Diapositive 1

14 Ecoulement des fluides

visqueux
Fluides visqueux ( frottements ) au repos :
théorème de Bernoulli reste applicable

Fluides visqueux en mouvement ⇒ viscosité

viscosité
„ Collisions intermolé
intermoléculaires

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Diapositive 2

14.1 Viscosité

Force pour déplacer

la lame supérieure à
vitesse constante
∆v
F = ηA
∆y
Force qui compense les
A = aire de la surface
forces de frottements, telle
que : ∆v = vitesse relative
r r r
Fres = 0 ; a = 0 et v = const η = coefficient de viscosité

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Diapositive 3

dv
ƒ Plus généralement : F = η A
dy
 F / A   MLT −2 / L² 
ƒ Dimensions : [η ] =  = −1
−1 −1
 =  ML T 
 ∆v / ∆y   LT / L 
ƒ Unités : kg.m-1.s-1 ou Pa.s
Temp (°C) ηEau (10-3) ηAir (10-5)
(Pa.s)
Pa.s) (Pa.s)
Pa.s)
0 1.792 1.71

20 1.005 1.81 Liquides : η diminue

quand T augmente
40 0.656 1.90
Gaz : η augmente
60 0.469 2.00
avec T
80 0.357 2.09 Tribologie
100 0.284 2.18

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Diapositive 4

Ecoulement laminaire

Poiseuille
1799 - 1869

„ Distribution parabolique
Vrai pour de des vitesses
faibles vitesses „ Loi de Poiseuille : débit
d’un fluide en écoulement
laminaire

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Diapositive 5

14.2 Ecoulement laminaire dans un

tube : analyse dimensionnelle

v = v max / 2

Expérimentalement
Q = Av = Av max / 2

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Diapositive 6

A = constante

Q = constante ⇒
v = cons tan te
Non visqueux visqueux

mais P varie le long du tube (travail né

nécessaire
pour vaincre les forces de viscosité
viscosité)
zPerte de charge = chute de pression :
∆ P = P1 - P 2
÷ au travail pour vaincre les forces de viscosité
⇒ ∆P ∝ v l
⇒ v ∝ ∆P/l = gradient de pression

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Diapositive 7

Autres facteurs dont dépend v

Section du tube
Viscosité du liqide

⇒ v = β ( ∆P/l )Ra η b
β, a et b = nombres sans dimension
Equation aux dimensions :

2 -1 ∆PR2
⇒ v = 1/ 8( ∆P/l )R η =
8 lη

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Diapositive 8

Loi de Poiseuille

∆PR2
v=
8 lη
∆Pπ R 4
X (π R2)
Q=
8 lη
R x 1.19
Q x (1.19)4 = Q x 2

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Diapositive 9

Dissipation d’énergie mécanique

Puissance dissipée par

les forces de frottement
visqueux
F = (P1 – P2) A = ∆P A
P = Fv = ∆P Av = ∆PQ
Cas particulier :
A = π R2
P = ∆P π R 2 v

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Diapositive 10

14.3 Ecoulement turbulent

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Diapositive 11

Dissipation d ’énergie mécanique plus

importante que dans le cas d’un écoulement
laminaire
Loi de Poiseuille non valable
Traité au moyen de REGLES empiriques
Exemple:
„ C’est la valeur du nombre de Reynolds qui détermine
si l’écoulement st turbulent ou laminaire

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Diapositive 12

Nombre de Reynolds pour un fluide de viscosité η, de

masse volumique ρ qui s’écoule dans un TUBE de rayon R
avec une vitesse moyenne v

2 ρ vR
NR =
η
NR < 2000 : écoulement laminaire
NR > 3000 : écoulement turbulent
2000 < NR < 3000 : écoulement instable

Ces résultats ne sont valables que pour des tubes. Pour l’écoulement
autour d’une aile d’avion ou de la coque d’un bateau, on définit aussi
un nombre de Reynolds, mais donné par une autre expression

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Diapositive 13

Exemple : Artère

R = 4 mm
Vitesse moyenne : 1,99 cm/s
η = 2,084 10-3 Pa s
ρ = 1,0595 10³ kg/m³
„ NR = 80,9 (écoulement laminaire)

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Diapositive 14

14.4 Ecoulement du sang dans

le système circulatoire

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Diapositive 15

Résistance à l’écoulement

Aussi appelée résistance vasculaire (qcq)

∆P
Rf = Pa.s.m-3
Q
Si régime laminaire

∆Pπ R 4 8l η
Q= ⇒ Rf =
8lη π R4
Rf (aorte) = 37,2 kPa.s.m-3 si ∆P = 0,00372 kPa

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Diapositive 16

Résistance vasculaire d’un système

d’artères
1 Rf1
Débit Q1
∆P = différence de
Rf2
Débit Q2
pression entre les
extrémités des artères
Débit Q3 du même type
Rf3
∆P = Rf1 Q1 = Rf2 Q2 = Rf3 Q3
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = ∆P/ Rf1 + ∆P/ Rf2 + ∆P/ Rf3 = ∆P/ Req
Résistance équivalente Req :

1/ Req = 1/ Rf1 + 1/ Rf2 + 1/ Rf3

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Diapositive 17

Rf1 Rf2 Rf3

2 Débit Q

∆P = ∆P 1 + ∆P 2 + ∆P 3
∆P = Q Rf1 + Q Rf2 + Q Rf3 = Q Req

Résistance équivalente Req :

Req = Rf1 + Rf2 + Rf3

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Diapositive 18

Structure Nombre, N Rf1 (kPa s m-3) Résistance

équivalente Lit vasculaire
Rf1/N (kPa s m-3) mésentérique
Artère mésentérique 1 6.67 x 10³ 6.67 x 10³ d’un petit
chien
Rameaux principaux 15 1.70 x 104 2.55 x 105
Rameaux secondaires 45 1.26 x 104 5.69 x 105
Rameaux tertiaires 1 900 8.68 x 102 1.65 x 106
Artères terminales 26 600 2.11 x 10 5.61 x 105
Rameaux terminaux 328 500 1.46 4.79 x 105
Artérioles 1 050 000 0.96 1.01 x 106
Capillaires 47 300 000 0.93 x 10-2 4.38 x 105
Veinules 2 100 000 2.35 x 10-2 4.93 x 104
Rameaux terminaux 160 000 2.67 x 10-1 4.27 x 104
Veines terminales 18 000 1.40 2.53 x 104
Veines tertiaires 1 900 5.42 x 101 1.03 x 105
Veines secondaires 60 1.55 x101 9.33 x10²
Veine mésentérique 1 4.0 x 10² 4.0 x 10²

Req = 45,3 x 10 5 kPa.s.m

s.m-3 Req = 2.22 x 10 5 kPa.s.m
s.m-3

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Diapositive 19

Req = 61.0 x 10 5 kPa.s.m

s.m-3

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Diapositive 20

14.5 Forces de résistance

visqueuse

Dans le vide, les deux corps

tombent avec la même vitesse et
atteignent le sol en même temps
Dans un fluide, ce n’est pas le
cas!

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Diapositive 21

Modèle
Faible vitesse

W = poids = 4/3 π R³ ρ g
B = poussée d’Archimède = 4/3 π R³ ρ0 g
FR = Force de résistance visqueuse = 6 π R v η
(Loi de Stokes pour une sphère)
Vitesse limite ?

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Diapositive 22

vitesse limite atteinte quand W = FR + B c’est-

c’est-à-
dire quand :

4/3 π R³ ρ g = 6 π R v η + 4/3 π R³ ρ0 g
ou
6 π v R η = 4/3 π R³ (ρ − ρ0 ) g

(R²// η) (ρ − ρ0 ) g
v = 2/9 (R²

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