Conference Presentations by John S Krigbaum
The Chelechol ra Orrak site is one of the largest and oldest cemetery sites in the Pacific Island... more The Chelechol ra Orrak site is one of the largest and oldest cemetery sites in the Pacific Islands. Dating back to at least 2800 BP, the site contains the remains of descendant Palauan populations that may represent individuals who lived within 20-25 generations of the archipelago’s first colonists dating back to between ca. 3300-3000 BP. This paper builds on pilot work at Chelechol ra Orrak and explores facets of paleodiet through stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen. To date, twenty individuals have been assayed, and nineteen provide data with good collagen yields. Bone collagen results for stable carbon isotope ratios average -15.9‰ and for stable nitrogen isotope ratios 11.0‰. Bone apatite results for stable carbon isotope ratios average -8.7‰ and apatite-collagen spacing averages 7.2‰. Overall the data are consistent with a marine-based diet supplemented by terrestrial foods, as evidenced by enriched carbon and nitrogen values. Enriched values for bone apatite suggest potential consumption of dietary carbohydrates that may include sugar cane and/or seaweed. When compared to other contemporary groups in the Pacific, the Chelechol ra Orrak samples are broadly similar to early colonizing Lapita populations in Vanuatu and Fiji, which also reflect a marine based supplemented by some terrestrial resources. This paper focuses on the newly expanded dataset and integrates life history data for this population towards a better understanding of the range of dietary diversity at the site.
Papers by John S Krigbaum
The Chelechol ra Orrak site is one of the largest and oldest cemetery sites in the Pacific Island... more The Chelechol ra Orrak site is one of the largest and oldest cemetery sites in the Pacific Islands. Dating back to at least 2800 BP, the site contains the remains of descendant Palauan populations that may represent individuals who lived within 20-25 generations of the archipelago’s first colonists dating back to between ca. 3300-3000 BP. This paper builds on pilot work at Chelechol ra Orrak and explores facets of paleodiet through stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen. To date, twenty individuals have been assayed, and nineteen provide data with good collagen yields. Bone collagen results for stable carbon isotope ratios average -15.9‰ and for stable nitrogen isotope ratios 11.0‰. Bone apatite results for stable carbon isotope ratios average -8.7‰ and apatite-collagen spacing averages 7.2‰. Overall the data are consistent with a marine-based diet supplemented by terrestrial foods, as evidenced by enriched carbon and nitrogen values. Enriched values for bone apatite suggest potential consumption of dietary carbohydrates that may include sugar cane and/or seaweed. When compared to other contemporary groups in the Pacific, the Chelechol ra Orrak samples are broadly similar to early colonizing Lapita populations in Vanuatu and Fiji, which also reflect a marine based supplemented by some terrestrial resources. This paper focuses on the newly expanded dataset and integrates life history data for this population towards a better understanding of the range of dietary diversity at the site.
У статті проведено критичний аналіз теоретичних підходів до визначення сутності дефініції «бізнес... more У статті проведено критичний аналіз теоретичних підходів до визначення сутності дефініції «бізнес-модель банку». Визначено, що єдине тлумачення даного терміна є відсутнім, а автори у своїх дослідженнях посилаються на визначення бізнес-моделі. Запропоновано дескриптивне та конструктивне визначення дефініції «бізнес-модель банку». Конструктивне визначення обґрунтовує необхідність дослідження бізнес-моделі банку на трьох рівнях: структурному-через оцінку структури залучення та розміщення фінансових ресурсів; системному-із погляду системного аналізу, що вимагає опису елементів бізнесу банку, їх взаємозв'язків, функцій, процесів та відносин між виділеними елементами; стратегічному, тобто внутрішні можливості банку мають відповідати її положенню (конкурентній позиції) на ринку банківських послуг. Визначено взаємозв'язок бізнес-моделі банку зі стратегією його розвитку. Ключові слова: банк, бізнес-модель, бізнес-модель банку, бізнес-процес, стратегія розвитку банку. BANK BUSINESS MODEL: ESSENCE AND INTERRELATION WITH THE STRATEGY FOR DEVELOPMENT The term "bank business model" has been introduced in the banking regulation with the Basel Committee since 2010, but it hasn't been defined. In the article the critical analysis of theoretical approaches to defining the essence of bank business model has been given. It is determined that the only interpretation of this term has been absent, and the authors in their researches have refered to the business model definition. Descriptive and constructive definitions of the term "bank business model" have been offered. A descriptive definition identify the bank business model as a conceptual research tool for the bank, which reflects the logic of making a profit by providing a description of the main elements of business processes, their relationships, as well as the system of relations with the external environment and provides a simplified holistic view of the bank. Constructive definition justifies the need to study the bank business model at three levels: structural level-through the assessment of the structure of attraction and allocation of financial resources, systemic level-in terms of system analysis, which requires a description of the bank's business elements, their relationships, functions, processes and relationships and strategic level-as the internal capabilities of the bank must correspond to its position (competitive position) in the banking service market. The relationship between the bank business model and its development strategy has been determined. The bank's development strategy is based on a system of quantitative and qualitative indicators of development, reflected in financial plans, marketing policy, information technology development concept, personnel policy, the starting points for the creation and adjustment of which are functional strategies, coordination between which is possible if development strategy contains a description of the bank's business modela comprehensive view of the object being modeled, accurately identifies its activities, which meets the requirements of the time, relevant to the current view of the banking business and allows the bank to achieve its goals.
The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences, 2018
Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 2021
Throughout much of the pre-Hispanic Andes, bioarchaeological and iconographic evidence shows that... more Throughout much of the pre-Hispanic Andes, bioarchaeological and iconographic evidence shows that the decapitation, dismemberment, and display of human heads were important aspects of ritual practices. Researchers have debated about the social identities of these decapitated heads—were they revered local ancestors, non-local enemies captured in raids or war, or locals injured in distant combat partially repatriated for home burial—answers which have distinct implications for understanding the motivations and social contexts of this practice. We describe trophy-taking and trophy-making from the Uraca cemetery in pre-Hispanic Arequipa, Peru. To determine whether these trophies were locals, we employ radiogenic isotope analyses (87Sr/86Sr, 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb) of tooth enamel from 37 individuals (25 non-trophies and 12 adult male trophies). To understand the degree of childhood mobility that occurred and whether that differed between individuals who became trophies an...
Bioarchaeology International, 2019
Stable isotope studies of early human populations in Remote Oceania, the last major region to be ... more Stable isotope studies of early human populations in Remote Oceania, the last major region to be settled by humans, have the potential to shed light on our understanding of dietary adaptations to small island environments. However, little research has focused on western Micronesia, which was settled ca. 3500–3000 cal B.P., contemporaneous with the better-known Lapita culture. Human skeletal remains recovered from three archaeological sites in Palau, Micronesia, dating between ca. 3000 and 1500 cal B.P., were tested for light stable isotope ratios to determine patterns of paleodiet. Results from bone collagen of 23 samples are characterized by moderately high δ 15 N values (avg. 11.4‰) and δ 13 C values (avg. –14.8‰), reflecting significant consumption of marine protein resources. Bone apatite δ 13C values (avg. –7.3‰) suggest consumption of 13 C-enriched dietary carbohydrates, which could potentially include seaweed or sugarcane. Results correspond well with complementary archaeological evidence, demonstrating that early Palauans were heavily dependent on marine food resources and are similar to contemporary Lapita groups, suggesting that endemic marine resources were critical to successful colonization of these small, remote island environments. Aika el kmal mlo uriul el beluu el ng mlo er ngii a delengchokl er ngii, a omesubir a rechad er a mesechesechel a beluu er a taiheio el ousbech a kar el isotope, a ngar er ngii a techellel el meskid e klemedengei er kid e kirel a kall el lulenga a rechad er aika el iungs. E ng di kekere el omesuub a mla mo er ngii, el kuk kmal di melutk el kirel a iungs er a ngebard er a Micronesia el mlo er ngii a delengchokl er ngii er a bekord ede el telael me a eim el dart el mo er a ede el telael el rak, (3500–3000 BP) el ngii el taem a kmal di mengaisisu er a temel se el merael a chisel Lapita Culture (uchelir a rechad er a taiheio el bekai er tir a le biltik er ngii er a Lapita el beluu er a New Caledonia). Tia el babier a mo mesaod a chiuesir a rechad el mlengai er a klde el basio er a beluu er a Belau el mirrael a ureor er ngii el kirel a chuodel el delengchokl, el rekil a ngar er a delongelel a ede el telael mo ta el telael me a eim el dart el rak (3000–1500 BP) e mlengai el mo er a skeng el ousbech a kar el isotope el mo omeketakl a teletelel a omengelir a rechad er a rechuodel. Me a skeng el mlegai er a lluich me a klde el ngerdel a chiuis a mlo meketeklii el kmo ng telkib er a bab δ 15 N values (avg. 11.4‰) me a δ 13 C values (avg –14.8‰) el ngii a ochotii el kmo a omengelir a rechad a kmal mle klou el utluil er a kall el mengai er a daob. A skeng er a bedengel a chiuis δ 13 C values (avg –7.3‰) a ochotii el kmo omengelel el kall el mui er a 13 C a ochotii el kmo kall el lulenga tirka el chad a locha mlengai er a dellomel el uldimukl er ngii a char me a lechub e ng deb.
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2018
Camelid management was a major part of the Wari Empire's (ca. AD 600-1050) economy; however, it i... more Camelid management was a major part of the Wari Empire's (ca. AD 600-1050) economy; however, it is uncertain whether camelid husbandry was centrally regulated or locally managed. To address this problem, we applied combined isotope ratio analyses (δ 13 C, δ 15 N, δ 18 O, 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, and 20n Pb/ 204 Pb) to camelid remains from Castillo de Huarmey, a Wari administrative center along the northern Peruvian coast. Results support a mostly local herding scenario, but Sr isotopes indicate that at least three animals were non-local and most likely came from the highlands. Compared to data from two contemporary Wari sites, Cerro Baul and Conchopata, bimodal distribution of δ 13 C values suggest that regardless of the distinctive geographical and ecological location of these sites, two distinct foddering strategies were practiced, based on only C 3 plant diet, or intermixed C 3 / C 4 plants diet. Our data support a dimorphic husbandry model with some herds engaged in grazing on the maize stubble and some herds operating outside arable areas, possibly indicative of short-distance seasonal transhumance. The presence of non-local animals at Castillo de Huarmey underscores the site's importance with respect to developed trade networks between the coast and the highlands.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2018
Recent paleogenomic studies have shown that migrations of Western steppe herders (WSH) beginning ... more Recent paleogenomic studies have shown that migrations of Western steppe herders (WSH) beginning in the Eneolithic (ca. 3300–2700 BCE) profoundly transformed the genes and cultures of Europe and central Asia. Compared with Europe, however, the eastern extent of this WSH expansion is not well defined. Here we present genomic and proteomic data from 22 directly dated Late Bronze Age burials putatively associated with early pastoralism in northern Mongolia (ca. 1380–975 BCE). Genome-wide analysis reveals that they are largely descended from a population represented by Early Bronze Age hunter-gatherers in the Baikal region, with only a limited contribution (∼7%) of WSH ancestry. At the same time, however, mass spectrometry analysis of dental calculus provides direct protein evidence of bovine, sheep, and goat milk consumption in seven of nine individuals. No individuals showed molecular evidence of lactase persistence, and only one individual exhibited evidence of >10% WSH ancestry, ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Apr 3, 2018
This study uses a multiisotope (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and strontium) approach to examine earl... more This study uses a multiisotope (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and strontium) approach to examine early animal management in the Maya region. An analysis of faunal specimens across almost 2,000 years (1000 BC to AD 950) at the site of Ceibal, Guatemala, reveals the earliest evidence for live-traded dogs and possible captive-reared taxa in the Americas. These animals may have been procured for ceremonial functions based on their location in the monumental site core, suggesting that animal management and trade began in the Maya area to promote special events, activities that were critical in the development of state society. Isotopic evidence for animal captivity at Ceibal reveals that animal management played a greater role in Maya communities than previously believed.
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2017
One of truly remarkable developments in the prehistory of North America was the construction of m... more One of truly remarkable developments in the prehistory of North America was the construction of more than a dozen great houses-imposing multi-storied structures that were qualitatively different from the usual small, irregular, singlestory homes-in Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico from the early AD 800s to the 1100s. Beginning no later than AD 1000, scores of similar large pueblos, often referred to as Chacoan outliers, were erected throughout much of the southern Colorado Plateau in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. A small number of these outliers were connected by formal roads and many others participated in a broad network of exchange and ritual. The largest and most unusual of the Chaco Great Houses and one of the earliest to be built was Pueblo Bonito situated in the heart of the canyon. Some of the most intriguing aspects of Pueblo Bonito are two clusters of the human burials, almost certainly elites, found within its sandstone walls. We present here isotopic proveniencing data (strontium, lead, and oxygen) that put these burials in a new and unexpected perspective. Our results suggest that the almost all individuals interred in Pueblo Bonito had been born in Chaco Canyon or in nearby parts of the southern San Juan Basin. All of these individuals, moreover, likely belonged to the elite component of Bonito society, given their placement in special burial crypts within the walls of the pueblo. These conclusions suggest that the origin of Chaco Canyon great houses and the hierarchical society that organized their construction was more likely a product of local sociocultural dynamics than a result of migration of a group of new people into the Canyon from the northern San Juan Basin.
Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM, Jan 8, 2016
Bone lipid compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) and bone collagen and apatite stable isotope... more Bone lipid compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) and bone collagen and apatite stable isotope ratio analysis are important sources of ecological and paleodietary information. Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) is quicker and utilizes less solvent than traditional methods of lipid extraction such as soxhlet and ultrasonication. This study facilitates dietary analysis by optimizing and testing a standardized methodology for PLE of bone cholesterol. Modern and archaeological bone were extracted by PLE using varied temperatures, solvent solutions, and sample weights. The efficiency of PLE was assessed via quantification of cholesterol yields. Stable isotopic ratio integrity was evaluated by comparing isotopic signatures (δ(13) C and δ(18) O values) of cholesterol derived from whole bone, bone collagen and bone apatite. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) were conducted on purified collagen and lipid extracts ...
Journal of Archaeological Science, 2016
Recent efforts to reconstruct the anthropogenic paleozoogeography of introduced Neotropical mamma... more Recent efforts to reconstruct the anthropogenic paleozoogeography of introduced Neotropical mammals in the West Indies provide new analytical foundations for evaluating island and continental human interaction, exchange, colonization, and animal management. Key questions in these investigations concern the timing, source, population viability, and environmental impact of continental faunal translocations in the pre-Columbian insular Caribbean. To investigate these issues we analyzed 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, 206 Pb/ 204 Pb, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb, and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb isotope ratios from environmental samples and agouti (Dasyprocta sp.) and opossum (Didelphis cf. marsupialis) remains from Ceramic Age (500 BC e AD 1500) archaeological deposits on the islands of Nevis, Carriacou, and Mustique in the Lesser Antilles. This study was undertaken to assess the suitability of agouti and opossum tooth enamel for isotopic analysis, characterize local bioavailable Sr and Pb isotope ratios, and distinguish possible local and non-local agouti and opossum individuals. We demonstrate large intra-island variability in bioavailable Sr across multiple islands giving rise to potential equifinality in identifying taxa of non-local origin. We argue, consequently, for the necessity of comprehensive environmental sampling at the island scale to better define the range and mean of bioavailable Sr for a given locale. Our results further show that Pb isotope analysis of sampled taxa is problematized to varying degrees by modern anthropogenic lead contamination, even for well-preserved 'clean' tooth enamel from intact archaeological specimens and raise questions about the utility of this method for evaluating past animal translocations and the use of small mammals for establishing local bioavailable Pb. Despite these results, Sr data are sound and, in combination with vetted Pb ratios, indicate that agouti and opossum were established as living populations on Carriacou and Nevis as early as ca. AD 600/800, and possibly earlier. These results establish baseline data for evaluating exchange networks involving living animals or their parts, potential captive management of agouti and opossum, and the ecological impact of exotic species during the Pre-Columbian era in the West Indies.
INTRODUCTION Investigations into the introduction of non-native animals in the Caribbean during t... more INTRODUCTION Investigations into the introduction of non-native animals in the Caribbean during the Ceramic Age (ca. 2500-500 BP) address the economic and socio-symbolic significance of these taxa, their place in multi-scalar networks of interisland/continental interaction, and the impact of exotic species on island ecosystems (e.g., Giovas et al. 2012; LeFebvre & deFrance 2014; Laffoon et al. 2013; Wing 2008). In this research, our pivotal questions concern the degree of animal management practiced by Amerindians, the nature of trade and exchange, and the impact of introduced fauna on endemic species. This requires data on the long-term viability of introduced populations, timing and frequency of species (re)introductions, and degree of control exerted on non-native fauna by people. Two of these translocated species, agouti (Dasyprocta sp.) and opossum (Didelphis sp.), are widely distributed across the Lesser Antilles as butchered, fragmented remains recovered from archaeological m...
Outliers from both Sr and Pb values were defined as individuals that fell outside two standard de... more Outliers from both Sr and Pb values were defined as individuals that fell outside two standard deviations of the mean (Table 1). 87Sr/86Sr outliers included three samples: Burial 12’s M1 and both samples from Burial 18 (M1 and M2) (Figure 3). For both 206Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb Burial 15’s M3 and Burial 18’s M1 were considered outliers (Figure 4). Therefore it appears likely that Burial 18 spent his early childhood in a different location than other individuals sampled. The 87Sr/86Sr values are consistent with other Pacific samples from uplifted limestone areas, suggesting that the individuals buried at Chelechol ra Orrak could have been residing in the smaller limestone “Rock Islands” region of the archipelago as opposed to the nearby large volcanic island of Babeldaob. Future isotopic work will involve analysis of faunal and environmental samples to establish a baseline for Chelechol ra Orrak, as well as excavation and sample collection at additional sites in the Palauan archipelago to include a more representative regional sample for both genetic and isotopic analyses. Chelechol ra Orrak (“Beach of Orrak”) is located ~1 km southeast of Babeldaob, the largest island in the Palauan archipelago (Figure 1). The site was initially identified as a Yapese stone money quarry and excavations began in 2000 by Scott Fitzpatrick. Over the course of three additional field seasons (2003, 2007, and 2012), excavations have expanded to nine units, all of which contained human remains3-5. The assemblage represents a minimum of 40 individuals, including prenates, neonates, juveniles, and adults of both sexes. Radiocarbon dates indicate that burial activity took place across the site from about 1800-3000 BP. Due to continuous use of the cemetery, remains were disturbed as new graves were dug, resulting in a number of fragmentary and commingled remains3,5. Initial sorting and osteological analysis of the assemblage is ongoing. Ancient DNA and Isotopic analyses of human skeletal remains from Chelechol ra Orrak, Republic of Palau Jessica H. Stone1, Justin Tackney2, Dennis H. O’Rourke2, John Krigbaum3, Scott M. Fitzpatrick1, Greg C. Nelson1 1Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, 2Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, 3Department of Anthropology, University of Florida
Journal of Herpetology, 2014
PLOS ONE, 2015
Just as modern nation-states struggle to manage the cultural and economic impacts of migration, a... more Just as modern nation-states struggle to manage the cultural and economic impacts of migration, ancient civilizations dealt with similar external pressures and set policies to regulate people's movements. In one of the earliest urban societies, the Indus Civilization, mechanisms linking city populations to hinterland groups remain enigmatic in the absence of written documents. However, isotopic data from human tooth enamel associated with Harappa Phase (2600-1900 BC) cemetery burials at Harappa (Pakistan) and Farmana (India) provide individual biogeochemical life histories of migration. Strontium and lead isotope ratios allow us to reinterpret the Indus tradition of cemetery inhumation as part of a specific and highly regulated institution of migration. Intra-individual isotopic shifts are consistent with immigration from resource-rich hinterlands during childhood. Furthermore, mortuary populations formed over hundreds of years and composed almost entirely of first-generation immigrants suggest that inhumation was the final step in a process linking certain urban Indus communities to diverse hinterland groups. Additional multi disciplinary analyses are warranted to confirm inferred patterns of Indus mobility, but the available isotopic data suggest that efforts to classify and regulate human movement in the ancient Indus region likely helped structure socioeconomic integration across an ethnically diverse landscape.
International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 2014
Warfare impacts how people and populations can move about the landscape. Ethnographers have posit... more Warfare impacts how people and populations can move about the landscape. Ethnographers have posited that internal warfare, conflict that takes place within a single society, is strongly associated with female abduction. In contrast, external warfare, combat between different societies, is often accompanied by the in-migration of men for purposes of defence. To test this assertion, we evaluate human remains from one of the most violent eras in Andean prehistory, the Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000-1400). In the south-central highlands of Andahuaylas, Peru, this era witnessed the coalescence of two formidable polities, the Chanka and the Quichua. Ethnohistoric accounts describe internal warfare among the Chanka and external warfare between the Quichua and their neighbours. In this study, bioarchaeological and biogeochemical methods are marshalled to elucidate ancient patterns of violence and mobility with greater nuance. We employ strontium isotope analysis of tooth enamel apatite to inform on residential origin, and we reconstruct patterns of violent conflict through analysis of cranial trauma. In all, 265 crania were excavated from 17 cave ossuaries at two Chanka sites and one Quichua site. Data were collected on age, sex and cranial modification-an indicator of social identity and cranial trauma. A representative subsample of molars from 34 individuals subjected to strontium isotope analysis demonstrates that among the Chanka, violence was significantly directed towards social groups within society, marked by modified crania. The presence of two nonlocal women with signs of increased morbidity and mistreatment points to possible mobility-by-abduction. In contrast, among the Quichua, men have significantly more trauma, and wounds are concentrated on the anterior. Trauma on women is lower, nonlethal, and concentrated on the posterior. This divergent pattern is commonly observed in external warfare (raids and community defence), where men face attackers and women escape them. The presence of two nonlocal men supports a mobility model of strategic in-migration. In sum, osteological and isotopic data sets are shown to reveal divergent life-course experiences not captured by the archaeological data or historic records alone.
Primate Biogeography
... Perspective Terry Harrison, John Krigbaum, and Jessica Manser ABSTRACT ... Anthropology, Univ... more ... Perspective Terry Harrison, John Krigbaum, and Jessica Manser ABSTRACT ... Anthropology, University of Florida, 1112 Turlington Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611. Jessica Manser r Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003 ...
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Conference Presentations by John S Krigbaum
Papers by John S Krigbaum