2013 | 119 ABSTRACT The study focused on the empirical investigation of the influence of government expenditure on administration, economic services, social and community services and total recurrent expenditure on economic development of Nigeria measured by real gross domestic product. Quarterly data ranging from 1980Q1 to 2010Q4 was tested for time series property using Augmented DickeyFuller test for stationery and each of the variables was integrated of order two, I (2).The study employed Johansen test for cointegration and we found two cointegrating factors. Our empirical finding showed a longrun relationship between government expenditure and real gross domestic product. It also showed that expenditure on administration and total recurrent expenditure impacted significantly on real gross domestic product at the period of study while expenditure on economic services and social and community services have insignificant effect on real gross domestic product. Based on the findings, among the recommendations made were that government should sieve out sincere, honest and men of integrity to be at the helm of affairs in the government institutions; corruption should honestly be addressed and priority attention in spending be given to highly interdependent areas like economic services, social and community services.

Agricultural production and CO2 emissions from two sources in the ECOWAS region: New insights from quantile regression and decomposition analysis

Science of The Total Environment, Dec 1, 2020

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Dynamic Entrepreneurial or Subsistence Self-employed? Self-employment among Urban and Rural Nigerian Workers

Emerald Publishing Limited eBooks, Aug 2, 2021

Controversy in the literature exists over whether self-employment is driven by worker’s deliberat... more Controversy in the literature exists over whether self-employment is driven by worker’s deliberate entrepreneurial choices (pull factors) or an indeliberate subsistence employment option (push factors) in developing countries. It is therefore very important to investigate whether the self-employed are the dynamic entrepreneurial group or the subsistence-oriented group. In this chapter, the authors examine the driving forces behind the plausible growth of self-employment in urban and rural Nigeria by analyzing the self-employment choices as a function of employment’s differences in predicted earnings, human capital, demographic and family characteristics. Using the 2010/2011 and 2012/2013 waves of the General Household Survey Panel data for Nigeria, this chapter utilizes the Random Effects Regression Models (OLS and Probit Models). This chapter finds that the predicted individual earning differences between self- and paid-employment has a negative significant effect on self-employment choices – contrary to developed countries’ evidence. In other words, overwhelmingly the poor are “entrepreneurs.” This therefore means that self-employment choice is driven by the necessity of survival – the subsistence self-employed groups rather than the dynamic entrepreneurial hypothesis. The implication of these finding is unique and interesting for an African country such as Nigeria where the self-employees are vulnerable to poverty and perhaps an involuntary employment option conditioned by economic failures.

Gender of the family head and food insecurity in urban and rural Nigeria

African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, May 23, 2020

Purpose-Are the urban and rural male-headed households (MHHs) or female-headed households (FHHs) ... more Purpose-Are the urban and rural male-headed households (MHHs) or female-headed households (FHHs) poorer and food (in)secured? Such question is of very important policy concern in the drive towards achieving the first two of the Sustainable Development Goals. Design/methodology/approach-This paper uses 2010-2012 waves of General Household Survey crosssectional panel data to investigate food (in)security and poverty dynamics amongst MHHs and FHHs in Nigeria, with particular attention to rural and urban dimensions. Findings-Applying the tobit and probit regressions while controlling for poverty and other household characteristics, we observed that female-headed families are more vulnerable to higher incidences of food insecurity than male-headed ones and with an overall significant urban food security advantage compared to rural areas. Comparing urban and rural results in terms of land access rights, urban food insecurity manifests more amongst urban FHHs non-Agri-land owners which however falls as food expenditure rises. However, the rise in per capita food consumption, agricultural characteristics and years of schooling reduces the likelihood of food insecurity for all households. Originality/value-This study, therefore, offers relevant policy inputs towards addressing poverty and food insecurity in a typical developing country such as Nigeria.

Determinants of household fuel choices among Nigerian family heads: are there gender-differentiated impacts?

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Jul 26, 2020

The consensus in the literature holds that female-headed households (FHHs) are more vulnerable to... more The consensus in the literature holds that female-headed households (FHHs) are more vulnerable to social and economic exclusion than male-headed households (MHHs). This paper investigates the socioeconomic determinants of household cooking fuel choices across MHHs and FHHs, using the rich Nigerian Demographic Health Survey data. Using the exogenous switching treatment effect regression (ESTER) technique, the study is able to unravel differences in socioeconomic effects of gender inequality on cooking fuel choices in Nigeria. The results validate the energy ladder hypothesis in the Nigerian case and show that the choices of dirty fuel (biomass) is more prevalent among the de-jure FHH when compared with the de-facto FHH and MHHs. Also, the probability of biomass-use among MHHs would have fallen by 1.3% if MHHs had similar socioeconomic attributes as the FHHs. In the same vain for FHHs, the probability of kerosene-use would have increased by 2%. The study observed no gender gap in kerosene-use. Thus, the established gender gap in biomass-and kerosene-use would have reduced to 6.7% and 2.8%, respectively, if the de-facto FHHs had same socioeconomic attributes as the de-jures. Considering the traditional gendered household division of labor within the households, de-jure FHHs' energy choices may be due to limited economic opportunities that guarantees cleaner energy options.

Trade openness and unemployment: Empirical evidence for Nigeria

Economic and Labour Relations Review, Feb 9, 2015

Purpose of the study: The study aims is to examine the effect of trade openness on inflation rate... more Purpose of the study: The study aims is to examine the effect of trade openness on inflation rate in Nigeria. Methodology: Time series data were collected from secondary sources. EViews10 (statistical software for data analysis) ware employed to analyze the data collected. Findings: The results revealed a cointegrating and one-way Granger causality between inflation rate, and trade openness. In addition, both the short-run and the long-run results demonstrate a significant and negative relationship between inflation rate and trade openness in Nigeria. Application: The study is paramount to the government and policymakers in dealing and taking a decision regarding consumer price index and trade openness in Nigeria. We conclude that the government should work towards full diversification and diversion of the economy from oil export, control, and management of the degree of trade liberalization and the extent to which goods enter the country, and the control of money supplied. Novelty/Originality: The study accorded to debate on the inflation rate, and trade openness in Nigeria looking, at both short-run and long-run effects, before few accessible studies focused on impact, and trade openness was not measured as the value of net export divided by gross domestic product. Finally, the paper contributed to the scanty of the literature.

Multi-National Corporations Influence on Human Capital Development in Host Economies

International Journal of Economics and Management Studies

The price of inequality in Africa

African J. of Economic and Sustainable Development

Corruption, Economic Development and Emerging Markets: Evidence from Nigeria

Asian journal of management sciences & education, 2013

The paper examined the involvement and the role of corruption in the economic advancement of Nige... more The paper examined the involvement and the role of corruption in the economic advancement of Nigeria. The study is more of expository of the level of corruption in Nigeria. The investigation revealed that there is high level corruption in Nigeria that has refused to decline in spite of the measures put in place by the federal government to curb the menace, and it also found out that, in Nigeria, corruption has a multifaceted dimension and has eaten deep into all the nuclei of the sectors of the Nigerian economy. Besides, it was revealed that corruption is one of the greatest obstacles to the development of the Nigerian economy as it has brought about high level selfishness, misallocation, diversion and improper allocation of scarce resources. On the basis of the realization, the authors made the following recommendations, among others: radical leaders and radical reform are needed in all sectors of the Nigerian economy as was done in the banking sector in 2005; the basic necessities...