Meyendorff - La Theologie, Positive Et Negative
Meyendorff - La Theologie, Positive Et Negative
Meyendorff - La Theologie, Positive Et Negative
seul garant et gardien de cette continuit est lEsprit Saint, et non pas un quelconque
critere extrieur qui serait impos la sensibilit ou lintellection de lhomme.
Cest pourquoi Byzance na jamais connu de conflit ni mme de polarisation entre
ce que lOccident nomme le mysticisme et la thologie. En fait, lensemble de la
thologie chrtienne orientale a souvent t dsigne comme mystique . Le terme est
en effet correct si seulement lon se rappelle qu Byzance, une connaissance mystique
nimplique pas un individualisme motionnel, mais bien au contraire une communion
ininterrompue avec lEsprit qui demeure dans lEglise tout entiere. Cela implique aussi
que lon reconnaisse de faon permanente linaptitude de lintellect et du langage
humain exprimer intgralement la vrit. Cela signifie que lon confronte sans cesse
les affirmations de la thologie positive sur Dieu avec la thologie apophatique. Cela
suppose enfin la relation Dieu Je-Tu , cest--dire non seulement la connaissance,
mais aussi lamour. La connaissance est leffet, le signe de lunion avec Dieu que
lamour opere, mais un effet qui son tour ragit sur sa cause, intensifiant lamour13 .
Commentant ce passage de lEcclsiaste 3,7 : Il y a un temps pour se taire et un
temps pour parler , saint Grgoire de Nysse suggere au thologien ce qui suit : En
parlant de Dieu, lorsquil est question de son essence, alors est le temps de se taire.
Mais lorsquil est question de son uvre, dont la connaissance peut descendre mme
jusqu nous, alors cest le temps de parler de sa toute-puissance en racontant ses actes,
en expliquant ses actions ; cest dans cette mesure que les mots peuvent tre employs.
Cependant, dans les choses qui vont au-del, la crature ne doit pas outrepasser les
limites de sa nature mais doit se contenter de se connatre. Car, en vrit, il me semble
que si la crature nen vient jamais se connatre elle-mme, comprendre lessence
de lme ou la nature du corps, la cause de ltre ..., si la crature ne se connat pas
elle-mme, comment pourra-t-elle jamais expliquer des choses qui sont au-del delle-
mme ? Devant ces choses, il est temps de se taire ; il vaut mieux ici garder le silence.
Il y a cependant un temps de parler de ces choses par lesquelles nous pouvons dans
notre vie progresser dans la vertu14 .
Ainsi, le caractere et la mthode de la thologie byzantine sont-ils dtermins par le
probleme des rapports entre Dieu et le monde, entre le Crateur et la cration. On doit
aussi tenir compte dune anthropologie, qui elle-mme trouve sa derniere expression
dans la christologie. Cet invitable enchanement va dterminer les sujets des chapitres
qui vont suivre.
Jean Meyendorff, Initiation la theologie byzantine. Lhistoire et la doctrine, 1975, p. 20-24.
13
J. PGON d., Maxime le Confesseur : Centuries sur la charit, Sources Chr. 9 (Paris, 1945), Intro-
duction, p. 55.
14
GRGOIRE DE NYSSE, Commentaire sur Ecc., sermon 7 ; PG 44, 732D ; d. W. Jaeger (Leiden, 1962),
5, 415-416.
LA LITURGIE
fortement, mais cette rsistance ne dura pas. En fait, aux VIIIe et IXe siecles, les moines
prirent la tte de la cration hymnographique. A Constantinople cependant, la posie
religieuse de Romanos le Mlode tait, au VIe siecle, considre comme rvolutionnaire.
Il trouvait habituellement les modeles de ses poemes et de sa musique en Syrie o
les compositions religieuses avaient t dj popularises par saint Ephrem (373). Mais
ce fut dans le monde de langue grecque que lhymnographie liturgique connut son plus
grand dveloppement. N Emese, Romanos vint sous le regne dAnastase (491-518)
Constantinople o il acquit tres vite une grande clbrit en composant ses fameux
Kontakia. Sappuyant gnralement sur un theme biblique ou exaltant un personnage, le
Kontakion est essentiellement une homlie mtrique rcite ou chante par un chantre
auquel se joint la congrgation entiere. Il suit une forme unique commenant par un
court prlude (prooimion ou le kontakion proprement dit) que suit une srie de strophes
potiques (oikoi).
La posie de Romanos est surtout faite dimages et de traits dramatiques avec peu
ou pas de thologie. Par exemple, les Kontakia ne refletent pas du tout les dbats chris-
tologiques de lpoque. Ecrits en grec populaire, ils ont d jouer un rle considrable
en rendant les themes de lhistoire biblique accessibles aux masses et en renforant
cette comprhension du christianisme, devenue si caractristique des byzantins, qui
est centre sur la liturgie. Certains Kontakia de Romanos se sont maintenus sous une
forme abrge dans les livres liturgiques, et le fameux Akathistos hymnos, lune des
pieces les plus populaires de lhymnographie byzantine, reproduit presque exactement
le modele quil avait tabli. Et malgr la grande diffrence qui existe, comme nous le
verrons plus loin, entre les modeles hymnographiques de Romanos et ceux qui furent
par la suite composs dans des monasteres, luvre du grand mlode du VIe siecle joua
un rle primordial, confrant au christianisme byzantin une forme particuliere qui le
distingue du latin, du syrien, de lgyptien ou de larmnien.
Le cadre culturel de la thologie byzantine apres Chalcdoine se limita de plus en
plus au monde de langue grecque. Les thologiens de la capitale impriale prirent de
moins en moins en considration les richesses des diverses traditions non grecques
du christianisme primitif, en particulier la syrienne et la latine. Lon doit nanmoins
se rappeler que, jusqu la renaissance de la thologie en Occident au XIIe siecle,
Constantinople resta le centre intellectuel incontest de la chrtient. Lon comprend
alors quelle ait dvelopp un sentiment croissant, et regrettable, de suffisance.
Jean Meyendorff, Initiation la theologie byzantine. Lhistoire et la doctrine, 1975, p. 40-43.
LITURGY
The appearance of the Dionysian writings coincides chronologically with a turning point
in the history of Christian liturgy. When Justinian closed the last pagan temples and
schools, Christianity became unquestionably the religion of the masses of the empire.
The Christian liturgy originally conceived as the cult of small-persecuted communities
now came to be celebrated in immense cathedrals such as the magnificent Great
Church, Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, one of the glories of Justinian?s reign with
thousands of worshippers in attendance. This completely new situation could not help
but influence both the practice and the theology of the liturgy. The Eucharist, for
example, could no longer really retain the external character of a community meal. The
great mass of the people in attendance consisted of nominal Christians who could hardly
meet the standard required of regular communicants. Starting with John Chrysostom,
the clergy began to preach that preparation, fasting, and selfexamination were the
necessary prerequisites of communion and emphasized the mysterious, eschatological
elements of the sacrament. The eighth and ninth centuries witnessed such additions as
the iconostasis-screen between the sanctuary and the congregation and the use of the
communion spoon, a means to avoid putting the sacramental elements into the hands of
laymen. All these developments were aimed at protecting the mystery, but they resulted
in separating the clergy from the faithful and in giving to the liturgy the aspect of a
performance, rather than of a common action of the entire people of God.
The writings of pseudo-Dionysius contributed to the same trend. The author?s
ideas about God?s grace descending upon the lower ranks of the hierarchy through
the personal mediation of the hierarchs did much to shape new Byzantine liturgical
forms, which he considered only as symbols revealing the mysteries to the eyes of
the faithful. Appearances and disappearances of the celebrant, veiling and unveiling
of the elements, opening and closing of the doors, and various gestures connected
with the sacraments often originated in the rigid system of the hierarchical activity as
described by Dionysius and found ready acceptance in a Church otherwise concerned
with preserving the mysterious character of the cult from profanation by the masses
now filling the temples.
Fortunately, Dionysian theology has had practically no effect upon such central texts
as the baptismal prayer and the Eucharistic canons. It served principally to develop and
explain the extremely rich fringes with which Byzantium now adorned the central
sacramental actions of the Christian faith, without modifying its very heart, and thus
leaving the door open to authentic liturgical and sacramental theology, which would
still inspire the mainstream of Byzantine spirituality.
Another very important liturgical development of the fifth and sixth centuries was
the largescale adoption of hymnography of a Hellenistic nature. In the early Christian
communities, the Church hymnal was comprised of the Psalter and some other poetic
excerpts from Scripture with relatively few newer hymns. In the fifth and sixth centuries
however with the insistence on more liturgical solemnity (often copied from court
ceremonial) in the great urban churches and the unavoidable Hellenization of the
Church, the influx of new poetry was inevitable. This influx met strong opposition in
monastic circles, which considered it improper to replace Biblical texts of the liturgy
with human poetic compositions, but the resistance was not a lasting one. In fact, in the
eighth and ninth centuries, the monks took the lead in hymnographical creativity. But
2 LITURGY
as early as the sixth century, the religious poetry of Romanos the Melody was regarded
as revolutionary in Constantinople.
The models of his poetry and music were generally localized in Syria where poetic
religious compositions had already been popularized by Ephraem ( 373). Born in Eme-
sus, Romanos came to Constantinople under Anastasius (491 518) and soon attained
great fame by composing his famous kontakia. Generally based upon a Biblical theme
or, in other words, exalting a Biblical personality, the kontakion is essentially a metrical
homily recited or chanted by a cantor and accompanied by the entire congregation
singing a simple refrain. It follows a uniform pattern beginning with a short prelude
(proimion) and followed by a series of poetic strophes (oikoi).
Romanos poetry generally relies on imagery and drama and contains little or no at all
theology. The Christological debates of the period, for example, are not at all reflected in
his kontakia. Written in simple popular Greek, they must have played a tremendous role
in bringing the themes of Biblical history to the masses; they undoubtedly strengthened
profoundly that understanding of Christianity centred on the liturgy, which became so
characteristic of the Byzantines. Some of Romanos kontakia remain in the liturgical
books in an abridged form, and the pattern, which he established, was reproduced
almost exactly in the famous Akathistos hymnos, one of the most popular pieces of
Byzantine hymnography. Although, as we shall see later, subsequent hymnographical
patterns formed in the monasteries were quite different from those of Romanos, the
work of the great melody of the sixth century played a central role in shaping Byzantine
Christianity as distinct from the Latin, the Syrian, the Egyptian, and the Armenian.
The cultural framework of Byzantine theology after Chalcedon was increasingly
limited to the Greek-speaking world. The wealth of the various non-Greek traditions
of early Christianity especially the Syrian and the Latin was less and less taken
into account by the theologians of the imperial capital. One should remember however
that until the emergence of the twelfth-century revival of theology in the West, Con-
stantinople remained the unquestioned intellectual centre of Christendom, with very
little competition. One understands therefore that it developed a sense of increasing,
though regrettable, self-sufficiency.