Turtles Book - Spanish

08 Aug 2023
TORTUGAS
HASTA
EL FONDO
Ciencia y mitos de las vacunas
*
Referencias
Índice
Capítulo 1: Tortugas hasta el fondo: ensayos clínicos de vacunas

1-20 21-40 41-60 61-70
Capítulo 2: La ciencia de los efectos adversos de las vacunas: Un eslabón

perdido y una caja de herramientas vacías
1-20 21-34
Capítulo 3: Diseñado para ser deficiente: Sistemas de notificación de

reacciones adversas a las vacunas
1-20 21-40 41-50
Capítulo 4: Primer curso de epidemiología

1-20 21-29
Capítulo 5: Ciencia intencionadamente sesgada: Epidemiología y

seguridad de las vacunas
1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100 101-114
Capítulo 6: Los estudios que nunca se harán

1-20 21-40 41-60 61-73
Capítulo 7: Pautas de vacunación no fundamentadas

1-20 21-31
Capítulo 8: La desaparición de la enfermedad

1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100 101-120 121-125
Capítulo 9: Inmunidad de rebaño

1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100 101-120 121-140
141-160 161-180 181-200 201-220 221-240 241-253
Capítulo 10: Los misterios de la polio

1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100 101-120 121-140 141-160
161-180 181-200 201-220 221-240 241-260 261-280 281-300
301-320 321-340 341-360 361-380 381-400 401-420 421-440
441-447
Cómo utilizar este documento
A. Las referencias que aparecen en el documento están ordenadas por
capítulos del libro, y coinciden con los números que aparecen en el texto del
libro.
B. Cada número de referencia remite a una o varias fuentes de información.
C. Si una referencia se basa en un texto de cita (o citas) específico, éste (o éstos)
también aparecen en la referencia.
D. La casilla PMID indica el número de catálogo del artículo en el sitio web
PUBMED. Puede navegar hasta el registro del artículo en el sitio web
haciendo clic en el número PMID de la referencia o tecleando la dirección:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/[PMID]
Por ejemplo:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17469680
E. El texto completo de muchos de los artículos publicados en revistas médicas
no está disponible de forma gratuita para el público. Si el texto completo del
artículo/documento puede consultarse libremente, su enlace aparecerá
normalmente en la referencia. De lo contrario, el número PMID enlazará con
la página del artículo en PUBMED.
F. Algunas de las referencias del libro son enlaces a artículos de medios de
comunicación o a diversas páginas web. Se sabe que los sitios web de
Internet eliminan páginas o cambian su dirección con bastante frecuencia,
lo que da lugar a enlaces "rotos". Para evitar este problema, cada referencia
a una página o a un artículo de prensa va acompañada de un enlace a la
página archivada, que contiene el contenido de la página original (busque la
palabra "Archivo").
G. Si navega por este documento en un ordenador, puede abrir los enlaces
manteniendo pulsada la tecla Ctrl mientras hace clic en el enlace.
H. Generalmente, un número de página en una referencia a un artículo se
refiere al número de página en la versión PDF de ese artículo. Para ir
rápidamente al número de página deseado, introdúzcalo en la casilla
correspondiente de la aplicación de lectura de PDF. Si aparecen dos
números de página (uno entre paréntesis), por ejemplo - P 15 (19) - el primer
número designa el número de página original (impresa), y el segundo el
número que debe introducirse en la casilla de número de página del lector
de PDF.
I. Si el mismo artículo aparece en varias referencias, la primera contendrá sus
datos completos, mientras que las siguientes utilizarán una notación
abreviada compuesta por el nombre del autor principal y el año de
publicación, por ejemplo Slade 2009.
J. Durante la lectura, si encuentra un error en alguna de las referencias, tenga
la amabilidad de ponerse en contacto con nosotros y comunicárnoslo.
Le deseamos una lectura agradable y provechosa.

Capítulo 1: Tortugas hasta el fondo:
ensayos clínicos de vacunas
1-20
1 Nombre de la página:
Vaccine Product Approval Process
Sitio web: Archive:
FDA website http://archive.is/eyQNd
http://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/developmentap
provalprocess/biologicslicenseapplicationsblaprocess/ucm1
33096.htm
Nombre de la página:
Inside Clinical Trials: Testing Medical Products in People
Sitio web: Archivo:
FDA website https://web.archive.org/web/2018082517511
http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYo 3/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesFor
u/Consumers/ucm143531.htm You/Consumers/ucm143531.htm
2 Nombre del documento:Nombre del documento:

ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline
Choice Of Control Group And Related Issues In Clinical Trials E10
http://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Efficacy/E10/Ste
p4/E10_Guideline.pdf
Autor/año: Archivo:
ICH Expert Working https://drive.google.com/open?id=1IrAW9UYSFvIA8npBLKsA
Group, 2000 UZxft53cmhml
P 22 (28):
It should be appreciated, however, that subjects receiving a new treatment are not receiving
standard therapy (just as a placebo control group is not) and may be receiving an ineffective
or harmful drug.
3 Nombre del artículo: Fecha:

U.S. advisory panel recommends Prevnar 13 vaccine for elderly Aug 14, 2014
Sitio web:
Reuters
http://www.reuters.com/article/us-pfizer-prevnar-idUSKBN0GD23I20140813
Archivo:
http://archive.is/RfO2H
Por ejemplo:
(Reuters) - An influential U.S. medical advisory panel on Wednesday recommended that
people 65 and older be given Pfizer Inc’s blockbuster Prevnar 13 vaccine to protect against
pneumococcal bacteria that can cause pneumonia and other infections.
[…]
Prevnar 13 and an older version of the vaccine known as Prevnar 7 have combined annual
sales of almost $4.5 billion, making them Pfizer’s second-biggest franchise. Prevnar 13 is
approved for children 6 weeks through 17 years of age, and for adults 50 and older.
6 | Capítulo 1: Tortugas hasta el fondo: ensayos clínicos de vacunas
4 Nombre del artículo: PMID:

Placebo use in vaccine trials: 24768580
Recommendations of a WHO expert panel
Archivo:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P https://drive.google.com/open?id=1mX3Rr
MC4157320/ To-Jq6eEC-H_S1blqjDVfXYosUv
Autor principal/año:Autor principal/año: Revista:
Annette Rid, 2014 Vaccine
P 2:
Randomised, placebo-controlled trials are widely considered the gold standard for
evaluating the safety and efficacy of a new vaccine. In these trials, participants are
randomized to receive either the vaccine under investigation or a placebo (i.e. an inert
substance such as a saline injection). Randomisation and the use of placebo interventions are
designed to control for confounding effects, such that significant differences in disease
incidence or adverse effects between the vaccine and control groups can likely be attributed
to the vaccine.

The clinical development process for a novel preventive 26732191
vaccine: An overview
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4944327/ Archivo:
http://archive.is/kPW8h

K Singh, 2016 Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
Phase III Studies
[…]
RCTs are considered the “gold standard,” where participants are randomly allocated to
receive either the investigational or the control vaccine (placebo, different vaccine, or
nothing).
6 Nombre del documento:Nombre del documento:

ICH Expert Working https://drive.google.com/open?id=1IrAW9UYSFvIA8npBLKsA
Group, 2000 UZxft53cmhml
P 13 (19):
When a new treatment is tested for a condition for which no effective treatment is known,
there is usually no ethical problem with a study comparing the new treatment to placebo.
Nombre del documento:Nombre del documento:
Expert consultation on the use of placebos in vaccine trials
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/94056/9789241506250_eng.pdf
WHO, 2013 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1yLHGu4pO0K2xUZmNsE4
RyxrbUtkq382y
P 9:
A common model for the evaluation and deployment of a new vaccine, against a disease for
which there is no existing vaccine, is that it is first tested in a placebo-controlled trial.
P 12:
As a general rule, research subjects in the control group of a trial of a diagnostic,
therapeutic, or preventive intervention should receive an established effective intervention.
In some circumstances it may be ethically acceptable to use an alternative comparator, such

as placebo or ‘‘no treatment’’.
A placebo may be used: • when there is no established effective intervention;
Nombre del documento:
Guidance for Industry
E 10 Choice of Control Group and Related Issues in Clinical Trials
https://drive.google.com/open?id=17LyWGbkC8dQRtcHfFjKMjs7xgxpU3CBp
Autor/año:
FDA, 2001
P 15 (19):
When a new treatment is tested for a condition for which no effective treatment is known,
there is usually no ethical problem with a study comparing the new treatment to placebo.
7 Nombre del documento:

WHO, 2013 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1yLHGu4pO0K2xUZmNsE4Ry
xrbUtkq382y
P 12-13:
…there is uniformity on the use of placebos, i.e. that if a proven effective intervention
exists, the trial intervention should generally be tested against it. Failure to do so deprives
participants in the “control” arm of an intervention that is likely to benefit them.

ICH Expert Working Group, 2000 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1IrAW9UYSFvIA
8npBLKsAUZxft53cmhml
P 12 (18):
A useful approach to the assessment of assay sensitivity in active control trials and in
placebo-controlled trials is the three-arm trial, including both placebo and a known active
treatment, a trial design with several advantages.
Nombre del artículo: PMID:
Alternatives to Placebo-Controlled Trials 17469680
https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-
cambridge-
core/content/view/28A722D8EF2C2FCABB3A1 Archivo:
AC2477DFBB8/S0317167100005540a.pdf/altern https://drive.google.com/open?id=1uSP
dSiRKhZex8QwuHiOmLjgxD3_Fi7vE
atives_to_placebocontrolled_trials.pdf
David L. Streiner, 2007 The Canadian Journal Of Neurological
Sciences
P 41 (5):
My recommendation would be that, when an existing therapy exists, and if certain
conditions apply:
* Studies should consist of three arms: the new drug, the existing drug, and a placebo group.

ICH Expert Working Group, 2000 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1IrAW9UYSFvIA
8npBLKsAUZxft53cmhml
Sección 2.5.2 - P 24-25 (30-31):
It is always difficult, and in many cases impossible, to establish comparability of the
treatment and control groups and thus to fulfill the major purpose of a control group (see
section 1.2). The groups can be dissimilar with respect to a wide range of factors, other than
use of the study treatment, that could affect outcome, including demographic characteristics,
diagnostic criteria, stage or severity of disease, concomitant treatments, and observational
conditions (such as methods of assessing outcome, investigator expectations). Such
dissimilarities can include important but unrecognized prognostic factors that have not been
measured. Blinding and randomization are not available to minimize bias when external
controls are used.
[…]
Control groups in a randomized study need to meet certain criteria to be entered into the
study, criteria that are generally more stringent and identify a less sick population than is
typical of external control groups. An external control group is often identified
retrospectively, leading to potential bias in its selection.

HAVRIX, Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1XGppC-tPGSWvEZNGK8kRY15nGz76lxSA
Sección 6.1:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates
observed in the clinical trials of a vaccine cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical
trials of another vaccine, and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Guidelines for the Ethical Conduct of Studies to Evaluate Drugs in Pediatric Populations
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/60/1/91.full.pdf
AAP, 1977 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1sjvo_5OLgRv8ZCkh7lic-
1Kih1gV1zEF
P 1-2:
The publication of these general guidelines and their implications for future drug
development led the
FDA to request that the Academy’s Committee on Drugs advise it about standards of ethical
research which could be recommended to assure that children, and society in general, are
served appropriately by studies carried out in pediatric populations without undue hazard or
discomfort.
[…]
The Committee believes that it is unethical to adhere to a system which forces physicians to
use therapeutic agents in an uncontrolled experimental situation virtually every time they
prescribe for children. Furthermore, it is not only ethical but also imperative that new drugs
to be used in children be studied in children under controlled circumstances so the benefits
of therapeutic advances will become available to all who may need them.

Ethical Considerations in Conducting Pediatric Research
Capítulo de libro de:
Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology
https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642201943
Autor principal/año:Autor
principal/año:
Michelle Roth-Cline, 2011
P 221:
A fundamental pillar of pediatric research is the ethical principle of “scientific necessity.”
This principle holds that children should not be enrolled in a clinical investigation unless
necessary to achieve an important scientific and/or public health objective concerning the
health and welfare of children. An “important scientific question” may be one that generates
information that is necessary and timely for establishing the appropriate pediatric use of
investigational therapeutics. A corollary is that children should not be enrolled in studies
that are duplicative or unlikely to yield important knowledge applicable to children about the
product or condition under investigation.

Autor principal/año:
P 222,224:
First, the risks to which children would be exposed must be low if there is no prospect of
direct therapeutic benefit (PDB) to the enrolled children. Second, children should not be
placed at a disadvantage by being enrolled in a clinical trial, either through exposure to
excessive risks or by failing to get necessary health care. Consequently, the data necessary
to initiate a pediatric investigation must demonstrate either an acceptably low risk of the
experimental intervention or a sufficient PDB to justify the risks of the intervention.
[…]
Investigations involving children that pose more than low risk cannot be justified by the
importance of anticipated knowledge. In pediatric studies, the allowable risk exposure for an
intervention or procedure not offering a PDB must be restricted to low risk.
MMR II Clinical Trials – FDA FOIA
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1GKahQSNG8LvCAnEG7SGNyYPUEiSJwfd8
An example from a form filled by investigators in vaccine trial in the late 1970s.
P 103:
B. Describe the benefit to the subject or advancment of knowledge that will balance the risk
involved.
C. Indicate measures proposed to minimize risk […]

Autor principal/año:Autor
principal/año:
P 226-228:
FDA regulations also include a classification of “minor increase over minimal risk” (21 CFR
50.53, 2011). An intervention or procedure approved under this category must also involve
“experiences to subjects that are reasonably commensurate with those inherent in their
actual or expected… situations” and be “likely to yield generalizable knowledge about the
subjects’ disorder or condition that is of vital importance for the understanding or
amelioration of the subjects’ disorder or condition.”
[…]
In assessing whether an intervention or procedure presents no more than a minor increase
over minimal risk, there must be sufficient data that any research-related pain, discomfort or
stress will not be severe and that any potential harms will be transient and reversible (Fisher
et al. 2007). Even if the average risk associated with an intervention or procedure is thought
to be low, if the risk estimate is unknown, reflects a large degree of variability, or has not
been adequately characterized, then the risks of an intervention or procedure cannot be
considered only a minor increase over minimal risk.

VAQTA Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1LuPKwCve8Pguo-GJOzbOm1b9Hgu0Zn15
P 7:
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy trial (i.e. The Monroe Efficacy Study), 1037
healthy children and adolescents 2 through 16 years of age.were randomized to receive a
primary dose of 25U of VAQTA and a booster dose of VAQTA 6, 12, or 18 months later, or
placebo (alum diluent)… There were no significant differences in the rates of any adverse
events or adverse reactions between vaccine and placebo recipients after Dose 1.

DAPTACEL Clinical Review
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1CFrePXwN-q5ywCnuflnwLjUwScsLPvBU
P 61, Tabla 50:

Rates for all hospitalizations, hospitalizations for acute otitis media, suspected
bacterial respiratory infection, lower respiratory infection – no antibiotics, upper
respiratory infection – no antibiotics, viral infection, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infection,
seizures, trauma/intoxication, surgery were similar among vaccine groups.

Alternatives to Placebo-Controlled Trials 17469680
https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-
cambridge-
core/content/view/28A722D8EF2C2FCABB3A1AC24 Archivo:
77DFBB8/S0317167100005540a.pdf/alternatives_to_p https://drive.google.com/open?id
lacebocontrolled_trials.pdf =1uSPdSiRKhZex8QwuHiOmLj
gxD3_Fi7vE
Autor principal/año:Autor Revista:
principal/año: The Canadian Journal Of Neurological Sciences
David L. Streiner, 2007
Streiner notes this problem in the context of measuring trial efficacy, but it's clear
the same problem exists with the safety aspect, p 5:
However, there are many methodological problems when the comparison group consists of
an active treatment: […] (b) when the two arms yield comparable results, there is no
guarantee that either one was effective in that particular trial;
And the proposed solution, p 5:
My recommendation would be that, when an existing therapy exists, and if certain
conditions apply:
* Studies should consist of three arms: the new drug, the existing drug, and a placebo group.

Recommended Child and Adolescent Immunization Schedule
for ages 18 years or younger
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Bcb5L30zbAB4FGtzItrzUs_g1yJCy4lt
Autor/año:
CDC, 2020

Pediarix Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1rY3q-bXZDxIErcWTvm2th3hGm4zBRPAk
P 5, 6, 8

Kinrix Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Ulz5HRP4ROFm49kQniiuqQ2vsRIFNH61
P4
21-40
INFANRIX Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1fUUkPH8gHd5fiBFhyZhGBl56fwLtmcCf
P 10:
Selected adverse events reported from a double-blind, randomized Italian clinical efficacy
trial involving 4,696 children administered INFANRIX or 4,678 children administered
whole-cell DTP vaccine (DTwP) (manufactured by Connaught Laboratories, Inc.) as a 3-
dose primary series are shown in Table 4.
[…]
In a German safety study that enrolled 22,505 infants (66,867 doses of INFANRIX
administered as a 3-dose primary series at 3, 4, and 5 months of age), all subjects were
monitored for unsolicited adverse events that occurred within 28 days following vaccination
using report cards.

The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series - Pertussis
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44311/1/9789241599337_eng.pdf
Autor Archivo:
principal/año:Auto https://drive.google.com/open?id=1efbV0PaVOMSI6NcqbDtREba_y
r principal/año: JizPM2C
WHO, 2009
P 9:
All aP vaccines are associated with significantly lesser side-effects, and thus the replacement
of the wP vaccines was mainly driven by the safety-profile of these vaccines.

Adverse Effects of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines
http://www.nap.edu/read/1815/chapter/4#38
Autor/año:
IOM 1991
P 38:
In fact, since the first reports of serious adverse events following administration of pertussis
and rubella vaccines (Madsen, 1933; Modlin et al., 1975), virtually no placebo-controlled or
other experimental studies in humans of the adverse events covered in this report have been
published.

Adverse Effects of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines
http://www.nap.edu/read/1815/chapter/4#39
Autor/año:
IOM 1991
P 39:
A number of early studies of pertussis vaccine in the United States and the United Kingdom
did include unexposed controls, but these studies were primarily concerned with efficacy
and not with adverse events.
25 Enlace de búsqueda:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=Infanrix+safety&recr=Closed&rslt=&type=
&cond=&intr=&titles=&outc=&spons=&lead=GlaxoSmithKline&id=&state1=&cntry1=&st
ate2=&cntry2=&state3=&cntry3=&locn=&gndr=&age=0&phase=2&phase=3&rcv_s=&rcv
_e=&lup_s=&lup_e=
or
https://drive.google.com/open?id=14MfvK7yfw9M092-JHj3RB5_x7mjiPT_E

Pentacel Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1SB8zUchU9xp_j0eQTHent-znyta_oHec
P 10 (11)

Pentacel Safety Review
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1u4ugyQjcQWZ43AMSop6-zSYugykHLoDK
P 75-76

Quadracel Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1qIjY0SVED2Q8WxXhJj8DAXDJ725F6NVa
P 5 (6)

DAPTACEL Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1mD_GBQsmiGMO-VFpdRMqEdX6yMLVfFwn
P 10, 16-17, 21-22

P 57, 61:
The Swedish trial (1992-1995) compared 4 groups: one of Infanrix by SmithKline Beecham
(GSK), one CDPT (DAPTACEL) by Aventis-Pasteur (Sanofi), and one DTPwc – old
generation vaccine by Aventis-Pasteur. The control group received a DT vaccine.

Hiberix Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1epLW5onHsW93NI2_qNxH-KaMvkcvATdc
P 4, 14

ActHIB Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1MeKZaNrIaVRjy_2VmtvBQ98t6syrVM14
P 13-16

PedvaxHIB Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=10rwMmdmZ_H3FE9v1oPPiByLqGbFegngS
P7

IPOL Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1sWAblyncNXw-78rh8LtzkIKAmQfAkOK2

IPOL FOIA FDA 2018
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1V7zf1YPJF2_V2KRRf-wUz-dCeKxMaUvz
P 90-93, 13-15

PREVNAR-13 Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1_iI7Np-BfDmUwkQzuJWp46rkSBZ-ow5i
P 6:
The safety of Prevnar 13 was evaluated in 13 clinical trials in which 4,729 infants (6 weeks
through 11 months of age) and toddlers (12 months through 15 months of age) received at
least one dose of Prevnar 13 and 2,760 infants and toddlers received at least one dose of
Prevnar active control.

PREVNAR-13 Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1_iI7Np-BfDmUwkQzuJWp46rkSBZ-ow5i
P 6:
Serious adverse events reported following vaccination in infants and toddlers occurred in
8.2% among Prevnar 13 recipients and 7.2% among Prevnar recipients.
[…]
The most commonly reported serious adverse events were in the ‘Infections and
infestations’ system organ class including bronchiolitis (0.9%, 1.1%), gastroenteritis, (0.9%,
0.9%), and pneumonia (0.9%, 0.5%) for Prevnar 13 and Prevnar respectively.

PREVNAR Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1VLR6NluMGK0E4yXUZM18IpUpi_MI7-MP
P 3, 5, 15, 21

Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent 10749457
pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children

principal/año: Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
Steven Black, 2000
P 5:
Overall 513 pneumococcal vaccine recipients and 579 controls were hospitalized within 60
days of receipt of a dose of vaccine.
[…]
Review of emergency room visits within 30 days of vaccination revealed 1188 visits in
pneumococcal vaccine recipients and 1169 visits in controls.

P 3, 15:
Efficacy was assessed in a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial in a multiethnic
population at Northern California Kaiser Permanente (NCKP) from October 1995 through
August 20, 1998, in which 37,816 infants were randomized to receive either Prevnar® or a
control vaccine (an investigational meningococcal group C conjugate vaccine [MnCC]) at 2,
4, 6, and 12-15 months of age.
[…]
The majority of the safety experience with Prevnar® comes from the NCKP Efficacy Trial
in which 17,066 infants received 55,352 doses of Prevnar®, along with other routine
childhood vaccines through April 1998.
41-60
ENGERIX Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1aZ1MtPiO58lE6Pjg0Ee_PZZ10c4iLjUs
P 7:
Based on clinical trial symptom sheet data, the incidence of local side effects is 24% and of
systemic side effects 8%; both local and systemic side effects occurred in approximately
13% of subjects. The incidence of local and systemic reactions was comparable to those of
plasma derived hepatitis B vaccines.

P 7:
In a comparative trial in subjects from 11 years up to and including 15 years of age, the
incidence of local and general solicited symptoms reported after a two-dose regimen of
ENGERIX-B 20 μg was overall similar to that reported after the standard three-dose
regimen of ENGERIX-B 10 μg.

TWINRIX Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1K0vRj8CXuYtdhYUys4EPj2cG_niylk0I
P 4:
In a US study, 773 subjects (aged 18 to 70 years) were randomized 1:1 to receive TWINRIX
(0-, 1-, and 6-month schedule) or concurrent administration of ENGERIX-B (0-, 1-, and 6-
month schedule) and HAVRIX (0- and 6-month schedule).

Recombivax-HB Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1LHJU_WAhXqewxvZJwWpRCRT7f4pHFaPk

HAVRIX Package Insert
P 5, 10

VAQTA Clinical Review
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1IASUdLYQ1eUDFb8vXgFH61ZhJ9rJAfRd
P 12, 22

VAQTA Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1LuPKwCve8Pguo-GJOzbOm1b9Hgu0Zn15
P 11, paragraph 11. Description of the vaccine adjuvant. P 7 Table 5 (and table comments) –
using the control group.

A controlled trial of a formalin-inactivated 1320740
hepatitis A vaccine in healthy children
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM1
99208133270702#t=article+Methods Archivo:
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Wy_1j
Dh1YVupEU7whmdE5VbKvyt_y2Sk

principal/año: The New England Journal of Medicine
Alan Werzberger, 1992
P 2:
Like the vaccine, each dose of the placebo — aluminum hydroxide diluent — contained 300
μg of aluminum and thimerosal at a 1:20,000 dilution.

Varivax Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1NnEIia3vR_01iqYnq2wNDRWz_ZcvPo48
P 5:
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study among 914 healthy children and adolescents
who were serologically confirmed to be susceptible to varicella, the only adverse reactions
that occurred at a significantly (p<0.05) greater rate in vaccine recipients than in placebo
recipients were pain and redness at the injection site {2}.

Live Attenuated Varicella Virus Vaccine 6325909
Efficacy trial in healthy children
Autor principal/año: Revista:
Weibel, 1984 NEJM
P 1-2:
The placebo (Lot 909/C-H663) was identical in appearance to the vaccine in both
lyophilized and reconstituted forms, but contained no virus material. The placebo consisted
of lyophilized stabilizer containing approximately 45 mg of neomycin per milliliter.

Live Attenuated Varicella Virus Vaccine 6325909
Efficacy trial in healthy children
principal/año: NEJM
Weibel, 1984
P 5:
The minimal clinical reactivity reported in this trial confirms our previous experience with
the vaccine. Among 914 initially seronegative children, only pain and redness at the
injection site were reported more frequently among vaccine recipients than placebo
recipients.

ProQuad Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=13MxSgUKzQwZ59M2YZ_9Hwtc_2l7tSQVh
P 6, 8, 9-11

MMR II Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1IFm340mDs4z_GUMRASgVUWK8mzQnNpXx

MMR II FOIA FDA
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1GKahQSNG8LvCAnEG7SGNyYPUEiSJwfd8

MMR FOIA FDA
https://drive.google.com/open?id=16qovZioEkWxDF739XeUdwvAyRk7unWm5

Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 142
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Dml_DhOUJWX5LlKr-9gM7olmHwlQVwFQ
Autor/año:
Federal Register, 2013
P 3-4
57 See the RotaTeq trial, top table Biological: Comparator: Placebo

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00090233?term=rotavirus&rank=24
Archivo: http://archive.is/8eGQQ
For Rotarix, its noted: "The study has two groups: Group HRV and Group Placebo"
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00140673?term=rotavirus&rank=65
Archivo: http://archive.is/LqCpd

Rotarix Clinical Review
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1LNjfqQDrsaQEdaZ0MYNkc_YfIrOz2kto
P 24:
The placebo consisted of all components of Rotarix, but without any RV particles.

Rotateq Clinical Review
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1T5ZQZYINtJhdrYGHrwSZ1M5HWFKf4dK8
P 37

Efficacy, Immunogenicity, and Safety of a Pentavalent Human-Bovine 17200266
(WC3) Reassortant Rotavirus Vaccine at the End of Shelf Life
Stan L. Block, 2007 Pediatrics
P 2:
The placebo was identical to the vaccine except that it did not contain the rotavirus
reassortants or trace trypsin.
61-70
Safety and Efficacy of an Attenuated 16394298
Vaccine against Severe Rotavirus
Gastroenteritis Archivo:
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1BFeBU
Moa052434 KyHVq9msLCtJLdY3bHJsIIQ4pS3

Guillermo M. Ruiz-Palacios, 2006 The New England Journal of Medicine
P 15-17

Safety and Efficacy of a Pentavalent 16394299
Human–Bovine (WC3) Reassortant
Rotavirus Vaccine
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NE Archivo:
JMoa052664 https://drive.google.com/open?id=18tKqyoOx
5aSXdOCwFiSfffbqMzVIsY2W

Timo Vesikari, 2006 The New England Journal of Medicine
P 28-30 (6-8)

ROTARIX Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1b1rURgJfPiXgg3HGZtYzhpKnjv7ZW-P0
P 5:
No increased risk of intussusception was observed in this clinical trial following
administration of ROTARIX when compared with placebo

Postmarketing Surveillance of Intussusception 22695189
Following Mass Introduction of the Attenuated Human
Rotavirus Vaccine in Mexico

F. Raúl Velázquez, 2012 The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
P 1:
The attenuated human rotavirus vaccine was not found to be associated with an increased
risk of intussusception in a large prelicensure placebo-controlled, clinical trial involving
63,225 infants in 11 Latin American countries and Finland.

Risk of Intussusception After Rotavirus Vaccination: 26069948
Meta-analysis of Postlicensure Studies
https://journals.lww.com/pidj/fulltext/2015/07000/Risk Archivo:
_of_Intussusception_After_Rotavirus.18.aspx https://drive.google.com/open?id
=172UmbRygo9WBW9iza1NlNk
3A0-7uV057
Dominique Rosillon, 2015 The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
P 1:
No increased risk of serious adverse events, including intussusception, was detected in
prelicensure clinical studies of either RV1 or RV5, including 2 randomized, controlled trials
each involving over 60,000 infants.

Autor/año:
P 228:
In assessing whether an intervention or procedure presents no more than a minor increase

over minimal risk, there must be sufficient data that any research-related pain, discomfort or
stress will not be severe and that any potential harms will be transient and reversible.

Declaration Of Helsinki – Ethical Principles For Medical Research Involving Human
Subjects
https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-
medical-research-involving-human-subjects/
WMA, 1964 http://archive.is/4r8lC
Paragraph 18:
18. Physicians may not be involved in a research study involving human subjects unless they
are confident that the risks have been adequately assessed and can be satisfactorily managed.
When the risks are found to outweigh the potential benefits or when there is conclusive
proof of definitive outcomes, physicians must assess whether to continue, modify or
immediately stop the study.
Paragraph 28:
28. For a potential research subject who is incapable of giving informed consent, the
physician must seek informed consent from the legally authorised representative. These
individuals must not be included in a research study that has no likelihood of benefit for
them unless it is intended to promote the health of the group represented by the potential
subject, the research cannot instead be performed with persons capable of providing
informed consent, and the research entails only minimal risk and minimal burden.

The Nuremberg Code
"Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council
Law No. 10"
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1zCEx9tvA_1vs4KycwYUU9uQ1GHC0mXp6
Autor/año:
U.S. Government, 1949
P 1 item 4:
The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental
suffering and injury.

WHO, 2013 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1yLHGu4pO0K2
xUZmNsE4RyxrbUtkq382y
P 12:
The research must have a risk–benefit profile judged to be favourable, based on sufficient
evidence from previous clinical and non-clinical studies (i.e. the expected benefits of
conducting the research must outweigh any associated potential risks). There is an ethical
obligation to introduce measures to reduce the risks to all trial participants.

P 61 Tabla 50
70 The list of articles:

Capítulo 2: La ciencia de los efectos
adversos de las vacunas
1-20
Immunization Safety Review: Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Autism
http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/reports/2001/immunization-safety-review-measles-
mumps-rubella-vaccine-and-autism.aspx
Autor/año:
IOM, 2001

Immunization Safety Review: Thimerosal - Containing Vaccines and Neurodevelopmental
Disorders
http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/reports/2001/Immunization-Safety-Review-
Thimerosal---Containing-Vaccines-and-Neurodevelopmental-Disorders.aspx
Autor/año:
IOM, 2001

Immunization Safety Review: Vaccinations and Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy
http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/2003/Immunization-Safety-Review-
Vaccinations-and-Sudden-Unexpected-Death-in-Infancy.aspx
Autor/año:
IOM, 2003

Immunization Safety Review Vaccines and Autism
https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10997/immunization-safety-review-vaccines-and-autism
Autor/año:
IOM, 2004

The Childhood Immunization Schedule and Safety: Stakeholder Concerns, Scientific
Evidence, and Future Studies
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13563/the-childhood-immunization-schedule-and-safety-
stakeholder-concerns-scientific-evidence
IOM, 2013 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1no7T_Zx
03ToHXlEMGix9miyZMhiRIVtW
22 | Capítulo 2: La ciencia de los efectos adversos de las vacunas

Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality
http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/reports/2011/adverse-effects-of-vaccines-evidence-and-
causality.aspx
IOM, 2011 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1nl18cdV_y3TtQBzoCq0tS
iuYmHF1_yYQ

causality.aspx
IOM, 2011 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1nl18cdV_y3TtQ
BzoCq0tSiuYmHF1_yYQ
P 30 (59):
In 2009 HRSA requested that the IOM convene a committee of experts to review the
epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence regarding adverse health events associated
with specific vaccines covered by the VICP. The committee was charged with developing a
consensus report with conclusions on the evidence bearing on causality and the evidence
regarding the biological mechanisms that underlie specific theories for how a specific
vaccine is related to a specific adverse event.
8 Nombre abreviado:
IOM 2011
P IX (10):
Following in this tradition, the task of this committee was to assess dispassionately the
scientific evidence about whether eight different vaccines cause adverse events (AE), a total
of 158 vaccine-AE pairs, the largest study undertaken to date, and the first comprehensive
review since 1994.
9 Nombre abreviado:
IOM 2011
P 18 (47):
The committee concluded the evidence convincingly supports 14 specific vaccine–adverse
event relationships. In all but one of these relationships, the conclusion was based on strong
mechanistic evidence with the epidemiologic evidence rated as either limited confidence or
insufficient.
[…]
The committee concluded the evidence favors acceptance of four specific vaccine–adverse
event relationships.
10 Nombre abreviado:
IOM 2011
P 23 (52):
The committee concluded the evidence favors rejection of five vaccine–adverse event
relationships.
[…]
The vast majority of causality conclusions in the report are that the evidence was inadequate
to accept or reject a causal relationship.
IOM 2011
P 19-21 (48-50)
IOM 2011
P 630-632 (659-661)

Vaccine Safety: New Report Finds Few Adverse Events Linked Aug. 25, 2011
to Immunizations
Sitio web:
Time Magazine
http://healthland.time.com/2011/08/25/vaccine-safety-new-report-finds-few-adverse-events-
linked-to-immunizations/
Archivo:
http://archive.is/kV5ko
Nombre del artículo: Fecha:
Report Finds Few Side Effects For Vaccines Aug. 25, 2011
Sitio web:
Forbes
http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2011/08/25/report-finds-few-side-effects-for-
vaccines/#2715e4857a0b41d59ef62b39
Archivo:
http://archive.is/X70SL
IOM review ties few adverse effects to vaccines Aug. 25, 2011
Sitio web:
CIDRAP
http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2011/08/iom-review-ties-few-adverse-effects-
vaccines
Archivo:
http://archive.is/u3YmY

Leading Dr.: Vaccines-Autism Worth Study May 12, 2008
Sitio web:
CBS NEWS
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/leading-dr-vaccines-autism-worth-study/
Archivo:
http://archive.is/q82UH
Bernadine Healy, a former top official in US Public Health bodies, told CBS News in
2008:
Healy goes on to say public health officials have intentionally avoided researching whether
subsets of children are "susceptible" to vaccine side effects - afraid the answer will scare the
public.
"You're saying that public health officials have turned their back on a viable area of research
largely because they're afraid of what might be found?" Attkisson asked.
Healy said: "There is a completely expressed concern that they don't want to pursue a
hypothesis because that hypothesis could be damaging to the public health community at
large by scaring people.
IOM 2011
P 28 (57):
The overwhelming safety and effectiveness of vaccines in current use in preventing serious
disease has allowed them to gain their preeminent role in the routine protection of health.
IOM 2011
P 49 (78):
It is important to note that mechanistic evidence can only support causation. Epidemiologic
evidence, by contrast, can support (“favors acceptance of”) a causal association or can
support the absence of (“favors rejection of”) a causal association in the general population
and in various subgroups that can be identified and investigated, unless or until supportive
mechanistic evidence is discovered or a rare, susceptible subgroup can be identified and
investigated.
IOM 2011
P X (11):
Many of the case reports the committee reviewed simply cited a temporal relation between
vaccine administration and an adverse event.
IOM 2011
P 440-442 (469-471)
IOM 2011
P 154-156 (183-185)
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Sitio web:
WEBMD
https://www.webmd.com/brain/acute-disseminated-encephalomyelitis-adem#1
Archivo:
http://archive.is/8u53v
ADEM seems to be an autoimmune disease. That means your immune system attacks your
body's own cells and tissues as if they were outside bacteria or viruses. Experts don't know
exactly what triggers it, but it could be an overreaction to an infection. Most of the time, the
attack happens when a child is getting over some common illness, like a cold or stomach
bug.
ADEM sometimes follows an immunization, particularly certain rabies shots and
the vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella. No direct connection has been made though.
Other times, nothing out of the ordinary happens before symptoms appear.
21-34
Optic neuritis
Sitio web:
Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/optic-neuritis/symptoms-causes/syc-
20354953
Archivo:
http://archive.is/A9RBl
The exact cause of optic neuritis is unknown.
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Sitio web:
Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/guillain-barre-syndrome/symptoms-
causes/syc-20362793
Archivo:
http://archive.is/2IgLm
The exact cause of Guillain-Barre syndrome isn't known.
What is Transverse Myelitis?
Sitio web:
Johns Hopkins Medicine
http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology_neurosurgery/centers_clinics/transverse_myelit
is/about-tm/what-is-transverse-myelitis.html
Archivo:
http://archive.is/CiqdA
The cause of 60% of TM cases may remain unknown despite the presence of inflammatory
mechanisms. However, the remaining 40% is associated with autoimmune disorders such as
multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, systemic lupus erythematous, Sjogren’s syndrome
and sarcoidosis among others. The term idiopathic — meaning the cause is unknown- has
been used in the past in situations in which the cause cannot be determined. However, the
lack of demonstration of a causative disorder, mechanism or agent may be the result of
failure of an early diagnosis or the result of causative factors that disappears quickly such as
in cases of viral infections or post-infectious disorders.
Lupus
Sitio web:
Mayo Clinic
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lupus/basics/causes/con-20019676
Archivo:
http://archive.is/SY0oG
Lupus occurs when your immune system attacks healthy tissue in your body (autoimmune
disease). It's likely that lupus results from a combination of your genetics and your
environment.
It appears that people with an inherited predisposition for lupus may develop the disease
when they come into contact with something in the environment that can trigger lupus. The
cause of lupus in most cases, however, is unknown.
Vasculitis
Sitio web:
Mayo Clinic
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vasculitis/basics/causes/con-20026049
Archivo:
http://archive.fo/DMh6g
The exact cause of vasculitis isn't fully understood. Some types are related to a person's
genetic makeup. Others result from the immune system attacking blood vessel cells by
mistake.
Type 1 diabetes in children
Sitio web:
Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes-in-children/symptoms-
causes/syc-20355306
Archivo:
http://archive.fo/TqdgF
The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. But in most people with type 1 diabetes, the
body's immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses — mistakenly
destroys insulin-producing (islet) cells in the pancreas. Genetics and environmental factors
appear to play a role in this process.
IOM 2011
P 14 (43)
IOM 2011
P XI (12):
Although the committee is optimistic that more can and will be known about vaccine safety
in the future…

Varivax Product Sheet
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1NnEIia3vR_01iqYnq2wNDRWz_ZcvPo48
P 3 (4)
Vaccine-related adverse reactions reported during clinical trials were assessed by the study
investigators to be possibly, probably, or definitely vaccine-related and are summarized
below.

Engerix Clinical Review
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1lt2scepRp3pTpbB4HQ3cYtE5bU3twD6o
P 15:
Of 55 SAEs reported during the active phase of the protocol and 12 reported during the 180
day extended safety follow-up, none were considered to be vaccine related.
Safety and Immunogenicity of Tetanus Diphtheria and 24794369
Acellular Pertussis (Tdap) Immunization During Pregnancy in
Mothers and Infants
Flor M. Munoz, 2014 JAMA
P 4:
Whether an adverse event was attributable to vaccination was judged by the investigators
considering temporality, biologic plausibility, and identification of alternative etiologies for
each event.
[…]
Serious adverse events were reported by 22 participants… None were judged to be
attributable to Tdap vaccine.
Safety and Immunogenicity of the HPV-16/18 AS04- 20413076
Adjuvanted Vaccine: A Randomized, Controlled Trial in
Adolescent Girls Archivo:
http://www.hu.ufsc.br/projeto_hpv/Safety%20and%20Immun https://drive.google.com/o
ogenicity%20of%20the%20HPV-1618%20AS04- pen?id=1UyuQfB7G1uAL
Adjuvanted.pdf itDdnO-AZxJk7Tw1ojHX

Doris M. Rivera Medina, 2010 Journal of Adolescent Health
P 419 (6):
No SAE in the HPV-16/18 vaccine group was considered related to vaccination or led to
withdrawal.
Safety of a new conjugate meningococcal C 11668101
vaccine in infants Archivo:
https://adc.bmj.com/content/archdischild/85/5/ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1hXmU
391.full.pdf hIcV38Y_1fGaUHJCL89rz6oaVUe7
R Lakshman, 2001 Archives of Disease in Childhood
P 394 (4):
1755 (63%) subjects had adverse events that were considered not to have any causal relation
with the vaccine.

PEDIACEL Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=18Bb7jBpmRTQHDJ_JAYb7v1fpCK9-NboP
P 10:
The following additional adverse events have been spontaneously reported during the
postmarketing use of PEDIACEL® worldwide. Because these events are reported
voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate
their frequency or establish a causal relationship to vaccine exposure.

HAVRIX, Package Insert
P 7:
In addition to reports in clinical trials, worldwide voluntary reports of adverse events
received 136 for HAVRIX since market introduction of this vaccine are listed below. This
list includes serious 137 adverse events or events which have a suspected causal connection
to components of HAVRIX 138 or other vaccines or drugs. Because these events are
reported voluntarily from a population of 139 uncertain size, it is not always possible to
reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal 140 relationship to the vaccine.
P 8:
The following adverse events have been reported following widespread use of the vaccine.
As with other hepatitis B vaccines, in many instances the causal relationship to the vaccine
has not been established.

International Consensus (ICON): allergic reactions to vaccines 27679682
https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40413
-016-0120-5 Archivo:
http://archive.is/d1J1F
Stephen C. Dreskin, 2016 World Allergy Organization Journal
P 12:
All tests need to be interpreted carefully with appropriate positive and negative controls,
recognizing that falsely positive skin test results may occur. These may be the result of true
but clinically irrelevant IgE responses or to irritant effects of the vaccine.
33 Nombre del artículo (translated from Herbrew): Fecha:

The 6-year-old's liver collapsed; His mother's lobe saved him Nov 11, 2014
Sitio web: Archivo:

https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4590167,00.html http://archive.is/AbUmZ
In spite of all the intensive tests he has undergone, both hospitals have not been able to find
out why the sudden and dramatic liver collapse. It is a rare condition. Once or twice a year,
we have such a condition of a child with liver failure even though they are completely
healthy.
"In this condition, they undergo tests to detect infectious, autoimmune or metabolic diseases,
and often the cause is not found," explains Dr. Michael Gurevich, senior physician at the
Schneider hospital transplant system, who was one of the surgeons.
One of the causes of the collapse, which was tested and ruled out is the flu vaccine he
received the day before. "The medical literature does not describe a case where the flu
vaccine caused liver inflammation or liver failure," Dr. Gurevich emphasizes. The mother
also denies the possibility.
"The source of the problem is unknown and will probably never be known. All the
possibilities were checked, all the tests were done, and do not know. We were told that it is a
very rare condition for a child fully healthy to undergo a liver collapse. The best infectious
disease specialists have said that if the child turned yellow within a day, then he was
probably already sick. "
IOM 2011
P 28 (57):
The overwhelming safety and effectiveness of vaccines in current use in preventing serious
disease has allowed them to gain their preeminent role in the routine protection of health.
Capítulo 3: Diseñado para ser deficiente
1-20
Understanding vaccine safety information from the Vaccine 15071280
Adverse Event Reporting System

Fredrick Varricchio, 2004 The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
P 2:
Clinical trials of new vaccines have typically involved a relatively small number of
individuals (usually fewer than 10 000) and thus cannot usually detect uncommon adverse
events.
2 Nombre del artículo: Archivo:

Post-marketing surveillance for adverse events after https://drive.google.com/o
vaccination: the national Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting pen?id=1e1suDwD92AF9
System (VAERS) TfTW6yk89-
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Safety/MedWatch/UCM16849 PyMkgXqmFD
7.pdf
NIH/FDA, 1998
P 1:
Even the largest pre-licensure trials (>10,000 persons) are inadequate to assess the vaccine’s
potential to induce rare but serious side effects.
3 Nombre abreviado: PMID:

Varricchio 2004 15071280
P1
4 Nombre de la página: Sitio web:

About VAERS https://vaers.hhs.gov/about/index#objectives
5 Nombre de la página: Archivo:

Frequently Asked Questions https://web.archive.org/web/20180825190718/https://vaers.h
(FAQs) hs.gov/faq.html
Sitio web:
VAERS website
https://vaers.hhs.gov/faq.html

P 2:
VAERS is a passive surveillance, or spontaneous reporting, system. Passive surveillance
systems rely on health care professionals (or vaccinees) to voluntarily submit reports of
illness after vaccination.
31 | Capítulo 3: Diseñado para ser deficiente

Guide to Interpreting VAERS Data https://web.archive.org/web/20180209232915/https://
vaers.hhs.gov/data/dataguide.html
Sitio web:
VAERS website
https://vaers.hhs.gov/data/dataguide.html
"Underreporting" is one of the main limitations of passive surveillance systems, including
VAERS

Information for Healthcare https://web.archive.org/web/20171125064142/https://vaers.h
Providers hs.gov/resources/infoproviders.html
Sitio web:
VAERS website
https://vaers.hhs.gov/resources/infoproviders.html
Nombre abreviado: PMID:
P 4:
Only selected adverse events, as specified in the Reportable Events Table, are required by
law to be reported by vaccine providers. The adverse events listed in the table have been
shown to be potentially related to vaccination and therefore may be compensable through
the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (www.hrsa.gov/osp/vicp/) in the absence of an
alternate cause.
9 Nombre del documento: Archivo:

Electronic Support for Public Health–Vaccine Adverse Event https://drive.google.com/o
Reporting System (ESP:VAERS) pen?id=1Uih_BuqrRJoaj4
https://healthit.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/docs/publication/r1 o3otgqZiWiYgeBIH9H
8hs017045-lazarus-final-report-2011.pdf
Ross Lazarus, 2011
P 6:
New surveillance methods for drug and vaccine adverse effects are needed. Barriers to
reporting include a lack of clinician awareness, uncertainty about when and what to report,
as well as the burdens of reporting: reporting is not part of clinicians’ usual workflow, takes
time, and is duplicative.

7.pdf
NIH/FDA, 1998
P 1-2:
Thus, when the product leaves the controlled study environment of clinical trials and is put
into general clinical use by practitioners, the ability to determine the actual incidence of
adverse events is questionable.
P 4:
Therefore because VAERS functions primarily as a voluntary reporting system, reporting
occurs for only a proportion of suspected adverse events, and this proportion varies
depending on the vaccine and the type of event.

Introducing MEDWatch https://drive.google.com/o
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Safety/MedWatch/UCM20141 pen?id=1_NEuU4vhWzPh
9.pdf 7ZTBVa_aiIuTr3Eagcfy
David A. Kessler, 1993
David Kessler, former head of FDA -
P 1:
Only about 1% of serious events are reported to the FDA, according to one study.
Nombre del documento: Archivo:
Electronic Support for Public Health–Vaccine Adverse Event https://drive.google.com/o
Reporting System (ESP:VAERS) pen?id=1Uih_BuqrRJoaj4
https://healthit.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/docs/publication/r1 o3otgqZiWiYgeBIH9H
8hs017045-lazarus-final-report-2011.pdf
Ross Lazarus, 2011
P 6:
Adverse events from drugs and vaccines are common, but underreported. Although 25% of
ambulatory patients experience an adverse drug event, less than 0.3% of all adverse drug
events and 1-13% of serious events are reported to the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA). Likewise, fewer than 1% of vaccine adverse events are reported.

P 4:
Some studies have attempted to calculate incidence rates of adverse events with VAERS
data along with the Biologics Surveillance Summaries that provide information on vaccine
doses distributed in the United States. The most important limitation of the Biologics
Surveillance Summaries is that they do not permit determination of the number of persons
who actually received vaccine.

P 4:
Because the VAERS database does not receive complete reporting of all adverse events and
because many events it contains lack confirmed diagnoses and/or cannot be attributed to
vaccines, VAERS cannot be used to calculate the incidence of adverse reactions after
vaccination.

7.pdf
NIH/FDA, 1998
P 3:
Since VAERS receives an estimated 12,000 reports annually, it is difficult to ensure the
accuracy and completeness of the database with available resources.
P 2:
It is important to understand that submissions to VAERS are not formal case reports, but
rather nonstandardized descriptions of symptoms and signs temporally associated with a
vaccination or vaccinations. The information in a report is not necessarily complete, nor is it
verified in most cases.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) https://web.archive.org/web/20180825190718/https
://vaers.hhs.gov/faq.html
Sitio web:
VAERS website
https://vaers.hhs.gov/about/faqs#who_reports

Postlicensure Safety Surveillance for 19690307
Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus
Recombinant Vaccine Archivo:
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1MQ
184421 IcFiM-5POt66gfIdLaASCdgY9EZcDF
Barbara A. Slade, 2009 JAMA
P1
17 Nombre abreviado: Archivo:

Slade 2009 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1MQIcFiM-
5POt66gfIdLaASCdgY9EZcDF
P1

P 3:
Of the 8471 manufacturer reports for qHPV AEFIs, 7561 (89%) had insufficient identifying
information to permit clinical follow-up or review.
Completeness of serious adverse drug event reports received 26861066
by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2014
Thomas J. Moore, 2016 Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
A similar condition exists for reporting of pharmaceutical drugs adverse events.

P 1:
Overall, 21,595 (86.2%) of serious reports submitted directly to the FDA provided data for
all four completeness variables, compared with 271,022 (40.4%) of manufacturer expedited
reports and 24,988 (51.3%) of periodic reports. Among manufacturer serious reports, 37.9%
lacked age and 46.9% had no event date. Performance by 25 manufacturers submitting 5000
or more reports varied from 24.4% complete on all variables to 67% complete. Patient death
cases had the lowest completeness scores in all categories.

P 7:
However, VAERS data need to be interpreted with caution […] data limitations include
underreporting…

P 7:
…the extent of underreporting to VAERS is not known.
21-40
P 7:
AEFI reporting rates also need cautious interpretation, because vaccine distribution data do
not allow calculation of age-specific reporting rates and do not provide the numbers of doses
actually administered

P 3:
From June 1, 2006, through December 31, 2008, VAERS received 12,424 reports of AEFIs
following receipt of qHPV (Table 1), an overall reporting rate of 53.9 reports per 100,000
vaccine doses distributed.

P 7:
The postlicensure safety profile presented here is broadly consistent with safety data from
prelicensure trials.

GARDASIL Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1u3cOmn6ehXdR21bNuUQ7He3q6e2jFFxx
P 8, Tabla 9

P 2:
We also used proportional reporting ratio (PRR), another method to detect potential
associations between reported AEFIs and a drug or vaccine, to compare the proportion of
selected AEFI reports for qHPV with the proportion of selected AEFI reports for all other
vaccines by age group and sex.
P 6:
The PRR for deaths in 6- to 17-year olds was 1.4 (X2=0.42, P=.52). The PRR for deaths in
8- to 29-year-olds was 1.2 (X2=0.01, P=.92). Neither of these met the screening criteria for
signal detection.

P 4-5:
Attempts to use the VAERS data to calculate internal “relative risks” of specific adverse
events for a vaccine, using reports for another vaccine as a “control” group, raise a fifth
methodologic issue. Relative risks represent a ratio of incidence rates, and incidence rates
cannot be calculated from VAERS data as previously discussed. Relative reporting rates
might be calculated, but elevated relative reporting rates calculated from VAERS data may
be spurious, regardless of the results of statistical significance testing.
And:
Relative reporting rates from VAERS should not be confused with data-mining methods that
attempt to
identify adverse events reported more commonly after one vaccine (or group of vaccines)
than after others. Three data-mining methods being applied increasingly to medical product
safety data are the proportional reporting rate ratio (PRR), empiric Bayesian and neural
network approaches.
[…]
PRR and other data-mining statistics can be biased by differences in usage and reporting of
adverse events; thus elevated data-mining statistics do not necessarily reflect a causal
relationship between a vaccine and an adverse event. PRR and other data-mining statistics
should not be interpreted or presented as relative risks of specific vaccine adverse events.
Such statistics should be used only as a hypothesis generation tool and are evaluated in the
same manner as other hypotheses generated by VAERS.

P 1:
Most of the AEFI rates were not greater than the background rates compared with other
vaccines, but there was disproportional reporting of syncope and venous thromboembolic
events. The significance of these findings must be tempered with the limitations (possible
underreporting) of a passive reporting system.

P 7:
The VAERS reporting rate for qHPV is triple the rate for all other vaccines combined[…]

P 7:
The VAERS reporting rate for qHPV is triple the rate for all other vaccines combined,
perhaps reflecting greater public attention to HPV than the usual increased reporting
following licensure of a new product (“Weber effect”).
[…]
Reports of VTEs after qHPV immunization should be interpreted with caution due to the
multiple limitations of a passive reporting system and the potential effect of widespread
media coverage stimulating reporting.

P 7:
However, VAERS data need to be interpreted with caution, because not all reported events
are systematically validated, and many may have only coincidentally followed vaccination.
In addition, data limitations include underreporting, inconsistency in the quality and
completeness of reported data, stimulated reporting due to extensive news coverage, and
reporting biases.
[…]
A further limitation of VAERS reports after qHPV is that a large proportion (68%) come
from the manufacturer and most of these reports (89%) do not include sufficient identifying
information to allow medical review of the individual cases.

P 1:
Most of the AEFI rates were not greater than the background rates compared with other
vaccines

Study: HPV Vaccine Mostly Safe Aug 19, 2009
Archivo:
http://archive.is/tIPgl
Sitio web:
NPR (National Public Radio)
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112035659?storyId=112035659
It still appears that the vaccine is safe and that the benefits outweigh the risks.
HPV shot found safe, but some experts question Aug 18, 2009
its benefits
Archivo:
http://archive.fo/lOJ2M
Sitio web:
CNN
http://edition.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/08/18/hpv.vaccine.safety/index.html?iref=24hours
"This continues to be a safe vaccine," says lead researcher Dr. Barbara A. Slade, a medical
officer at the CDC.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Safety http://archive.fo/lL2bv
Sitio web:
CDC website
https://vaers.hhs.gov/resources/infoproviders.html

GACVS Safety update on HPV Vaccines https://drive.google.com/open?id=1t
http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/committee/topic WVoxULCHrmFbKCxNOLLFt6tc95
s/hpv/130619HPV_VaccineGACVSstatement.pdf OhmoE
Autor/año:
GACVS, 2013
P3

Electronic Support for Public Health–Vaccine https://drive.google.com/open?id=1U
Adverse Event Reporting System (ESP:VAERS) ih_BuqrRJoaj4o3otgqZiWiYgeBIH9
https://healthit.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/docs/publ H
ication/r18hs017045-lazarus-final-report-2011.pdf
Autor/año:
Ross Lazarus, 2011
P 6:
Adverse events from drugs and vaccines are common, but underreported. Although 25% of
ambulatory patients experience an adverse drug event, less than 0.3% of all adverse drug
events and 1-13% of serious events are reported to the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA). Likewise, fewer than 1% of vaccine adverse events are reported. Low reporting rates
preclude or slow the identification of “problem” drugs and vaccines that endanger public
health.

CDC > NNDSS > Data Collection and Reporting > History http://archive.is/w2tuo
Sitio web:
CDC website
https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/history.html
In 1879, a Congressional appropriation funded collecting and publishing reports of these

notifiable diseases. The authority for weekly reporting and publishing of these cases was
expanded by Congress in 1893 to include data from states and municipal authorities.
36 There are many examples. Two are brought here. Archivo:

Nombre del documento: https://drive.google.com/open?i
Investigating a Pertussis Outbreak in Mississippi d=1l14t_rRuADPsjiQRNIE-
http://www.cdc.gov/washington/~cdcatWork/pdf/pertuss ZyOX7pkSP-QZ
is_outbreak.pdf
Autor/año:
CDC, 2007
Nombre de la página: Archivo:
Notes from the Field: Measles Outbreak Among Members of a http://archive.is/nCKU
Religious Community — Brooklyn, New York, March–June 2013 3
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6236a5.htm
Sitio web:
CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)

Electronic Support for Public Health–Vaccine https://drive.google.com/open?id=1U
Adverse Event Reporting System (ESP:VAERS) ih_BuqrRJoaj4o3otgqZiWiYgeBIH9
https://healthit.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/docs/publ H
ication/r18hs017045-lazarus-final-report-2011.pdf
Autor/año:
Ross Lazarus, 2011
P1

Lazarus 2011 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Uih_BuqrRJoaj4o3otgqZiW
iYgeBIH9H
P 2:
To create a generalizable system to facilitate detection and clinician reporting of vaccine
adverse events, in order to improve the safety of national vaccination programs.
P 3:
This research project was funded to improve the quality of vaccination programs by
improving the quality of physician adverse vaccine event detection and reporting to the
national Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)

iYgeBIH9H
P 6:
New surveillance methods for drug and vaccine adverse effects are needed. […]
Proactive, spontaneous, automated adverse event reporting imbedded within EHRs and other
information systems has the potential to speed the identification of problems with new drugs
and more careful quantification of the risks of older drugs.

Electronic Support for Public Health - Vaccine Adverse Event http://archive.is/w
Reporting System (ESP:VAERS) (Massachusetts) ip/BhpIK
https://digital.ahrq.gov/ahrq-funded-projects/electronic-support-public-
health-vaccine-adverse-event-reporting-system?nav=summaries
Sitio web:
AHRQ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
This project served as an extension of the Electronic Support for Public Health (ESP)
project, an automated system using electronic medical record (EMR) data to detect and
securely report cases of statutory notifiable diseases to a local public health authority.
41-50
iYgeBIH9H
P 3-4

iYgeBIH9H
P 3:
Aim 3. Comprehensively evaluate ESP:VAERS performance in a randomized trial, and in
comparison to existing VAERS and Vaccine Safety Datalink data.
P 5:
The draft was then widely circulated as an initial / working draft for comment by relevant
staff in the CDC and among our clinical colleagues at Atrius. In addition to review by the
internal CDC Brighton Collaboration liaison, this protocol has also received review &
comment via the CDC’s Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) Network.

iYgeBIH9H
P 6:
Unfortunately, there was never an opportunity to perform system performance assessments
because the necessary CDC contacts were no longer available and the CDC consultants
responsible for receiving data were no longer responsive to our multiple requests to proceed
with testing and evaluation.

iYgeBIH9H
P 5:
The goal of Aim 3 was to comprehensively evaluate ESP:VAERS performance in a
randomized trial, and in comparison to existing VAERS and Vaccine Safety Datalink data.
We had initially planned to evaluate the system by comparing adverse event findings to
those in the Vaccine Safety Datalink project—a collaborative effort between CDC’s
Immunization Safety Office and eight large managed care organizations. Through a
randomized trial, we would also test the hypothesis that the combination of secure,
computer-assisted, clinician-approved, adverse event detection, and automated electronic
reporting will substantially increase the number, completeness, validity, and timeliness of
physician-approved case reports to VAERS compared to the existing spontaneous reporting
system; however, due to restructuring at CDC and consequent delays in terms of decision
making, it became impossible to move forward with discussions regarding the evaluation of
ESP:VAERS performance in a randomized trial, and compare ESP:VAERS performance to
existing VAERS and Vaccine Safety Datalink data. Therefore, the components under this
particular Aim were not achieved.

iYgeBIH9H
P 6:
Preliminary data were collected from June 2006 through October 2009 on 715,000 patients,
and 1.4 million doses (of 45 different vaccines) were given to 376,452 individuals. Of these
doses, 35,570 possible reactions (2.6 percent of vaccinations) were identified. This is an
average of 890 possible events, an average of 1.3 events per clinician, per month. These data
were presented at the 2009 AMIA conference.

Guide to Interpreting VAERS Data https://web.archive.org/web/20180209232915/
Sitio web:
VAERS website
On the other hand, more serious and unexpected medical events are probably more likely to
be reported than minor ones, especially when they occur soon after vaccination, even if they
may be coincidental and related to other causes.

The Vaccine Safety Datalink: A Model for 21502240
Monitoring Immunization Safety
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/127/ Archivo:
Supplement_1/S45 https://drive.google.com/open?id=16Yl
Uk81p9MTRKh7erSEIzhdMIJF5ngM_

James Baggs, 2011 Pediatrics

Vaccine Safety Datalink http://archive.is/TKFoj
Sitio web:
HCSRN website
http://www.hcsrn.org/en/Collaboration/Consortia/vsd.html
PI: Frank DeStefano, MD of the CDC Immunization Safety Office

Funding agency: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) http://archive.is/KtqCB
Sitio web:
CDC website
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/ensuringsafety/monitoring/vsd/data-sharing-
guidelines.html

Vaccine Safety Research, Data Access, and Public Trust
https://www.nap.edu/catalog/11234/vaccine-safety-research-data-access-and-public-trust
Autor/año:
IOM 2005
P 96:
One of the key goals of the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) data sharing program should be
maintenance of public trust in the use of the VSD to draw scientific conclusions about
vaccine safety. Because of the contentious nature of some of the issues surrounding the VSD
and the strained relationship between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
and some people who have been critical of CDC’s vaccine safety activities, the committee
recognizes that there may be public concerns about the role of CDC in reviewing proposals
to use VSD data and in setting the VSD research agenda. A perception of bias in the VSD
proposal-review process and in the priorities established for the VSD research plan could
jeopardize public confidence in VSD activities. There are legitimate reasons for public
concern about the independence and fairness of the review of VSD data sharing proposals
and of determinations about when and how to release preliminary findings of VSD analyses.
The lack of transparency of some of those processes affects the trust relationship between
the National Immunization Program (NIP) and some members of the general public.
P 97-98:
The limitations of the VSD data sharing program and the limited ability of independent
external researchers to conduct high-quality corroboration studies or studies of new
hypotheses create a special need to involve the public in the priority-setting process for the
VSD research plan. Only NIP-affiliated or MCO-affiliated researchers have access to VSD
data for events before and after January 1, 2001, for corroboration studies and studies of new
hypotheses, so independent external researchers may not be able to conduct studies that
members of the public consider to have high priority.
[…]
In view of the limited ability of independent researchers to conduct high-quality VSD
studies of new hypotheses and the limited ability of the public to provide input on which
VSD studies should be pursued with federal tax dollars, there needs to be greater
opportunity for input into the setting of priorities in the VSD research plan and greater
transparency of the priority-setting process.
Capítulo 4: Primer curso de epidemiología
1-20
The history of the discovery of the cigarettee-lung 22345227
cancer link: evidentiary traditions, corporate
denial, global toll Archivo:
https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccoco https://drive.google.com/open?id=1YA
ntrol/21/2/87.full.pdf WDfVhDNWb1O-
SiwIRQDk9lF1jC7IUw
Robert N Proctor, 2012 Tobacco Control
P 1:
Lung cancer was still a very rare disease; so rare, in fact, that medical professors when
confronted with a case sometimes told their students they might never see another.

Research on Smoking and Lung Cancer: A 2192501
Landmark in the History of Chronic Disease
Epidemiology Archivo:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC25 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1BW
89239/pdf/yjbm00061-0033.pdf QHwQt9syfRTHCefTfRF1f6QblhOLk
b
Colin White, 1990 THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND
MEDICINE
P3

White 1990 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1BWQHwQt9syfRTHCefTfR
F1f6QblhOLkb
P 4:
The Department of Agriculture has made estimates of the average annual consumption of
tobacco products in the United States among persons aged 15 years and over, from 1900 to
1960. During this period the number of cigarettes marketed, per person, increased by a
factor of about 80, from 50 to 3,900; the sale of pipe tobacco decreased from 1.6 to .6
pounds, and the number of cigars fell from 110 to 60, per person.

F1f6QblhOLkb
P 2:
Speculation about these factors continued, but there was also much criticism of the view that
the reported increase in lung cancer was credible. These criticisms led to debate throughout
the forties and early fifties. An editorial in the British Medical Journal in 1942 stated "It is
doubtful whether the higher incidence of cancer of the lung observed in recent years is real
or only apparent". Factors which were listed as likely to be responsible for an artificial
increase were better diagnosis of the disease and increased longevity of the population.
43 | Capítulo 4: Primer curso de epidemiología

F1f6QblhOLkb
P 4:
Doll has noted that it had been known long before 1950 that smoking could cause disease,
but it was "not until 1950 that a large amount of data was obtained in a sufficiently
representative and responsible way to lead more than a handful of people to believe that
smoking might actually be responsible for causing a material amount of disease" [28]. The
two case-control studies in 1950 that were not only large but also well conducted were by
Wynder and Graham in the United States [29] and by Doll and Hill in England.

F1f6QblhOLkb
P 5-6

F1f6QblhOLkb
P 6-7

F1f6QblhOLkb
P 9, 11

Proctor 2012 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1YAWDfVhDNWb1O-
SiwIRQDk9lF1jC7IUw
P2

F1f6QblhOLkb
P 10:
In 1958, by which time there was substantial epidemiologic evidence on smoking as a risk
factor for lung cancer, the British Medical Journal commented as follows on this evidence:
"The fact that experimental work has not provided complete and irrefutable proof has tended
to hinder its wholehearted acceptance". A representative of the tobacco industry described
this objection more forcefully, by stating that the search for chemical carcinogens in tobacco
"has now been continued so long in the hands of so many able investigators and with such
meager results that many scientists no longer believe it likely that tobacco smoke exerts any
significant effect as a direct or specific carcinogen for human tissues". In 1962, Lancet
summarized the results of the chemical analysis of tobacco products by noting "no
carcinogen has been found in adequate concentration in tobacco smoke; no genuine lung
cancers have been produced experimentally".

Proctor 2012 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1YAWDfVhDNWb1O-
SiwIRQDk9lF1jC7IUw
P 2:
Tobacco industry laboratories conducted their own investigations: Brown and Williamson
researchers identified benzpyrene in cigarette smoke in 1952, and by the end of the decade
cigarette manufacturers had characterised several dozen carcinogens in cigarette smoke,
including arsenic, chromium, nickel and a veritable zoo of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(chrysene, methylcholanthrene, dibenzanthracene, dibenzacridene, etc). As Philip Morris
research director Helmut Wakeham put it in 1961, carcinogens were found in ‘practically
every class of compounds in cigarette smoke’.

F1f6QblhOLkb
P 8:
The Surgeon General of the United States took a similar position: "The weight of the
evidence is increasingly pointed in one direction: that excess smoking is one of the causative
factors in lung cancer".

Statistical Language - Correlation and Causation http://archive.is/fZLZR
Sitio web:
Australian Bureau of Statistics
http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/a3121120.nsf/home/statistical+language+-
+correlation+and+causation
Correlation is a statistical measure (expressed as a number) that describes the size and
direction of a relationship between two or more variables. A correlation between variables,
however, does not automatically mean that the change in one variable is the cause of the
change in the values of the other variable.
Causation indicates that one event is the result of the occurrence of the other event; i.e. there
is a causal relationship between the two events. This is also referred to as cause and effect.

Emphysema http://archive.is/WKTsi
Sitio web:
emedicinehealth
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/emphysema/article_em.htm
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/emphysema/page2_em.htm
The importance of cigarette smoking as a risk factor for developing emphysema cannot be
overemphasized. Cigarette smoke contributes to this disease process in two ways. It destroys
lung tissue, which results in the obstruction of air flow, and it causes inflammation and
irritation of airways that can add to air flow obstruction.

Epidemiology http://archive.is/QP9g
Sitio web:
E X T O X N E T
Extension Toxicology Network
http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/TIB/epidemiology.html
Epidemiological studies can never prove causation; that is, it cannot prove that a specific
risk factor actually causes the disease being studied. Epidemiological evidence can only
show that this risk factor is associated (correlated) with a higher incidence of disease in the
population exposed to that risk factor. The higher the correlation the more certain the
association, but it cannot prove the causation
16 Título del libro: Publicador :

CAUSALITY Oxford University Press
Phyllis Illari, 2014
P 32:
Rothman (1976) makes the point that in health situations what we call ‘causes’ are in fact
components of sufficient causes, and are not sufficient in themselves. For instance, the
measles virus is said to be the cause of measles, but in fact the ‘complete sufficient cause’ of
measles also includes lack of immunity to the virus and exposure to the virus.
[…]
Rothman illustrates his ideas by means of ‘causal pies’—see Figure 4.1—still used in
epidemiology now. He thinks that a sufficient cause of a disease is generally not one single
causal factor, but a complete ‘causal mechanism’. Rothman takes a causal mechanism to be
a minimal set of conditions and events that are sufficient for the disease to occur. In this
perspective, no specific event condition or characteristic is sufficient, by itself, to produce
the disease. So the definition of ‘cause’ does not describe a complete causal mechanism, but
only a component of it.

Research on Back Sleeping and SIDS http://archive.is/rZIPH
Sitio web:
NIH - Safe to Sleep
https://www1.nichd.nih.gov/sts/campaign/science/Pages/backsleeping.aspx
The single most effective action that parents and caregivers can take to lower a baby's risk of
SIDS is to place the baby to sleep on his or her back for naps and at night.
Compared with back sleeping, stomach sleeping carries between 1.7 and 12.9 times the risk
of SIDS. The mechanisms by which stomach sleeping might lead to SIDS are not entirely
known. Studies suggest that stomach sleeping may increase SIDS risk through a variety of
mechanisms, including:
Increasing the probability that the baby re-breathes his or her own exhaled breath, leading to
carbon dioxide buildup and low oxygen levels; Causing upper airway obstruction;
Interfering with body heat dissipation, leading to overheating.
Whatever the mechanism, evidence from numerous countries—including New Zealand,
Sweden, and the United States—suggests that placing babies on their backs to sleep results
in a substantial decline in the SIDS rate compared to placing babies on their stomachs to
sleep.

Prospective study http://archive.is/zKOgQ
Sitio web:
The Free Dictionary
Prospective study: an epidemiologic study in which the groups of individuals (cohorts) are
selected on the bases of factors that are to be examined for possible effects on some
outcome.
For example, the effect of exposure to a specific risk factor on the eventual development of a
particular disease can be studied. The cohorts are then followed over a period of time to
determine the incidence rates of the outcomes being studied as they relate to the original
factors in question.
The term prospective usually implies a cohort selected in the present and followed into the
future…

Retrospective study http://archive.is/tLNNW
Sitio web:
The Free Dictionary
https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/retrospective+study
Retrospective study:
a study in which a search is made for a relationship between one (usually current) phenomen
on or condition and another that occurred in the past. An example is
a study of the family histories of young women diagnosed as having clear cell
adenomas of the vagina, which yielded a relationship between the administration of diethy
lstilbestrol to the mothers of the women during pregnancy and
the development of the condition in the daughters.

Types of Epidemiological Studies http://archive.is/3Yd7R
Sitio web:
New Health Advisor
http://www.newhealthadvisor.com/Types-of-Epidemiological-Studies.html
21-29
Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence
https://www.nap.edu/read/13163/chapter/12#583
Federal Judicial Center
National Research Council, 2011
P 583:
The second major reason for an invalid outcome in epidemiologic studies is systematic error
or bias. Bias may arise in the design or conduct of a study, data collection, or data analysis.
The meaning of scientific bias differs from conventional (and legal) usage, in which bias
refers to a partisan point of view. When scientists use the term bias, they refer to anything
that results in a systematic (nonrandom) error in a study result and thereby compromises its
validity. Two important categories of bias are selection bias (inappropriate methodology for
selection of study subjects) and information bias (a flaw in measuring exposure or disease in
the study groups).

Alcohol Consumption and Lung Cancer 11489747
http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/10/8/813.full
Elisa V. Bandera, 2001 Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and prevention

Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health http://archive.is/bnzxf
Sitio web:
Oxford Medicine Online
http://oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/med/9780199661756.001.0001/med-
9780199661756-chapter-103
The ‘art’ of epidemiology is knowing when and how to apply the various epidemiological
strategies creatively to answer specific health questions.

Identifying and Avoiding Bias in Research 20679844
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2
917255/
Christopher J. Pannucci, 2010 Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
A general explanation of research biases.
Archivo:
https://drive.google.com/open?id=
http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/reports/2011/adverse 1nl18cdV_y3TtQBzoCq0tSiuYm
-effects-of-vaccines-evidence-and-causality.aspx HF1_yYQ
Autor/año:
IOM, 2011
P 17 (46):
Epidemiologic analyses also cannot identify with certainty which individual in a population
at risk will develop a given condition.

IOM 2011 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1nl18cdV_y3TtQBzoCq0tSiu
YmHF1_yYQ
P 50 (79):
Mechanistic evidence, particularly that emerging from case reports, occasionally can
provide compelling evidence of an association between exposure to a vaccine and an
adverse reaction in the individual being studied, but it provides no meaningful information
about the degree of risk to the population or even to other individuals who have the same
predisposing characteristics.

YmHF1_yYQ
P 50 (79):
Epidemiologic analyses are usually unable to detect an increased or decreased risk that is
small, unless the study population is very large or the difference between the groups (e.g.,
vaccinated vs. unvaccinated) at risk is very high… These studies also can fail to detect risks
that affect a small subset of the population.

YmHF1_yYQ
P 49 (78):
Epidemiologic evidence, by contrast, can support (“favors acceptance of”) a causal
association or can support the absence of (“favors rejection of”) a causal association in the
general population and in various subgroups that can be identified and investigated, unless
or until supportive mechanistic evidence is discovered or a rare, susceptible subgroup can be
identified and investigated.

YmHF1_yYQ
P 49 (78):
Even in the presence of a convincing protective effect of vaccine in epidemiology, studies
may not rule out the possibility that the reaction is caused by vaccine in a subset of
individuals.
Capítulo 5: Ciencia intencionadamente
sesgada
1-20
DPT Vaccine Roulette 1982
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpUsg4bDH5w
or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtOh6vFnWg4

The pertussis vaccine controversy in Great Britain, 1974- 12922137
1986
https://online.manchester.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/orgs/I3075- Archivo:
COMMUNITY-MEDN-1/DO%20NOT%20DELETE%20- https://drive.google.com/ope
%20PEP%20Quality%20and%20Evidence/QE-PEP- n?id=1RSZoULsPxrzRj13o7
HTML5/media/F8430185-03E3-C538-8362- MIlpzukCYJC-3z6
DE46812E97BE.pdf
Jeffrey P. Baker, 2003 Vaccine
P 1-2

Mercury, Vaccines, and Autism 18172138
One Controversy, Three Histories
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2 Archivo:
376879/pdf/0980244.pdf https://drive.google.com/open?id=1ut2
gq2Ph7rf7z4pm-C2T8shDuxQDqiBY
Jeffrey P. Baker, 2008 American Journal of Public Health
"Autism and its Histories" chapter.

Baker 2008 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1ut2gq2Ph7rf7z4pm-
C2T8shDuxQDqiBY
P 7:
The events that would bring these three histories together began in 1997, when New Jersey
Representative Frank Pallone, representing a district concerned about environmental
mercury poisoning, appended a rider to the FDA Modernization Act of that year to assess all
of the agency’s products for mercury content. In response, the Center for Biologics
Evaluation and Research (CBER) at the FDA initiated a formal risk assessment of
thimerosal in vaccines beginning in April 1998.
[…]
Although acknowledging the many uncertainties involved, the FDA responded by inviting
vaccine advisory bodies for consultation in June 1999. There followed a rapid series of
meetings and conference calls involving representatives of the American Academy of
Pediatrics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), culminating in a joint
statement released on July 9, 1999. Although noting that there was no evidence that the use
of thimerosal as a vaccine preservative had caused any true harm, the groups agreed that
50 | Capítulo 5: Ciencia intencionadamente sesgada
“thimerosal-containing vaccines should be removed as soon as possible” given the concerns

raised by the Environmental Protection Agency’s guidelines.

C2T8shDuxQDqiBY
P 7:
Meanwhile, the third of the historical streams, represented by parents within the
“alternative” autism community, rapidly entered the debate. As detailed by journalist David
Kirby, it was in fact a group of parents of autistic children (rather than parental
organizations critical of vaccination such as the National Vaccine Information Center) who
first seized upon thimerosal as an explanation for the autism epidemic.

C2T8shDuxQDqiBY
P 7-8:
Parents organized effectively in the political realm as well. The self-designated “Mercury
Moms” created an advocacy organization, Safe Minds. They were instrumental in
persuading Congressman Burton to shift his focus from measles–mumps–rubella to
thimerosal in his congressional hearings. And they organized successfully to oppose a rider
to the Homeland Security Bill in 2003 that would protect thimerosal’s manufacturer from
legal action.

No vaccine for the scaremongers http://archive.is/BAwsA
Sitio web:
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/6/08-030608/en/
Despite these successes, vaccine anxieties continue to periodically impede this highly
effective public health measure. In certain industrialized countries, most notably the USA,
public concern has shifted its focus from the diseases vaccination can prevent, to the risks of
the vaccines themselves. The Internet has become a significant channel for anti-vaccination
views. The popular video-sharing web site YouTube offers a plethora of anti-vaccination
clips. The Internet has also become a forum for alternative medicine practitioners to present
their anti-vaccination ideas and promote alternative products.
Anti-Vaccination Movement and Parental
Refusals of Immunization of Children in USA
https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0031393912000042/1- Archivo:
s2.0-S0031393912000042- https://drive.google.com/open?id=1zK
main.pdf?_tid=5c8518f3-e7ca-4c27-9453- ynoN4jsw_8X1RcstnPtUK4xOw-
70eb7f0defdf&acdnat=1537379447_77722dce80 6Wwr
b2060107f2ee77ed7af03d
Marian Ołpinski, 2012 Pediatria Polska
P 4:
The most influential medium for parents beliefs about immunizations seems to be Internet.
Approximately 74% of Americans have Internet access. In 2006, 16% of users searched
online for information on immunizations or vaccinations. Over half (52%) of users believe
‘‘almost all’’ or ‘‘most’’ information on health sites are credible, yet the availability of
inaccurate and deceptive information online has labeled the Internet a ‘‘modern Pandora’s
box’’.

Vanishing Vaccinations: Why Are So Many Americans 15568260
Opting Out of Vaccinating Their Children?
Steve P. Calandrillo, 2004 University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
From the abstract:
The internet worsens fears regarding vaccination safety, as at least a dozen websites publish
alarming information about the risks of vaccines. Increasing numbers of parents are refusing
immunizations for their children and seeking legally sanctioned exemptions instead,
apparently fearing vaccines more than the underlying diseases that they protect against. A
variety of factors are at play: religious and philosophical beliefs, freedom and individualism,
misinformation about risk, and overperception of risk. State legislatures and health
departments now face a difficult challenge: respecting individual rights and freedoms while
also safeguarding the public welfare.

The Psychology of Anti-Vaxers: How Story Trumps Science Oct 19, 2014
Sitio web: Archivo:

The Atlantic hhttp://archive.is/uOhEJ
http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/10/how-anti-
vaccine-fear-takes-hold/381355/
For example –
Jacklyn Smoot, a 26 year-old new mother from Orange, California, feels torn. Her son’s
pediatrician and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention assure her that vaccines are
safe and effective. Smoot hears personal stories from vaccine skeptics like her mother, some
friends, and Internet bloggers, however, who warn that vaccines can cause injury or death.
She wonders who is right.
Smoot’s struggle began when she got a flu shot in December 2012. Her mother’s reaction
surprised her. “She said, ‘What? But you’re pregnant!’ She scared me,” Smoot says. “I
found myself online for three hours trying to figure out if it was a good idea that I had gotten
the flu shot while I was pregnant.”
Then she got on the Internet.
Smoot downloaded the recommended immunization schedule from the CDC website. She
looked up each vaccine on the schedule. Although she says she tried to look at a variety of
trustworthy websites, she can only remember reading any information supporting
vaccination on the CDC website. Smoot, however, says she does not trust doctors and
scientists. “I know they’re just going to tell me they’re safe, and they’re recommended, and
this is what you’re supposed to do,” she says.
Dr. Neal Halsey is a professor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and
the School of Medicine. He runs the Institute for Vaccine Safety, providing independent
assessment of and education on vaccine safety. “The vaccines we have available that are
recommended for routine use in children are very safe vaccines,” he says.
Dr. Diane Griffin, a virologist and chair of the molecular biology and immunology
department at Johns Hopkins, agrees. “Oh, yes, vaccines are very safe,” she says.
According to the CDC, vaccines in the United States are the most safe and effective
immunizations in history. The CDC’s website says severe reactions to vaccines “occur so
rarely that the risk is difficult to calculate.”
“I probably find more information that says vaccines aren’t safe,” she says. “I think it’s only
because …” She pauses. “Well, I don’t really know. It could be maybe what I’m paying
attention to more.”
Talking with Parents about Vaccines for Infants
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/patient-ed/conversations/downloads/talk-infants-color-
office.pdf
CDC, 2012 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1CmLPr0
40TWioZcFMuyqifdm9GT9rsctH

Addressing Common Concerns of Vaccine-Hesitant Parents
https://www.aap.org/en-us/Documents/immunization_vaccine-hesitant%20parent_final.pdf
American Academy of Pediatrics, 2013 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1-
EzjdlPKRJgqy02o6xR_WypH7unz6fq6
The document contains examples of "parental concerns" and studies who answer them.

After $1 billion, experts see progress on autism's causes Sep 4, 2012
Sitio web: Archivo:

USA TODAY http://archive.is/ixi6Z
http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/story/2012-04-
09/researchers-autism-causes/54129282/1
More than $1 billion has been spent over the past decade searching for the causes of autism.
In some ways, the research looks like a long-running fishing expedition, with a focus on
everything from genetics to the age of the father, the weight of the mother, and how close a
child lives to a freeway.[…] The lion's share of money for finding a cause has been spent on
genetics. […]
But even genetics enthusiasts acknowledge that genes are only part of the answer. Studies of
identical twins have shown that autism can occur in one and not the other, meaning
something outside a child's DNA is triggering the disorder in many cases. Some cases may
be entirely due to other causes, Dawson said.
That broad "other" category means "environmental" influences — not necessarily chemicals,
but a grab bag of outside factors that include things like the age of the father at conception
and illnesses and medications the mother had while pregnant.

Vaccination Patterns in Children After Autism Spectrum Disorder 29582071
Diagnosis and in TheirYounger Siblings
https://relaped.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/3-1.pdf

Ousseny Zerbo, 2018 JAMA Pediatrics
P 2:
The etiology of ASD is unknown for the vast majority of cases; however, study findings
suggest that both genetic and environmental factors have a role.
Causes-Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) http://archive.is/7kOxv
Sitio web:
NHS website
http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Autistic-spectrum-disorder/Pages/Causes.aspx
Most researchers believe that certain genes a child inherits from their parents could make
them more vulnerable to developing ASD. Cases of ASD have been known to run in
families. For example, younger siblings of children with ASD can also develop the
condition, and it's common for identical twins to both develop ASD. No specific genes
linked to ASD have been identified, but it may be a presenting feature of some rare genetic
syndromes, including Fragile X syndrome, Williams syndrome and Angelman syndrome.

Autism's Tangled Genetics Full of Rare and June 8, 2011
Varied Mutations
Sitio web: Archivo:
Scientific American http://archive.is/jftAe
Large genetic studies have ruled out the idea that the malfunction of a universal gene or set
of genes causes autism. And the new papers, which assessed the genomes of about 1,000
families that had only one autistic child, revealed that the genetic mutations that are likely
responsible for the disorder are exceedingly rare—sometimes almost unique to an individual
patient. Even some of the most common point of mutations were found in only about 1
percent of autistic children.
Autism spectrum disorders—A genetics 21358411
review
http://www.nature.com/gim/journal/v13/n4/f Archivo:
ull/gim9201151a.html https://drive.google.com/open?id=1pK0vm5
TYvqNPFuIl_FgCyOFbKpQi4dM7
Judith H Miles, 2011 Genetics in Medicine
P 1:
Although it was initially assumed that major genome-wide and candidate gene association
studies would lead most directly to common autism genes, progress has been slow. Rather,
most discoveries have come from studies of known genetic disorders associated with the
behavioral phenotype.

Vaccine case draws new attention to autism debate Mar 7, 2008
Sitio web: Archivo:

CNN http://archive.is/qGAsI
http://edition.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/conditions/03/06/vacci
nes.autism/index.html
Numerous studies have shown no link between illness and the vaccines, public health
officials have long contended.

Placebo use in vaccine trials: Recommendations 24768580
of a WHO expert panel
157320/ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1mX
3RrTo-Jq6eEC-H_S1blqjDVfXYosUv
Annette Rid, 2014 Vaccine
P 2:
Randomised, placebo-controlled trials are widely considered the gold standard for
evaluating the safety and efficacy of a new vaccine.
15 Pages dedicated to Marie Curie, Alexander Fleming and Louis Pasteur:

http://lib.cet.ac.il/pages/item.asp?item=7936 Archivo: http://archive.is/Uiya1
http://lib.cet.ac.il/pages/item.asp?item=7935 Archivo: http://archive.is/xNcNK
http://lib.cet.ac.il/pages/item.asp?item=7931 Archivo: http://archive.is/2DQgz

Responsible Science, Volume I
https://www.nap.edu/catalog/1864/responsible-science-volume-i-ensuring-the-integrity-of-
the-research
NAS, 1992 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1782CN
gkLfXgxmkd3NtBj0diDm8PJjBb5
P 36:
Until the past decade, scientists, research institutions, and government agencies relied solely
on a system of self-regulation based on shared ethical principles and generally accepted
research practices to ensure integrity in the research process. Among the very basic
principles that guide scientists, as well as many other scholars, are those expressed as
respect for the integrity of knowledge, collegiality, honesty, objectivity, and openness.
These principles are at work in the fundamental elements of the scientific method, such as
formulating a hypothesis, designing an experiment to test the hypothesis, and collecting and
interpreting data. In addition, more particular principles characteristic of specific scientific
disciplines influence the methods of observation; the acquisition, storage, management, and
sharing of data; the communication of scientific knowledge and information; and the
training of younger scientists. How these principles are applied varies considerably among
the several scientific disciplines, different research organizations, and individual
investigators.

Responsible Science, Volume I
https://www.nap.edu/catalog/1864/responsible-science-volume-i-ensuring-the-integrity-of-
the-research
NAS, 1992 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1782CNg
kLfXgxmkd3NtBj0diDm8PJjBb5
P 95:
Regardless of the incidence, the panel emphasizes that even infrequent cases of misconduct
in science are serious matters. The number of confirmed incidents of misconduct in science,
together with the possibility of underreporting and the results presented in some preliminary
studies, indicate that misconduct in science is a problem that cannot be ignored. The
consequences of even infrequent cases of misconduct in science require that attention be
given to appropriate methods of treatment and prevention.

The 7 biggest problems facing science, according to 270 Sep 7, 2016
scientists
Sitio web: Archivo:
VOX http://archive.is/FvXSC
http://www.vox.com/2016/7/14/12016710/science-challeges-
research-funding-peer-review-process
Archivo:
http://archive.is/QP9Wz
Budget
Sitio web:
NIH website
https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/budget

Government Funding of Scientific Research http://archive.is/xYL6g
Sitio web:
NSF website
https://www.nsf.gov/nsb/documents/1997/nsb97186/nsb97186.htm#federal
Within the Federal budget, there should be an overall strategy for research, with areas of
increased and areas of decreased emphasis… To ensure the most effective use of Federal
discretionary funding it is essential that agreement be reached on which fields and which
investment strategies hold the greatest promise for new knowledge that will contribute most
effectively to better health, greater equity and social justice, improved living standards, a
sustainable environment, a secure national defense, and to extending our understanding of
nature.
A Yale scientist confesses about "funding biases" he Fecha:

performed in some of his studies, funded by commercial June 13, 2014
as well as government agencies, and explains that
pressure system under which governmental bodies
funding research are operating.
Nombre del artículo:
Research Funding: When Is the Money Dirty?
Sitio web: Archivo:

Huffington Post http://archive.is/Mz2fY
https://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-katz-md/research-
funding-when-is-_b_5493613.html
All research starts with biased funders and researchers — because in the absence of such
bias, it would be research no one would bother doing. I don’t think anyone runs studies in
the absence of hopes and preferences pertaining to the outcomes.
[…]
So, too, do all funders. While the NIH does not generally manufacture and sell the
interventions it studies, it certainly does care about the outcomes. NIH, too, must justify its
existence, and budget — just not to shareholders. NIH and all federal agencies are
accountable to Congress, and by extension to us, in our tax-paying multitudes. NIH
competes in the federal budget with other societal priorities (and, no doubt, pork-barrel
boondoggles); and perhaps more intensely, the various institutes compete with one another
for slices of the common pie. Too many negative study results tend to suggest that an
institute is not spending money all that well and wisely — and affect the outcome of that
competition. Even NIH program officers are biased about study outcomes.
21-40
Follow the Funding May 1, 2015
Sitio web: Archivo:

The Scientist http://archive.is/Wpcec
http://www.the-
scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/42799/title/Follow-the-
Funding/
A few years ago, David Sinclair’s lab was slipping through his fingers. With grant money
running dry and the outlook for overall federal research budgets bleak, the Harvard
geneticist was losing lab members because he couldn’t support them with funding from the
National Institutes of Health (NIH), as he had done in years past. Sinclair says his 18-
person-strong group dwindled to just four or five people. “And that was painful,” he recalls.
“I had to let people go for lack of money.”
And Sinclair says he’s not alone. “Even at a place like Harvard, I know [other] labs that
have downsized dramatically and even closed down,” he says. “So it’s hit across the board.”
22 A few articles from the scientific literature, demonstrating the high importance of submitting
a research proposal.
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0133061#pone.0133061.ref
012
Archivo: http://archive.is/B5y7y
http://www.bmj.com/content/317/7173/1647
Archivo: http://archive.is/ao0fc
http://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2016/01/research-funding.aspx
Archivo: http://archive.is/R4iUH
23 Dr. Boyd Hally desribes how the NIH stopped funding his research on Alzheimer disease
when he wanted to investigate mercury exposure as a possible cause.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8AQxkIcXrt0

What are the Chances of Getting Funded? http://archive.is/wiTtL
Sitio web:
NIH website
https://nexus.od.nih.gov/all/2015/06/29/what-are-the-chances-of-getting-funded/
According to NIH data, only 20-30% of applying researchers are granted funding of their
research proposals.

Financing Vaccines in the 21st Century: Assuring Access and Availability
https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10782/financing-vaccines-in-the-21st-century-assuring-access-
and-availability
IOM, 2004 https://drive.google.com/open?id=15_AilgxcXk
feOJaNbCgScTr2MbeuMTuD
P 116:
The major contributors to vaccine research in the United States are companies conducting
industrial research, government agencies (the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the
Department of Defense [DoD]), and the academic institutions they fund.

United States vaccine research: a delicate fabric of public and 9411380
private collaboration. National Vaccine Advisory Committee.
NVAC 1997 Pediatrics
Tabla 2 on P 2:
26 One example of many - Archivo:

Nombre de la página: http://archive.is/pfgvJ
GlaxoSmithKline to Plead Guilty and Pay $3 Billion to Resolve
Fraud Allegations and Failure to Report Safety Data
Sitio web:
US Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs
https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/glaxosmithkline-plead-guilty-and-pay-3-billion-resolve-
fraud-allegations-and-failure-report

Whistleblower on Medical Research Fraud: 'Positive Results Sep 10, 2015
Are Better for Your Career'
Sitio web: Archivo:
Spiegel Online http://archive.is/PA2Th
http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/spiegel-
interview-with-whistleblower-doctor-peter-wilmshurst-a-
1052159.html
SPIEGEL: How exactly did they offer it to you? They probably didn't say: "Here's a bribe
for you."
Wilmshurst: No, of course not! Initially we were talking about the results that I'd obtained:
That the drug that I had been testing for them did not work and had dangerous side effects.
Then the company representatives asked me to leave some of the patients out of the data
analysis. Without these patients, the study result would have been positive. When I said I
couldn't do that, they asked me not to publish the data. And to compensate me for the work I
had done in vain, they said, they would offer me this amount of money.

As drug industry’s influence over research grows, so does the Nov 24, 2012
potential for bias
Sitio web: Archivo:
Washington Post http://archive.is/eFJxM
https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/as-drug-
industrys-influence-over-research-grows-so-does-the-
potential-for-bias/2012/11/24/bb64d596-1264-11e2-be82-
c3411b7680a9_story.html
When the company is footing the bill, the opportunities for bias are manifold: Company
executives seeking to promote their drugs can design research that makes their products look
better. They can select like-minded academics to perform the work. And they can run the
statistics in ways that make their own drugs look better than they are. If troubling signs
about a drug arise, they can steer clear of further exploration.

Many Antidepressant Studies Found Tainted by Pharma Oct 21, 2015
Company Influence
Sitio web: Archivo:
Sceintific American http://archive.is/cxvEV
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/many-
antidepressant-studies-found-tainted-by-pharma-company-
influence/

Ten Great Public Health Achievements -- United http://archive.is/ZQXW
States, 1900-1999
Sitio web:
CDC website
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00056796.htm
Ten Great Public Health Achievements -- United States, 1900-1999:
Vaccination […]

Straight Talk about Vaccination Sep 1, 2011
Sitio web: Archivo:

Sceintific American http://archive.is/gFzXa
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/straight-talk-about-
vaccination/
This sad state of affairs exists because parents have been persistently and insidiously misled
by information in the press and on the Internet and because the health care system has not
effectively communicated the counterarguments, which are powerful.
[…]
The key facts parents need to know, though, are that vaccines prevent potentially fatal
diseases, that vaccines have a high degree of safety, and that their safety is constantly
evaluated and reevaluated in a system operating independently from the pharmaceutical
companies that make vaccines.

How Many Scientists Fabricate and Falsify 19478950
Research? A Systematic Review and Meta-
Analysis of Survey Data Archivo:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P https://drive.google.com/open?id=1qOwU
MC2685008/pdf/pone.0005738.pdf Wd9WRgChSUN-jNC8AJjaaT2yuEBR
Daniele Fanelli, 2009 PLOS One
P 1:
A pooled weighted average of 1.97% […] of scientists admitted to have fabricated, falsified
or modified data or results at least once –a serious form of misconduct by any standard– and
up to 33.7% admitted other questionable research practices. In surveys asking about the
behaviour of colleagues, admission rates were 14.12% […] for falsification, and up to 72%
for other questionable research practices.
[…]
Considering that these surveys ask sensitive questions and have other limitations, it appears
likely that this is a conservative estimate of the true prevalence of scientific misconduct.

A Population-Based Study Of Measles, 12421889
Mumps, And Rubella Vaccination And Archivo:
Autism
http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Yr4-
Moa021134 bZH0ybUOZcp52BHoxzR_A1gjSSG6

Kreesten Meldgaard Madsen , 2002 NEJM

Madsen 2002 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Yr4-
bZH0ybUOZcp52BHoxzR_A1gjSSG6
P 1:
This study provides strong evidence against the hypothesis that MMR vaccination causes
autism

Study Finds No Link Between MMR Vaccine and Autism Nov 7, 2002
Sitio web: Archivo:
LA Times http://archive.is/K80dM
http://articles.latimes.com/2002/nov/07/science/sci-autism7

Danish Study Finds No Links Between Vaccine and Autism Nov 6, 2002
Sitio web: Archivo:
Wall Street Journal http://archive.is/bXtrs
http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB103661903159271588
The Autism-Vaccine Myth Sep 5, 2014
Sitio web: Archivo:
PBS http://archive.is/QNv9e
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/autism-vaccine-
myth.html
The New England Journal of Medicine publishes "A population-based study of measles,
mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism" by Madsen et al. These authors
describe "strong arguments" against the hypothesis that the MMR vaccine causes autism,
based on an analysis of data from 537,303 children in Denmark, 82% of whom had received
the MMR vaccine.

Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism http://archive.is/SCAqJ
Sitio web:
CDC website
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/autism.html
Do Vaccines Cause Autism? http://archive.is/4VNXR
Sitio web:
Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health - Institute for Vaccine Safety
http://www.vaccinesafety.edu/vs-autism.htm

Vaccine Safety: Examine the Evidence https://drive.google.com/open?id=1l1B_
FNOu118F7xhM8z7zhmohkVYgoJfs
Sitio web:
AAP, 2013
https://www.aap.org/en-us/Documents/immunization_vaccine_studies.pdf
Information Sheet Observed Rate Of Vaccine Reactions Measles, Mumps And Rubella
Vaccines
WHO, 2014 https://drive.google.com/open?id=12JQo
http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/initiative/too DTvzr3qlbq93QChZP8a_vhOSn9J5
ls/MMR_vaccine_rates_information_sheet.pdf
P 3, 9

causality.aspx
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1nl18cdV_y3TtQBz
IOM, 2011
oCq0tSiuYmHF1_yYQ
P 145(174)

Denmark scientist accused of stealing autism research Apr 13, 2011
money
Sitio web: Archivo:
Reuters http://archive.is/h1qLN
A scientist in Denmark has been indicted by a federal grand jury in Atlanta for allegedly
stealing $1 million in grant money that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention had
earmarked for autism research. U.S. prosecutors on Wednesday said they are seeking to
extradite Poul Thorsen, 49, accused of wire fraud and money laundering. He used the stolen
money to buy a home in Atlanta, a Harley Davidson motorcycle and two cars, prosecutors
said. […] Thorsen, a visiting scientist at the Atlanta-based CDC in the 1990s, helped two
government agencies in Denmark obtain $11 million in research grants. He moved back to
Denmark in 2002 to be principal investigator for the program. Prosecutors said he was also
in charge of administering the research dollars, earmarked in part to study the relationship
between autism and exposure to vaccines.
Dane indicted for defrauding CDC Apr 13, 2011
Sitio web: Archivo:
Atlanta Business Chronicle https://web.archive.org/web/201
http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/news/2011/04/13/da 80919220752/https://webcache.
ne-indicted-for-defrauding-cdc.html googleusercontent.com/search?q
=cache:sU81j6AiPG8J:https://w
ww.bizjournals.com/atlanta/new
s/2011/04/13/dane-indicted-for-
defrauding-
cdc.html+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=cl
nk&gl=il&client=firefox-b
Thorsen worked in the 1990s as a visiting scientist at the CDC Division of Birth Defects and
Developmental Disabilities, when the CDC was soliciting grant applications for research
related to infant disabilities. Thorsen promoted the idea of awarding the grant to Denmark
and provided input and guidance for the research. From 2000 to 2009, the CDC awarded
more than $11 million to two governmental agencies in Denmark to study the relationship
between autism and exposure to vaccines…
Fugitive Profiles
Sitio web: Archivo:
Office of Inspector General, HHS http://archive.is/wip/4qVfg
https://oig.hhs.gov/fraud/fugitives/profiles.asp#other-
fugitives

Association Between Thimerosal-Containing Vaccine and 14519711
Autism
Anders Hviid, 2003 JAMA
Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination and Asthma-like Disease 18845551
in Early Childhood
Anders Hviid, 2008 American Journal of
Epidemiology
Autism and Thimerosal containing vaccines: lack of consistent 12880876
evidence for an association.
Paul Stehr-Green, 2003 American Journal of
Preventive Medicine
Thimerosal and the Occurrence of Autism: Negative Ecological 12949291
Evidence From Danish Population-Based Data
Kreesten M. Madsen, 2003 Pediatrics

Article title, P 1

P 6:
Supported by grants from…the National Vaccine Program Office and National
Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention…
41-60
Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism http://archive.is/SCAqJ
Sitio web:
CDC website
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/autism.html
There is no link between vaccines and autism

causality.aspx
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1nl18cdV_y3TtQBz
IOM, 2011
oCq0tSiuYmHF1_yYQ
P 50 (79):
Epidemiologic analyses are usually unable to detect an increased or decreased risk that is
small, unless the study population is very large or the difference between the groups (e.g.,
vaccinated vs. unvaccinated) at risk is very high… These studies also can fail to detect risks
that affect a small subset of the population.

P 2:
We performed an extensive record review for 40 children with autistic disorder…

P 2:
We determined MMR-vaccination status on the basis of vaccination data reported to the
National Board of Health by general practitioners, who administer all MMR vaccinations in
Denmark.

P 5:
We assume that the data on MMR vaccination are almost complete, since general
practitioners in Denmark are reimbursed only after reporting immunization data to the
National Board of Health.

Data obtained from Tabla 2

P 3:
We calculated the relative risk with adjustment for age, calendar period, sex, birth weight,
gestational age, mother’s education, and socioeconomic status.

Increasing Exposure to Antibody-Stimulating Proteins 23545349
and Polysaccharides
in Vaccines Is Not Associated with Risk of Autism Archivo:
http://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(13)00144- https://drive.google.com/open?id=
3/pdf 1LVEHpSumks-
XGbdd7DujwX2hDOP4ltVl
Frank DeStefano, 2013 The Journal Of Pediatrics

DeStefano 2013 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1LVEHpSumks-
Study Title P 1:
Increasing Exposure to Antibody-Stimulating Proteins and Polysaccharides in Vaccines Is
Not Associated with Risk of Autism

P1
51 Few examples –
No link between vaccines and autism
No link between Type 1 diabetes and vaccines of the childhood program
No link between vaccines and asthma
No link between thimerosal in vaccines and neurological disabilities
Influenza and H1N1 vaccines are safe
52 Archivo:
http://archive.is/bh8oL

P1

New study finds no link between 'too many vaccines' and Mar 29, 2013
autism
Sitio web: Archivo:
NBC http://archive.is/oDjiE
http://vitals.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/29/17516929-new-
study-finds-no-link-between-too-many-vaccines-and-autism

New study finds no link between 'too many vaccines' and Mar 29, 2013
autism
Sitio web: Archivo:
NBC http://archive.is/oDjiE
http://vitals.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/29/17516929-new-
study-finds-no-link-between-too-many-vaccines-and-autism
“This study looked into the concern that receiving too many vaccines at one doctor’s visit
or too many vaccines during the first two years of life may be linked to the development
of autism,” the report’s lead author, Dr. Frank DeStefano told NBC chief med ical editor
Dr. Nancy Snyderman. “We found they’re not related.”
DeStefano hopes the new research will convince parents that it’s safe to follow CDC
vaccination schedules.
[…]
“The number of vaccines in the current immunization schedule is what’s needed to protect
children,” he said. “It’s not too many for a child’s immune system.”

Vaccines Not Linked To Autism. Again. Mar 29, 2013
Sitio web: Archivo:
Forbes http://archive.is/QVEo0
http://www.forbes.com/sites/emilywillingham/2013/03/29/vac
cines-not-linked-to-autism-again/#5b452ca95166

Multiple Vaccines Not Linked To Autism Risk Mar 30, 2013
Sitio web: Archivo:
Medical News Today http://archive.is/Tsbin
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/258414.php

Number Of Early Childhood Vaccines Not Linked To Mar 29, 2013
Autism
Sitio web: Archivo:
NPR http://archive.is/V8Xst
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-
shots/2013/03/29/175626824/the-number-of-early-childhood-
vaccines-not-linked-to-autism
No link found between autism and number of vaccines Mar 29, 2013
Sitio web: Archivo:

CBS News http://archive.is/TKUmJ
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/no-link-found-between-
autism-and-number-of-vaccines/

Multiple Vaccinations on Same Day Does Not Raise Autism Mar 29, 2013
Risk
Sitio web: Archivo:
Time Magazine http://archive.is/eB8AB
http://healthland.time.com/2013/03/29/multiple-vaccinations-
on-same-day-does-not-raise-autism-risk/

For example, P 2:
we evaluated the associations between the total cumulative exposure to antibody stimulating
proteins and polysaccharides from childhood vaccinations and... ASD outcomes
or P 7:
however, we found no association between exposure to antigens from vaccines during
infancy and the development of ASD with regression.

P 1:
A recent survey found that parents’ top vaccine-related concerns included administration of
too many vaccines during the first 2 years of life, administration of too many vaccines in a
single doctor visit, and a possible link between vaccines and learning disabilities, such as
autism.

P 1:
Using the number of antibody-stimulating proteins and polysaccharides contained in
vaccines as a measure, we evaluated the association between the level of immunologic
stimulation received from vaccines during the first 2 years of life and the risk of developing
an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including specific ASD subtypes.

P 2, Tabla 1
61-80
P 4:
Admittedly, this approach assumes that all proteins and polysaccharides in a vaccine evoke
equivalent immune responses, whereas some proteins actually may be more likely than
others to stimulate an immune response. Moreover, the calculations do not take into account
the number of epitopes per antigen or the immunologic strength of each epitope.

P 4:
Nonetheless, we believe that our estimates provide a valid relative ranking of the antigen
content of vaccines.

P 4:
The immunization schedule in effect during the years in which our study children were
vaccinated included some, such as diphtheria, tetanus, and whole-cell pertussis, that were
cruder and more antigenic than current vaccines, and also caused more side effects. Removal
of whole-cell pertussis vaccine from the childhood vaccination schedule has substantially
decreased the antigenic load from vaccines.

P 2, Tabla 1
65 Nombre del artículo (traducido del hebreo): Fecha:

Are vaccines a burden on the immune system? Mar 17, 2018
(Answer: no) Archivo:
http://archive.is/QfpPN
Sitio web:
Davidson institute, Educational arm of Weizmann Institute for Science, Rehovot, Israel
(Traducido del hebreo)
A 2013 study [DeStefano 2013] looked at another question – is there an association between
the number of anigens and the risk for autism […] Like many other studies done since, this
2013 study also concluded there is none.

Autoimmune disorders and quadrivalent human 24206418
papillomavirus vaccination of young female subjects Archivo:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joim.12155/ https://drive.google.com/open?id=
pdf 1dSrBeFU_P-
ZKrSaMwoaow6Pc9rst9isY
L. Grimaldi-Bensouda, 2014 Journal of Internal Medicine

Grimaldi-Bensouda 2014 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1dSrBeFU_P-
P 9:
Funding
funded by an unrestricted grant from Sanofi Pasteur MSD
Merck and Sanofi-Pasteur closed their joint company in 2016.

68 http://www.msd.com/about/featured-stories/spmsd/index.html
Archivo:
https://web.archive.org/web/20180907083210/http://www.msd.com/about/featured-
stories/spmsd/index.html

P 9:
Funding
The Scientific Committee for the study received honoraria from Sanofi Pasteur MSD

P 8:
Conflict of interest statement
71 The LA-SER (LASER ANALYTICA) company was purchased in 2018 from another
company. Due to this, the company website (http://www.la-ser.com) is no longer available.
These excerpts were copied from the company's website, when it was still online.
5 of the top 8 major pharma manufacturers and 15 mid-size companies and biotechs already
use PGRx
http://www.la-ser.com/services-2/data-solutions/
We provide cutting edge outcomes research designed to demonstrate the benefit to patients
that products and health technologies provide.
http://www.la-ser.com/services-2/real-world-evidence/
Founded by one of the world’s pioneers and leaders in pharmacoepidemiology and public
health, Professor Lucien Abenhaim, who directed the famous McGill
Pharmacoepidemiology Education Program for several years, LASER ANALYTICA offers
unique consulting capabilities in these domains.
http://www.la-ser.com/services-2/real-world-evidence/
A news story about LA-SER acquiring Analytica:

http://myemail.constantcontact.com/LA-SER-Group-Grows-Worldwide-Healthcare-
Economics-Consulting-Capabilities.html?soid=1102157698477&aid=K05zKxx4Z4c
Archivo: http://archive.is/U0iWM
A news story about LA-SER being acquired by Certara:

https://www.certara.com/pressreleases/certara-acquires-analytica-laser-a-leader-in-market-
access-health-economics-and-outcomes-research-heor-and-real-world-evidence-solutions?/
Archivo: http://archive.is/TtBdC

MMWR Vol. 63, No. 5
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr6305.pdf
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1KF2xY
CDC, 2014
aHnQs8NrjCW1owte8XUM_-s2NOM
P 28 (30)

HPV Vaccine is Safe — (Gardasil)
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/pdf/data-summary-hpv-gardasil-vaccine-is-safe.pdf
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1HxmM
CDC, 2016
kj_j9UedaLjabAkHNH05f2Ma9fF-
P2
As of July 2020.
74 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joim.12155/citedby

P 9:
LA-SER, an independent research organisation that owns and develops the PGRx.database.

P 3:
Human papillomavirus vaccination history was assessed using prescription records received
from cases and referents, as well as directly from GPs and during the telephone interviews.
In addition, the researchers obtained the vaccination status of subjects with whom a
telephone connection wasn't made, which indicate they had another source for the
information (see note to Fig 1, P 6)

P 3:
For each AD case, only referents with no history of that particular type of AD were selected
as potential controls.

P 4, Tabla 1

15249303
Vaccination and Allergic Disease: A Birth Cohort Archivo:

Study https://drive.google.com/open?id=13b5
http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/ r3JluMRXKcXVsouZfPpCDPsnDqkqI
AJPH.94.6.985
Tricia M. McKeever, 2004 American Journal of Public Health

McKeever 2004 https://drive.google.com/open?id=13b5r3JluMRXKcXVsouZfP
pCDPsnDqkqI
P 1:
Results. We found an association between vaccination and the development of allergic
disease; however, this association was present only among children with the fewest
physician visits and can be explained by this factor.
Conclusions. Our data suggest that currently recommended routine vaccinations are not a
risk factor for asthma or eczema.
81-100
School of Medicine - School staff listing http://archive.is/Hhsw2
Sitio web:
University of Nottingham
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/medicine/people/tricia.mckeever

pCDPsnDqkqI
P 1:
An unexplained increase in the prevalence of allergic disease has occurred in the developed
world in the past few decades. During the same period, there has been an increase in mass
immunization, leading to the hypothesis that certain vaccines may increase the risk of
allergic disease.

pCDPsnDqkqI
P 1:
It is clearly important to gain a detailed understanding of the relationship between
vaccination and allergic disease, because a perception that vaccination is harmful may have
an adverse impact on the effectiveness of immunization programs.

pCDPsnDqkqI
P 2:
Children who are not taken to the doctor are less likely to be vaccinated and also have less
of an opportunity to have a diagnosis of allergic disease recorded.

pCDPsnDqkqI
P 1:
We identified children who were registered with their general practitioner (GP) (their
primary care physician) within 3 months of birth and whose medical history contained at
least 1 physician visit at any time.

Vaccination And Risk Of Allergic Disease 15623850
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449840/
Eric L. Hurwitz , 2005 American Journal of Public Health

pCDPsnDqkqI
P 4:
These data, together with other published evidence, suggest that current vaccination
practices do not have an adverse effect on the incidence of allergic disease.

Pervasive Developmental Disorders in Montreal, 16818529
Quebec, Canada: Prevalence and Links With Archivo:
Immunizations https://drive.google.com/open?i
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/1/e139 d=1lBvQzmoUd1U2XQk7vJR7
fnwvS_XJPxMd
Eric Fombonne, 2006 Pediatrics
89 Some vaccies-autism Fombonne atricles:

No evidence for a new variant of measles-mumps-rubella-induced autism.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11581466
MMR vaccination and pervasive developmental disorders: a case-control study.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15364187
Is there an epidemic of autism?

Epidemiology of pervasive developmental disorders.

Thimerosal disappears but autism remains.


Fombonne 2006 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1lBvQzmoUd1U2XQk7vJR7
fnwvS_XJPxMd
P 1:
In the United Kingdom, Dr Fombonne has provided advice on the epidemiology and clinical
aspects of autism to scientists advising parents, to vaccine manufacturers, and to several
government committees between 1998 and 2001. Since June 2004, Dr Fombonne has been
an expert witness for vaccine manufacturers in US thimerosal litigation. None of his
research has ever been funded by the industry.

fnwvS_XJPxMd
P 11:
Children with autism and their younger unaffected siblings should be vaccinated.
Unvaccinated children are at much higher risk of contracting measles and suffering from its
sometimes severe or lethal complications.

No Autism-Vaccine Link, Researchers Re-Confirm July 5, 2006
Sitio web: Archivo:

MEDPAGE TODAY http://archive.is/NWRZ5
http://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/vaccines/36
69
As the mercury-containing preservative thimerosal was removed from vaccines, and as
fewer children received the mumps-measles-rubella vaccine, the rates of autism and related
disorders rose among Canadian school children.
In a study of nearly 28,000 children born between 1987 and 1998, the prevalence of
pervasive developmental disorders was greater in those children vaccinated after the
mercury-containing compound thimerosal was completely eliminated from vaccines in
Canada, reported Eric Fombonne, M.D., of McGill University in Montreal, and colleagues.
Vaccines And Autism July 6, 2006
Sitio web: Archivo:

CBS http://archive.is/mPFH3
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/vaccines-and-autism/
New research from Canada may not end the debate about childhood vaccines and autism —
but it offers more evidence that vaccines are not to blame for the dramatic rise in reported
cases of the developmental disorder.
Study: Vaccines Don't Cause Autism July 6, 2006
Sitio web: Archivo:
WEBMD http://archive.is/4Dsbb
http://www.webmd.com/children/vaccines/news/20060706/stu
dy-vaccines-dont-cause-autism
New research from Canada may not end the debate about childhood vaccines and autism,
but it offers more evidence that vaccines are not to blame for the dramatic rise in reported
cases of the developmental disorder.
The study examined outcomes among 28,000 children in Quebec, exposed to different
dosages of the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine[…]

Vaccines And Autism July 6, 2006
Sitio web: Archivo:
CBS http://archive.is/mPFH3
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/vaccines-and-autism/
Our study once again rules out MMR as a cause for autism.

No Autism-Vaccine Link, Researchers Re-Confirm July 5, 2006
Sitio web: Archivo:

MEDPAGE TODAY http://archive.is/NWRZ5
http://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/vaccines/36
69
We hope this study will finally put to rest the pervasive belief linking vaccines with
developmental diseases like autism.
95 As of July 2020
https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/1/e139/tab-article-info

Vaccines and Autism: Evidence Does Not Support a Causal 17928818
Association
https://ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1038/sj.clpt.6
Archivo:
100407 https://drive.google.com/o
pen?id=1UcEA2dqSucbfz
vLnwCEzvP5F16QRzaSi
Frank DeStefano, 2007 Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
P 2:
Similarly, a study conducted in Montreal found that the birth cohort prevalence of pervasive
developmental disorders, which include autism, increased from 1987 to 1998, whereas
during the same time MMR vaccination coverage showed a statistically significant decrease.

The Childhood Immunization Schedule and Safety
Stakeholder Concerns, Scientific Evidence, and Future Studies
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1no7T_
IOM, 2013
Zx03ToHXlEMGix9miyZMhiRIVtW
P 86 (103):
The initial literature search identified 32 papers on the relationship between immunizations
or vaccines and pervasive developmental disorder… each of the other four papers might
help with a study of the schedule.
[…]
This was an ecological study, but the data were interpreted carefully and the differences in
appropriate trends were noted.

causality.aspx
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1nl18cdV_y3Tt
IOM, 2011
QBzoCq0tSiuYmHF1_yYQ
P 145 (174):
[it was] not considered in the weight of epidemiologic evidence because they provided… an
ecological comparison study lacking individual-level data.

fnwvS_XJPxMd
P 5:
For the 10 birth cohorts with available data, the average MMR uptake in Quebec was…
And P 7:
Vaccination uptake of MMR was high in Quebec, averaging 93.2% over the study years.

fnwvS_XJPxMd
P 4:
Data on MMR uptake for the study period were available through the Direction de Sante´
Publique de la Capitale Nationale (N.Boulianne, BN, MSc, written communication, 2005).
101-114
A Tale of Two Cities: Flawed Epidemiology Mar 7, 2007
Author: Archivo:
F. Edward Yazbak http://archive.is/253mj

A Tale of Two Cities: Flawed Epidemiology Mar 7, 2007
Author: Archivo:
F. Edward Yazbak http://archive.is/253mj
As a note, I believe the evidence of no link between MMR and Autism is sufficient. It's not
worth publishing more on this subject. We will not be publishing this exchange of
correspondence.

fnwvS_XJPxMd
P 3:
the LBPSB has a special support team to monitor the progress of children with PDD in its
schools. This team keeps a list of children with a PDD diagnosis, which is updated on a
weekly basis. The children with PDD who are the focus of this study were identified via
this list.

fnwvS_XJPxMd
P 4:
Individual immunization data were not available for study subjects.

fnwvS_XJPxMd
P 10:
… data about regression in the course of the development of children with PDD were not
available in this study …

Effects of Editorial Peer Review 12038911
A Systematic Review Archivo:
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?arti https://drive.google.com/open?id=1RYb
cleid=194989 u-
FqONzxV07oMQMJSLJHZlkNHJCHz
Tom Jefferson, 2002 JAMA
P 1:
CONCLUSIONS: Editorial peer review, although widely used, is largely untested and its
effects are uncertain.

Peer review: a flawed process at the heart of 16574968
science and journals
420798/pdf/0178.pdf https://drive.google.com/open?id=1O
al3x_lv_A7W_xJKy12F0HsqhDA38
RQJ
Richard Smith, 2006 Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
P 2:
At the BMJ we did several studies where we inserted major errors into papers that we then
sent to many reviewers. Nobody ever spotted all of the errors. Some reviewers did not spot
any, and most reviewers spotted only about a quarter.

Should academics be paid for peer review? Mar 16, 2016
Sitio web: Archivo:

THE http://archive.is/OUeBu
https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/should-
academics-be-paid-for-peer-review
As the number of papers needing review increases, journals are thinking of replacing a
voluntary system with cash rewards

Smith 2006 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Oal3x_lv_A7W_xJKy12F0
HsqhDA38RQJ
P 2:
Peer review sometimes picks up fraud by chance, but generally it is not a reliable method
for detecting fraud because it works on trust.

HsqhDA38RQJ
P 5:
Some journals, including the BMJ, make it a condition of submission that the editors can
ask for the raw data behind a study. We did so once or twice, only to discover that
reviewing raw data is difficult, expensive, and time consuming.

HsqhDA38RQJ
P 2:
So we have little evidence on the effectiveness of peer review, but we have considerable
evidence on its defects. In addition to being poor at detecting gross defects and almost
useless for detecting fraud it is slow, expensive, profligate of academic time, highly
subjective, something of a lottery, prone to bias, and easily abused.

John Ioannidis has dedicated his life to quantifying how Feb 16, 2015
science is broken
Sitio web: Archivo:
VOX http://archive.is/4nIGf
http://www.vox.com/2015/2/16/8034143/john-ioannidis-
interview
Recently there’s increasing emphasis on trying to have post-publication review. Once a
paper is published, you can comment on it, raise questions or concerns. But most of these
efforts don’t have an incentive structure in place that would help them take off. There’s
also no incentive for scientists or other stakeholders to make a very thorough and critical
review of a study, to try to reproduce it, or to probe systematically and spend real effort on
re-analysis. We need to find ways people would be rewarded for this type of
reproducibility or bias checks.

How Many Scientists Fabricate and Falsify Research? 19478950
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Survey Archivo:
Data https://drive.google.com/open?i
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC268500 d=1qOwUWd9WRgChSUN-
8/ jNC8AJjaaT2yuEBR
Daniele Fanelli, 2009 PLOS One
P 1:
A pooled weighted average of 1.97% […] of scientists admitted to have fabricated,
falsified or modified data or results at least once –a serious form of misconduct by any
standard– and up to 33.7% admitted other questionable research practices. In surveys
asking about the behaviour of colleagues, admission rates were 14.12% […] for
falsification, and up to 72% for other questionable research practices.

HsqhDA38RQJ
P 2:
So we have little evidence on the effectiveness of peer review, but we have considerable
evidence on its defects. In addition to being poor at detecting gross defects and almost
useless for detecting fraud it is slow, expensive, profligate of academic time, highly
subjective, something of a lottery, prone to bias, and easily abused.
Capítulo 6: Los estudios que nunca se
harán
1-20
The Journey of Your Child's Vaccine https://archive.is/uuJeo
Sitio web:
CDC website
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/infographics/journey-of-child-vaccine.html

The Childhood Immunization Schedule and Safety
Stakeholder Concerns, Scientific Evidence, and Future Studies
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1no7T_Zx03To
IOM, 2013
HXlEMGix9miyZMhiRIVtW
P 40 (57):
…the sample sizes in prelicensing clinical trials may not have been adequate to detect rare
adverse events, the prelicensing study population may not have been monitored for long-
term adverse events, and populations may not have been heterogeneous.

IOM 2013 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1no7T_Zx03ToHXlEMGix9
miyZMhiRIVtW
P 70 (87):
The committee also acknowledges that the public health community has in place monitoring
systems that work very well for the detection of adverse events that occur in the short term
after immunization.

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 94 (111):
The committee’s review confirmed that research on immunization safety has mostly
developed around studies examining potential associations between individual vaccines and
single outcomes. Few studies have attempted more global assessments of entire sequence of
immunizations or variations in the overall immunization schedule and categories of health
outcomes, and none has squarely examined the issue of health outcomes and stakeholder
concerns in quite the way that the committee was asked to do in its statement of task. None
has compared entirely unimmunized populations with those fully immunized for the health
outcomes of concern to stakeholders.

miyZMhiRIVtW
78 | Capítulo 6: Los estudios que nunca se harán
P 86-88 (103-105)

Seeking The Truth About The Never-Vaccinated http://archive.is/GDQXz
Sitio web:
Age of Autism
http://www.ageofautism.com/2007/12/seeking-the-tru.html
Compulsory Vaccination Briefly Considered
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1_bol5t6Zyrnej
John Gibbs, 1856
9goXH9P2fmoTQYrMI8X
P 10-11:
The main question for the consideration of science is not whether vaccination be a
protection against one form of disease, but what is its general influence upon the
constitution?
[…]
What is the percentage of deaths before a given age, from all epidemics, amongst the
vaccinated, as compared with the unvaccinated? What is the percentage respectively of cases
of disease of the respiratory organs, of skin diseases, of scrofula, and of convulsions? What
is the average duration of life amongst the vaccinated and amongst the unvaccinated? Of a
thousand children vaccinated within a given time after birth, and of a thousand
unvaccinated, the whole two thousand being placed as nearly as possible in like
circumstances, what percentage in each thousand attain the age of puberty? These are
statistics with which the advocates of vaccination have never grappled.

Congressional Record Volume 159 http://archive.is/f1WSj
Sitio web:
US Government Publishing Office
https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2013-04-26/html/CREC-2013-04-26-pt1-
PgE576.htm
Before coming to Congress in 2009, I heard from some in the autism community who have
advocated for a retrospective study to examine whether there are different health outcomes
when comparing vaccinated children and unvaccinated children, including autism and
chronic conditions. I have continued to hear these requests over the past four years.

No MMR-Autism Link in Large Study of http://archive.is/5mWxz
Vaccinated vs. Unvaccinated Kids
Sitio web:
Autism Speaks
https://www.autismspeaks.org/science/science-news/no-mmr-autism-link-large-study-
vaccinated-vs-unvaccinated-kids

Vaccination Status and Health in Children and 21412506
Adolescents
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057555/
Roma Schmitz, 2011 Deutsches Ärzteblatt international

50 Anti-Vaccine Myths and https://web.archive.org/web/20150319024613/http:/ped
Misinformation (item 37) iatrics.about.com/od/immunizations/tp/Anti-Vaccine-
Myths-and-Misinformation.03.htm
Sitio web:
VeryWell Family
http://pediatrics.about.com/od/immunizations/tp/Anti-Vaccine-Myths-and-
Misinformation.03.htm
In contrast, a real study in Germany, "Vaccination Status and Health in Children and
Adolescents," looked at medical records from KiGGS to see "whether unvaccinated children
and adolescents differ from those vaccinated in terms of health."
The diseases they looked at included allergies, eczema, obstructive bronchitis, pneumonia
and otitis media, heart disease, anemia, epilepsy, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD).
Not surprisingly, this second study did find that unvaccinated children were more likely to
get vaccine-preventable diseases. However, it also concluded that "the prevalence of allergic
diseases and non-specific infections in children and adolescents was not found to depend on
vaccination status."
So, since these unvaccinated and vaccinated children had the same incidence of allergies,
pneumonia, and other conditions, etc., plus unvaccinated children were also more likely to
have vaccine-preventable diseases, such as measles and mumps, that hardly sounds like
unvaxed kids are healthier.

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 86 (103)

Autism costs estimated to reach nearly $500 billion, potentially July 28, 2015
$1 trillion, by 2025
Sitio web: Archivo:
UC DAVIES http://archive.is/XYc84
https://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/publish/news/newsroom/10214
13 A survey of Amish vaccination rate in illinois PMID:

Nombre del artículo: 17133167
Vaccination Usage Among An Old-Order Archivo:
Amish Community In Illinois
https://drive.google.com/open?i
https://journals.lww.com/pidj/Fulltext/2006/12000/VAC
CINATION_USAGE_AMONG_AN_OLD_ORDER_A d=1x7eQSXDluWYPH-
MISH.16.aspx 74YCVOWlx7m6Pj_Kip

Jonathan S. Yoder, 2006 The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
A survey of Amish vaccination rate and attitude in PMID:
Ohio 21708796
Underimmunization in Ohio’s Amish: Parental Fears Are
a Greater Obstacle Than Access to Care
Olivia K. Wenger, 2011 Pediatrics

Underimmunization in Ohio’s Amish: Parental Fears Are 21708796
a Greater Obstacle Than Access to Care
Olivia K. Wenger, 2011 Pediatrics
P 5:
Similar to our study, a survey of an Arthur, Illinois, Amish population found that parents
were most concerned about vaccine safety rather than availability, cost, prioritization, or
alignment with religious values.

Olmsted, who worked in news agency UPI, published the series on UPI's website. The series
was later removed from the site. It can be read here:
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1BCJfmWLMrjSuZ8vRYa6LL4slSnhXdfk3

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) http://archive.is/NOyDo
Sitio web:
CDC
http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/index.html
CDC is committed to continuing to provide essential data on ASD, search for factors that
put children at risk for ASD and possible causes, and develop resources that help identify
children with ASD as early as possible.

Pertussis Outbreak in an Amish Community --- http://archive.is/Kc2RD
Kent County, Delaware, September 2004--February
2005
Sitio web:
CDC
This report describes an outbreak of pertussis in an Amish community in Kent County,
Delaware, during September 2004--February 2005, that resulted in 345 cases and affected
primarily preschool-aged children.
[…]
To maximize active surveillance and control measures, a door-to-door case finding and
contact investigation program was instituted.
Haemophilus influenzae Type b disease among Amish 11581468
children in Pennsylvania: reasons for persistent disease
AM Fry, 2001 Pediatrics
We investigated recent cases, performed community surveys for Hib vaccination coverage
and pharyngeal carriage, and administered a questionnaire assessing vaccination knowledge
and attitudes to 298 members of 2 Amish communities (A and B) in Pennsylvania and, as a
comparison group, 136 non-Amish family members who participated in state immunization
clinics.
An epidemiologic investigation of a rubella outbreak 8341776
among the Amish of northeastern Ohio Archivo:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1403405

BM Jackson, 1993 Pediatrics
Measles among the Amish: a comparative study of 1984459
measles severity in primary and secondary cases in Archivo:
households
RW Sutter, 1991 Journal of Infectious Diseases
An outbreak of measles among a predominantly unvaccinated and susceptible Amish
population in Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, offered the opportunity to test the hypothesis
that secondary cases in households are more severe than primary cases because the former
have more intense exposure and receive a greater virus inoculum.

Study says cost of autism more than cancer, strokes and heart Jun 9, 2014
disease
Sitio web: Archivo:
The Guardian http://archive.is/b6uXH
http://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/jun/09/autism-
costs-more-cancer-strokes-heart-disease

The Age of Autism: 'A pretty big secret' Dec 7, 2005
Sitio web: Archivo:
UPI http://archive.is/GEpma
http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2005/12/07/The-Age-of-
Autism-A-pretty-big-secret/68291133982531/
"We have a fairly large practice. We have about 30,000 or 35,000 children that we've taken
care of over the years, and I don't think we have a single case of autism in children delivered
by us who never received vaccines," said Dr. Mayer Eisenstein, Homefirst's medical director
who founded the practice in 1973. Homefirst doctors have delivered more than 15,000
babies at home, and thousands of them have never been vaccinated.

A prevalence estimate of pervasive developmental 15052396
disorder among Immigrants to Israel and Israeli natives Archivo:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8649372_A_pr https://drive.google.com/open?i
evalence_estimate_of_pervasive_developmental_disorde d=1jXh9kgpJS77gnPZXw0-
r_among_Immigrants_to_Israel_and_Israeli_natives_- HX1BqeDloNAS3
_A_file_review_study
Anat Kamer, 2004 Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
21-40
Why Is Autism Rate So High For Somalis In Minn.
Sitio web:
YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUf4L6UQhbk

Sitio web: Minute 2:23
YouTube
https://youtu.be/xUf4L6UQhbk?t=143

Sitio web: Minute 3:17
YouTube
https://youtu.be/xUf4L6UQhbk?t=197

Minneapolis Somali Autism Spectrum Disorder http://archive.is/VXvmu
Prevalence Project
Sitio web:
University of Minnesota
https://rtc.umn.edu/autism/
The Somali estimate of 1 in 32 compares to 1 in 36 White children, 1 in 62 Black children
and 1 in 80 Hispanic children.
25 Nombre de la página: Fecha:

Legislation Aims to Resolve Thimerosal June 25, 2007
Controversy Archivo:
http://archive.is/pswYi
Sitio web:
Carolyn B. Maloney (member of Congress)
https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Pz1gbFVVuoUJ:https://maloney.h
ouse.gov/media-center/press-releases/legislation-aims-resolve-thimerosal-
controversy+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=il

H.R. 1757 (113th): Vaccine Safety Study Act http://archive.is/OwI6D
(2013)
Sitio web:
Govtrack
https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr1757
H.R.3615 - Vaccine Safety Study Act (2017) http://archive.is/Q0V8j
Sitio web:
Congress.gov
https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/3615

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 20 (37):
On June 2, 2009, the National Vaccine Advisory Committee (NVAC) reviewed the nation’s
vaccine safety system and endorsed the recommendation of the NVAC Safety Working
Group for an external expert committee, such as a committee convened by the Institute of
Medicine (IOM), “with broad expertise in research methodologies, study design, and the
ethical conduct of research to consider the strengths and weaknesses, ethical issues and
feasibility including timelines and cost of various study designs to examine outcomes in
unvaccinated, vaccine-delayed and vaccinated children and report back to the NVAC”
[…]
The National Vaccine Program Office of HHS asked the IOM to convene a diverse
committee of experts in pediatrics, neurology, medical ethics, immunology, statistics,
epidemiology, and public health to identify study designs feasible to address questions about
the safety of the United States’ childhood immunization schedule.

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 21 (38):
Identify potential research approaches, methodologies, and study designs that could inform
this question, including an assessment of the potential strengths and limitations of each
approach, methodology and design, as well as the financial and ethical feasibility of doing
them.

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 17 (34):
Vaccines have significantly contributed to worldwide reductions in morbidity and mortality
by reducing the incidence of serious infectious diseases […]However, as the incidence of
vaccine- preventable disease has declined, many do not appreciate the potential of these
diseases to reemerge, and the potential adverse effects of the vaccines themselves take on
greater saliency among certain stakeholders. Indeed, vaccine safety concerns exist among a
diverse range of individuals, institutions, and formal and informal networks worldwide.

Vaccine Safety http://archive.is/TJ196
Sitio web:
CDC
http://www.cdc.gov/Features/VaccineSafety/
The safety of vaccines is thoroughly studied before they are licensed for public use. Clinical
trials are conducted to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a vaccine before it can be
brought to market. Vaccines are first tested in laboratory studies and animal studies. If the
results indicate the vaccine is safe, additional testing in people must be done before the
vaccine can be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 5 (22):
No studies have compared the differences in health outcomes that some stakeholders
questioned between entirely unimmunized populations of children and fully immunized
children.

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 11 (28):
Most vaccine-related research focuses on the outcomes of single immunizations or
combinations of vaccines administered at a single visit.

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 11 (28):
Thus, key elements of the entire schedule—the number, frequency, timing, order, and age at
administration of vaccines—have not been systematically examined in research studies.

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 130 (147):
Even though each new vaccine is evaluated in the context of the overall immunization
schedule that existed at the time of review, individual elements of the schedule are not
evaluated once it is adjusted to accommodate a new vaccine.
P 31 (48):
Although this process results in an evaluation of whether the observed benefits outweigh the
observed risks for the new vaccine and, by extension, for the schedule, it does not include
studies specifically designed to test variations in the schedule in an effort to identify the
optimal schedule.

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 11 (28):
The second major issue that the committee encountered was uncertainty over whether the
scientific literature has addressed all health outcomes and safety concerns. The committee
could not tell whether its list was complete or whether a more comprehensive system of
surveillance might have been able to identify other outcomes of potential significance to
vaccine safety. In addition, the conditions of concern to some stakeholders such as
immunologic, neurologic, and developmental problems are illnesses and conditions for
which etiologies, in general, are not well understood.

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 11 (28):
Finally, the committee found that evidence assessing outcomes in subpopulations of children
who may be potentially susceptible to adverse reactions to vaccines (such as children with a
family history of autoimmune disease or allergies or children born prematurely) was limited
and is characterized by uncertainty about the definition of populations of interest and
definitions of exposures and outcomes.

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 11 (28):
In summary, to consider whether and how to study the safety and health outcomes of the
entire childhood immunization schedule, the field needs valid and accepted metrics of the
entire schedule (the “exposure”) and clearer definitions of health outcomes linked to
stakeholder concerns (the “outcomes”) in rigorous research that will ensure validity and
generalizability.

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 22 (39)

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 70-71 (87-88)

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 106 (123):
Likewise, parents of intentionally unvaccinated children are unlikely to allow their children
to be randomized to receive vaccines.
41-60
miyZMhiRIVtW
P 106 (123):
…any child, even the child of a parent who staunchly rejects vaccination, who is randomized
to a no-vaccination arm is essentially consigned to an elevated risk of severe illness and
even possible death should the child contract a vaccine-preventable disease.
P 107 (124)
The ethics of human experimentation always trump scientific and other considerations, and
no study that needlessly endangers children is acceptable.

National, State, and Local Area Vaccination Coverage Among Children Aged 19–35
Months — United States, 2012
CDC, 2013 http://archive.is/UtX6r
Tabla 1, Vaccine coverage data 2008-2012:

Children who received no vaccinations: 2011 - 0.8%, 2012 – 0.8%

National vaccine objection (conscientious objection) data 1999 to 2015
https://beta.health.gov.au/resources/publications/national-vaccine-objection-conscientious-
objection-data-1999-to-2015
AIR, 2018 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1U7VlgPAzdcEE1SRg12T-
00WlWRj27fo5
Data on conscientious objection for the period 2010-2015, P 2.

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 130 (147):
In summary, to consider whether and how to study the safety and health outcomes of the
entire childhood immunization schedule, the field needs… clearer definitions of health
outcomes linked to stakeholder concerns…

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 114 (131).
Original study: Glanz 2013

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 109 (126) for RCT, P 111 (128) for prospective study.

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 118 (135):
In addition, the VSD system has a large enough proportion of unvaccinated children to
investigate differences in health outcomes of unvaccinated and vaccinated children.

miyZMhiRIVtW
On RCT for testing a different vaccination schedule, P 107 (124):

Although it is unobjectionable ethically, the committee considered the time and financial
strains resulting from immunization on a dispersed schedule to be too prohibitively costly to
recommend pursuing this line of research and, thus, does not endorse this method as a
feasible option for studying the recommended immunization schedule.
On Prospective study, P 112 (129):
…the limits of studying distinct subgroups of naturally occurring unimmunized populations,
and the high cost of pursuing prospective data collection, the committee does not consider
the initiation of new prospective cohort studies to be the most feasible or fruitful approach to
studying the recommended immunization schedule at this time.

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 108 (125):
Unless researchers somehow accounted for the occurrence of the more serious preventable
diseases, it may appear that nonvaccination is “safer” in this respect. To further complicate
matters, the rare unvaccinated child in an otherwise heavily vaccinated area will benefit
from community immunity and may thus appear to have done better than his or her peers,
some of whom will develop adverse effects, such as fever.

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 111 (128):
However, such a study would have limited utility to accurately assess differences in health
outcomes between unimmunized and fully immunized children... the study would need to
account for the many confounding variables that distinguish distinct subgroups of naturally
occurring unimmunized populations from the rest of the U.S. population, including lifestyle
factors and known genetic variables that may play a role in the development of allergies,
asthma, and other conditions.

Vaccine Refusal, Mandatory Immunization, 19420367
and the Risks of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Archivo:
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa0806477 https://drive.google.com/open?i
d=1JVj1dDnlLTfLHDn6Z4e4M
AeSDStdW89y
Saad B. Omer, 2009 NEJM
P 3:
The reasons for the geographic clustering of exemptions from school vaccination
requirements are not fully understood, but they may include characteristics of the local
population (e.g., cultural issues, socioeconomic status, or educational level), the beliefs of
local health care providers and opinion leaders (e.g., clergy and politicians), and local media
coverage.
Parental Delay or Refusal of Vaccine Doses, Childhood 21812176
Vaccination Coverage at 24 Months of Age, and the
Health Belief Model
Philip J. Smith, 2011 Public Health Reports
P 7, Tabla 3
In Canada they can't accurately characterize the non- Fecha:
vaccinating, also. Apr 9, 2012
Anti-vaxxers among Canadians of all demographics, poll
finds: 'It could be your neighbour. That's the scary thing'
Sitio web: Archivo:
USA TODAY http://archive.is/IYVvI
http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/anti-vaxxers-
among-canadians-of-all-demographics-poll-finds-it-could-be-
your-neighbour-thats-the-scary-thing

After $1 billion, experts see progress on autism's causes Apr 9, 2012
Sitio web: Archivo:

USA TODAY http://archive.is/ixi6Z
http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/story/2012-04-
09/researchers-autism-causes/54129282/1
More than $1 billion has been spent over the past decade searching for the causes of autism

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 118 (135):
Secondary analyses with data from other existing databases similar to VSD would be
feasible, ethical, and a lower-cost approach to investigating the research questions that the
committee identified, including research on alternative immunization schedules.
In addition, the committee states that the VSD can be used for vaccinated-
Unvaccinated studies., P 118 (135):
To date, the data obtained from VSD have already been used to study health outcomes of
children with incomplete immunizations or who may follow alternative schedules, as
described above. In addition, the VSD system has a large enough proportion of unvaccinated
children to investigate differences in health outcomes of unvaccinated and vaccinated
children.

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 10 (27):
These concerns were not expressed by clinicians, public health personnel, or policy makers
in the committee’s review. Among the last three groups, the childhood immunization
schedule is considered one of the most effective and safest public health interventions
available to prevent serious disease and death.

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 66 (83):
…the testimony of many individuals and organizational representatives revealed a lack of
trust in the quality and thoroughness of vaccine safety research

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 18 (35):
As the number of recommended vaccines has increased in recent years, some parents and
advocacy groups have expressed the concern that the immunization schedule is too crowded
and complex…

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 62 (79):
Two-thirds of these articles were categorized as studies of parental concerns about either
safety (n = 26) or communication between providers, public health authorities, and parents
(n = 31).

Effective messages in vaccine promotion: a 24590751
randomized trial
B Nyhan, 2014 Pediatrics
Physician Communication Training and Parental 26034240
Vaccine Hesitancy: A Randomized Trial
NB Henrikson, 2015 Pediatrics
The Influence of Provider Communication Behaviors 25790386
on Parental Vaccine Acceptance and Visit
Experience
DJ Opel, 2015 American Journal of Public health

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 127 (144):
The committee notes that stakeholder concerns may be used to drive a search for scientific
evidence (biological or epidemiological), although such concerns would not be sufficient
motivation to embark on costly clinical research, such as new randomized controlled trials
or cohort studies.

miyZMhiRIVtW
Recommendation 4-1, P 129 (146)
61-73
miyZMhiRIVtW
P 20 (37):
The NVAC report stated that “the strongest study design, a randomized clinical trial that
includes a study arm receiving no vaccine or vaccine not given in accord with the current
recommended schedule, is not ethical, would not pass Institutional Review Board (IRB)
review, and cannot be done”… Furthermore, it may be impossible to draw unbiased results
from an observational study of this issue because of potential differences in baseline health
and social characteristics of populations and subgroups.

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 127 (144):
The committee made a judgment based on the literature that failed to link adverse effects to
schedule exposures or multiple immunizations, concluding that there is no evidence that the
schedule is not safe.

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 127 (144):
The committee recognized that final decisions about research studies must await knowledge
of further evidence, including biological plausibility and/or epidemiological evidence,
feasibility, cost, and the exact circumstances of stakeholder concerns, before the planning
and conduct of specific research projects.

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 132 (149):
The committee recognizes that the establishment of priorities for research will be a
challenge. Thus, the committee proposes a process for setting priorities that recognizes
stakeholder concerns and establishes these priorities on the basis of epidemiological and
other evidence (based on formal systematic reviews), biological plausibility, and feasibility.

miyZMhiRIVtW
Recommendation 4-1, P 129 (146):

Recommendation 4-1: The committee recommends that the National Vaccine Program
Office systematically collect and assess evidence regarding public confidence in and
concerns about the entire childhood immunization schedule, with the goal to improve
communication with health care professionals, and between health care professionals and
the public regarding the safety of the schedule.

miyZMhiRIVtW

Recommendation 6-3: The committee recommends that the Department of Health and
Human Services (HHS) and its partners continue to fund and support the Vaccine Safety
Datalink project to study the safety of the recommended immunization schedule.
Furthermore, HHS should consider expanding the collaboration with new health plan
members and enhancing the data to improve its utility and generalizability.

miyZMhiRIVtW

Recommendation 6-2: The Department of Health and Human Services should refrain from
initiating randomized controlled trials of the childhood immunization schedule that compare
safety outcomes in fully vaccinated children with those in unvaccinated children or those
vaccinated by use of an alternative schedule.

miyZMhiRIVtW

Recommendation 5-1: To improve the utility of studies of the entire childhood
immunization schedule, the committee recommends that the National Vaccine Program
Office develop a framework that clarifies and standardizes definitions of key elements of the
schedule, relevant health outcomes, and populations that are potentially susceptible to
adverse events.

miyZMhiRIVtW

Recommendation 6-1: The committee recommends that the Department of Health and
Human Services incorporate study of the safety of the overall childhood immunization
schedule into its processes for setting priorities for research, recognizing stakeholder
concerns, and establishing the priorities on the basis of epidemiological evidence, biological
plausibility, and feasibility.

A Population-Based Cohort Study of Undervaccination 23338829
in 8 Managed Care Archivo:
Organizations Across the United States https://drive.google.com/open?i
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarti d=1gS5reE25E9rQUicV8wsY3
cle/1558057 4A-CPRXt5Vf
Jason M. Glanz, 2013 Jama Pediatrics

Vaccination Patterns in Children After Autism Spectrum 29582071
Disorder Diagnosis and in TheirYounger Siblings Archivo:
https://relaped.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/3-1.pdf
Ousseny Zerbo, 2018 JAMA Pediatrics

miyZMhiRIVtW
P 116 (133):
Approximately 1.23 percent of children participating in VSD had no vaccinations recorded
by age 1 year, and 1 percent of children had no vaccinations recorded by age 2 years.

Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Requiring 28768853
Hospitalization Archivo:
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/ea https://drive.google.com/open?i
rly/2017/07/31/peds.2017-0298.full.pdf d=1t9g5rGLUp-
jUTu1xOedLHPmI0v7pHlNM
Gregory Williamson, 2017 Pediatrics
Capítulo 7: Pautas de vacunación no
fundamentadas
1-20
1 Nombre del documento: Autor/año:
Recommended Child and Adolescent Immunization CDC, 2020
Schedule, for ages 18 years or younger
https://drive.google.com/file/d/11tcxNEPzYibSrwe
2RbnDnD2epCfnZlXo
P 2, Tabla 1.

New Software and Genetic Analyses Aim to Reduce Problems Oct 1, 2015
with Multiple-Drug Combinations
Sitio web: Archivo:
Scientific American http://archive.is/gDYts
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-software-and-
genetic-analyses-aim-to-reduce-problems-with-multiple-drug-
combinations/
Certain combinations of medicines (prescription or otherwise) cause side effects that do not
arise when the individual substances are taken alone. Studies published over the past two
decades suggest that such “drug interactions” cause more than 30 percent of side effects
from medications.

Multiple Vaccines and the Immune System http://archive.is/udrcT
Sitio web:
CDC
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/multiple-vaccines-immunity.html
A number of studies have been done to look at the effects of giving various combinations of
vaccines, and when every new vaccine is licensed, it has been tested along with the vaccines
already recommended for a particular aged child.

Multiple Injections: Acceptability and Safety WHO, 2014
http://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/poliomy
Archivo:
elitis/inactivated_polio_vaccine/multiple_injections
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1u
_acceptability_safety.pdf
aF5IV5wSPs46nfRg_8hBEX6vziS3
K7i
P 1:
Vaccination schedules that involve multiple injections during the same visit are based on
many years of pre-licensure and post-licensure safety and effectiveness data, including
concomitant use studies.
94 | Capítulo 7: Pautas de vacunación no fundamentadas

Addressing Parents’ Concerns: Do Multiple Vaccines 11773551
Overwhelm or Weaken the Infant’s Immune System? Archivo:
https://www.aap.org/en- https://drive.google.com/open?i
us/Documents/immunization_overwhelm.pdf d=1N8EXqxq8RbTprBp0fZ1W
egd8Qz_BCn5r

Paul A. Offit, 2002 Pediatrics
P 4:
If vaccines overwhelmed or weakened the immune system, then one would expect lesser
immune responses when vaccines are given at the same time as compared with when they
are given at different times.

Simultaneous administration of childhood vaccines: An 8072822
important public health policy that is safe and efficacious
King, 1994 The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

Recommended Child and Adolescent Immunization CDC, 2020
Schedule, for ages 18 years or younger
https://drive.google.com/file/d/11tcxNEPzYibSrwe
2RbnDnD2epCfnZlXo
P 2, Tabla 1.
8 Nombre del documento (hebreo): Autor/año:

Immunization Guide Israeli Ministry of Health, 2015
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1db5nqObGNRg
8QwTaOUuTARsisHlPrf4U
Por ejemplo, p 52 (traducido del hebreo):
Simultaneous administration of most vaccines, live-attenuated or killed, does not increase
the extent of post-vaccination side effects and does not affect the efficacy of any of them.
Nombre de la página (traducido del hebreo): Archivo:
Common Questions http://archive.is/aiHZ0
Sitio web:
“Vaccines” website of Wolfson Hospital
http://chisunim.co.il/Faq.aspx?cat=2&id=5
"Should I split the vaccines or spread it over a longer period in order to reduce the burden on
the baby's immune system?
No! The part of the immune system that we use when giving the vaccines is negligible
compared to the real and full capacity of the immune system, and therefore the concern of
overloading is baseless."

Reduced Rate of Side Effects Associated with Separate 20166340
Administration of MMR and DT aP-Hib-IPV Vaccinations
Elena Shneyer, 2009 Israeli Medical Association Journal

P 2:
Nurses at a primary care clinic in the Afula region observed that the mode of separate
administration of these vaccines is associated with a lower rate of adverse effects.

P 2.

P 3:
The rate of adverse reaction among children who were vaccinated separately was
significantly lower than in those who were vaccinated simultaneously: 28 of 74 (37.8%)
versus 58 of 102 (56.9).

P 4:
In this study it was demonstrated that the rate of adverse effects in the separately vaccinated
group was significantly lower than in the simultaneously vaccinated group. The results of
this study do not support the national recommendation of simultaneous vaccinations of
MMR and DTaP-Hib-IPV. Rather, our data call for reconsideration of the current policy of
simultaneous injections of MMR and DTaP-Hib-IPV – at least until a larger study is
conducted.
14 Nombre del artículo (hebreo): Fecha:

Israeli study: Do not give 2 vaccines together at age one year Jan 6, 2010
Sitio web: Archivo:
YNET http://archive.is/a6hJ1
http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3830484,00.html

Administering Vaccines http://archive.is/MAslj
Sitio web:
Immunization Action Coalition
http://www.immunize.org/askexperts/administering-vaccines.asp
How many vaccines can be given during an office visit?
All vaccines can be administered at the same visit. There is no upper limit for the number of
vaccines that can be administered during one visit.

Dr. Paul Offit: Debunking The Vaccine-Autism Link Oct 24, 2008
Sitio web: Archivo:
Newsweek http://archive.is/kggwm
https://www.newsweek.com/dr-paul-offit-debunking-vaccine-
autism-link-91933
Recently, Offit set off a flurry of angry postings when he said that a baby's immune system
could handle as many as 10,000 vaccines. Then he upped the ante, saying it was probably
"closer to 100,000." Offit's assessment is based on data showing the vast capacity of a
child's immunological response.

Overwhelm or Weaken the Infant’s Immune System?
https://www.aap.org/en- Archivo:
us/Documents/immunization_overwhelm.pdf https://drive.google.com/open?i
d=1N8EXqxq8RbTprBp0fZ1W
egd8Qz_BCn5r

P 3:
…each infant would have the theoretical capacity to respond to about 10,000 vaccines at any
one time.

Combination vaccines and multiple vaccinations http://archive.is/1LpaD
Sitio web:
University of Oxford - The Vaccine Knowledge Project
http://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/combination-vaccines-and-multiple-vaccinations
Each millilitre of blood contains ten million B cells, the white blood cells that are associated
with the immune response. It is estimated that this would be enough to cope with thousands
of vaccines at a time, meaning that a baby’s immune system is not stretched at all by
receiving several vaccines at once.
Nombre de la página (hebreo): Archivo:
Common Questions http://archive.is/t2klK
Sitio web:
“Vaccines” website of Wolfson Hospital
http://chisunim.co.il/Claim.aspx?cat=1&id=3&l=1
“Another common claim is that vaccines cause an unbearable burden on the immune system.
The addition of new vaccines only increases this concern. In reality, a baby's immune
system can respond to about 100,000 different organisms (bacteria, viruses, etc.). Therefore,
vaccinating against 10 organisms will use 0.01% of the active immune capacity."

Immunization Safety Review: Multiple Immunizations
and Immune Dysfunction https://drive.google.com/open?id=
https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10306/immunization- 1QujT3DieBvlChf3vi4h18hjK1O
safety-review-multiple-immunizations-and-immune- Qzx4Cp
dysfunction
IOM, 2002
P 6 (21):
This is consistent with the theoretical estimates presented to the committee, which suggest
that the capacity of the infant’s immune system is at least 1000 times greater than that
maximally required to respond to vaccines.

INFANRIX-IPV-HIB Package Insert
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1L7FcWdJOT8-h8m4na4uSVtKuagBdK1gA
P 3.
21-31
Vaccines When Your Child Is Sick
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/patient-ed/conversations/downloads/fs-child-sick.pdf
CDC, 2014 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1rqg7CK6-
Y8kXI_JWEQmKYEsLXNpKWr9z
P 1:
vaccines do not make a mild illness worse
P 2:
Vaccines are safe and effective when given to children with mild illness

Vaccines When Your Child Is Sick
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/patient-ed/conversations/downloads/fs-child-sick.pdf
CDC, 2014 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1rqg7CK6-
Y8kXI_JWEQmKYEsLXNpKWr9z
P 1:
There is no health benefit to waiting to vaccinate your child if he or she has a mild illness.
It’s important that children get their vaccines on time—even if they don’t feel well—so
they’re protected against serious diseases.

Can children with minor illnesses be safely immunized 23024581
2/pdf/pch16463.pdf https://drive.google.com/open?i
d=1jeHfY_wUhqGi3HBqcc5gh
M9K8RJtkjSI

Keswadee Lapphra, 2011 Paediatric Child Health

M9K8RJtkjSI

P 1:
What is the evidence that minor illnesses are not a contraindication to most vaccinations?

M9K8RJtkjSI

P 1:
No publication in recent decades has assessed administering inactivated vaccines to mildly
sick children.

Antibody Response to Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine 8594268
of Children With Mild Illness at the Time of Vaccination
Gale E. King, 1996 JAMA
P 1:
157 children had one of these mild illnesses and 229 were well

Antibody response to measles-mumps-rubella 9481462
vaccine of children with mild illness at the time of Archivo:
vaccination https://drive.google.com/open?id=191
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2 Ui-
277572/pdf/canfamphys00047-0055.pdf dyoOKeqoCr8I3HTC25U_mcLd493

Brian Watada, 1998 Canadian Family Physician
P 2:
There is no confirmation in the study that any of the children were actually ill at the time of
immunization, and no way of knowing whether these children had taken antipyretic
medications to appear to have only mild illness.
P 3:
Finally, Canadian immunization guidelines indicate that children are to be vaccinated
between 12 and 15 months of age. This study took patients between 15 and 23 months.
Although 40% of the patients were 15 months old, most were older.

Can children with minor illnesses be safely 23024581
immunized Archivo:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1jeH
202382/pdf/pch16463.pdf fY_wUhqGi3HBqcc5ghM9K8RJtkjSI

P 1:
In summary, the health care provider should be reassured that mild illness is not a reason to
delay routine vaccination. Many good-quality studies have provided strong support for the
recommendation.

Overwhelm or Weaken the Infant’s Immune System? Archivo:
https://www.aap.org/en- https://drive.google.com/open?i
us/Documents/immunization_overwhelm.pdf d=1N8EXqxq8RbTprBp0fZ1W
egd8Qz_BCn5r

P 3:
However, vaccine-specific antibody responses and rates of vaccine-associated adverse
reactions of children with mild or moderate illnesses are comparable to those of healthy
children.

Multiple Vaccines and the Immune System http://archive.is/udrcT
Sitio web:
CDC
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/multiple-vaccines-immunity.html
A number of studies have been done to look at the effects of giving various combinations of
vaccines, and when every new vaccine is licensed, it has been tested along with the vaccines
already recommended for a particular aged child.
31 Por ejemplo, clinical trial of rotavirus vaccine - Archivo:

Nombre de la página: http://archive.is/SMTth
Safety and Immunogenicity of Rotavirus Vaccine
(RotaTeq(R)) in Infants With Short Bowel Syndrome
Sitio web:
clinicaltrials.gov
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00767364
Participants in the study will be monitored by telephone contacts on days 7, 14, and 42 after
each dose and within 48 to 72 hours of each dose of the rotavirus vaccine regarding any
serious adverse events.
Or, influenza vaccine trial - Archivo:
Nombre de la página: http://archive.is/zIgcr
Immunogenicity and Safety of a Trivalent Inactivated
Influenza Vaccine, Formulation 2010-2011, in Healthy
Subjects Aged Over 6 Months Old to 18 Years Old
Sitio web:
clinicaltrials.gov
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01356342
All participants will be followed, either by clinical visit or by telephone contact, for 6
months after the first vaccination for safety reasons.
Capítulo 8: La desaparición de la
enfermedad
1-20
The Importance of Social Intervention in Britain's https://drive.google.com/open
Mortality Decline c.1850-1914: a Re-interpretation of the ?id=1c8AaRwdKf2O1On-
Role of Public Health VT0pI34G8xCEBWOIj
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a350/8f97eff18b8cffb5ccd
8c87feda108895c58.pdf

Simon Szreter, 1988 Social History of Medicine
P 34:
Thomas McKeown was born in 1912 and came to England from Canada as a postgraduate
on a Rhodes scholarship, completing an Oxford D.Phil, in the Department of Human
Anatomy in 1939. He then underwent formal medical training, acquiring an MB in the
University of London in 1942. Apparently, he was offered the Chair in the new discipline of
Social Medicine at Birmingham in 1944 because he had so impressed the interviewing panel
when he unsuccessfully applied for the Chair of Anatomy the previous year (which went to
Solly Zuckerman).

Szreter 1988 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1c8AaRwdKf2O1On-
VT0pI34G8xCEBWOIj
P 2:
This work achieved something of a conceptual revolution in the disciplines of history and
medicine, overturning a long-standing general orthodoxy regarding the importance of
medical science and the medical profession in bringing about the decline in mortality which
accompanied industrialization in Britain. It effectively demonstrated that those advances in
the science of medicine which form the basis of today's conventional clinical and hospital
teaching and practice, in particular the immuno- and chemo-therapies, played only a very
minor role in accounting for the historic decline in mortality levels.
3 Nombre del artículo:

Reasons for the Decline of Mortality in England and Wales during the Nineteenth Century
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2173119
Thomas McKeown, 1962 Population Investigation Committee
P 7:
Since 1837 knowledge of the birth rate and the death rate of England and Wales has been
available from national sources.
102 | Capítulo 8: La desaparición de la enfermedad

An Interpretation of the Modern Rise of Population in Europe
Thomas McKeown , 1972 Population Investigation Committee
P 6:
The nature of infectious disease was not understood before 1850; infectious organisms
affecting man were not identified until the last quarter of the nineteenth century, and specific
prevention or treatment is unlikely to have had much influence on the national death rate
before the introduction of chemotherapy in the nineteen thirties.
5 Nombre abreviado: Link:

McKeown 1962 https://www.jstor.org/stable/2173119
P 12, table 3 shows the mortality decline in the 2 nd half of the 19th century from tuberculosis
and other major infectious diseases.

P 29:
The effect of therapy was restricted to smallpox and hence had only a trivial effect on the
total reduction of the death rate.
And P 2:
…with the notable exception of vaccination against smallpox, specific preventive or curative
measures could have had no significant influence on mortality before the twentieth century,
and that we must look elsewhere for the explanation of the rise of population.

An Interpretation of the Decline of Mortality in England and Wales during the Twentieth
Century
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2173935

Thomas McKeown , 1975 Population Investigation Committee
P 3:
From the standardized rates it is clear that, with a short interruption in the fall of the male
rate during the war years, mortality in both sexes has been declining since the beginning of
the century.

McKeown 1975 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2173935
P 11:
The last column of Table 4 summarizes the decline in mortality which occurred between
1901 and 1971. Approximately three-quarters (73 4 per cent) of the reduction was associated
with the infections and one-quarter (26-6 per cent) with other conditions.

P 11:
It is clear that the 1930s were a watershed in the history of treatment of infectious diseases,
with the introduction of the sulphonamides followed, in the next decade, by the antibiotics.
Since there were few effective therapeutic measures before 1935, it is interesting to consider
the extent of the improvement in mortality from infections before and after this time. Table
5 shows the proportion of the total reduction which had occurred by 1931. Among the
infections 56 per cent of the decline in mortality over the whole period (1901-71) occurred
before 1931; among other conditions the proportion was 58 per cent. That is to say, in both
cases more than half of the improvement took place in the first three of the seven decades,
before the modern era of effective chemotherapy.

P 23:
There was no effective treatment of scarlet fever before the use of prontosil in 1935. But, by
the beginning of the century, mortality from the disease had fallen to a relatively low level
(see Table 9), and between 1901 and 1971 the disease was associated with only 1 2 per cent
of the total reduction from all causes. 89 per cent of this improvement occurred before the
introduction of the sulphonamides.

P 12, Tabla 4.
Dysentery and diarrhea went down 87% by 1931.

P 22:
There is, therefore, little doubt that the death rate would have continued to fall even if
effective therapeutic measures had not been applied. However, the decline was greatly
accentuated by chemotherapy… We conclude that although therapy cannot be credited with
the whole of the reduction since that time (3.6 per cent of the total) it was responsible for
most of it.

P 25:
Whooping cough was associated with 2 7 per cent of the reduction in mortality from all
causes. Treatment by sulphonamides and (later) antibiotics was not available before 1938,
and even now its effect on the course of the disease is questionable. Immunization was used
widely from 1952; the protective effect is variable, and has been estimated to lie between
less than 20 and over 80 per cent. Mortality from whooping cough began to decline from the
seventh decade of the nineteenth century, and 86 per cent of the reduction since 1901
occurred before the introduction of the sulphonamides.

P 25:
Mortality fluctuated before 1915, but fell rapidly from that time. Between 1901 and 1971 the
disease was responsible for 2 4 per cent of the total reduction. Effective specific measures
against measles have only recently become available in the form of immunization and they
can have had no significant effect on the trend of the death rate. However, mortality from
the disease was attributable largely to invasion by secondary organisms, which have been
treated by chemotherapy since 1935. 82 per cent of the decrease of deaths from measles had
occurred before this date.

P 25:
The disease was associated with 2 4 per cent of the fall of mortality from all causes between
1901 and 1971. It is not possible to assess with any precision the relative importance of the
various influences which may have contributed. Antitoxin was first used in the late
nineteenth century and has been the accepted form of treatment since that time. It is believed
to have reduced the case fatality rate, which fell from 8 2 per 100 notifications in 1916-25 to
5 4 in 1933-42, while notifications remained at an average level of above 50,000 per year.
The mortality rate increased at the beginning of the last war, but fell rapidly at about the
time when national immunization was introduced.

P 25:
It is tempting to attribute much of the decline of diphtheria mortality between 1901 and 1931
to treatment by antitoxin, and the rapid fall since 1941 to immunization. Nothing in British
evidence is seriously inconsistent with this interpretation; however, experience in some
other countries is not so consistent. Moreover, as already noted, other infections declined in
the same period in the absence of effective prophylaxis or treatment.

P 20, Tabla 9.
The decrease in pertussis, diphtheria and measles is 7.5% of the overall decrease
in deaths. In P 11 it is noted that the decline in infectious diseases was amounted to
75% of the overall decline in mortality. Thus, the decrease in pertussis, diphtheria
and measles is about 10% of the the decline in mortality from infectious diseases.

P 30:
There remains for consideration a miscellaneous group of conditions. Some of them are
well-recognized infectious diseases which caused few deaths in this century, either because
they were uncommon (as in the case of malaria, tetanus, poliomyelitis and encephalitis) or,
because although common they were not often lethal (as in the case of mumps, chickenpox
and German measles).

P 39:
Although data for the nineteenth century are seriously deficient, analysis by cause of death
for the four countries and England and Wales leaves little doubt that the decline of mortality
was due to a reduction of deaths from infectious disease, almost wholly until 1900 and
predominantly after that time. Vaccination against smallpox is the only medical measure
likely to have been effective before the present century and it was not until 1935, with the
introduction of the sulphonamides, that therapy became available which reduced mortality
from infection to an extent that could be expected to lower the national death rate.
20 Colgrove 2002 (see reference 88 of this chapter) details the arguments made
against McKeown's work, especially p 3. Szreter also (Szreter 1988 p 6 and 11)
does not criticize the quality of McKeown's data.
21-40
VT0pI34G8xCEBWOIj
P 2-3:
It should be stressed at the outset that this achievement of McKeown's work, in deflating the
historical claims of one particular section of the medical profession and its 'high tech'
invasive and biochemical medicine, remains unaffected by the arguments set out below.
McKeown's unanswerable point is precisely that this modern kind of applied medical
science virtually did not exist during the period addressed here.
and P 9:
The chapter then proceeded to demonstrate for each of the major diseases in turn that, with
the exception of smallpox and diphtheria, the dates at which either effective immunization
procedures or scientific medical treatments first became available were often far too late in
time to be able to account for all but the last few percentage points of the overall decline of
the disease. This was certainly true of respiratory tuberculosis, measles, and scarlet fever;
and broadly true for whooping cough and the bronchitis, pneumonia, and influenza group.
All had been declining very considerably in incidence long before effective chemotherapy or
other scientific techniques had become available.

The Questionable Contribution of Medical Measures to the https://drive.google.com/o
Decline of Mortality in the United States in the Twentieth pen?id=1N9Vt2A2iPPZW
Century Hkwc_04IEMN1dIwEs65
https://archive.org/details/McKinlayQuestionableContribution Q

John B. McKinlay, 1977 The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. Health and
Society
P 11:
Between 1900 and 1973, there was a 69.2 percent decrease in overall mortality… Of the
total fall in the standardized death rate between 1900 and 1973, 92.3 percent occurred prior
to 1950… A major part of the decline in deaths from these causes since about 1900 may be
attributed to the virtual disappearance of these infectious diseases.

McKinlay 1977 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1N9Vt2A2iPPZWHkwc_04I
EMN1dIwEs65Q
P 15, Tabla 1

Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis: Recommendations for http://archive.is/ETeaO
Vaccine Use and Other Preventive Measures Recommendations
of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP)
Sitio web:
CDC
The introduction and widespread use of standardized whole-cell pertussis vaccines
combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP) in the late 1940s resulted in a
substantial decline in pertussis disease, a decline which continued without interruption for
nearly 30 years.
Pink Book - Diphtheria http://archive.is/4Tzlw
Sitio web:
CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/dip.html
A more rapid decrease began with the widespread use of diphtheria toxoid in the late 1940s.

EMN1dIwEs65Q
P 15, Tabla1

EMN1dIwEs65Q
P 22:
In general, medical measures (both chemotherapeutic and prophylactic) appear to have
contributed little to the overall decline in mortality in the United States since about 1900 -
having in many instances been introduced several decades after a marked decline had
already set in and having no detectable influence in most instances.

Trends in infectious disease mortality in the 9892452
United States during the 20th century
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarti Archivo:
cle/768249 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1UuaAf
Ob3muFxfYgq-yGf3DsV1am1VjCM
Gregory L. Armstrong, 1999 JAMA

Armstrong 1999 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1UuaAfOb3muFxfYgq-
yGf3DsV1am1VjCM
P 6:
…no other surveillance data can match the completeness and longevity of mortality data.

yGf3DsV1am1VjCM
P 3, Figure 1

Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis: Recommendations for http://archive.is/ETeaO
Vaccine Use and Other Preventive Measures Recommendations
of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP)
Sitio web:
CDC
The introduction and widespread use of standardized whole-cell pertussis vaccines
combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP) in the late 1940s resulted in a
substantial decline in pertussis disease, a decline which continued without interruption for
nearly 30 years.

yGf3DsV1am1VjCM
Original Chart P 4, Figure 3

yGf3DsV1am1VjCM
Original Chart P 5, Figure 4C.
The original chart additionally includes polio.

yGf3DsV1am1VjCM
Original Chart P 5, Figure 4B

Annual summary of vital statistics: trends in the 11099582
health of Americans during the 20th century
Bernard Guyer, 2000 Pediatrics
P 8-9:
For children older than 1 year of age, the overall decline in mortality experienced during the
20th century has been spectacular. […] Nearly 85% of this decline took place before World
War II, a period when few antibiotics or modern vaccines and medications were
available.[…] Once again, nearly 90% of the decline in infectious disease mortality among
US children occurred before 1940, when few antibiotics or vaccines were available.
P 10:
Vaccination, while first used in the 18th century, became more widely implemented in the
middle part of the century. Vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis became
available during the late 1920s but only widely used in routine pediatric practice after World
War II. Thus vaccination does not account for the impressive declines in mortality seen in
the first half of the century.
35 Pertussis mortality data - Archivo:

Nombre del documento: https://drive.google.com/open
Pertussis notifications and deaths, England and Wales: ?id=1yxE1tZ--
1940 – 2014 8Of74FPpCebxW-
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/whooping- mpRWqfvOkC
cough-pertussis-statistics
NHS
Measles mortality data - Archivo:
Nombre de la página: http://archive.is/8YVzg
Measles notifications and deaths in England and Wales:
1940 to 2016
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/measles-
deaths-by-age-group-from-1980-to-2013-ons-
data/measles-notifications-and-deaths-in-england-and-
wales-1940-to-2013
Sitio web:
Public Health England

A Century of Changes in the Mortality and 21032289
Incidence of the Principal Infections of
Childhood Archivo:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM https://drive.google.com/open?id=1c291
C1987926/ gAXasOhKEMg3Nxu7Z8i1sJ1w7DDk
AH Gale, 1945 Archives Of Disease In Childhood
P 1:
…the information about mortality is so much more complete and goes back so much further
than does that about incidence.

Annual Summary 1979 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1NgxD
Reported Morbidity and Mortality in the UuXCDNgNzFwBovBkn7186ThcIrUQ
United states
CDC, 1980
P 5:
In 1893, an act provided for collection of information on a weekly basis… It was not until
1925, however, that that all states began to report regularly.

Annual Summary 1979 https://drive.google.com/open?id=
Reported Morbidity and Mortality in the United states 1NgxDUuXCDNgNzFwBovBkn7
186ThcIrUQ
CDC, 1980
P 6:
These data should be interpreted with caution[…]. Despite these limitations the data in this
report have proven to be useful in the analysis of trends.

Annual Summary 1979 Reported Morbidity https://drive.google.com/open?id=1NgxDUu
and Mortality in the United states XCDNgNzFwBovBkn7186ThcIrUQ
CDC, 1980
U.S. official morbidity data for the years 1930-1979 appear on pages 19-23. Except
in the 1970s, the data are presented as a total number of cases, rather than as a
percentage of the population.

Diphtheria http://archive.is/I9Uwf
Sitio web:
NHS
http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diphtheria/pages/introduction.aspx
Before a vaccination programme was introduced in 1940, diphtheria was a very common
condition and one of the leading causes of death in children.
41-60
Notifiable diseases: historic annual totals http://archive.is/2zzwJ
Cases of infectious diseases: annual total figures from 1912 to
2017
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/notifiable-diseases-
historic-annual-totals
Sitio web:
GOV.UK
42 See official morbidity data - US (note 39) and UK (note 41). Typhoid fever also
appears in the table under the names Paratyphoid fevers and Enteric fever.
43 Título del libro:

Vaccines (6th edition)
Published by Elsevier Saunders
https://www.elsevier.com/books/vaccines/plotkin/978-1-4557-
0090-5
Stanley Plotkin, 2013
P 789:
There probably is no other widely used vaccine that is as controversial as BCG. Its effects in
extremely large, randomized, controlled, and case-control studies have been widely
disparate, in some cases demonstrating a great degree of protection and in others offering no
benefit.
44 See official morbidity data - US (note 39) and UK (note 41).


Childhood Vaccination and the NHS http://archive.is/Ezq6V
https://peopleshistorynhs.org/encyclopaedia/childhood-
vaccination-and-the-nhs/
Sitio web:
People's History of the NHS
Indeed, by the end of 1950 BCG vaccination programmes were operating in earnest
throughout Scotland and had spread nationwide by early 1953.

0090-5
P 789:
The bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccines […] have been used routinely since the 1960s
in almost all countries of the world except the United States and the Netherlands.
47 Measles mortality data - Archivo:

Nombre de la página: http://archive.is/8YVzg
Measles notifications and deaths in England and Wales: 1940 to
2016
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/measles-deaths-by-
age-group-from-1980-to-2013-ons-data/measles-notifications-
and-deaths-in-england-and-wales-1940-to-2013
Sitio web:
48 See official morbidity data - US (note 39).

Elimination of Malaria in the United States (1947 — 1951) http://archive.is/7B0E
Sitio web:
CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/elimination_us.html
The National Malaria Eradication Program was a cooperative undertaking by state and local
health agencies of 13 southeastern states and the Communicable Disease Center of the U. S.
Public Health Service, originally proposed by Dr. L. L. Williams. The program commenced
operations on July 1, 1947. It consisted primarily of DDT application to the interior surfaces
of rural homes or entire premises in counties where malaria was reported to have been
prevalent in recent years… Total elimination of transmission was slowly achieved. In 1949,
the country was declared free of malaria as a significant public health problem.

Penicillin Treatment of Syphilis 19224755
http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/
183391 Archivo:
http://archive.is/8Uckh

John M. Douglas, 2009 JAMA
Within years, widespread use of penicillin for treatment of all stages of syphilis (primary,
secondary, tertiary, latent) resulted in dramatic decreases in the incidence of syphilis and
associated mortality.
From 1944 to 1954, rates of reported cases of syphilis of any stage decreased by more than
75% (from 368/100 000 to 83/100 000) with even greater declines in primary and secondary
syphilis (from 62/100 000 to 4.5/100 000), which reflect more recent acquisition.

Corn and Capitalism: How a Botanical Bastard Grew to Global Dominance
https://books.google.co.il/books?id=cRnjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA172#v=onepage&q&f=false
Arturo Warman, 2003
P 171-172:
In 1915 the number of the stricken was estimated at between 75,000 and 160,000.
[…]
The tendency for the number of those affected by pellagra to climb turned the corner during
the same period. In 1940 pellagra sufferers were estimated at fewer than 50,000 and their
numbers fell by half over the next five years. In the 1950s pellagra became a clinical
curiosity, a disease of the past.

0090-5
P 1407:
There is little doubt that the introduction of routine tetanus toxoid vaccination in the 1940s
had an impact on trends and patterns of the disease. However, because the incidence of
tetanus was declining prior to widespread vaccination, as a result of decreasing exposure
(fewer people in contact with soil and animal feces, which are the main reservoirs of the
tetanus bacillus), and because of the widespread use of tetanus toxoid in wound
management, it is difficult to assess the extent to which routine prophylactic vaccination
contributed to the decline in tetanus morbidity.
53 See official morbidity data - US (note 39) and UK (note 41).


P 39:
From the nineteenth century the contribution of improved food supplies to the reduction of
mortality was supported by that of other influences: a general increase in the standard of
living; better hygiene; and specific preventive and therapeutic measures introduced
progressively during the twentieth century.
Nombre abreviado: Archivo:

yGf3DsV1am1VjCM
P 4:
From the nineteenth century the contribution of improved food supplies to the reduction of
mortality was supported by that of other influences: a general increase in the standard of
living; better hygiene; and specific preventive and therapeutic measures introduced
progressively during the twentieth century.
Annual summary of vital statistics: trends in the 11099582
health of Americans during the 20th century

Bernard Guyer, 2000 Pediatrics
P 10:
The major declines in child mortality that occurred in the first third of the 20th century have
been attributable to a combination of improved socioeconomic conditions in this country
and the public health strategies to protect the health of Americans. These public health
measures included the establishment of local health departments in nearly all of the states.
State and local health departments implemented these public health measures including
water treatment, food safety, organized solid waste disposal, and public education about
hygienic practices. These improvements in water and food safety and purity are linked to the
major decline in diarrheal diseases seen in the early years of the century. Similarly,
improvements in housing and decreased crowding in US cities are linked to the reductions in
mortality from tuberculosis and other diseases attributable to person-to-person airborne
transmission..

Urban Wastewater Management in the United https://drive.google.com/open?id=1VP
States: Past, Present, and Future eNmgPhp0L2lxxWa33zYdLHx3Mx8-
http://wvwv.sewerhistory.org/articles/whregion/ur fY
ban_wwm_mgmt/urban_wwm_mgmt.pdf
Steven J.Burian, 2000 Journal of Urban Technology
P 4:
There were fewer public sewers than private in the early nineteenth century, and most were
constructed primarily for the purpose of removing storm water... Dry sewage systems and
public and private sewers were commonly used in Europe and the United States, but the
predominant wastewater management technology in the first half of the nineteenth century
was the privy vault-cesspool system operated in a decentralized manner. Privy vaults and
cesspools were basically holes in the ground, occasionally lined, constructed in cellars,
beneath residences, or within close proximity to residences.

Burian 2000 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1VPeNmgPhp0L2lxxWa33z
YdLHx3Mx8-fY
P 4-5:
The unplanned and uncontrolled drainage of wastewater from privy vaults and cesspools
contaminated soils and groundwater, and that occasionally led to contaminated drinking
water and disease outbreaks.
[…]
Wastes accumulated till privies and cesspools overflowed and produced nuisance conditions
and potential public health problems. In most cases, both lined and unlined privy vaults and
cesspools proved unable to manage urban wastewater effectively during the mid-nineteenth
century because the lined ones required too frequent cleaning to be cost effective over a long
term, and the unlined ones contaminated groundwater and the surrounding soil.
None of the centralized or decentralized management technologies implemented during the
early nineteenth century consistently prevented contamination of nearby surface water or
groundwater.
[…]
From 1820 to 1880, most major cities in the United States experienced considerable growth.
For example, during this time Boston’s population increased eightfold, New York City’s
tenfold, Philadelphia’s thirteen fold, and Washington, D.C.’s fivefold. As a result of this
increased population density in urban areas, the decentralized privy vault-cesspool
wastewater management systems became overtaxed.

VT0pI34G8xCEBWOIj
P 20-21:
This followed a long period of extremely harmful, highly localized initiatives by the
property-owning classes. They were the first to install their own water-flushing closets in
large numbers from the 1770s onwards; but in the absence of a mains sewage system, these
were simply allowed to empty into the nearest culvert or river, from which much of the
town's population in turn took their drinking water. Unfortunately, this development was to
be repeated in other cities and towns around the country in the course of the nineteenth
century. The lethal lesson was only slowly learned that selective sanitation for the upper
classes alone was not a sufficient panacea in the prevention of water-borne disease.
YdLHx3Mx8-fY
P 6:
The water closet probably had the most significant effect on wastewater management
compared to the other plumbing fixtures because it increased not only wastewater quantity,
but also the quantity of fecal matter in discharges. The high level of fecal matter being
discharged with the wastewater heightened the risk of disease transfer and outbreak, but this
was not understood at the time.

YdLHx3Mx8-fY
P 8:
Dr. Snow recorded the location of outbreaks during the [1854] epidemic and charted the
drinking water source of infected individuals. He was able to show statistically that cholera
victims drew their drinking water from a sewage-contaminated part of the River Thames,
while those who remained healthy drew their water from an uncontaminated part.

VT0pI34G8xCEBWOIj
P 21:
Sewering alone, without commensurate attention to the purity of the water supply, could
prove a downright liability, as was tragically demonstrated by London's final cholera
epidemic of 1866-7, immediately following the completion of London's sewers system. This
was the last such epidemic and it was the famous occasion on which William Farr was able,
using a method pioneered at the previous outbreak of 1853/4, to trace precisely the culprit.
By dividing London into districts according to the different companies supplying water, the
problem was narrowed down to the East London Waterworks Co., who were illegally
supplying water from the Old Ford reservoir in Bethnal Green, which was contaminated by
the recently completed West Ham sewage system.

YdLHx3Mx8-fY
P 8:
Prodded by public outcry… that linked sewage-polluted water with disease, Parliament
passed an act in 1855 to improve the waste management of the metropolis. This act provided
the foundation for the development of London’s comprehensive water-carriage sewer
system eventually designed by Joseph W. Bazalgette.
61-80
YdLHx3Mx8-fY
P 8:
In the United States, repeated cholera epidemics and other disease outbreaks gradually
influenced municipalities to improve sanitation practices. Between 1832 and 1873,
numerous American cities were afflicted with major outbreaks of disease, including cholera
in 1832, 1849, and 1866 and typhoid in 1848. The causes of the outbreaks were attributed to
a variety of reasons including unsanitary conditions and punishment from God. The
experience gained from the epidemics improved the understanding of cholera and other
diseases and their corresponding etiology.
P 14:
At the end of the nineteenth century, the basic techniques of urban wastewater collection
were established, the sewer technologies were mostly developed, and the necessary
construction materials and equipment were available. By that time, most major U.S. cities
had also constructed some form of a sewer system.

The role of public health improvements in health advances: The twentieth-century United
States
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1353/dem.2005.0002

David Cutler, 2005 Demography
P 5, chapter "Clean Water Technologies: Filtration and Chlorination."

The role of public health improvements in health advances: The twentieth-century United
States
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1353/dem.2005.0002
David Cutler, 2005 Demography
P 15-16:
A striking finding is that clean water technologies appear to have reduced typhoid fever by
26% initially and by another 65% after five years, leading to its near-eradication by 1936.

P 25-26:
But with this reservation there is little doubt about the main reasons for the rapid reduction
of mortality from the bowel infections in the late nineteen century… We therefore conclude
that the reduction of mortality attributable to the decline of bowel infection resulted from the
specific measures introduced under the sanitary revolution.
Nombre abreviado: Link:

P 27:
WATER- AND FOOD-BORNE DISEASES Together, these infections accounted for about
one-sixth (16-4 per cent) of the reduction in mortality from all causes (Table 4). The same
diseases were responsible for about one-third of the total decline in the nineteenth century.

VT0pI34G8xCEBWOIj
P 18:
There can be little doubt that the first two-thirds of the nineteenth century witnessed an
increasing incidence of such diseases, which was directly attributable to the unplanned
proliferation of overcrowded cities and towns lacking even the most basic sanitary facilities
such as proper water supply and waste disposal systems. Conversely, the ensuing
disappearance of water-borne diseases in the last third of the century was due to the eventual
provision of adequate sanitary facilities, long delayed but finally implemented.

The Horse & the Urban Environment https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Kfk
https://enviroliteracy.org/environment- 5osa-wcmHc0f9R5nfynqmavChV5ug
society/transportation/the-horse-the-urban-
environment/
Joel Tarr, 1997
P 1:
The most severe problem was that caused by horses defecating and urinating in the streets,
but dead animals and noise pollution also produced serious annoyances and even health
problems. The normal city horse produced between fifteen and thirty-five pounds of manure
a day and about a quart of urine, usually distributed along the course of its route or deposited
in the stable. While cities made sporadic attempts to keep the streets clean, the manure was
everywhere, along the roadway, heaped in piles or next to stables, or ground up by the traffic
and blown about by the wind.

Tetanus http://archive.is/mFSuM
Sitio web:
NHS Wales
http://www.nhsdirect.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/t/article/tetanus/
Tetanus is caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani. These bacteria can survive for a long
time outside the body, and are commonly found in soil and the manure of animals such as
horses and cows.
Tetanus http://archive.is/pNRwR
Sitio web:
Victoria State Government – Better Health
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/tetanus
Tetanus bacteria live in soil, dust and manure, particularly horse manure.

Tarr 1997 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Kfk5osa-
wcmHc0f9R5nfynqmavChV5ug
P 1:
Manure piles also produced huge numbers of flies, in reality a much more serious vector for
infectious diseases such as typhoid fever than odors. By the turn of the century public health
officials had largely accepted the bacterial theory of disease and had identified the “queen of
the dung-heap” or fly, as a major source. Inventors and city officials devised improved
methods of street cleaning and street sweeping became a major urban expense.

P 2:
If the horse created many problems for the city, it was also true that urban life was
extremely hard on the horse. The average streetcar horse had a life expectancy of about four
years... In 1880, New York City removed 15,000 dead horses from its streets, and late as
1916 Chicago carted away 9,202 horse carcasses. Special trucks were devised to remove
dead horses.

P 2-3:
It has already been noted that, while horse-powered machines persisted in manufacturing
until about 1850, they were largely replaced by other energy sources in the following
decade.
[…]
The next use of urban horses to disappear was pulling streetcars. Their demise was very
rapid, as between 1888 and 1892 almost every street railway in the U.S. was electrified.
[…]
The coming of the automobile dealt another large blow to the horse…

Charles-Jules-Henri Nicolle PMC2819868
819868/ Archivo:
https://drive.google.com/open?id=18kd
BvjD2UKLU8rEZNmYKPM3ahYvcq
47z
Emerging Infectious Diseases Myron G. Schultz, 2009
P 1:
Throughout history, typhus had been a highly communicable and frequently fatal disease…
It devastated armies during wars (“war typhus”) and prisoners living under unsanitary
conditions (“jail typhus” or “jail fever”); it affected displaced populations suffering from
famine, floods, and other natural disasters; and in general, it was a disease of poverty.

Charles-Jules-Henri Nicolle PMC2819868
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p
mc/articles/PMC2819868/ Archivo:
https://drive.google.com/open?id=18kdBvjD2UKLU8rE
ZNmYKPM3ahYvcq47z
Emerging Infectious Diseases Myron G. Schultz, 2009
P 2:
Nicolle observed that typhus patients who were admitted spread their infections to others up
to the point at which they entered the hospital waiting room. Included among these
secondary cases were persons who took charge of their clothing. However, patients became
completely noninfectious as soon as they were bathed and dressed in a hospital uniform.
They could then enter the general wards without posing a risk to others. Once Nicolle
realized this, he reasoned that lice on patients’ clothes were most likely the vectors.

VT0pI34G8xCEBWOIj
P 13:
Droplet-transmitted airborne diseases will spread most effectively where humans are in
close and unventilated proximity with the exhalations of victims or carriers. It is most
probable that overcrowded conditions of living, sleeping, and working became more
prevalent as industrialization and urbanization intensified.

VT0pI34G8xCEBWOIj
Szreter mentions this in the context of infant diseases
P 31:
… the root of the general problem of infants' vulnerability lay in the fundamentally unhygienic
conditions and associated practices of the urban working-class home, virtually inevitable in small
overcrowded households lacking their own water supply and water closet. Until it began to be
improved from the 1890s onwards, such an environment was continuously introducing infants to
bacterial organisms (in particular some strains of Escherichia coli) which, although not harmful to the
more developed digestive system of elder children and adults, could produce fatal diarrhea attacks in
infants.

Food in 19th-Century American Cities
http://americanhistory.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/978019932
9175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-281

Cindy R. Lobel, 2016 Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History
P 1:
Food provisioning was very local. Farmers, hunters, fishermen, and dairymen from a few
miles away brought food by rowboats and ferryboats and by horse carts to centralized public
markets within established cities. Dietary options were seasonal as well as regional.

Lobel 2016 http://americanhistory.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/978
0199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-281
P 11:
Before refrigeration and reliable transportation, perishable foods were scant in the diet of
most urbanites. Even the wealthiest were accustomed to eating spoiled or rancid food or
forgoing fresh produce in the colder months.
P 6:
The summer months were most abundant and diverse, with stone fruits, berries, apples,
tomatoes, watermelons, lettuces, and other warm-weather produce crowding the tables under
the market-house roofs. Food also spoiled quickest in these months, and observers noted the
rapidity with which meat spoiled and vegetables wilted.
P 12:
As for fresh vegetables, they were not commonly consumed in the 1800s, though the diet
expanded to incorporate them by the second half of the century… Fruits also were more
commonly eaten in stewed and dessert forms rather than fresh.

P 25:
Epidemiological evidence suggests that nutrition plays an important part in the individual's
reaction to measles. In this country, until recently, infection rates were high and
approximately the same in all social classes; but mortality rates were much greater among
the poor than among the well-to-do. Similarly, in developing countries to-day, there is little
doubt that the devastating effects of measles are associated with low living standards. The
explanation accepted by most epidemiologists with extensive experience of measles is that
although infection rates are largely independent of social circumstances, the mortality which
results from the infection is determined mainly by nutritional state.

0199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-281
P 2:
A host of technological developments—from canal and railroad building to the
manufacturing of ice and the creation of refrigerated railcars—indelibly altered urban
American foodways during the 19th century. The most crucial of these developments
involved new forms of transportation that eased and cheapened the carriage of foodstuffs
from rural to urban areas.
P 3:
The new transportation networks also improved the quality of food entering American
cities… Foods that previously had perished during travel along rudimentary roads now
endured long distances without spoiling. Railroads carried milk from rural areas to far-off
cities, oysters from New York City to Buffalo, wild game from Iowa to Baltimore, salmon
from Maine to Philadelphia, even lobster from the East Coast to Chicago.

0199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-281
P 3:
Technologies related directly to food storage, preservation, and processing also contributed
to the transformation of urban food habits. Among the most important were those involved
in the commercial production and storage of ice.

0199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-281
P 4:
Food-safety issues arose periodically over the course of the 19th century because of the
absence of any regulation of large conglomerates or small, food-related businesses. The milk
supply was of particular concern, as distilleries in places like New York, Chicago, and
Cincinnati paired with dairies within the city limits.
81-100
About FDA - Part I: The 1906 Food and Drugs Act and Its Enforcement
Archivo:
http://archive.is/A0SeF
Sitio web:
FDA
https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/History/FOrgsHistory/EvolvingPowers/ucm054819.htm

VT0pI34G8xCEBWOIj
P 24-25:
Another example is that of the increasingly close regulation of the quality of the urban food
supply, which duly resulted from the attention which Medical Officers in the 1860s had
begun to pay to adulterated and defective foodstuffs, particularly meat and milk, as a source
of disease. The Adulteration of Foods Acts followed in the 1870s, leading to the
appointment of professional inspectors and public analysts by most local authorities in the
1880s; also Weights and Measures Acts in 1878 and 1889 and a final consolidating Sale of
Food & Drugs Act 1899.

A history of medicine – Modern Medicine http://archive.is/7ONEG
Sitio web:
Medical News Today
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/medicine/modern-medicine.php

P 7:
Virtually nothing was known about the aetiology and natural history of disease before the
late nineteenth century. Effective measures were few and their use was largely
misunderstood. Surgery was limited without anaesthesia and dangerous without knowledge
of antisepsis. In the absence of understanding of the nature of infectious disease and the
mechanisms by which it spreads, there were inevitable risks associated with hospital care,
when patients, some of whom were infected, were brought in to close contact with one
another.

Medicine In The 20th Century http://archive.is/DCGLC
Sitio web:
Encyclopedia Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-medicine/Medicine-in-the-20th-century
[In early 1900s] There was still little to be done for the victims of most infectious organisms
beyond drainage, poultices, and ointments, in the case of local infections, and rest and
nourishment for severe diseases.

VT0pI34G8xCEBWOIj
P 2:
This work achieved something of a conceptual revolution in the disciplines of history and
medicine, overturning a long-standing general orthodoxy regarding the importance of
medical science and the medical profession in bringing about the decline in mortality which
accompanied industrialization in Britain. It effectively demonstrated that those advances in
the science of medicine which form the basis of today's conventional clinical and hospital
teaching and practice, in particular the immuno- and chemo-therapies, played only a very
minor role in accounting for the historic decline in mortality levels.

P 6:
The practice of grouping as "medical advances" both therapy and environmental measures is
undesirable not only because the latter were by no means exclusively the work of medical
men. These two classes of influence differ grossly in their nature and effectiveness, and for
interpretation of trends in the nineteenth century it is essential that they should be considered
separately.

The McKeown Thesis: A Historical Controversy 11988435
and Its Enduring Influence
447153/ https://drive.google.com/open?id=1k4u
ypinpP1qhajclU-Uc_Q5o8qwphlJt
James Colgrove, 2002 American Journal of Public Health
P 4:
The consensus among most historians about the McKeown thesis a quarter century after it
first stirred controversy is that one narrow aspect of it was correct—that curative medical
measures played little role in mortality decline prior to the mid-20th century…

Ten Great Public Health Achievements in the 20th Century http://archive.is/Lo3I
Sitio web:
CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/about/history/tengpha.htm

Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Control of Infectious http://archive.is/Zj4lp
Diseases
Sitio web:
CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4829a1.htm
By 1900, however, the incidence of many of these diseases had begun to decline because of
public health improvements, implementation of which continued into the 20th century.
Local, state, and federal efforts to improve sanitation and hygiene reinforced the concept of
collective "public health" action (e.g., to prevent infection by providing clean drinking
water).

Immunization Safety Review: Multiple Immunizations
and Immune Dysfunction https://drive.google.com/open?id=
https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10306/immunization- 1QujT3DieBvlChf3vi4h18hjK1O
safety-review-multiple-immunizations-and-immune- Qzx4Cp
dysfunction
IOM, 2002
P 7 (22):
In any case, the number of infections prevented by immunization is actually quite small
compared with the total number of infections prevented by other hygienic interventions such
as clean water, food, and living conditions.

Five Important Reasons to Vaccinate Your Child http://archive.is/AF6HN
Sitio web:
Vaccines.gov
https://www.vaccines.gov/more_info/features/five-important-reasons-to-vaccinate-your-
child.html
Because of advances in medical science, your child can be protected against more diseases
than ever before. Some diseases that once injured or killed thousands of children, have been
eliminated completely and others are close to extinction – primarily due to safe and effective
vaccines.
93 A typical example: PMID:

Historical Comparisons of Morbidity and
Mortality for Vaccine-Preventable Archivo:
Diseases in the United States https://drive.google.com/open?id=1-
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/ful _nSuvGi5SAWi39wJ00oGlx0EWWiCb9v
larticle/209448
Sandra W. Roush, 2007 JAMA

Medical Definition of Chronic disease http://archive.is/q3URx
Sitio web:
MedicineNet.com
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33490
Chronic disease: A disease that persists for a long time. A chronic disease is one lasting 3
months or more, by the definition of the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics. Chronic
diseases generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication, nor do they just
disappear.

Trends in Childhood Disability 6230017
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles
/PMC1651471/pdf/amjph00626-0040.pdf Archivo:
https://drive.google.com/open?id=10cA6x_A9
xIhBojRWvqPn8ru0YNa6manG
Paul W. Newacheck, 1984 American Journal of Public Health
P 2, Tabla 1

Childhood Chronic Illness: Prevalence, Severity, 1536351
and Impact
694379/pdf/amjph00540-0038.pdf https://drive.google.com/open?id=1-
24wBSNubDTj7cBDBRqX8sEqLeiqA
xWG
The figure of the number of children with a chronic condition that limits them in
routine activities does not appear, for some reason, in the article. However, it can
be calculated according to the data of 31% of the children with some chronic
problem (p. 4, Table 2), of which 13.3% with some limitation in routine activity (p. 5,
Table 5). The rate of 4.1% is an underestimation (compared to the 1981 survey)
because the 1988 survey did not include mental problems (p. 2).

Prevalence and Impact of Disabling Chronic 9551003
Conditions in Childhood
508436/pdf/amjph00016-0074.pdf https://drive.google.com/open?id=1OH
f6M1Ufbx71JtHf7mPyDxHuWPhX0f
wv
P 2:
On average, approximately 446 000 (0.7%) children younger than age 18 were estimated to
be unable to conduct their major activity each year during 1992 through 1994,
approximately 2726000 (4.0%) were limited in the kind or amount of their major activity,
and about 1 224000 (1.8%) were limited in other activities. Thus, an annual average of 4
396000 (6.5%) children experienced some degree of disability.

The Rise In Chronic Conditions Among Infants, 25489027
Children, And Youth Can Be Met With
Continued Archivo:
Health System Innovations https://drive.google.com/open?id=199b
https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/pdf/10.1377/hlt LfWqYYf0JFd2QRXSMhBU9nQFUH
haff.2014.0832 2C2
James M. Perrin, 2014 Health Affairs
P 3:
In 1960, 1.8 percent of children were reported to have a health condition severe enough to
interfere with usual daily activities. In 2010, more than 8 percent of children had a health
condition that interfered with daily activities—an increase of more than 400 percent in fifty
years.

A National and State Profile of Leading Health Problems and 21570014
Health Care Quality for US Children: Key Insurance Disparities
and Across-State Variations
Christina D. Bethell, 2011 Academic Pediatrics

Poverty and Trends in Three Common Chronic 28193790
Disorders
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/earl Archivo:
y/2017/02/09/peds.2016-2539 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1cY
EgX8RyrC_WqcVI3QHnr-
JYPvHB98TY
Christian D. Pulcini, 2016 Pediatrics
P3
101-120
Dynamics of Obesity and Chronic Health 20159870
Conditions Among Children and Youth
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticl Archivo:
e/185391 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1aO
ddhiCdNzVF9PStJPMYU-
8lmuyhLDRY
Jeanne Van Cleave, 2010 JAMA
P4

So Young and So Many Pills Dec 28, 2010
Sitio web: Archivo:

Wall Street Journal http://archive.is/IGY7m
https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203731004
576046073896475588

More than 25% of Kids and Teens in the U.S. Take May 19, 2011
Prescriptions on a Regular Basis
Sitio web: Archivo:
IWB http://archive.is/t9r1N
http://investmentwatchblog.com/more-than-25-of-kids-and-
teens-in-the-u-s-take-prescriptions-on-a-regular-basis/

Prescription drug use by US children on the rise May 19, 2010
Sitio web: Archivo:

Reuters http://archive.is/I3rfR
http://www.reuters.com/article/medco-children-
idUSN1924289520100519

Increasing Prevalence of Medically Complex 20855383
Children in US Hospitals
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0c08/f41f3061c Archivo:
c21f7e9a39202d1c7934c1762a6.pdf https://drive.google.com/open?id=1GO
anye2s01-
bEmNfkpRPcxRx4voVLNKE
Katherine H. Burns, 2010 Pediatrics
P 3-4:
The hospitalization rates of children with diagnoses in a single CCC category increased by
an average of 5.59% each year-group from 763.7 per 100 000 to 943.2 per 100 000 (P <
.022). The hospitalization rates of children with diagnoses in more than 1 CCC category
increased by an average of 17.6% each year-group and doubled from 83.7 per 100 000 in
1991–1993 to 166.3 per 100 000 in 2003–2005 (P < .001).

Children With Complex Chronic Conditions in 20855394
Inpatient Hospital Settings in the United States
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM Archivo:
C2962571/pdf/nihms-238735.pdf https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Kys
bgd3eBzzF-BiPo-DJbaGvi3NsK9Sr
Tamara D. Simon, 2010 Pediatrics
P 5:
CCCs composed 10% of admissions, 25% of hospital days, 40% of hospital charges, 75%
to 92% of technology-assistance procedures, and 43% of inpatient deaths among US
children in 2006.

Asthma facts and statistics http://archive.is/RhF80
Sitio web:
Asthma.org
https://www.asthma.org.uk/about/media/facts-and-statistics/
One in 11 children in the UK has asthma.

Diabetes: Facts and Stats https://drive.google.com/open?id=
https://www.mrc.ac.uk/documents/pdf/diabetes-uk- 1r7gv9E1GKXhyq4Vnqu_Z6kjV
facts-and-stats-june-2015/ MThtfyBH
MRC, 2015

The rise of childhood type 1 diabetes in the 20th 12453886
century
Edwin A.M. Gale, 2002 Diabetes
P 6:
The best evidence available suggests that childhood diabetes showed a stable and
relatively low incidence over the first half of the 20th century, followed by a clear increase
that began at some time around or soon after the middle of the century. This increase
occurred around the same time in Scandinavia, the U.K., the U.S., and Sardinia but may
have occurred later in other parts of the world.

Food allergy http://archive.is/7Ciz4
Sitio web:
NHS
http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/food-allergy/Pages/Intro1.aspx
Most food allergies affect younger children under the age of three. It's estimated around 1
in every 14 children of this age has at least one food allergy. […]
For reasons that are unclear, rates of food allergies have risen sharply in the last 20 years.

Trends in the incidence of type 1 diabetes 24283719
among Jews and Arabs in Israel

Orit Blumenfeld, 2014 Pediatric Diabetes
P 2:
The mean age-adjusted incidence increased by 52.6%, from 8.0 per 100,000 in 1997 to
13.2 per 100,000 in 2010.

Health Status in Israel 2010 Report (hebreo) https://drive.google.com/open?id=
https://www.health.gov.il/PublicationsFiles/Health_S 1RRmkP_eUQJKC2XEGZ2ck4f
tatus_in_Israel2010.pdf GGHb71rsTu
Israeli Department of Health, 2011
P 236 (Traducido del hebreo):
"In a 2008 survey, 7.9 percent of eighth-graders reported having asthma or spastic
bronchitis at present, and 13.9 percent of Jewish and Arab students reported ever having
asthma or spastic bronchitis."

Research: A surge in the number of children Jan 13, 2016
diagnosed with ADHD
Archivo:
http://archive.is/vsmuc
Sitio web:
YNET
https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4752240,00.html
The researchers, led by Dr. Davidovich - Director of Child Development at Maccabi
Health Services and a member of the Faculty of Medicine at Bar-Ilan University, found
that if in 2005 6.8% of children were diagnosed with ADHD, then in 2014 there was a
jump and the rate of diagnoses rose to 14.4% - that is, 1 in 7 children.
112 Nombre del documento (traducido del hebreo): Archivo:

The use of the drug Ritalin among students in the https://drive.google.com/open?id=1
education system uCb1q406FDebqWqzof8aFnU0qa2
-Fu-f
Knesset [Israeli Parliamnet] Research Center, 2013
P 2 (hebreo):
"Our examination revealed that the education system does not have data on the number of
students diagnosed with ADHD or patients taking Ritalin or its alternatives. The Ministry
of Education publishes general guidelines regarding Ritalin treatment among students in
schools, but emphasizes that this issue is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health. The
Ministry of Health does not have accurate information on the number of students
diagnosed with ADHD or on the number of students treated with Ritalin.”

A lesson in sensitivity: Schools will work for Dec 2, 2016
allergic children
Archivo:
http://archive.is/WH2zR
Sitio web:
Israel Today
http://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/432489
A step forward in integrating children with food allergies into the education system: A
circular issued by the director general of the Ministry of Education this week defines that
any class in which an allergic student studies will be declared a 'safe environment', to
which the allergenic food component will be banned. In other classrooms, safety
precautions will be taken, such as cleaning tables with wipes, to protect allergic students.
The circular also defines that schools will also have alternative areas where it will be
possible to eat food products that contain allergens, for the benefit of other students.
[...]
It is estimated that in Israel there are about 15,000 children in the education system who
suffer from allergies of various severity levels. About 2,600 children in first and second
grades are assisted by personal assistants, but after this age the assistance is ceased.
114 Nombre del documento (hebreo): Archivo:

Presentation by the Ministry of Health and Education - Food https://drive.google.com/o
Allergy pen?id=1TAxnWNl1mMn
http://cms.education.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/03E94519-E25D- cNNjGK_DCUk2-
4E0E-97B0-A19B086415F0/121418/RgishutMazon.ppt rosgFoW9
Israeli Ministry of Health, 2010
Slide 7:
1,044 children up to the age of 18 were hospitalized for a food allergic reaction in 2008

Direct and Indirect Costs of Asthma in School- 15670464
age Children
https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2005/jan/pdf/04 Archivo:
_0053.pdf http://archive.is/nkY0y
Li Yan Wang, 2005 Preventing Chronic Disease
Costs of Asthma in US School Children in 1996:
Total economic impact of asthma in school-age children was $1993.6 million ($791 per
child with asthma).

Annual Summary 1979 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1NgxD
Reported Morbidity and Mortality in the UuXCDNgNzFwBovBkn7186ThcIrUQ
United states
CDC, 1980
P 18. Summary of infectious diseases in 1979, excluding gonorrhea, syphilis and
rabies (in animals).

Trends in Childhood Disability 6230017
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles
/PMC1651471/pdf/amjph00626-0040.pdf Archivo:
https://drive.google.com/open?id=10cA6x_
A9xIhBojRWvqPn8ru0YNa6manG
Page 2, Table 1 shows the morbidity rate in 1979. The number 2 million appears
on page 2, referring to 1981, which had a similar proportion of sick children to that
of 1979:
Data from the NHIS for 1981 show that over two million children suffer some degree of
limitation of their activities because of their health or disability…

More than 25% of Kids and Teens in the U.S. May 19, 2011
Take Prescriptions on a Regular Basis
Archivo:
http://archive.is/t9r1N
Sitio web:
IWB
http://investmentwatchblog.com/more-than-25-of-kids-and-teens-in-the-u-s-take-
prescriptions-on-a-regular-basis/

Infectious Disease Hospitalizations in the 19708796
United States
https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/49/7/1025/ Archivo:
314998 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1iba
OMusV86pnftihJHFcynefRmRL70eY
Krista L. Yorita Christensen, Clinical Infectious Diseases
2009
P 3, Tabla 2:
A weighted average calculation of the hospitalization rate for ages 0-19 (assuming cohorts
of similar size) gives a result of 1,027 hospitalizations per 100,000 or 1.02%.

The 2009 H1N1 Pandemic: Summary Highlights, April 2009- http://archive.is/aBxT
April 2010
Sitio web:
CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/cdcresponse.htm
CDC activated its Emergency Operations Center (EOC) on April 22, 2009, to coordinate
the response to this emerging public health threat.
Swine influenza http://archive.is/kX13O
Sitio web:
WHO
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2009/h1n1_20090425/en/
In response to cases of swine influenza A(H1N1), reported in Mexico and the United
States of America, the Director-General convened a meeting of the Emergency Committee
to assess the situation and advise her on appropriate responses… The Committee
nevertheless agreed that the current situation constitutes a public health emergency of
international concern. Based on this advice, the Director-General has determined that the
current events constitute a public health emergency of international concern, under the
Regulations.
121-125
CDC: Measles Outbreak a 'Wake-Up Call' Jan 29, 2015
Archivo:
http://archive.is/5sLoj
Sitio web:
Medpagetoday
http://www.medpagetoday.com/primarycare/vaccines/49786
Anne Schuchat, MD, director of the CDC's National Center for Immunization and
Respiratory Diseases, told reporters on a conference call that 84 people in 14 states have
been diagnosed with measles so far in 2015 and, of them, 67 are linked to the Disneyland
outbreak
[…]
The Disneyland-centered outbreak is "a wake-up call" for Americans to be vaccinated so
that future imported cases don't spread.

The Rise In Chronic Conditions Among Infants, 25489027
Children, And Youth Can Be Met With
Continued Archivo:
Health System Innovations https://drive.google.com/open?id=199b
https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/pdf/10.1377/h LfWqYYf0JFd2QRXSMhBU9nQFUH
lthaff.2014.0832 2C2

James M. Perrin, 2014 Health Affairs
P 4:
What has caused such substantial growth in common conditions in recent decades?
Increasingly, evidence points to genetic bases for these conditions, but genetic drift—
changes in the gene pool of reproductive-age adolescents and young adults—alone cannot
explain this rapid growth.

The rise of childhood type 1 diabetes in the 20th century 12453886

Edwin A.M. Gale, 2002 Diabetes
P 1:
A rapid change in incidence within a genetically stable population implies that nongenetic
factors are active and that the influence of genes is relative to population, time, and place.
It suggests that something has changed in the environment our children encounter or in the
way they are treated.

Perrin 2014 https://drive.google.com/open?id=199bLfWqYYf0JFd2QRXS
MhBU9nQFUH2C2
P 4:
Additionally, growing public awareness of these conditions coupled with advances in
screening in health care and school settings may identify mildly affected children who in
previous years may have gone undiagnosed, accounting for some of the rapid increase in
overall prevalence.

Perrin 2014 https://drive.google.com/open?id=199bLfWqYYf0JFd2QRXS
MhBU9nQFUH2C2
P 3:
However, premature infants of higher birthweight experience much less longterm
morbidity than in years past, and the absolute numbers of extremely low-birthweight
infants are small (less than 1 percent of all births). Advances in prenatal and newborn
screening for genetic and infectious conditions have also prevented a significant
proportion of intellectual disabilities.
Capítulo 9: Inmunidad de rebaño
1-20
https://www.elsevier.com/books/vaccines/plotkin/978-1-4557-0090-5
P 1395:
…the concept of herd immunity… refers to the prevalence or proportion of immune persons
in a population… which, if achieved, should lead to the elimination of an infection from a
population.
2 Nombre abreviado:
Plotkin 2013 - Vaccines (6th edition)
P 1395:
herd immunity, a term that refers to… indirect protection of nonimmune persons,
attributable to the presence and proximity of immune persons.
3 Nombre abreviado:
P 1396:
if an infection or vaccine induces some degree of immunity against infection, then some
nonimmune people will be protected indirectly, by the presence and proximity of immune
persons, and transmission should stop in a population prior to the infection of all susceptible
individuals.
4 Nombre abreviado:
For example, exposure to the measles virus results in lifelong immunity.
P 1403:
One of the remarkable observations about measles is that immunity induced by natural
infection appears to remain strong for life: thus, Panum observed that individuals exposed to
measles in 1781 in the Faroe Islands were still immune when the virus was next introduced,
65 years later, in 1846.
5 Nombre abreviado:
For example, immunity to the Hib bacterium, P 1406:
132 | Capítulo 9: Inmunidad de rebaño
The absence of disease in the neonatal period is a result of maternal antibody, passed to the
infant either transplacentally or via breast milk. As infant antibody levels fall, susceptibility
rises…
6 Nombre abreviado:
P 1397-1398.
7 Nombre abreviado:
P 1406:
If a vaccine were to protect only against disease, and not at all against infection, then it
would have no influence on infection transmission in the community and there would be no
indirect protection (vaccination of one person would have no influence on any others in the
community). It would be possible to reduce disease with such a vaccine but not to eradicate
the infection.
8 Nombre abreviado:
P 748:
The most common source of environmental exposure to C. tetani bacilli and spores is soil,
where the organism is widely but variably distributed.
9 Nombre abreviado:
P 756:
Immunization histories were reported for 986 (49%) of the tetanus cases reported from 1972
to 2009 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, unpublished data). Of those 986 cases,
163 (16%) had received at least a three-dose primary series of tetanus toxoid before onset of
tetanus; 62 (6%) reported that the last dose of tetanus toxoid was received less than 10 years
before the illness.
Notifiable diseases: historic annual totals
Sitio web:
GOV.UK
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/notifiable-diseases-historic-annual-totals
For example, in the UK, an average of 5 cases of tetanus were recorded each year in 2001-
2015. Official UK (England-Wales) morbidity data on the UK Ministry of Health website.
Infectious diseases requiring notification in https://drive.google.com/open?id=1QEXa9
Israel ZV_xDKvAdsUhN4ByWAfc7FbMjsH
Autor/año:
P 56:
In Israel, less than one case per year was recorded between 1990-2010.
P 1396:
The focal point of much of the theoretical work on community immunity has been the
recognition that, if an infection or vaccine induces some degree of immunity against
infection, then some nonimmune people will be protected indirectly, by the presence and
proximity of immune persons, and transmission should stop in a population prior to the
infection of all susceptible individuals.

Immunity for the People: The Challenge of 17357368
Achieving High Vaccine Coverage in
American History Archivo:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1jQ
820430/pdf/phr122000248.pdf B7kYQeKFlBJCukM7Cv8ekpOELQJ
wiT
James Colgrove, 2007 Public Health Reports
P 1:
[vaccination], unlike other health interventions that benefit the individual, also carries a
societal benefit through the herd immunity it creates. Thus, some observers have analogized
immunization to public health responsibilities such as providing clean water or sewage
disposal that are not left to the free market.
P 1395:
The social benefits of such indirect protection have important policy implications, including
provision of a rationale for mandating immunization.

Immunity for the People: The Challenge of 17357368
Achieving High Vaccine Coverage in
American History Archivo:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1jQ
820430/pdf/phr122000248.pdf B7kYQeKFlBJCukM7Cv8ekpOELQJ
wiT
James Colgrove, 2007 Public Health Reports
P 1:
It is a widely accepted tenet of public health practice that persuasive approaches are
preferable to coercive ones whenever possible. But because the failure to immunize oneself
or one’s children can contribute to the spread of infectious diseases, the United States has
invoked compulsory measures, primarily laws requiring immunization before children may
enter school.

State Vaccination Requirements http://archive.is/SVeph
Sitio web:
CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/imz-managers/laws/state-reqs.html
Italy approves hotly contested mandatory vaccine program http://archive.is/XPOoo
Sitio web:
Daily Mail
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-4739388/Italy-approves-hotly-contested-
vaccine-program.html
Under Italy’s new requirements, parents must present proof of vaccinations to gain
admission into preschools, while parents of children of mandatory school age face fines of
up to 500 euros ($588) for noncompliance. The requirements cover 10 vaccinations,
including diphtheria, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella and chicken pox.
The 11 vaccines set to become compulsory in France and why http://archive.is/XRzRu
French doctors are firmly in favour
Sitio web:
TheLocal.fr
https://www.thelocal.fr/20170705/these-are-the-eleven-vaccines-that-will-be-compulsory-
in-france-from-2018
Three vaccines: diptheria, tetanus and polio are already obligatory but from 2018 these will
be joined by eight more: whooping cough, measles, mumps, rubella, hepatitus B, influenza,
pneumonia and meningitis C.

MMR jab should be compulsory for all children starting http://archive.is/EeFQh
school, expert says
Sitio web:
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2009/jun/03/mmr-jab-compulsory-schoolchildren
Welsh health minister revealed she is exploring whether to make the vaccination
compulsory for school and nursery entry. Edwina Hart said she was prepared to "explore
further the options" for a compulsory childhood vaccination policy as Wales experiences its
largest outbreak of measles since the MMR vaccine was introduced 20 years ago, with 253
cases so far.
Nombre de la página (traducido del hebreo): Archivo:
Compulsory Vaccinations? http://archive.is/VZGva
Sitio web:
Vaccines
http://chisunim.co.il/Article.aspx?id=28
In the State of Israel, there is no legal obligation to vaccinate. Until a few years ago, it
seemed that there was no need for such legislation due to the high rate of immunization of
children in Israel, which was among the highest in the world.
However, due to an increase in the rate of those who oppose vaccines, this issue is expected
to come up.

Number of participants in the clinical trial - p. 3. Number of cases avoided (of all
strains) - Table 1, p. 4 (per protocol).
Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of 10749457
heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in
children

Steven Black, 2000 PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL
P 5:
Overall 513 pneumococcal vaccine recipients and 579 controls were hospitalized within 60
days of receipt of a dose of vaccine.
[…]
Review of emergency room visits within 30 days of vaccination revealed 1188 visits in
pneumococcal vaccine recipients and 1169 visits in controls.
P 1396:
The focal point of much of the theoretical work on community immunity has been the
recognition that, if an infection or vaccine induces some degree of immunity against
infection, then some nonimmune people will be protected indirectly, by the presence and
proximity of immune persons, and transmission should stop in a population prior to the
infection of all susceptible individuals. This insight encourages the estimation of threshold
numbers or proportions of immune persons necessary for this cessation to occur.
P 400:
The elegant theory just summarized is built on extreme assumptions: that all individuals mix
at random, that individuals are either fully susceptible or fully immune, and that the
population is uniform (ie, that all individuals behave the same way and all infected
individuals are equally infectious). These assumptions are unlikely to hold for any infection
in any human population.
P 1401.
21-40
P 1403:
Published estimates of herd immunity thresholds required to eradicate measles have ranged
from 55% to 96%, depending on the modeling approach and the assumptions employed (eg,
whether age or seasonality of transmission was included). The logic and the flaws
underlying the various estimates have been discussed elsewhere.
P 1405:
Published estimates of a crude herd immunity threshold for diphtheria have ranged from
50% to 90%.
P 1404:
Several investigations have concluded that, for the incidence of CRS to decrease in the long
term, the minimal vaccination coverage that must be achieved and maintained in young
children of both sexes is in the region of 50% to 80%.
P 1411:
The herd immunity threshold concept provides an epidemiologic attribute with which to
characterize particular infections. Although precision may not be possible because of
population heterogeneities or because of variability in the immune status of individuals—the
crude thresholds are naively optimistic in practice—even crude estimates can be of use in
giving a rough guideline for predicting the impact of a vaccination program and at least a
hint as to the potential for eradication.
P 1402:
If a vaccine were to protect only against disease, and not at all against infection, then it
would have no influence on infection transmission in the community and there would be no
indirect protection (vaccination of one person would have no influence on any others in the
community). It would be possible to reduce disease with such a vaccine but not to eradicate
the infection.
P 746:
Tetanus is unique among vaccine-preventable diseases in that it is not communicable.
Clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus, is widespread in the environment; many
animals in addition to humans can harbor and excrete the organism and its spores. When
spores of C. tetani are introduced into the anaerobic conditions found in devitalized tissue or
punctures, they germinate to vegetative bacilli that elaborate toxin. The clinical presentation
results from the actions of this toxin on the central nervous system (CNS). Many animal
species besides humans are susceptible to the disease.
P 752-754:
A decline in tetanus incidence in industrialized countries began in the early 1900s. By the
mid-1930s, many European countries had tetanus mortality rates of less than 1 per 100,000
Factors that contributed to the decline included urbanization, mechanization of agriculture,
adoption of aseptic surgical and medical techniques, hygienic childbirth and wound care
practices, use of prophylactic tetanus antitoxin, and, ultimately, use of antibiotics.
[…]
Historically, tetanus was a dreaded consequence of war, with incidence rates on the order of
two cases per 1,000 injured troops;
[…]
In 1947, when national reporting began, the incidence of reported cases was 0.39 per
100,000.
P 1407:
Clostridium tetani is not communicable between human hosts, and thus vaccination cannot
lead to indirect protection in the sense implied in many definitions of herd immunity.
Certainly there is no threshold proportion of immune persons, below 100%, that can ensure
total absence of tetanus from a community.
P 1407:
It appears that wild-type polioviruses ceased to circulate in most of the United States by
1970, at which time only some 65% of children were receiving a complete course of OPV.
However, given the complex history of previous IPV and then OPV programs in the
country, and the propensity of OPV—let alone wild—viruses to circulate in the community,
the actual level of immunity in the population at that time is unknown.
It is also possible that the disappearance of wild-type polioviruses from the United States
and other countries employing OPV has resulted not only from the achievement of some
herd immunity threshold, but also from the competition for ecologic space between the wild-
type viruses and the constantly introduced vaccine strains.

Epidemiology Of Poliomyelitis And Allied 14064722
Diseases--1963
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P Archivo:
MC2604573/pdf/yjbm00599-0011.pdf https://drive.google.com/open?id=1fV_w0
3BSORQKex-hR7DkGZH44EXUwpTv
Dorothy M. Horstmann, 1963 Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
P 9:
The inactivated vaccine, since its introduction in 1955, has greatly reduced the incidence of
paralytic poliomyelitis in countries in which its use has been extensive. This has been
accomplished by inducing serologic immunity in vaccinees, which prevents CNS invasion.
However the extent to which the inactivated vaccine has suppressed the circulation of wild
polioviruses and the incidence of inapparent intestinal infection is not well documented...
This is not surprising, for although the vaccine induces antibody formation, it does not
provide a significant barrier to intestinal infection with either wild or vaccine strains.
P 1407:
…there is good epidemiologic evidence for indirect protection by IPVs. Countries that have
used only IPV (eg, Sweden, Finland, and the Netherlands) experienced elimination of
circulating wild-type polioviruses for long periods of time.

Polio - The Beginning Of The End
WHO, 1997 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1r0R4dlS
UiB6jOtNta-FvrKDD-gFlzW9h
P 20:
Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) works by producing protective antibodies in the blood—thus
preventing the spread of poliovirus to the central nervous system. However, it induces only
very low- level immunity to poliovirus inside the gut. As a result, it provides individual
protection against polio paralysis but only marginally reduces the spread of wild poliovirus.
In a person immunized with IPV, wild virus can still multiply inside the intestines and be
shed in stools. Because of this, IPV could not be used to eradicate polio.
P 631:
Continued use of OPV will induce effective intestinal immunity, thereby enhancing
community resistance to transmission of imported wild poliovirus.
P 1407:
…live poliovirus vaccine virus is excreted in the feces and by the oropharynx in sufficient
quantities for it to be transmitted to contacts. This unique attribute of OPV provides a
special mechanism for indirect protection of non-vaccinees—in effect by vaccinating them
surreptitiously.

WHO vaccine-preventable diseases: monitoring system. 2018 http://archive.is/AVUQN
global summary
Sitio web:
WHO
http://apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/globalsummary/schedules?sc%5Br%5D%5B
%5D=AMRO&sc%5Br%5D%5B%5D=EURO&sc%5Bd%5D=&sc%5Bv%5D%5B%5D=
OPV&sc%5BOK%5D=OK

Acellular pertussis vaccines protect against 24277828
disease but fail to prevent infection and
transmission in a nonhuman primate model Archivo:
http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/111/2/787.full. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1XS
pdf P3srbYjgMOiC1TtGMRMQpl2SQDH
RDr
Jason M. Warfel, 2014 PNAS
P 3:
Therefore, no experimental data exist on whether vaccination prevents B. pertussis
colonization or transmission in humans.
28928960
The relationship between mucosal immunity, Archivo:

nasopharyngeal carriage, asymptomatic https://drive.google.com/open?id=1bCr
transmission and the resurgence of Bordetella u-8-TfSy2uwMt01noQ_yY3B-6laEB
pertussis
580413/pdf/f1000research-6-12588.pdf
Christopher Gill, 2017 F1000 Research
P 3:
A significant, but surprisingly under-examined, unknown is whether an asymptomatic
infection state exists for B. pertussis, as is the case for many other bacterial respiratory
pathogens, notably Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B (HiB), and
Neisseria meningitidis… But does B. pertussis exist in an asymptomatic infection state also?
Can pertussis transmit from asymptomatic individuals? Do pertussis vaccines interfere with
these processes? And, if so, how? These are fundamental unresolved questions.

The relationship between mucosal immunity, 28928960
nasopharyngeal carriage, asymptomatic transmission
and the resurgence of Bordetella pertussis Archivo:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC55804 https://drive.google.com/open?id=
13/pdf/f1000research-6-12588.pdf 1bCru-8-
TfSy2uwMt01noQ_yY3B-6laEB
P 3:
There is increasing consensus that earlier whole cell pertussis (wP) vaccines impeded
infections (not just clinical disease), generating herd immunity.
Nombre abreviado:
P 492:
Humans are the only reservoir for pertussis, and chronic carriage is not known to occur. In
principle, then, pertussis can be eradicated.

Warfel 2014 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1XSP3srb
YjgMOiC1TtGMRMQpl2SQDHRDr

Comparison of Three Whole-Cell Pertussis 26561389
Vaccines in the Baboon Model of Pertussis
Jason M. Warfel, 2015 Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
P 4:
Infection of baboons (Papio anubis) with B. pertussis results in a disease that is very similar
to severe clinical pertussis. Upon challenge with a recent clinical isolate of B. pertussis,
baboons experience respiratory colonization for about 4 to 6 weeks, paroxysmal coughing,
and leukocytosis. In addition, infected baboons can transmit B. pertussis to unchallenged
baboons by airborne transmission.
P 1.

P 2.
41-60
P 2:
To assess the ability of vaccination to prevent pertussis infection by transmission, two aP-
vaccinated animals and one unvaccinated animal were cohoused with a directly challenged,
unvaccinated animal. Similar to our previous findings (18), all animals became colonized 7–
10 d after cohousing with the infected animal.

P 3:
…the key finding of this study: aP vaccines do not prevent infection or transmission of
Bordetella pertussis even 1 mo after completing the primary vaccination series.

Comparison of Three Whole-Cell Pertussis 26561389
Vaccines in the Baboon Model of Pertussis
Jason M. Warfel, 2015 Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
P 2:
Similar to our previous data, there was no difference in the duration of colonization between
unvaccinated and DTaP-vaccinated animals, while previously infected animals were not
colonized following reinfection.

P 3:
…aP-vaccinated individuals can act as asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic carriers and
contribute significantly to transmission in the population.

P 5:
However, to protect the most vulnerable members of the population and achieve optimal
herd immunity, it will be necessary to develop a vaccination strategy that effectively blocks
pertussis infection and transmission.

P 1:
…optimal control of pertussis will require the development of improved vaccines

What to do about pertussis vaccines? Linking 26253079
what we know about pertussis vaccine
effectiveness, immunology and disease Archivo:
transmission to create a better vaccine https://drive.google.com/open?id=12W
https://academic.oup.com/femspd/article/73/8/ftv UI26-
057/2467538 PfhUcgXCbLoxuAs4yLClEwa8V
Shelly Bolotin, 2015 FEMS Pathogens and Disease
P 2:
Close examination of outbreak patterns revealed that, although the interepidemic period
remained the same, the amplitude of disease cycles increased following periods of low
vaccine uptake (Fine and Clarkson 1982, 1987), an epidemiological signal that the vaccine
may not be controlling infection and disease transmission, but rather clinical disease
severity.

Widespread Silent Transmission of Pertussis in Families: Antibody 2313126
Correlates of Infection and Symptomatology
Sarah S. Long, 1990 Journal of Infectious Diseases
P 7:
In summary, this family study showed that extensive transmission of pertussis occurred
during heavy exposure in immunized contacts. Subclinical infection was common;
vaccination and probably natural disease provided more protection against disease than
against infection.
Pertussis Infection in Fully Vaccinated Children 10998384
in Day-Care Centers, Israel
627963/pdf/10998384.pdf https://drive.google.com/open?id=1SrN
d8ZYYkZAFj0E81M4djqhlLRI62uNk
Isaac Srugo, 2000 Emerging Infectious Diseases
P 3:
Vaccinated adolescents and adults may serve as reservoirs for silent infection and become
potential transmitters to unprotected infants. The whole-cell vaccine for pertussis is
protective only against clinical disease, not against infection. Therefore, even young,
recently vaccinated children may serve as reservoirs and potential transmitters of infection.

Determination of Serum Antibody to Bordetella 14765342
pertussis Adenylate Cyclase Toxin in Vaccinated
and Unvaccinated Children and in Children Archivo:
and Adults with Pertussis https://drive.google.com/open?id=1vN
https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/38/4/502/351 O704stsFQ0r0b-wYtiyVsGQidc9UGv
500

James D. Cherry, 2004 Clinical Infectious Diseases

Different Effects of Whole-Cell and Acellular 24443545
Vaccines on Bordetella Transmission
038146/pdf/jiu030.pdf https://drive.google.com/open?id=1gws
-394ES_r0XRf9ihpMFQ6uc67SwM5R
William E. Smallridge, 2014 Journal of Infectious Diseases
P 7:
We were surprised to determine that an acellular vaccine previously found to affect
pathology and colonization of the lungs was ineffective at inhibiting shedding and
transmission.

Smallridge 2014 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1gws-
394ES_r0XRf9ihpMFQ6uc67SwM5R
P 2:
Together these results suggest that the resurgence of B. pertussis could be due to 2
deficiencies of the acellular vaccines: failure to protect the vaccinated individual from
infection, only blunting the severity of disease, and failure to prevent the transmission of B.
pertussis.

Smallridge 2014 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1gws-
394ES_r0XRf9ihpMFQ6uc67SwM5R
P 7:
…current vaccines do not effectively prevent transmission of Bordetella and thus fail to
confer the full benefits of herd immunity in reducing clinical cases.

nasopharyngeal carriage, asymptomatic
transmission and the resurgence of Bordetella Archivo:
pertussis https://drive.google.com/open?id=1bCr
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5 u-8-TfSy2uwMt01noQ_yY3B-6laEB
P 11:
Fundamental aspects of pertussis epidemiology and immunology were left unexplained
following the introduction of wP vaccines in the 1950s. The wP vaccines worked: disease
rates plummeted, mortality fell, and the pertussis problem appeared largely solved. The fact
that we did not know then, and still do not know now, how wP vaccines did this was
inconvenient and has remained problematic in the aP vaccine era, since it created no clear
immunologic surrogate by which to bridge these vaccine classes. Had carriage studies been
conducted in parallel with wP introductions, then this might have provided supportive
evidence that infections were being blocked. But carriage studies were not done. Rather, it
was assumed that because wP vaccines appeared to confer herd immunity, they therefore
blocked carriage.
P 471-472.
P 1405:
It is hoped thereby to prevent infection transmission to young infants, in whom the disease is
most severe. This has been extended to selective vaccination of parents and others in contact
with young infants, a strategy known as cocooning, yet another approach to manipulating
the community distribution of immunity.

P 5:
One recommendation to reduce transmission of pertussis to infants is by “cocooning,” or
vaccinating people who have contact with infants. Our data… suggest that cocooning is
unlikely to be an effective strategy to reduce the burden of pertussis in infants.

P 11:
In conclusion, the preponderance of available evidence now suggests that the list of
plausible explanations for the resurgence of pertussis in the aP vaccination era goes beyond
the “poor persistence” and “waning efficacy” of these vaccines to include an additional and
likely pivotal factor: “lack of sterilizing mucosal immunity”.

Pertussis Frequently Asked Questions http://archive.is/xBSyn
Sitio web:
CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/about/faqs.html#immunity
Second, make sure everyone around the baby is up-to-date with their pertussis vaccines.
This includes parents, siblings, grandparents (including those 65 years and older), other
family members, babysitters, etc. They should be up-to-date with the age-appropriate
vaccine (DTaP or Tdap) at least two weeks before coming into close contact with the baby.
[…]
Q: Doesn't herd immunity protect most people?
A: […] Since pertussis spreads so easily, vaccine protection decreases over time, and
acellular pertussis vaccines may not prevent colonization (carrying the bacteria in your body
without getting sick) or spread of the bacteria, we can't rely on herd immunity to protect
people from pertussis.

P 9:
These models also offer a possible explanation for the surprising failure of “cocooning” to
protect infants from pertussis… Unfortunately, several controlled trials of cocooning in the
US found no efficacy. These counterintuitive results conflict with expectations if aP
vaccines block carriage and transmission but fit well if aP vaccines only prevent disease but
have more limited ability to block infections.
P 155:
The entire operon is under the control of a repressor gene, dtxR, which in the presence of
iron binds to and inhibits the tox gene; toxin is produced only under low-iron conditions.
61-80
CDC Pink Book - Diphtheria CDC, 2011
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RHDvQU2YyPDfIcv-
qiEC9LPBMM22GEwo/view?usp=sharing
P 75:
Only toxigenic strains can cause severe disease.
P 154:
…the frequency of these various complications appears to vary considerably between
epidemics, for which no clear explanation is available.
P 157:
The precise microbial events responsible for the transmission of diphtheria remain unclear.

P 81.
P 1405:
The protection against disease imparted by diphtheria toxoid vaccines has never been
evaluated in formal trials, although observational studies provide estimates ranging from
55% to 90%.

Diphtheria Immunisation Campaign Oct 1948
Revista: Archivo:
British Journal of Nursing https://drive.google.com/open?id=1INU0IsP
giT4WVNMXUMKj7cT9ZmPtzcnM
P 1:
Immunisation affords a good degree of protection, though not complete protection, against
an attack of diphtheria. It affords a very high degree of protection indeed against the risk of
death from diphtheria. Immunised people, if they get diphtheria, nearly always get it very
lightly.
[…]
A child who has been immunised is about four times less likely to catch diphtheria, and
about 25 times less likely to die from it than one who has not.

P 78.
P 156:
Although diphtheria antitoxin is the mainstay of diphtheria therapy, penicillin or,
alternatively, erythromycin should be given to hasten clearance of the organism, prevent
transmission, and cease further production of diphtheria toxin… Before the development of
antibiotic therapy, convalescent carriage of toxigenic organisms was a major problem. Up to
50% and 25% of patients continued to harbor the organism 2 and 4 weeks after onset,
respectively. As late as 2 months after onset, reported carriage rates varied between 1% and
8%.

P 79, 84.

Diphtheria Immunization 5026197
Effect Upon Carriers and the Control of Outbreaks
Louis W. Miller, 1972 The American Journal Of Diseases Of Children
P 3:
When diphtheria toxoid became available, it was generally believed that it induced
immunity that protected individuals from symptomatic illness but not from asymptomatic
infection. This was based on the observation that immunity is related to the neutralization of
toxin elaborated by C diphtheriae and not interference with diphtheria infection.

Diphtheria in the United States, 1971-81 4061710
646466/pdf/amjph00288-0037.pdf Archivo:
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Xx
x6iNJSFo6djykLNV7QV7pQDM521P
De
Robert T. Chen, 1985 American Journal of Public Health
P 4:
However, immunization with diphtheria toxoid is protective only against the phage-
mediated toxin, and not against infection by the C. diphtheriae organism. Thus immunized
persons have less severe disease when infected, but may remain important as asymptomatic
carriers in the transmission of disease.
Miller 1972
P 3:
In 1936, Frost et al alluded to a paucity of observations on record concerning antitoxic
immunity and the carrier state. Nonetheless, he stated that the limited data suggested that
there is little, if any, difference between those individuals with and those without antitoxic
immunity in their risk of becoming infected. […] The findings in Elgin corroborate the
assumptions of Frost et al and show that there is no difference in the risk of diphtheria
acquisition among those with full, lapsed, inadequate, and no immunizations.
P 1406:
Given that diphtheria toxin is not a constituent of Corynebacterium diphtheriae per se, but
exists as a consequence of bacteriophage infection, the immunity induced by toxoid
vaccination may not provide protection against infection at all. However, toxoid vaccines do
protect against toxin mediated disease, and transmission of the diphtheria bacillus is more
efficient from clinical patients than from subclinical carriers - thus the toxoid vaccines may
protect against infectiousness and infection transmission, but not (or more than) against
infection receipt… This may have been an important contributor to the disappearance of
diphtheria in vaccinated populations.

The Epidemiological Importance Of Diphtheria Carriers
https://academic.oup.com/aje/article-abstract/5/4/508/149362?redirectedFrom=fulltext

James A. Doull, 1925 American Journal of Epidemiology
P 20:
After making necessary allowance for differences in age-distribution of the two groups of
contacts, it is a conservative estimate to state that the risk of attack is ten times as great for
family contacts of cases as for those in similar association with known bacillus carriers.
Doull 1925
P 1:
…and as carriers are much more numerous than clinically recognizable cases, and are for the
most part subject to no restriction of their intercourse with the general public, it is
reasonable to infer that they may be, in the aggregate, the most frequent sources of clinical
infection.
Doull 1925
P 2:
A similar conclusion is indicated by the results of attempts to trace the sources of infection
of recognized cases. For example, in a study of some 500 cases reported in a limited section
of Baltimore, investigators from this school have been able to find evidence of prior
association with recognized or even suspected cases of clinical diphtheria in only about 20
per cent, of the cases investigated. Making all due allowance for the imperfections of such
an investigation, it still appears that a large proportion of the cases investigated must have
contracted their infections from unrecognized clinical cases or from carriers.
Doull 1925
P 20:
It seems impossible to explain the general distribution of diphtheria and the usual absence of
traceable lines of contact from clinical cases on any other hypothesis except that infection is
spread largely by carriers.
Miller 1972
P 2:
Throat cultures were done on 306 children and staff; toxigenic C diphtheriae, gravis type,
was isolated from 104 (34%). Fifteen of these (14%) were cases, and 89 (86%) were
carriers. There was no statistical difference in the risk of diphtheria infection among those
with full, lapsed, inadequate, or no previous diphtheria immunization.
Miller 1972
P 3:
Recent epidemics in Austin and Elgin Texas, provided ample evidence that carriers continue
to play a very important role in the transmission of diphtheria.
Miller 1972
P 3:
However, diphtheria outbreaks have been described in populations with as much as 94% of
the people being previously immunized. These outbreaks, the known importance of carriers
in the spread of diphtheria, and the demonstrated failure of toxoid to prevent the carrier state
lead us to conclude that the concept of herd immunity is not applicable in the prevention of
diphtheria
The Austin, Texas, Diphtheria Outbreak 4984784
Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects

Victor M. Zalma, 1970 JAMA
A similar conclusion was reached by Zalma and his colleagues, also from the CDC,
who investigated the outbreak in Austin Texas.
P 5:
Although toxoid reduces the severity of disease caused by toxigenic organisms, it does not
eradicate such organisms and, hence, as long as there are susceptibles in an area where C
diphtheriae exists, cases can continue to occur.

Diphtheria in the Russian Federation in the 10657187
1990s

Svetlana S. Markina, 2000 Journal of Infectious Diseases
P 7:
The Soviet and Russian experience has been that of persistent circulation of toxigenic strains
of C. diphtheriae and at least two resurgences of diphtheria despite fairly high levels of
vaccine coverage among most childhood age groups. Studies in 1969–1970 documented that
reintroduction of toxigenic strains into schools with 100% coverage of children produced
widespread transmission of the organism for months despite an absence of cases. A study in
several oblasts in 1980–1981 found low-level circulation of toxigenic strains despite
immunity in >97% of 20,000 children who were 4–14 years of age, as measured by Schick
testing. While inadequate implementation of immunization played a role in permitting
circulation of diphtheria organisms to continue, the experience in Russia and elsewhere
suggests that circulation is likely to persist in areas of lesser economic development even
with good overall immunization levels.
81-100
Chen 1985
P 3:
The decline in diphtheria incidence in the United States during 1971-81 occurred despite
serologic studies during the 1970s showing subprotective serum diphtheria antitoxin levels
in approximately 25 per cent of the children and 75 per cent of the adults tested in three US
cities.
Nombre abreviado:
P 165:
Despite the relatively low levels of immunity among adults in many countries, diphtheria
has remained well controlled in most countries with effective childhood immunization
programs… Serologic studies in Europe and the United States have demonstrated that many
adults in these countries remain susceptible to diphtheria.
Chen 1985
P 3:
The frequency of diphtheria carriage in the United States is not known accurately.
P 1405:
Estimates aside, the proportion of the population actually immune to diphtheria today is
elusive. Vaccine coverage is difficult to define because it has varied over time, and because
at least three doses are recommended, although one or two provide some protection.

Penicillin In Treatment Of Diphtheria And Diphtheria Carriers 20280343

Samuel Karelitz, 1947 The Journal Of Pediatrics
P 10:
Penicillin was ineffective in preventing toxic complications of diphtheria, but seemed to
hasten the clearing and further the development of complications due to pyogenic
organisms. Penicillin should not be used as a substitute for diphtheria antitoxin.
Karelitz 1947
P 10:
Patients with faucial diphtheria treated with antitoxin and penicillin… were rendered
diphtheria negative more rapidly than were the patients who received antitoxin and no
penicillin. Carriers of virulent C. diphtheria were likewise rendered free of the bacteria by
treatment with penicillin.
Zalma 1970
P 4:
Fourteen of 142 treated carriers (9.9%) were not cleared of C diphtheriae after treatment
with procaine penicillin, administered intramuscularly, 600,000 to 2,000,000 units a day for
seven to ten days, and most were given a course of erythromycin, which eradicated the
organism in every patient.
Nombre abreviado:
Miller 1972
P 3:
At the first appearance of a diphtheria case, control activities should be directed toward
identifying, isolating, and treating carriers, as well as toward immunizing persons with less
than full immunization status. This dual approach will reduce or eliminate the spread of
infection by reducing the number of carriers, and it will reduce the number of cases by
improving the immunization status of exposed individuals.

P 78-79.
Persons with suspected diphtheria should be given antibiotics and antitoxin in adequate
dosage and placed in isolation after the provisional clinical diagnosis is made and
appropriate cultures are obtained.
[…]
The disease is usually not contagious 48 hours after antibiotics are instituted. Elimination of
the organism should be documented by two consecutive negative cultures after therapy is
completed.
Chen 1985
P 4:
The Rumanian experience lends support for this hypothesis; improved immunization led to a
sharp decline in diphtheria morbidity disproportionate to the actual number of persons with
Schick-proven immunity, and surveillance cultures in epidemic and nonepidemic
communities showed a concomitant drop in the percentage of toxigenic strains from 86 per
cent in 1955-66 to 5 per cent in 1977.

Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Microbiological Methods Used in Clinical and
Epidemiological Investigations
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S058095170870374X
Alice Saragea, 1979
P 165 (also in the chart on p 166):
1. Epidemiological methods
[…]
(g) Diagnosis, isolation and treatment of contacts (treatment by antibiotics).

Diphtheria in the Former Soviet Union: 9866730
Reemergence of a Pandemic Disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2640235/pdf/9866730.pdf
Charles R. Vitek, 1998 Emerging Infectious Diseases
P 9:
Russia was never totally free of reported cases of diphtheria….
Markina 2000
P 2.
Markina 2000
P 7:
The Soviet and Russian experience has been that of persistent circulation of toxigenic strains
of C. diphtheriae and at least two resurgences of diphtheria despite fairly high levels of
vaccine coverage among most childhood age groups.

Diphtheria Surveillance and Control in the Former Soviet Union and the 10657186
Newly Independent States
Charles R. Vitek, 2000 Journal of Infectious Diseases
P 2:
Soviet epidemiologists did not recommend prophylactic treatment with antibiotics for
contacts of diphtheria cases. There was a strongly held conviction that antibiotics had an
adverse effect on the normal bacterial flora.
Vitek 2000
P 2:
Soviet public health officials believed that this tightly controlled system of laboratory and
clinical surveillance would identify individuals needing treatment sufficiently early to avoid
the need for prophylactic antibiotic treatment.
Vitek 2000
P 4:
Prophylactic antibiotics were not given to close contacts of cases or carriers of diphtheria in
a school or work place.
Markina 2000
P 7:
Toxigenic C. diphtheriae continues to circulate throughout the Russian Federation, and
interruption of circulation in most areas is unlikely in the near future.
P 260.
P 274-279
P 292:
However, although it might be assumed that high vaccine coverage in communities would
lead to reduced community transmission and to reductions in severe influenza-related
outcomes, no large prospective study has yet convincingly demonstrated that vaccinating
entire populations, or epidemiologically important subpopulations such as school-age
children, will provide significant protection against influenza-related complications (eg,
death or hospitalization) for other groups.

P 284:
Although studies have not consistently demonstrated community benefits, the variability
by season, vaccine coverage, and circulating strains, as well as difficulty in monitoring
outpatient illness among adult contacts, have presented formidable challenges to the
conducting of this type of study.
P 292:
Demonstrating significant reductions in influenza-related complications has been difficult

because of the yearly variability of influenza epidemiology, the infrequent use of specific
laboratory testing that could serve as the source of reliable surveillance data, the need to
study a large population to capture enough severe outcomes, and the relatively low
coverage achieved in areas where universal vaccination has been recommended.
101-120
P 183-188.

P 188-191.

P 193:
Young children have the highest rates of infection and are often the source of infection for
others, primarily because infections in this age group are usually asymptomatic and
standards of hygiene are generally lower among young children than among adults.

P 189-190.

National Hepatitis Prevention Programs https://drive.google.com/ope
http://fs.knesset.gov.il/globaldocs/MMM/40c28d55-f7f7- n?id=1jWjwQsaeXHiqagzxr
e411-80c8-00155d010977/2_40c28d55-f7f7-e411-80c8- 2SZXJq6KuBeu78U
00155d010977_11_7600.pdf
Autor/año:
Flora Koch Davidovich, Knesset Research Center, 2014

P 202:
Vaccine coverage data and examination of age-specific incidence trends indicate that
incidence declines have occurred with modest levels of coverage and in unvaccinated age
groups, suggesting a strong herd immunity effect.

P 183:
Children are less likely to have symptomatic infection compared with adults; 50% to 90%
of infections acquired before the age of 5 years are asymptomatic, but 70% to 95% of
infected adults will have symptoms. Jaundice is rare among young children but will occur
in the majority of adults with hepatitis A.
P 184:
The case-fatality rate among cases reported through national surveillance in the United
States for the 2001-2005 period ranged from 0% among children younger than 5 years to
1.4% of people older than 60 years, with an overall mortality rate of 0.5%.

CDC Pink Book – Hepatitis B CDC, 2011
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PeVszIcp5GNIES278_QQX
Y8tDo-Vnf3t/view?usp=sharing
P 116-117.

P 215:
HBV is not transmitted by air, food, or water.

P 119:
The virus is transmitted by parenteral or mucosal exposure to HBsAg-positive body fluids
from persons who have acute or chronic HBV infection. The highest concentrations of
virus are in blood and serous fluids; lower titers are found in other fluids, such as saliva
and semen. Saliva can be a vehicle of transmission through bites; however, other types of
exposure to saliva, including kissing, are unlikely modes of transmission. There appears to
be no transmission of HBV via tears, sweat, urine, stool, or droplet nuclei.

P 215-216.

P 217, Figure 1.

Assuming a million carriers in a population of 324 million. Plotkin 2013, p. 215,
estimates between 800,000 and 1,400,000 U.S. carriers.

Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory http://archive.is/XZzZs
Committee Prevention of Perinatal Transmission of
Hepatitis B Virus: Prenatal Screening of all Pregnant
Women for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
Sitio web:
CDC website
https://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000036.htm?fref=gc
The estimate is based on pre-vaccine CDC data - below. (Plotkin 2013 mentions
an estimate of 0.6 percent).
Screening the approximately 3.5 million pregnant women per year for HBsAg would
identify 16,500 positive women and allow treatment that would prevent about 3,500
infants from becoming HBV carriers.

P 215:
In the United States, the race-adjusted prevalence of HBsAg among pregnant women is
about 0.6%
[…]
In 2007, a total of 1,815 HBV-associated deaths (0.56 deaths per 100,000 population) were
recorded in the United States.

Hepatitis B virus http://archive.is/oOPwj
Sitio web:
HSE website
http://www.hse.gov.uk/biosafety/blood-borne-viruses/hepatitis-b.htm
The UK is a low prevalence area, with a carriage rate of 0.1-0.5%, although rates may vary
between individual communities.

National Hepatitis Prevention Programs https://drive.google.com/ope
http://fs.knesset.gov.il/globaldocs/MMM/40c28d55-f7f7- n?id=1jWjwQsaeXHiqagzxr
e411-80c8-00155d010977/2_40c28d55-f7f7-e411-80c8- 2SZXJq6KuBeu78U
00155d010977_11_7600.pdf
Autor/año:
Flora Koch Davidovich, Knesset Research Center, 2014
P 2.

Prevalence of HBsAg Carriers in Native and 1834799
Immigrant PregnancFemale Populations in Israel and
PassivelActive Vaccination Against HBV of Newborns at Risk
Journal of Medical Virology V. Bogomolski-Yahalom, 1991
Vertical HBV transmission in Jerusalem in the vaccine era 23330257
R Michaiel, 2012 Harefuah.
HBV and HCV Epidemiology In Israel
Autor principal/año: Archivo:

Eli Zuckerman, 2014 https://drive.google.com/open?id=11JcqsIZCPFZYu6q2
9YXVGmrRdeg7K9i7

P 115:
The first recorded cases of “serum hepatitis,” or hepatitis B, are thought to be those that
followed the administration of smallpox vaccine containing human lymph to shipyard
workers in Germany in l883.

P 205:
The largest outbreak of what is now recognized as hepatitis B was recorded in 1942, when
28,585 American soldiers inoculated with yellow fever vaccine developed jaundice and 62
died. This outbreak was traced to a specific lot of vaccine that contained human serum; a
follow-up study in the 1980s confirmed the hepatitis B viral cause.
121-140
P 215:
Infants born to mothers with chronic HBV infection can acquire perinatal HBV infection,
which usually occurs at the time of birth; in utero transmission of HBV is relatively rare
(accounting for < 2% of infections transmitted from mother to infant), and the virus is not
transmitted through breastfeeding.

P 215:
Person-to-person transmission probably occurs from inadvertent percutaneous or mucosal
contact with blood or infectious body fluids during certain activities, such as sharing
toothbrushes or razors, contact with exudates from dermatologic lesions, contact with
saliva through bites or other breaks in the skin, premastication of food, sharing of gum and
other food items, and contact with HBsAg-contaminated surfaces.

P 206:
The risk for developing chronic HBV infection varies inversely with age: approximately
90% of infants infected during the first year of life develop chronic infection, compared
with 30% of children infected between ages 1 and 4 years and less than 5% of persons
infected as adults.

P 216:
In […] areas of high endemicity […] most infections are acquired during the perinatal
period and early childhood, when the risk for developing chronic infection is greatest;
acute hepatitis B is rarely detected because most infections in early childhood are
asymptomatic.

‘Self-Destructing’ Syringes Force Safer Injection Practices Nov 2, 2011
Sitio web: Archivo:
PBS http://archive.is/Z26jo
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/self-destructing-
syringes-force-safer-injection-practices/
About 40 percent of all injections are given with unsterilized, reused syringes and needles,
reports the World Health Organization. An estimated 1.3 million deaths — and 21.7
million new Hepatitis B infections — occur each year as a result of the unsafe practice.

P 217-218.

Hepatitis B Virus: A Comprehensive Strategy for http://archive.is/kccin
Eliminating Transmission in the United States Through
Universal Childhood Vaccination: Recommendations of
the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP)
Sitio web:
CDC website
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00033405.htm?fref=gc
Section: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION OF HEPATITIS B
VIRUS INFECTION
Infections among Infants and Children

P 215:
Other settings where person-to-person transmission typically occurs include child-care
centers and schools.

P 218:
No increased risk for HBV infection resulting from occupational exposures has been
documented in persons infrequently exposed to blood or body fluids, such as ward clerks,
dietary workers, maintenance workers, housekeeping personnel, lifeguards, teachers, and
persons employed in child day-care settings.

Unusual Cases of Hepatitis B Virus Transmission in https://drive.google.com/open?id=
the Community 1tNQw80K3IY-
http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p2100.pdf FNOoaAcxrDe2oVmt0bb5p
Autor/año:
Immunize.org

P 671:
Breast-feeding clearly protects against rotavirus disease.

CDC Pink Book – Rotavirus CDC, 2011
https://drive.google.com/file/d/17oSPucPglFR3-
n79hEokf30r1Rtr4-PT/view?usp=sharing
P 244-246.

P 265.

P 264:
After a single natural infection, 38% of children are protected against any subsequent
rotavirus infection, 77% are protected against rotavirus diarrhea, and 87% are protected
against severe diarrhea. Reinfection can occur at any age.
[…]
The first infection after 3 months of age is generally the most severe.
P 270:
In addition, infants may experience multiple episodes of rotavirus diarrhea because the
initial infection may provide only partial immunity.

P 266:
Rotavirus infection is not nationally notifiable in the United States. Estimates of incidence
and disease burden are based on special surveys, cohort studies, and hospital discharge
data. In the prevaccine era an estimated 3 million rotavirus infections occurred every year
in the United States and 95% of children experienced at least one rotavirus infection by
age 5 years. The incidence of rotavirus is similar in developed and developing countries,
suggesting that improved sanitation alone is not sufficient to prevent the infection.

P 266.
Nombre abreviado:
P 674:
These estimates, prior to the use of rotavirus vaccines, indicated that by the end of the
second or third year of life, 60% to 80% of all children developed a rotaviral diarrheal
illness (approximately 2.7 million episodes per year), 1 in 6.5 sought medical attention, 1
in 70 (55,000 to 70,000 patients) were hospitalized, and 1 in 66,000 to 1 in 200,000 (20 to
60 children) died as a result of the rotavirus.

Estimating the Number of Deaths with Rotavirus as a 17264682
Cause in England and Wales
Archivo:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/hv.3.1.3
748 d=1Dk7uJeWAlb4ftsoUHL7mq
4IYEjuQIhaX
Mark Jit, 2007 Human Vaccines
P 5:
The two methods we used gave similarly low figures of 3.3 and 3.2 deaths a year. Hence,
our analysis predicts that the annual mortality burden for rotavirus in England and Wales
is extremely low. Also, these estimates do not accurately capture the mortality attributable
to rotavirus alone as in almost all cases of death due to rotavirus there are other
contributing causes. This suggests that universal rotavirus vaccination will have a limited
impact on childhood mortality in the United Kingdom.
Archivo:
138 Nombre de la página (hebreo):
http://archive.is/lpSxT
Rotavirus
Sitio web:
Israeli Ministry of Health
https://www.health.gov.il/Subjects/pregnancy/Childbirth/Vaccination_of_infants/Pages/Ro
ta_Virus.aspx
The history of the disease in Israel
Before the vaccine existed, the virus caused 4,400 hospitalizations of children a year in
Israel. Death from this virus is common in developing countries and very rare in developed
countries and in Israel.

P 686:
Several countries that have introduced rotavirus vaccines in their national childhood
immunization programs have already seen remarkable declines in severe rotavirus
gastroenteritis after vaccine introduction.

P 687:
In 2010, results of phase III trials of both RotaTeq and Rotarix conducted in developing
countries of Africa and Asia were reported… Although the exact reasons for the somewhat
diminished performance of rotavirus vaccines in developing countries are unclear, other
live oral vaccines such as those against polio, cholera, and typhoid have also not worked
equally well in populations in developed and developing country settings.
141-160
Rotavirus vaccination and herd immunity: an evidence-based review
https://www.dovepress.com/rotavirus-vaccination-and-herd-immunity-an-evidence-based-
review-peer-reviewed-article-PHMT

Lorna M Seybolt, 2012 Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics
P 3:
A peculiarity of rotavirus natural infection, however, is that while it protects against
subsequent clinical infection it does not prevent subclinical reinfection and virus
circulation – a phenomenon consistently shown in cohorts of neonates, young children, and
adults. A vaccine would not be expected to perform better than natural infection.
P 4:
As this was only an isolated finding, the authoritative conclusion remained that rotavirus
vaccines, despite being efficacious, would not be expected to significantly decrease the
circulation of rotaviruses.
Correlates of protection for rotavirus vaccines: 25483685
Possible alternative trial endpoints, opportunities,
Archivo:
and challenges
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC45140 d=13USFrSUT1_LA2Fd5SYjaS
48/pdf/khvi-10-12-977728.pdf i8n6PmT9sSH
Juana Angel, 2014 Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
P 1:
Natural RV infection does not generate sterilizing immunity, thus, reasonable goals of
vaccination are to decrease or eliminate severe disease in children, but not to prevent
infection.

Seybolt 2012
P 1:
Herd immunity – the indirect protection of unimmunized individuals as a result of others
being immunized – was not expected to be a benefit of rotavirus vaccination programs
since the vaccines were thought to reduce severe disease but not to decrease virus
transmission significantly. Postlicensure studies, however, have suggested that this
assumption may need reassessment. Studies in a variety of settings have shown evidence
of greater than expected declines in rotavirus disease.

Seybolt 2012
P 11:
Yet, it seems highly compelling that many studies in different countries, under different
conditions, and using different surveillance systems have consistently found some
evidence of herd immunity with similar results for both vaccines. If a real phenomenon, it
may be explained by decreased circulation of rotavirus, a fact that was suggested by one
prelicensure study but has not been evaluated postlicensure. An alternative explanation is
transmission of the vaccine virus from immunized infants to those unimmunized resulting
in secondary immunization, as in the case of oral poliovirus vaccine.

Seybolt 2012
P 11:
The evidence regarding herd immunity associated with rotavirus vaccines is of poor
quality because this effect was not anticipated and studies were not specifically designed
to detect it. […] Studies used time series with short before and/or after observation
periods, a situation vulnerable to temporal changes in rotavirus activity. Also, vaccine
coverage was either unknown or inferred from external sources, which may or may not
have been applicable to the study group.
P 5:
For all these reasons, every study reviewed has significant potential flaws in relation to
herd immunity and thus should be interpreted with caution and in conjunction with other
available data.

Seybolt 2012
P 10.

Estimating the herd immunity effect of rotavirus 26116250
vaccine

Suzanne L. Pollard, 2015 Vaccine
P 2:
Thus, in this paper we present a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the herd
effects of rotavirus vaccines… [p. 4] To our knowledge, this is the first study to estimate
the herd effect of rotavirus vaccine.

Pollard 2015
P 3, paragraphs 2.6-2.8.

Pollard 2015
P 5:
There are several explanations that may explain this inconsistency […]

Pollard 2015
P 5:
In 13 of the 16 outcome years in Latin America, the observed reductions in all cause
diarrhea hospitalizations or mortality were higher than the theoretical maximum (23.4%)
reduction based on the estimated regional proportion of diarrhea mortality among children
under 5 years of age.

Pollard 2015
P 5:
We were unable to determine the functional relationship between coverage and the
magnitude of herd immunity effects… If studies had reported measured coverage values at
additional time points between introduction and attainment of universal coverage, we

would have been better able to understand the relationship between coverage and the
degree of herd immunity observed.

Pollard 2015
P 5:
There is evidence that rotavirus vaccination confers a herd immunity effect among
children under one year of age in the United States and Latin American countries. Given
the high variability in vaccine efficacy across regions, more studies are needed to better
examine herd immunity effects in high mortality regions.

P 1406:
There are at least 93 immunologically distinct pneumococcal serotypes that cause disease
in humans… Pathogenicity varies with serotype, and different serotypes are more or less
likely to affect different age groups, although all can cause disease in all age groups. To
further complicate issues, the duration of carriage and the ability of a carriage episode to
immunize an individual is also variable and dependent on age and serotype.

P 529:
Pneumococci are constantly on the move in the population, being transmitted and acquired
at high rates, especially in young children.

CDC Pink Book – Pneumococcal Disease CDC, 2011
https://drive.google.com/file/d/17nHF95iC1QlRcMYqUT-
j5b6ThstrdL2d/view?usp=sharing
P 233, 237.
Nombre abreviado:
P 506-507.

P 504-505.

P 505.

https://www.health.gov.il/PublicationsFiles/
Disease1951_2010.pdf
Autor/año:
P 103, 131.
Nombre del documento (hebreo): PMID:

Estimating the herd immunity effect of rotavirus 26116250
vaccine

Suzanne L. Pollard, 2012 Vaccine
P 2:
Thus, in this paper we present a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the herd
effects of rotavirus vaccines… [p. 4] To our knowledge, this is the first study to estimate
the herd effect of rotavirus vaccine.

P 238-240.

P 1406:
The introduction of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the United States in
2000 had a dramatic impact. Although the substantial fall in infant invasive pneumococcal
disease rates was as expected, it was associated with significant falls in pneumococcal
disease among adults, more than doubling the overall benefits to the community.

P 1406:
Despite these powerful effects, wherever carriage has been studied, vaccination has not
affected pneumococcal carriage rates overall, but has led to a reduction in the carriage of
vaccine serotypes, with a compensatory rise in carriage of nonvaccine serotypes.
[…]
The substantial herd effect in adults in the general population indicates that either the
replacement nonvaccine serotypes are less likely to cause disease in adults, or there are
qualitative differences in carriage in vaccinated children, rendering them less likely to
transmit the organism.
161-180
P 529:
Thus, as for direct effect of PCV7s on carriage, an overall reduction of carriage of VT
serotypes can be attributed to PCVs, with a parallel increase in non-VT serotypes (termed
replacement). This phenomenon is expected to be of great magnitude, resulting in herd
immunity against vaccine serotype disease on the one hand, but a potential for replacement
disease on the other hand.

P 1406:
To a variable extent, there has also been an increase in disease associated with the
replacement nonvaccine serotypes, and this has reduced the initial impact of the disease
reduction by the vaccine in both children and adults.
Pneumococcal serotype distribution in adults 26647277
with invasive disease and in carrier children in
Archivo:
Italy: Should we expect herd protection of adults https://drive.google.com/open?i
through infants’ vaccination? d=1kkntOBsCi3ayGCud0QdM
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC50497 XYfe6jE5cONm
37/pdf/khvi-12-02-1102811.pdf
Chiara Azzari, 2016 Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
P 2:
The same effect was present, even though less evident, in Europe where the decrease in
adult IPD associated to PCV7 serotypes was counterbalanced by a rapid increase in IPD
due to non-PCV7 serotypes.

P 239:
In 2010 a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was licensed in the United
States. It contains the 7 serotypes of S pneumonia as PCV7 plus serotypes 1, 3, 5, 6A, 7F
and 19A… ABCs data indicate that in 2008, a total of 61% of invasive pneumococcal
disease cases among children younger than 5 years were attributable to the serotypes
included in PCV13…

P 1407:
In the United Kingdom, the story has been more complicated, as after only 3 years of use
of the 7-valent vaccine, serotype replacement has forced authorities to move to a higher-
valency preparation.
165 Nombre del documento (hebreo): Autor/año:

Immunization Guide Israeli Ministry of Health, 2015
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1db5nqObGNR
g8QwTaOUuTARsisHlPrf4U
P 10.

Effect of use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate 25656600
vaccine in children on invasive pneumococcal disease
Archivo:
in children and adults in the USA: analysis of multisite, https://drive.google.com/open?i
population-based surveillance
d=1t24aage5OhA0oNKvLuO8i
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC48768 UTca0D-tSEe
55/pdf/nihms787116.pdf

Matthew R Moore, 2015 European Respiratory Journal
P 7:
Our analysis shows there were substantial and rapid reductions in IPD within 3 years of
the introduction of PCV13 in the USA. The serotypes most affected were those most
common before introduction of PCV13, particularly serotypes 19A and 7F. Also, the age
groups that experienced the earliest reductions in PCV13 minus PCV7 type IPD were
those targeted for vaccination: children younger than 5 years.
[…]
We found a reduction in IPD in adults associated with introduction of PCV13 in children.
In all adult age groups, PCV13 minus PCV7 type IPD (especially serotypes 19A and 7F)
declined by 58–72%, which is com parable with that reported early after the introduction
of PCV7, leading to overall reductions in IPD of 12–32%. These findings are consistent
with the hypothesis that PCV13 prevents nasopharyngeal colonisation with serotypes 19A
and 7F among children and, therefore, prevents trans mission of these types between
children and adults.
167 Sweden - PMID:

Effects of PCV7 and PCV13 on invasive
Archivo:
pneumococcal disease and carriage in https://drive.google.com/open?i
Stockholm, Sweden d=1YMmi3eLP2J6vkPKhQG35
bvQIoBj5tcL8
83/pdf/ERJ-01451-2015.pdf
Ilias Galanis, 2016 European Respiratory Journal
P 9:
However, due to expansion of non-PCV13 strains, no large beneficial effect on the IPD
incidence was observed by replacing PCV7 with PCV13 for the youngest children or for
the elderly.
Italy - PMID:
Pneumococcal pneumonia prevention among
Archivo:
adults: is the herd effect of pneumococcal
conjugate vaccination in children as good a way as d=1m8hAno7UOJZoJuN2T5um
the active immunization of elderly? XUUh2U5tH_s-
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1185/0300799
5.2015.1131150

Rosa Prato, 2015 Current Medical Research and Opinion
P 4:
In 2011, PCV13 coverage reached nearly 90% on a national basis... The hospitalization
rates for pneumococcal pneumonia and the incidence rates of invasive disease in the
elderly population have remained stable or increased over the past decade, suggesting that
the indirect benefit of routine infant vaccination did not occur in this age group Not yet
published preliminary analyses by Martinelli et al. seem to indicate that in Italy more than
65% of pneumococcal pneumonia cases in older adults were caused by the serotypes
targeted by PCV13.
Denmark and UK - PMID:
Indirect Effects of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines
Archivo:
in National Immunization Programs for Children on https://drive.google.com/open?i
Adult Pneumococcal Disease d=1UmSJwz1som0iOzgCG0xX
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC52040 UVBJ_WipDBsH
04/pdf/ic-48-257.pdf

Young Keun Kim , 2016 Infection & Chemotherapy
P 4.

Pneumococcal carriage in children and adults two years after 24657717
introduction of the thirteen valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
in England

Albert Jan van Hoek , 2014 Vaccine
P 3.
Nombre abreviado:
Azzari 2016
P 4:
NP swabs were found positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae in over 50% or healthy
children included in the study, confirming our previous results.
Nombre abreviado:
Galanis 2016
P 10:
We observed that PCV introduction resulted in an almost complete replacement of vaccine
types to NVTs in the nasopharynx of healthy children, without affecting carriage rates
substantially.

Azzari 2016
P 5:
Herd protection of adults through PCV13 might be therefore more limited than what
previously described for PCV7.
Nombre abreviado:
Galanis 2016
P 9:
The herd protection effects post-PCV13 were less pronounced as compared with the
effects post-PCV7. In addition, in the elderly, the incidence of IPD caused by the six extra
serotypes in PCV13 remained high post-PCV13.
Nombre abreviado:
Prato 2015
P 4:
The hospitalization rates for pneumococcal pneumonia and the incidence rates of invasive
disease in the elderly population have remained stable or increased over the past decade,
suggesting that the indirect benefit of routine infant vaccination did not occur in this age
group.
[…]
In Italy, even after pediatric vaccination with PCVs, vaccine serotypes are still responsible
for most pneumonia and invasive diseases in the elderly population.
170 Denmark and UK - PMID:

Indirect Effects of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines
Archivo:
in National Immunization Programs for Children on
Adult Pneumococcal Disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC52040 https://drive.google.com/open?i
04/pdf/ic-48-257.pdf d=1UmSJwz1som0iOzgCG0xX
UVBJ_WipDBsH
Young Keun Kim , 2016 Infection & Chemotherapy
P 5:
While serotype replacement has certainly occurred and must be monitored over time, the
reduction in overall IPD suggests a net-beneficial effect of PCV.
Indirect (herd) protection, following pneumococcal 28449971
conjugated vaccines
Archivo:
introduction: A systematic review of the literature

Gal Tsaban, 2017 Vaccine
P 8:
Nevertheless, pneumococcal diseases burden among adult population remains a major
concern in terms of morbidity, mortality, and health-economy burden.

Azzari 2016
P 4:
Moreover recent studies have demonstrated that PCV is not able to eliminate carriage state
forever probably because of the physiological decrease in antibody titers, which remain
high enough to prevent invasive infections but not enough to prevent carriage state.

Galanis 2016
P 10:
The elimination of vaccine type strains in healthy carriage will create profound changes in
the entire pneumococcal population structure within a community since different
pneumococcal strains most likely coevolve as a result of reciprocal adaptation and
counter-adaptation between interacting strains.

Galanis 2016
P 10:
Our findings here demonstrate that serotype diversity during carriage increases
significantly as a result of PCV vaccination. The increased serotype diversity in IPD post-
PCV is most likely a reflection of the increased number of serotypes prevailing in
vaccinated carriers, which will influence the success of current vaccine strategies and must
be taken into account when future strategies are developed.

P 507:
Although it would be preferable to include a larger number of different polysaccharides in
a conjugate vaccine, doing so is technically challenging. Moreover, the total amount of
carrier protein in the final vaccine may need to be limited because too much carrier protein
can impair the antibody response to the polysaccharide antigen.

Conjugate Vaccines and the Carriage of 8903227
Haemophilus influenzae Type b
Archivo:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC26268 https://drive.google.com/open?i
02/pdf/8903227.pdf
d=1VP5OvAZPxbSZzJesAzsaP
-k7NqskaMGK
Marina L. Barbour, 1996 Emerging Infectious Diseases
P 2:
It seems that close contact and generous exchange of respiratory secretions is required for
the transmission of Hib between hosts. Even when the contact between a known carrier
and a susceptible child is intimate, spread of Hib occurs slowly over weeks or months.

CDC Pink Book – Haemophilus influenzae type b CDC, 2011
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1WJ4IgC2gyzbnSvpmr6I5p
OZMPGnuFj-V/view?usp=sharing
P 88-91.

P 168:
Only a minority of people with Hib colonization become ill.

P 88-90.

P 91.

Autor/año:
P 99, 101, 127, 129.
181-200
P 91, 93.

Autor/año:
P 103, 131

P 180.

P 179.

Decreased Haemophilus colonization in children vaccinated 8463894
with Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine

Trudy V. Murphy, 1993 Journal of Pediatrics
The Impact of Conjugate Vaccine on Carriage of 7798687
Haemophilus influenzae Type b

Marina L. Barbour , 1995 Journal of Infectious Diseases

Anti-Capsular Polysaccharide Antibodies Reduce 8421170
Nasopharyngeal Colonization by Haemophilus influenzae Type b
in Infant Rats

Maija Kauppi, 1993 Journal of Infectious Diseases
Anti-capsular polysaccharide antibody concentrations in saliva 7603810
after immunization with Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate
vaccines

Maija Kauppi, 1995 Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
Antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae Type b Polysaccharide 8641812
Affect Bacterial Adherence and Multiplication

Loek van Alphen, 1996 INFECTION AND IMMUNITY
Archivo:
https://web.archive.org/web/20180907094136/
Chickenpox Prevention and Treatment
https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/about/preven
tion-treatment.html
Sitio web:
CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/about/prevention-treatment.html
Use non-aspirin medications, such as acetaminophen, to relieve fever from chickenpox.
Do not use aspirin or aspirin-containing products to relieve fever from chickenpox. The
use of aspirin in children with chickenpox has been associated with Reye’s syndrome, a
severe disease that affects the liver and brain and can cause death.

P 837-838.

P 839:
Varicella is a highly contagious disease. Infectivity is postulated to occur by aerosol
spread of virions from vesicular skin lesions, and possibly to a lesser extent from
respiratory secretions.

P 843:
In the immediate prevaccine era in the United States, an average of 4 million varicella
cases occurred each year, which resulted in an average of 11,000 to 13,500
hospitalizations (4.1 to 5.0 hospitalizations per 100,000 population) and 100 to 150 deaths
annually (0.4 to 0.6 per million population).

P 863.

Chickenpox: public health management and guidance http://archive.is/6d5YH
Sitio web:
GOV.UK
https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/chickenpox-public-health-management-and-
guidance
Chickenpox is not a notifiable disease in England and Wales.

Preventing the spread of chickenpox http://archive.is/JhxJr
Sitio web:
NHS
http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Chickenpox/Pages/Prevention.aspx
There is a vaccination against chickenpox, but it's only given to people who are at a very
high risk of spreading the infection to vulnerable people. These include healthcare workers
and people living with someone who has a weakened immune system

Autor/año:
P 127, 129.

P 1405:
Surveillance data show a major decline in chickenpox incidence in the United States as a
consequence of this program, including evidence for indirect protection among infants and
adults, outside the vaccinated target age groups.

P 860.

WHO vaccine-preventable diseases: monitoring system http://archive.is/KsGxL
2017
Sitio web:
WHO

P 862:
From the health care payer perspective, most studies have shown that universal childhood
vaccination programs will not provide savings at the current price of the vaccine.

P 1405:
Beyond this, the long-term risk of zoster associated with vaccine strains is still not clear.
The situation will need close monitoring in the coming years to ensure an overall public
health benefit from this intervention. As a consequence of this uncertainty, several
countries (eg, the United Kingdom) still prefer to use varicella vaccine selectively—for
example, in high-risk patients and health-care workers - although these policies may
change if the US policy proves successful and cost effective in the long term.

CDC Pink Book – Rubella CDC, 2011
https://drive.google.com/file/d/11JSySIkEL9HODpfuTATai
JQwWXlIwJyK/view?usp=sharing
P 275-279.
201-220
P 276-277.

P 279.

The "Vaccines" book (Plotkin 2013 p. 694) sets the level of morbidity in Congenital
Rubella Syndrome (CRS) at 4-8 cases per 10,000 births.
After that outbreak, CRS rates fell to 4 to 8 per 10,000 pregnancies until 1970,
when the first vaccines were licensed.
This high rate is inconsistent with US CRS morbidity data in these years, as
appears in the CDC's Pink Book (p. 279 [5]) and in the graph presented in the
book 'Vaccines' itself (p. 712). These graphs show that in 1969-70 about 65-67
cases of CRS were reported in the US, while the birth rate was about 3.7 million
births per year.

Rubella vaccination started in Sweden in 1982.
P 712:
Before 1974, a yearly average of 14 CRS cases was recorded in Sweden; there were 2
cases per year between 1975 and 1985, and there have been no cases since 1985.

Autor/año:

P 700:
The protective efficacy of rubella vaccination has been assessed (1) by observation of
vaccinees and control subjects during natural epidemics and (2) by intranasal challenge of
vaccinated volunteers with unattenuated or attenuated viruses. No double-blind efficacy
study has been done, but there is much evidence for effectiveness.

P 711:
Rubella vaccine has had spectacular success in the United States, in terms of the number
of persons vaccinated and the declining numbers of rubella cases reported. Since the
licensing of the vaccine in 1969, no major epidemic of rubella has occurred, despite the
previously observed 6 to 9 year cycle.

P 281:
Follow-up studies indicate that one dose of vaccine confers long-term, probably lifelong,
protection.

P 276:
Prevention of CRS is the main objective of rubella vaccination programs in the United
States.
Nombre abreviado:
P 710:
The goal of rubella vaccination programs is the prevention of the intrauterine infection that
causes CRS, and, incidentally, the occasional complication of the disease in adults

P 716.

P 712:
In 1982, Sweden adopted a two-stage vaccination scheme involving the use of MMR at
two ages: 18 months and 12 years. […] Before 1974, a yearly average of 14 CRS cases
was recorded in Sweden; there were 2 cases per year between 1975 and 1985, and there
have been no cases since 1985.

P 712:
The Finns vaccinate with MMR at 14 to 18 months and at 6 years. Since 1986, no case of
CRS has been reported. The last indigenous rubella case occurred in 1996. In 1997 and
1998, rubella has thus been eliminated from Finland.

P 712:
The policy of vaccinating schoolgirls was adopted by the British in 1970. During
subsequent years, the number of reported rubella cases decreased only slightly, although
the reported cases of CRS decreased approximately 75%. […] Since October 1988, rubella
vaccine as part of MMR has been recommended to all infants, and in 1994, a large-scale
vaccination campaign was conducted with MR combined vaccine. Congenital rubella and
terminations of pregnancy for rubella decreased markedly in England and Wales, with
only one CRS case reported in 1995.

P 711:
The provinces of Canada adopted a policy either of mass vaccination of infants or of
selective vaccination of preschool-age girls. Total rubella incidence dropped in the
provinces that adopted mass vaccination of infants but was not much changed in those
adopting vaccination of preschool-age girls. However, reported CRS decreased throughout
Canada. As of 1983, all provinces give vaccine to infants and also to 12 year old girls who
have not been immunized previously.

P 419:
Although mumps generally is viewed as an acute, relatively benign communicable disease
of childhood, it gained notoriety as an illness substantially affecting armies during times of
mobilization.

P 419-425.
Nombre del documento: Autor/año:

CDC Pink Book – Mumps CDC, 2011
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1U1YBF2qTfjCbyi3hlFKAB
EDnmxJxhCqh/view?usp=sharing
P 206-208.

P 443.
Autor/año:
P 125,127.

P 429:
In the US, mumps vaccine was first licensed in 1967 and has been administered as MMR
since 1971. The ACIP first recommended MMR vaccine in 1977 and modified this to a
two-dose schedule in 1989.

P 435:
The effectiveness of mumps vaccines determined in field studies is lower than efficacy
determined in clinical trials.

P 442:
In the US, reported cases of mumps decreased from more than 185,000 in the prevaccine
era to 2,982 by 1985, a decrease of more than 98%. By 2003, only 231 cases were
reported, an all-time low
221-240
P 437-438.

P 426:
Indeed, since the 1989 implementation of a two-dose vaccination schedule in the US,
reported mumps cases have decreased dramatically, although large mumps outbreaks still
occur even in fully vaccinated populations, indicating that complete protection against
mumps using current vaccines and vaccination schedules may not be feasible.

P 444.

P 439:
In Japan, the inclusion of mumps vaccine as part of the national immunization program
was halted and has yet to resume;

P 1404:
Mumps notifications fell by more than 95% after introduction of the vaccine in the United
States (it was licensed in 1967 and recommended universally for children in 1977), which
is appreciably greater than the product of coverage and efficacy and hence a clear
indication of indirect protection.

P 357-358.

CDC Pink Book – Measles CDC, 2011
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Yh8xUeOHSeX78GGs8Dd
WDFCm-hiKlSDz/view?usp=sharing
P 177-178.

P 356.

P 353:
Although subclinical infection with boosting of antibody may occur with subsequent
exposure, immunity after natural infection is believed to be lifelong.

P 358:
In the United States in the prevaccine era, approximately 500,000 cases of measles were
reported each year, but, in reality, an entire birth cohort of approximately 4 million persons
was infected annually. Associated with these cases were an estimated 500 deaths…

Complications of measles http://archive.is/cTbrj
Sitio web:
CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/complications.html
For every 1,000 children who get measles, one or two will die from it.

Measles notifications and deaths in England and Wales: http://archive.is/8YVzg
1940 to 2016
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/measles-
deaths-by-age-group-from-1980-to-2013-ons-
data/measles-notifications-and-deaths-in-england-and-
wales-1940-to-2013
Sitio web:
Birth data of the National Bureau of Statistics Archivo:
Nombre de la página: http://archive.is/i0yx9
Trends in births and deaths over the last century
http://visual.ons.gov.uk/birthsanddeaths/
Sitio web:
UK Office for National statistics
233 Nombre de la página (hebreo): Archivo:

Birth data in Israel http://archive.is/yCIfs
Sitio web:
https://tinyurl.com/y8z7v573
Autor/año:
Measles mortality data on p 123.

Effect of vaccination programmes on mortality burden among children 26873665
and young adults in the Netherlands during the 20th century: a historical
analysis
Maarten van Wijhe, 2016 Lancet Infectious Diseases
P 6:
For measles, the contribution to the all-cause mortality burden reduced steadily over the
prevaccination period, so once vaccination was introduced in 1976, the mortality burden
was already too low to note a clear effect of vaccination.

P 353.

P 353:
…subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) (1 per 100,000 cases)…
The graph on page 374 shows about 45 cases of SSPE in the United States in
1969 (even before the level of measles fell, given the time lag between measles
and the onset of SSPE).

P 358:
Young age at infection contributes to the high risk of serious complications and death.
Also, malnutrition, especially vitamin A deficiency, may be an important factor leading to
the marked severity of measles in the developing world because of defects in cellular (and
possibly humoral) immunity.

P 365-366.

P 369:
With overall incidence of measles in the United States at record low levels and no
evidence of increasing incidence among previously vaccinated persons, waning immunity
does not appear to constitute a problem. Although secondary vaccine failures have been
documented, taken collectively, the serologic and epidemiologic data during the past 35
years indicate that vaccine provides long-term immunity.

P 381:
As vaccination coverage increases among successive birth cohorts, measles transmission
decreases, reducing the risk of measles even among unvaccinated persons. At some
vaccine- induced immunity level lower than 100%, measles virus transmission is
interrupted.
[…]
Mathematical models have estimated the herd immunity threshold for measles in the
United States at 92% to 95%.
[…]
Experience in industrialized countries has shown that a single dose of measles vaccine,
widely administered, can reduce measles transmission, but a two-dose strategy is
necessary for elimination of indigenous transmission.
P 365:
Measles vaccine provides both personal immunity to prevent disease when exposed to
measles virus and population immunity through decreased intensity of transmission as the
proportion of immune persons in a population increases. The population immunity effect
decreases the risk of measles among immunized as well as unimmunized persons.
241-253
Correlates of Vaccine-Induced Immunity 18558875
Stanley A. Plotkin, 2008 Clinical Infectious Diseases
P 5:
A remark in passing: it has become cliche´ to say that vaccines prevent only disease, not
infection. Although that may be often the case, it is not a general truth. If the presence of
antibodies is sufficient to prevent colonization of mucosal surfaces, vaccines can produce
“sterile” immunity. Vaccines against polio, measles, rubella, Hib, pneumococcus,
meningococcus, and probably human papillomavirus are all capable of preventing
infection as well as disease.

Control of pertussis—Lessons learnt from a 10-year surveillance 19679218
programme in Sweden
Rose-Marie Carlsson, 2009 Vaccine
P 5:
Mild-to-moderate cases in semi-immune individualsmayhave a shorter period of
contagiousness, but they contribute to the spread of disease because they often go
unrecognised and the infected individuals continue with their daily activities in day-care
centres, schools and workplaces.

Carlsson 2009
P 1:
In 1979, whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccine was withdrawn from the Swedish childhood
vaccination programme because of decreasing effectiveness and international concerns
about safety.

Carlsson 2009
P 5.
Surveillance of infant pertussis in Sweden 1998–2012; severity of 25695476
disease in relation to the national vaccination programme
Rose-Marie Carlsson, 2015 Euro surveillance
P 1:
Pertussis decreased in non-vaccinated infants (2003 to 2012, p < 0.001), indicating herd
immunity, both in those too young to be vaccinated and those older than three months.

Carlsson 2009
P 9:
The Swedish enhanced surveillance project is sponsored by the aP vaccine manufacturers
GlaxoSmithKline (Rixensart, Belgium), Sanofi Pasteur and Sanofi Pasteur MSD (Lyon,
France).
Nombre abreviado:
Carlsson 2015
P 8:
Financial support was obtained from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases, Contract no. N01-AI-15125, from the European Commission, Contract n°
QLK2-CT-2001-01819; Eupertstrain, and from the following manufacturers an
unrestricted grant: GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium, Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon,

France, and Sanofi Pasteur MSD, Lyon, France.

Carlsson 2009
P 1:
There is also a well-established child healthcare system in Sweden, with 98–99%
vaccination coverage in infancy. The coverage for the three-dose pertussis vaccination at
3, 5 and 12 months of age rapidly reached this level because the introduction of the
diphtheria–tetanus–aP (DTaP) vaccine only involved a switch from DT vaccine to DTaP,
and this coverage has remained unchanged during the subsequent switch to multivalent
combinations including aP.

Carlsson 2015
P 3, chart 2.

Carlsson 2009
P 7:
Of the eight deaths in unvaccinated infants during the 10-year Swedish surveillance
project […] Examination of the Swedish national registry of deaths indicates that there
were only three pertussis deaths in infants aged 3–11 months during the 10-year period
before introduction of aP vaccination. The relevance of the difference between the two
periods is uncertain…

Carlsson 2009
P 3-4:
The Swedish surveillance project was established as a continuation of an efficacy trial
reporting procedure, including passive reporting from laboratories and the use of the same
telephone questionnaire. This is in contrast to the active and prospective case finding in a
previous efficacy trial, and the difference in reported rates between these two trials clearly
indicates an almost 10-fold difference between active and passive case detection.
[…]
It is therefore likely that there has been under-reporting of pertussis cases following the
introduction of aP vaccination in Sweden, and the degree of under-reporting within the
country may vary.

Carlsson 2009
P 8:
While it is well established that wP or aP vaccination significantly reduces the overall
disease burden, generalisations about the impact of vaccination on pertussis epidemiology
are difficult to make because countries differ in many respects, including vaccination
schedule, vaccination coverage, types of vaccines used, surveillance systems employed,
crowding, mixing patterns and exposure to infection.

Archivo:
transmission and the resurgence of Bordetella https://drive.google.com/open?id=1b
pertussis
Cru-8-TfSy2uwMt01noQ_yY3B-
6laEB
P 1:
The incidence of whooping cough in the US has been rising slowly since the 1970s, but
the pace of this has accelerated sharply since acellular pertussis vaccines replaced the
earlier whole cell vaccines in the late 1990s. A similar trend occurred in many other
countries, including the UK, Canada, Australia, Ireland, and Spain, following the switch to
acellular vaccines.
P 3, chart 1

Seroprevalence of Pertussis in the Netherlands: 21152071
Evidence for Increased Circulation of Bordetella
Archivo:
pertussis https://drive.google.com/open?i
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC29957 d=1uIkUYGherxA7I8LGwKvO
30/pdf/pone.0014183.pdf nMdql9aFXy3f
Sabine C. de Greeff, 2010 PLOS One
P 2:
Our results show that, although the changes in the vaccination program have reduced
pertussis morbidity in childhood, they have not affected the increased infection rate in
adolescent and adult pertussis.

Gill 2017
P 10:
…mathematical models that include no impact on disease transmission cannot explain the
observed epidemiologic data.
Capítulo 10: Los misterios de la polio
1-20
From Emergence to Eradication: The Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis 20978089
Deconstructed
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2991634/pdf/kwq320.pdf

Neal Nathanson, 2010 American Journal of Epidemiology
P 2.
2 http://archive.is/L7Mv5
3 The institutional description of the history of polio appears in many PMID:

sources, for example - 2994307
The Poliomyelitis Story: A Scientific Hegira
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2589894/pdf/yjbm00092-
0018.pdf
Dorothy M. Horstmann, 1985 The Yale Journal Of Biology And Medicine
P 1-2.
Or PMID:
History of polio vaccination
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3782271/pdf/WJV-1-
108.pdf
Anda Baicus, 2012 World Journal of Virology
P 1-2.

P 573:
Fortunately, in 1908 Karl Landsteiner and Eric Popper isolated the virus of poliomyelitis,
and scientific study of the agent began.

Poliomyelitis Problems 14796117
Archibald L. Hoyne, 1951 Medical clinics of North America
182 | Capítulo 10: Los misterios de la polio
P 1:
Notwithstanding the intensive studies of investigators, very little information of practical
value has been added to our knowledge of poliomyelitis during the past forty years.

Clinical concepts of poliomyelitis 18148242
EB Shaw, 1949 Pediatrics
P 1:
Every aspect of poliomyelitis has been subjected to intensive study during the last two or
three decades, in spite of which the clinician has not been presented with any inescapably
sound doctrine regarding its epidemiology and transmission, its precise pathogenesis, or the
details of diagnosis and treatment.

Paralytic consequences of poliomyelitis infection in different parts of the 14885514
world and in different population groups
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1525657/pdf/amjphnation0
0428-0010.pdf
Albert B. Sabin, 1951 American Journal of Public Health
Citing Sigmund Freud, P 15:
In one of these letters Freud wrote: "Even lectures I have given up, in order not to be forced
to tell something that I only hope to learn some day."

Innate host barriers to viral trafficking and population diversity: lessons 20951871
learned from poliovirus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234684/pdf/nihms338421.
pdf
Julie K. Pfeiffer, 2010 Advances in Virus Research
P 1:
During research to develop the vaccines, many questions were asked: Why did certain
people develop paralysis? How does the virus move from the gut to the CNS? What limits
viral trafficking to the CNS in the vast majority of infected individuals? Despite over 100
years of poliovirus research, many of these questions remain unanswered.

The epidemiology of poliomyelitis: enigmas surrounding its appearance, 400274
epidemicity, and disappearance

Deconstructed


Nathanson 2010 20978089
P 1:
…polio is one of the few major diseases whose appearance in epidemic guise was so recent
that it was very well documented, together with its emergence as a worldwide scourge.

Nathanson 2010 20978089
P 3, Figure1.

The Epidemiology Of Poliomyelitis 20242791
Problems at Home and Among the Armed Forces Abroad
Albert B. Sabin, 1947 JAMA
P 1:
…the main problem in the epidemiology of poliomyelitis concerns the cause or causes of the
sudden appearance in certain parts of the world of large numbers of paralytic cases.
Nathanson 2010 20978089
P 2:
Beginning around 1880, a series of outbreaks of infantile paralysis were reported from
several Scandinavian countries and the United States... Most remarkable is the almost
simultaneous appearance of outbreaks in European countries and the United States.

Nathanson 2010 20978089
P 2:
The disease’s striking presentation, in which previously healthy infants underwent an acute
febrile illness followed by localized paralysis, would have made outbreaks conspicuous.
However, few if any cases were reported until late in the 19th century.

P 1:
the bulk of the evidence suggests that the epidemic outbursts, of the type which have
occurred especially in the United States and a few other countries in the past thirty to forty
years, are events that could not readily have been missed in the past.

The Poliomyelitis Story: A Scientific Hegira 2994307
0018.pdf

P 2:
…epidemics emerged only in economically advanced countries of the world while in the
underdeveloped areas the disease remained endemic;

P 7:
Why did paralytic poliomyelitis become an epidemic disease only a little more than fifty
years ago, and as such why does it seem to be affecting more and more the countries in
which sanitation and hygiene, along with the general standard of living, are presumably
making the greatest advances, while other large parts of the world, regardless of latitude, are
still relatively unaffected?

P 6:
.China, the Fiji Islands, Africa and certain other regions, in which only sporadic cases but no
epidemics were known to occur…

P 1:
…cities like Peiping, Tientsin and Shanghai, occupying approximately the same latitude in
China, in which only rare sporadic cases have been recorded thus far, despite the presence in
these cities for many years now of excellent western trained physicians who could not have
missed such outbreaks in the native population if they had occurred.

P 3:
I have been told by Chinese physicians that they had never seen poliomyelitis in their own
country.
21-40

P 6-7.

P 6:
Poliomyelitis has occurred among American troops in certain foreign countries, especially
the Middle East, the Philippine Islands and during the past summer Japan and North China,
in numbers and under circumstances that raise puzzling questions.

Poliomyelitis In British And American Troops In The Middle East: The
Isolation Of VirusFrom Human Faeces
https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC2284416&blo
btype=pdf
John R. Paul, 1944 BMJ
P 1:
In 1941 a total of 74 cases were notified as acute poliomyelitis or encephalitis in the M.E.F.,
and of these 19 were fatal; in 1942 there were 32 cases, with 14 deaths. The rate among
American soldiers stationed in the Middle East (during the first 10 months of 1943) has been
more than 10 times that recorded in the United States for a similar period of time.

P 7:
This past summer I had occasion to observe an outbreak of poliomyelitis among American
marines stationed in the Tientsin area of North China. Four men died, 1 was severely
paralyzed and at least 25 others had nonparalytic attacks. There was no evidence of an
outbreak of poliomyelitis in the native population at the time, and Dr. Grice, a British
physician in practice in Tientsin for twenty-five years, informed me that while he not
infrequently saw paralytic poliomyelitis in children in the foreign colony he rarely saw the
disease among the Chinese.

Nathanson 2010 20978089
P 25:
In the 1950s, Casablanca had 2 sizeable populations, native Moroccans and Europeans.
During the period 1947–1953, there were cases of paralytic poliomyelitis in both
populations, but the attack rate was 20-fold higher in the European sector.

Epidemiology Of Acute Poliomyelitis
In India Command
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(45)90883-
X/fulltext?code=lancet-site
Douglas McAlpine, 1945 Lancet
P 1, Tabla 1.

In India Command
P 1, Tabla 3.

In India Command
P 1, Tabla 1 and 3. In addition:
British Army at Home: For 1943 and 1944 the incidence of acute poliomyelitis was 0 02 per
1000.

Poliomyelitis
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/296121
Hart E. Van Riper, 1947 JAMA
P 1:
The period of evolution from sporadic to epidemic poliomyelitis corresponds roughly with
the institution of widespread measures for improved sanitation. This interesting coincidence
has led to the hypothesis that the virus is more widespread in areas where the sporadic
disease predominates, making possible frequent exposures of the young infant to virus
during the time when he still retains a high titer of passive immunity from his mother.
Exposure to the virus under these conditions would surely stimulate further resistance to
poliomyelitis and only occasionally result in the production of the frank disease. This theory
might explain the infrequent cases of poliomyelitis in young children as they occurred in the
early history of the disease in Europe and the United States. But, in regions where epidemics
predominate, people are exposed to the virus less frequently and at a later period in life,
when they have lost all or most of the passive immunity acquired from the mother. Thus
there results a greater chance for the development of frank disease among older age groups
rather than an increased resistance.

0428-0010.pdf
P 15:
In general, the poorer the population, its standard of living and sanitation, the more
extensively is poliomyelitis virus disseminated among them and the lower is the incidence of
paralytic poliomyelitis when virulent strains of virus come their way.
P 31:
Polioviruses probably circulated in an uninterrupted endemic manner for many centuries,
infecting new cohorts of susceptible infants continuously, almost all early in life, when
maternally derived antibody transferred from mother to newborn still provided some
protection.
A change from endemic transmission to periodic epidemics was first observed in some
temperate-climate countries (eg, Norway, Sweden, and the United States) late in the 19th
century and at the beginning of the 20th century… The generally accepted explanation,
supported by numerous studies, is that, in a temperate-zone climate with increased economic
development and correspondingly improved resources for community sanitation and
household hygiene, exposure to polioviruses was postponed to later in life.

Nathanson 2010 20978089
P 2:
The most probable hypothesis is that outbreaks were associated with an increase in the age
at which poliovirus infection was occurring (4). In the pre-epidemic era, enteric infections
were so ubiquitous that most infants were infected within 6–12 months, at a time when they
had circulating antibodies passively derived from their nursing mothers. Although serum
antibodies did not prevent enteric infection, they were sufficient to preclude viremia, thereby
avoiding invasion of the central nervous system and paralysis. The result was the acquisition
of active immunity under the cover of passive protection. However, with the advent of
improved personal hygiene and public sanitation, the transmission of enteric infections was
delayed so that some infants were first infected after 12 months of age, when levels of
passive antibodies had waned, reducing the barrier against invasion of the central nervous
system.

Nathanson 2010 20978089
Nathanson himself refers to it as a "hypothesis."
P 2:
The most probable hypothesis is that...

Nathanson calls it the “central dogma”, P 1:

In fact, an explanation was developed, which can be considered the "central dogma" of
poliomyelitis epidemiology.

Studies On The Development Of Natural Immunity To Poliomyelitis In 13827179
Louisiana
Henry M. Gelfand, 1960 Journal of Immunology
P 4, Tabla 6.
0428-0010.pdf
P 10:
While the time of disappearance of placentally transmitted antibody generally depends on
the original concentration, the majority of infants are devoid of placentally transmitted
antibody at 5 to 6 months of age.
Similar findings were received in Israel in 1960 - PMID:
Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis in Israel, 1952-59
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2555311/pdf/bullwho00327
-0059.pdf
A. Michael Davies, 1960 Bulletin of the World Health Organization
P 4.

0428-0010.pdf
P 11:
It is evident from these data that neither among the lower income groups in the United States
nor in the Far East or Egypt were Lansing antibodies (and presumably infection) acquired to
any significant extent during the period of diminishing placentally transmitted antibody. The
hypothesis of extensive immunization as a result of modified or subclinical infection among
certain population groups during the first year of life therefore became untenable.
Vaccines and Immunization - Polio
Sitio web: Archivo:
Museum of Healthcare http://archive.is/VR6Aa
http://www.museumofhealthcare.ca/explore/exhibits/vaccinati
ons/polio.html
Thus, over time, a growing percentage of children, as well as young adults, particularly
among the more hygienic middle class in small towns and new suburban areas during the
postwar “baby boom,” were vulnerable to the poliovirus, which had a greater chance of
invading the nervous system and causing paralytic damage.

Dirt and Disease: Polio Before FDR
https://www.amazon.com/Dirt-Disease-Medicine-American-
Society/dp/0813517869/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1476620110&sr=1-
1&keywords=9780813517865
Autor principal/año: Publicador :
Naomi Rogers, 1992 Rutgers University Press

1&keywords=9780813517865
P 165:
During the 1920s and 1930s the public and the scientific community developed a new image
of polio. Until then polio, seen as a children's illness that rarely attached adults, was
associated with immigrants and urban slums.

1&keywords=9780813517865
P 9-10:
The scenes show narrow streets lined with dirty and unsanitary pushcarts, the latter filled
with fly-specked cakes and candy and decaying fruit... all are touched by many hands before
they are finally eaten; there are uncovered garbage cans near which cats and children play
and squabble over crusts of bread and other tid-bits.
41-60
In Reaction to Zika Outbreak, Echoes of Polio Aug 29, 2016
Sitio web: Archivo:
NYTIMES http://archive.is/qp0YD
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/30/health/zika-outbreak-
echoes-of-polio.html
The first child to be paralyzed lived in a modest Italian neighborhood east of the Gowanus in
Brooklyn. Polio soon jumped to Pigtown, a gritty pig-farming area, and most of the first 20
cases were in Italian children.

Infant Paralysis Starts a Cleanup July 1, 1916
Sitio web:
NYTIMES
http://newspaperarchive.com/us/new-york/new-york/new-york-times/1916/07-01/page-7
…forty-seven [deaths] occurring since last Saturday, forty-two in Brooklyn and five in
Manhattan. Italians living in crowded tenements have been the chief sufferers…
The infected area contains many old tenements and garbage and ashes are deposited in the
halls. It is reported that these areas are infested with cats and the garbage and ash piles draw
flies. With the co-operation of the various departments these areas are being cleaned up.

Murderous Contagion: A Human History of Disease
https://www.amazon.com/Murderous-Contagion-Human-History-Disease/dp/1782069437
Mary Dobson , 2015 Quercus Publishing
But in the summer of 1916 it became clear that the epidemic, while striking hardest at the
young, affected both rich and poor, long-time residents as well as recent immigrants.

1&keywords=9780813517865
P 10:
Poliomyelitis paralyzed infants and children. Their economic or sanitary conditions seemed
to make little difference; rich or poor, clean or dirty, no child seemed immune.

Notes Of An Epidemic Of Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis
Charles S. Caverly, 1896 JAMA
P 1:
That the general sanitary surroundings and methods of living were in anywise responsible
for the outbreak is also more than doubtful, since the disease showed no partiality to that
class of the population whose habits and surroundings are the most unsanitary. The so-called
laboring classes were oftenest affected, but not out of proportion to their numbers. These
classes here, whether among the farming population or in the mills and quarries, have
usually pure air, food and water. Hence, general sanitary conditions did not seem to have
any influence on the epidemic.

The Occurrence Of Infantile Paralysis In Massachusetts In 1907
https://archive.org/details/b22431779
Robert W. Lovett, 1908 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
P 6-7:
The reports on the conditions of the house in which the patients lived are of interest. One
hundred and fifteen lived in detached houses; 110 in tenements. As to the influence of
dampness, 99 lived on the first floor; 65 on the second; 12 on the third; and 6 in the upper
stories; 20 occupied the whole house. Sanitary conditions were described as exceptionally
good in 21. Good, in 123. Fair, in 55. Poor or bad, in 23… The house was screened in 133
cases, and not screened or insufficiently so in 80… Analyzing these data for what they are
worth, it would seem that it was not an affection confined to the lower classes.

An Epidemic Of Infantile Paralysis In Western Massachusetts In 1908
https://archive.org/details/bostonmedicalsur1611mass
Herbert C. Emerson, 1909 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
P 118:
Investigation of the home conditions of each case shows that sanitary conditions were found
to be excellent in 4 cases, good in 17, fair in 31 and bad in 17. Forty-one of the cases lived
in detached houses, 17 in two-tenement and 3 in three-tenement houses, while but 8 lived in
houses having four or more tenements…
The sanitary arrangements in the houses showed that 23 houses had water closets connected
with the sewer and 46 had earth closets; that the sink water from 30 houses was carried into
the sewer and in 39 cases it was disposed of in various ways on the land nearby or in pipes
to the nearest brook, pond, etc.

Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1ONdl0AG5blbj8mJM0vMupllqgVoL0T4D
Milton J. Rosenau, 1918 D Appleton and Company
P 340:
From the standpoint of prevention it is important to note that social and hygienic conditions
apparently have no influence whatever in determining the infection. All classes are affected
in about equal proportion.

A Survey Of Neutralizing Antibodies To Poliomyelitis Virus In Cairo, 14933381
Egypt
John R. Paul, 1952 American Journal of Epidemiology
P 4-5.

The Epidemiology of Polio in Israel - An Historical Perspective
Tiberio A. Swartz, 2008 Israel Center for Disease Control (ICDC), Ministry of Health
P 35:
This indicated the presence of an almost constantly moderate endemicity (Levenstein K,
1937) that varied between 1.7 and 0.3 per 100,000 population during the whole reporting
period. An exception were the epidemic years 1928, 1929, 1934 and 1939, when the attack
rates ranged between 2.1 and 4.1 per 100,000.


P 43, Figure 4.1

P 39:
This pattern, common to the other countries in the geopolitical area, was the result of poor
sanitation which favored the community transmission of infection in a slowly growing
population, and to a low level of family hygiene which supported the intrafamilial spread of
fecal-oral transmitted infectious diseases. The result was infection in early life, which led to
immunity to polio in the majority of the population. This maintained an endemic state which
prevented massive spread.

P 41:
This population was severely affected by the disease, as expressed by an exceedingly high
attack rate of 271.0 per 100,000, recorded in the year following immigration, as compared
with 122.0 per 100,000 in the veteran Israeli residents.

P 118:
There were high attack rates, which ranged between 268.0 per 100,000 in kibbutz
settlements and 107.0 per 100,000 in towns, respectively. Quite strikingly, similarly high
rates occurred in kibbutz and immigrant camp populations, in spite of the marked
differences in terms of housing, sanitation and nutrition.

P 52-54.

0018.pdf

P 11:
Estimates based on the findings suggested incidence rates comparable to those during the
peak years in the United States before the introduction of vaccine in 1955.
P 606:
Lower socioeconomic status has been shown to be a risk for paralytic poliomyelitis in
developing countries, probably because children belonging to the lower socioeconomic
group experience more intense exposure to poliovirus (ie, a higher virus inoculum, which
has been shown in experimental studies to be a risk factor for paralytic disease).

Poliovirus infection case definition summary
https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-phlncd-
polio.htm/$FILE/polio.pdf
Public Health Laboratory Network https://drive.google.com/open?id=1RCX0f4JIg
(Australia), 2000 DWhu4Ypvf55CUPB8b1FJg3f
P 1:
The risk of infection is directly correlated with poor hygiene and poor sanitation and
overcrowding, typically among inadequately vaccinated populations. This is a major health
problem in the developing world causing mortality and morbidity among thousands of
children annually.

New Strategies for the Elimination of Polio from India 17110580
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.654.6533&rep=re
p1&type=pdf

Nicholas C. Grassly, 2006 Science
P 3:
High population densities and poor sanitation therefore appear to explain the persistence of
polio. These factors act to facilitate the transmission not only of poliovirus but also of other
enteroviruses and diarrhea…

0018.pdf

P 11:
Because in third-world countries few cases of poliomyelitis are reported and epidemics do
not occur, it has been assumed that the wide dissemination of the virus resulted in
immunizing infections in the first years of life at a price of only rare paralytic cases. This
assessment proved false…
61-80
0018.pdf

P 2:
The likely explanation of these patterns is thought to be related to ways of life - to an
improved sanitary environment in industrialized countries which protected young children
from early exposure to the virus, allowing a build-up in the number of susceptibles among
whom epidemics could get under way. In contrast, in the underdeveloped, largely tropical
countries of the world where the sanitary environment remains poor, infection and immunity
develop in the first few years of life. Thus there are not enough susceptibles for an epidemic
to occur, and cases remain confined to the youngest age group.

Poisoning as The Cause of Poliomyelitis 14771968
Ralph R. Scobey, 1950 Archives of Pediatrics
P 29:
One has only to examine critically the literature of the past and it will be found that
poliomyelitis beyond doubt existed, but that it was designated by many names. The writer
had found individual cases and epidemics of paralytic diseases listed by nearly 200 names
prior to 1890.

Is the Cause of Poliomyelitis Always the Same? 13066184
P 3-7.

Nonpolio Causes of Polio-like Paralytic Syndromes 6740077
JHS Gear, 1984 Reviews of Infectious Diseases
P 1-2.

Nonpolio Causes of Polio-like Paralytic Syndromes 6740077
JHS Gear, 1984 Reviews of Infectious Diseases
P 2-3.

Poliomyelitis-The Los Angeles Epidemic Of 1934 18743375
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1753761/pdf/calwestmed00
403-0040.pdf

RW Meals, 1950 California And Western Medicine
Part II, p 2:
We were interested in the long list of mistaken diagnoses reported by Brady and Lenarsky
but found, on checking our own experiences that we had seen in this and other epidemics
fifty seven different conditions suspected of being poliomyelitis.

Poliomyelitis-The Los Angeles Epidemic Of 1934 18743375
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1753761/pdf/calwestmed00
403-0040.pdf

RW Meals, 1950 California And Western Medicine
Part II, p 7:
In the Chicago outbreaks of 1916 and 1917, almost every conceivable disease and condition
was reported by physicians as poliomyelitis.


P 7:
In the midst of an epidemic a great variety of diseases and conditions have been confused
with poliomyelitis. Among them are some that have been observed by the writer and which
will merely be mentioned here. They are: practically all forms of bacterial meningitis but
particularly tuberculosis, tetanus, rheumatic fever, mononucleosis, brain abscess, brain
tumor, trichinosis, mumps meningoencephalitis, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, transverse
myelitis, lead poisoning, Guillain-Barre syndrome, laryngeal diphtheria, scurvy, tonsillitis,
postdiphtheritic paralysis, acute pharyngitis, diabetes and hysteria; also osteomyelitis, a
foreign body in the plantar surface of the foot causing a limp, appendicitis and fracture of
the fibula, skull fracture and spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage.
P 5:
It is frequently stated that no two cases of poliomyelitis are exactly alike

Acute Poliomyelitis With Special Reference To Early Symptomatology And
Contact Histories
https://www.jstor.org/stable/25361797?
Douglas McAlpine, 1947 BMJ
P 1, 3.

Clinical concepts of poliomyelitis 18148242
EB Shaw, 1949 Pediatrics
P 1:
Every aspect of poliomyelitis has been subjected to intensive study during the last two or
three decades, in spite of which the clinician has not been presented with any inescapably
sound doctrine regarding its epidemiology and transmission, its precise pathogenesis, or the
details of diagnosis and treatment.

Report Of A Possibly Milk-Born Epidemic Of Infantile Paralysis

John C. Dingman, 1916 New York State Journal of Medicine

An Outbreak Of Poliomyelitis Apparently Milk Borne

AC Knapp, 1926 JAMA

An Institutional Outbreak Of Poliomyelitis Apparently Due To A Streptococcus In Milk
Edward C. Rosenow, 1932 Journal of Infectious Diseases

Poliomyelitis In All Its Aspects
John Ruhrah , 1917 LEA & FEBIGER
P 57:
The fact [is] that the disease seems to spread radially from an infected center so that the
most recent cases are generally found to be the farthest away from the center geographically.
Título del libro:
Acute Poliomyelitis (Heine-Medin's Disease)
Ivar Wickman, 1913 The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing
Company
P 112:
The Swedish epidemic of 1905 thus demonstrated that the mode in which the disease
spreads both within the large epidemic centers and within the individual components which
constitutes them, so far as it was possible to determine, was essentially analogous to that
established for a number of other infectious diseases, in which transmission takes place from
person to person.

Dangers In The Manufacture Of Paris Green And Scheele's Green
Year: Revista:
1917 Monthly Review of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Before Silent Spring: Pesticides and Public Health in Pre-DDT America
James Whorton, 1974 Princeton University Press
P 39-40:
An incomplete list of arsenic-tinted items compiled by the Medical Society of London in the
early 18805, for example, enumerated paper, fancy and surface coloured, in sheets for
covering cardboard boxes; for labels of all kinds; for advertisement cards, playing cards,
wrappers for sweetmeats, cosaques, etc.; for the ornamentation of children's toys; for
covering-children's and other books; for lamp shades, paperhangings for walls and other
purposes; artificial leaves and flowers; wax ornaments for Christmas trees and other
purposes; printed or woven fabrics intended for use as garments; printed or woven fabrics
intended for use as curtains or coverings for furniture; children's toys, particularly inflated
india-rubber balls with dry colour inside, painted india-rubber dolls, stands and rockers of
rocking-horses and the like, glass balls (hollow); distemper colour for decorative purposes;
oil paint for the same; lithographer's colour printing; decorated tin plates, including painted
labels used by butchers and others to advertise the price of provisions; japanned goods
generally; Venetian and other blinds; American or leather cloth; printed table baizes;
carpets, floorcloth, linoleum, book cloth and fancy bindings. To this list may be added
coloured soaps, sweetmeats and false malachite. Arsenic is also used in the preparation of
skins for stuffing and of some preservatives used by anatomists." Other lists, though less
lengthy, often turned up additional arsenical products. The renowned British toxicologist
Robert Christison observed that not only was Scheele's green used to make sweetmeats more
appetizing, but that it was also added to preserves and to apple tarts, and that several
children had been made ill by the latter.‘ Others‘ pointed out that the green cakes in water
color sets generally contained arsenic, as did dental fillings, and that people had been injured
by arsenical stockings, veils, cosmetics, concert tickets, fly papers, stuffed animals, even
money.

P 49-51:
The respect in which Fowler's solution was held can be best appreciated by an enumeration
of the conditions for which it was regularly prescribed. These included anemia, headache,
dyspepsia, eczema, psoriasis, all other chronic skin diseases, neuralgia, chorea, epilepsy,
whooping cough, asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, pulmonary tuberculosis, malaria, and
cancer. In addition, Fowler's solution was suggested, at one time or another, for cholera,
yellow fever, syphilis, diabetes, angina pectoris, tic douloureux, gout, arthritis, rheumatism,
constipation, morning sickness, melancholia, impotence, fits of sneezing, warts, boils, and,
for the careless traveler in the Orient, cobra bites.

P 41:
The real leadership of the campaign against arsenical manufactures was assumed by the
physicians of Massachusetts, most prominent among these Yankee meddlers being a
foursome of Bostonians: Frank Winthrop Draper, medical examiner (coroner) of Boston and
lecturer at Harvard Medical School; James Jackson Putnam, professor of neurology at
Harvard; Frederick Cheever Shattuck, professor of clinical medicine; and William Barker
Hills, the medical school's chemistry professor. With a diligence befitting Harvard men,
these four delivered lectures and published papers on the dangers of arsenic in the
household, with the express purpose of informing the citizenry, through their physicians, of
products to be avoided.

On The Character Of The Evidence As To The Injuriousness Of Arsenic As
A Domestic Poison

James J. Putnam, 1891 JAMA
P 3.

A Domestic Poison
P 2:
These results conclusively show: first, that the community is exposed to arsenical
contamination on a very large scale.
81-100
Encyclopedia of Pest Management
https://books.google.co.il/books?id=ytFoAcwI4sQC&pg=PA377&lpg=PA377#v=onepage&
q&f=false
David Pimentel, 2013 CRC Press
P 377:
The Colorado potato beetle, provides a prime example. It appeared as a devastating pest of
potato in Iowa and Nebraska in 1861, having transferred from a native weed to an
introduced relative, the potato. The beetle spread rapidly eastward, reaching the Atlantic
coast in 1874, despite the use of traditional nonchemical means of control. In 1867, farmers
in the west discovered that the Colorado potato beetle could be controlled with Paris green,
an arsenical. Paris green was in general use by 1880 and became the first widely used
pesticide in North America.

War on Bugs
https://www.amazon.com/War-Bugs-Will-Allen/dp/1933392460
Will Allen, 2007 CRC Press
Chapter 14.

P 23:
This decline did not leave the field uncontested to Paris green, for shortly before 1900 the
most effective arsenical insecticide of all had been discovered, during the campaign against
the gypsy moth. A leaf-eating insect native to Europe, the moth was first brought to the New
World by Leopold Trouvelot, a French-born Harvard astronomer with a side-interest in
silkworm breeding. Some experiments dealing with the latter subject seemed to Trouvelot to
require gypsy moths, and so in 1869 he imported a number of gypsy moth eggs and cared
for them until the insects reached maturity. The moths wasted little time asserting their
independence, and soon escaped from Trouvelot's home in Medford, Massachusetts. Twenty
years later, in 1889, their descendants, in the form of caterpillars, returned to Medford, in
numbers that "were so enormous that the trees were completely stripped of their leaves, the
crawling caterpillars covered the sidewalks, the trunks of the shade trees, the fences and the
sides of the houses, entering the houses and getting into the food and into the beds. They
were killed in countless numbers by the inhabitants who swept them up into piles, poured
kerosene over them and set them on fire. Thousands upon thousands were crushed under the
feet of pedestrians, and a pungent and filthy stench arose from their decaying bodies. The
numbers were so great that in the still, summer nights the sound of their feeding could
plainly be heard, while the pattering of the excremental pellets on the ground sounded like
rain.

Historical use of lead arsenate insecticides, resulting soil http://archive.is/M0jdl
contamination and implications for remediation
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1aQjZsfRp8Qyjjyp4qvJx3db0a
n68Tsid
Lead Author:
Francis J. Peryea
P 1:
These properties were useful to farmers, with the consequence that LA was rapidly adopted
for insecticidal use throughout the world. Lead arsenate initially was prepared by farmers at
home by reacting soluble lead salts with sodium arsenate, a practice that continued in some
countries through the 1930s and likely 1940s. Lead arsenate pastes and powders also were
sold commercially. Their formulations became more refined over time.

Historical use of lead arsenate insecticides, resulting soil http://archive.is/M0jdl
contamination and implications for remediation
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1aQjZsfRp8Qyjjyp4qvJx3db0a
n68Tsid
Lead Author:
Francis J. Peryea
P 1-2:
Lead arsenate insecticide was used in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the USA
(Peryea and Kammereck, 1997). It also was used in England (Gratwick, 1965), and was the
principal arsenical pesticide used in France and also was used in North Africa (Balachowsky
and Mesnil, 1936). Lead arsenate likely was used in many other countries, particularly
where codling moth was a pest of apples.

Is Acute Poliomyelitis Unusually Prevalent This Season?
James J. Putnam, 1893 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
P 2.

Massachusetts U-Pick Farms http://archive.is/gvyA7
Sitio web:
PickYourOwn.org
http://www.pickyourown.org/MAharvestcalendar.htm#apples
Pick Your Own Apples At Parlee Farms http://archive.is/L570h
Sitio web:
PARLEE FARMS
http://parleefarms.com/apples

P 2:
…that the patients did not come to any extent, from any one locality, but from different parts
of the large area of the suburbs of Boston... Very few of the patients came from Boston
proper;

P 1:
The epidemic, as I have indicated, invaded our valley in the early summer of 1894. It
prevailed with increasing severity during July, apparently reached its climax about the first
of August, and steadily declined until about the first of October, the last case occurring early
in that month.

Growing Apples In Vermont https://drive.google.com/open?id=
https://vermonthistory.org/images/stories/articles/histor 1Ioz5WpggWaI-
icroots/growingapplesinvermont.pdf ItYY12oINmO0LV_jq5vw
Barbara Bellows, 1997 Historic roots
P 3:
In the 1880s Vermont farmers were looking for new crops to grow. Some planted large
apple orchards and hoped they would make a lot of money selling the fruit to markets in the
big cities.
Vermont Seasonality Calendar
Sitio web: Archivo:
Vermont Agency of Agriculture http://archive.is/EDfEH
http://agriculture.vermont.gov/buy_local/harvest_calendar

ATSDR - Arsenic Toxicity
Archivo:
https://drive.google.com/open?id=17
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/arsenic/docs/arsenic uL_KUUCnrOv-
.pdf zfAP9QUkh_zOoInWjXQ
Autor/año:
CDC, 2009
P 47.
ATSDR - Lead Toxicity https://drive.google.com/open?id=1K
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/lead/docs/lead.pdf
D8Gzk2wKXPT4UG8mpyjCvhtBk
WbaiHx
Autor/año:
CDC, 2009
P. 45.

A Domestic Poison
P 3.

P 3:
Vulpian produced, experimentally, paralysis of the extensors and lesions resembling those of
poliomyelitis in a dog by lead poisoning, and in a case of lead poisoning found pronounced
poliomyelitis with colloid degeneration arid cell atrophy. Phillippe and Gauthard report a
case of anterior poliomyelitis from lead poisoning and Obrastoff one from arsenical
poisoning. Onuf reported the case of a painter with flaccid paralysis of both legs, in whom
autopsy showed lesions characteristic of the disease.

Report Of An Unusual Case Of Lead Paralysis With Autopsy
.https://ia800201.us.archive.org/21/items/journalofnervous27ameruoft/journ
alofnervous27ameruoft.pdf
B. Onof, 1900 Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
P 155-156.

P 2-3.

P 7:
In the midst of an epidemic a great variety of diseases and conditions have been confused
with poliomyelitis. Among them are some that have been observed by the writer and which
will merely be mentioned here. They are: practically all forms of bacterial meningitis but
particularly tuberculosis, tetanus… lead poisoning…

Fatal Lead Poisoning Simulating Poliomyelitis 14958999
Andrew F. Braff, 1952 US Armed Forces Medical Journal

Fatal Lead Poisoning Simulating Poliomyelitis 14958999
Andrew F. Braff, 1952 US Armed Forces Medical Journal
P 4:
Lead poisoning is easily confused with poliomyelitis of the bulbo-spinal type.

The History of Lead Arsenate Use in Apple Production: Comparison of its
Impact in Virginia with Other States
Michael J. Weaver, 2008 Journal of Pesticide Safety Education
P 11:
In 1919 they discovered that common washing practices did not adequately remove
arsenic residues from produce. A study conducted by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment
Station (Hough et al., 1931) concluded that three sprays of lead arsenate applied in May
and June did not require removal of spray residue at harvest time. However, when a third
or fourth spray of lead arsenate was applied in July, followed by dry weather, excessive
residues remained on the apples at harvest. Wiping or brushing apples removed only about
one-third of the total arsenical residues.
101-120
The History of Lead Arsenate Use in Apple Production: Comparison of its Impact in
Virginia with Other States
Michael J. Weaver, 2008 Journal of Pesticide Safety Education
P 12:
The search for substitutes for LA began in earnest when it was discovered in 1919 that
contemporary practices for washing produce were failing to adequately remove As
residues (Shepard, 1939). Unfortunately, all of the tested alternative materials were found
to provide less effective insect control or were more toxic to plants and animals. No
adequate substitutes were found until 1947, when the synthetic organic insecticide
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was introduced.

Arsenic-laced soil lingers where children play in Washington Nov 4, 2015
state
Sitio web: Archivo:
PBS http://archive.is/r5x3h
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/arsenic-laced-soil-
lingers-where-children-play-in-washington/

Arsenic Contamination in Vermont’s Private Wells
http://www.middlebury.edu/media/view/270347/original/es401_arsenic_final_report.pdf
Peter Ryan, 2010 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1_y5C67E8mXGhMMLZS
_uwMVSdrz8-brcI
P 13:
High arsenic levels were found in small pockets throughout the state (Map 1-1). The most
notable collection of high arsenic results were in Rutland and Bennington counties.

‘Do Not Eat Those Apples; They’ve Been On The Ground!’: Polio 19750602
Epidemics And Preventive Measures, Sweden 1880s-1940s
Per Axelsson, 2009 Asclepio. Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia
P 8:
Medin considered polio to be an acute infectious disease, affecting the nervous system,
that could cause epidemics, but he did not consider it to be contagious.

‘Do Not Eat Those Apples; They’ve Been On The Ground!’: Polio 19750602
Epidemics And Preventive Measures, Sweden 1880s-1940s
Per Axelsson, 2009 Asclepio. Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia
P 7:
As late as 1911 some physicians in Sweden still argued that polio was a disease caused by
miasma. The theory of miasma implied that disease was not caused by contagions but by
putrefaction, i.e. «bad air» and should be combated with cleaner environments which often
meant improved hygiene and sanitation.

Company
P 112:
Infantile paralysis is of an infectious, but not of a contagious nature. As a matter of fact, no
indisputable instance of contagion could be proved.

P 2:
To what is the unfavorable influence of the summer due? It may be an affair of weather, as
such, though obviously heat, pure and simple, is not the important factor; or the weather
may act as favoring some other influence, perhaps bacterial in character. The
reasonableness of this latter view is now conceded by many good observers; but it is
certain that its advocates are still far from having made good their claim.

P 2:
It is noteworthy, as against any strongly marked epidemic influence that the patients did
not come to any extent, from any one locality, but from different parts of the large area of
the suburbs of Boston.

NOTES OF AN EPIDEMIC OF ACUTE ANTERIOR
POLIOMYELITIS
P 3:
There was a general absence of infectious disease as an etiologic factor in this epidemic.
The element of contagion does not enter into the etiology either. I find but a single
instance in which more than one member of a family had the disease, and as it usually
occurred in families of more than one child, and as no efforts were made at isolation, it is
very certain that it was non-contagious.

P 5:
That a disease occasionally prevails epidemically suggests a specific poison, a definite
toxin, and this phase of the etiology of poliomyelitis has recently received attention from
foreign observers as well as from Dana, Putnam and others in this country. Thus far,
however, there does not seem to have been any substantial progress made toward isolating
any specific microorganism peculiar to this disease.

P 118:
With regards to the contagiousness of the disease, the investigation of this group of cases
suggests that the disease is but mildly contagious to say the most. A large number of
children were in intimate contact with those that were sick, and of these children an
insignificant minority developed the disease… the circumstances were particularly
favorable to the investigation of points of contact between sick and well and of the
detection of contagion.

P 4:
Following up still further the evidence of contagion: Other cases in the family were
reported in 11 instances; other cases in the same house in 9 instances; other cases among
acquaintances in 20 instances. That is, in 40 cases (17%), there was reason to look into the
question of contagion.

P 118:
Although the cause of the disease is not known, it can undoubtedly be classed as
infectious, as its distribution and incidence in localities are similar to those of other
infectious diseases and strongly suggest a common cause.
P 2:
That anterior poliomyelitis is an infectious disease is the commonly received opinion.
Since it has been seen that this cannot be regarded as established by bacterial evidence so
far collected, the other evidence in favor of this view will next be investigated.…

P 4:
This evidence tends rather toward supporting the contagious character of the disease, as
established by its uneven distribution, extending from foci and not evenly scattered
through the state; by its extension from Pittsfield along the lines of most frequent travel,
and by the fact that there was rarely a case in one town without the occurrence of a case in
the adjacent town or towns.

The Epidemiology Of Acute Poliomyelitis
L. Emmet Holt, 1908 American Journal of Medical Sciences
P 652:
In all we have collected a total of 40 instances, comprising 96 cases, in which more than I
case occurred in a family or household.

P 662:
The occurrence of epidemics and the relation of certain groups of cases to one another in
these epidemics place beyond question the statement that acute poliomyelitis is an
infectious disease.


P 662:
Whether we can go farther and state that the disease is communicable is an open question.
After carefully considering all the evidence brought together in this paper, we cannot resist
the conclusion that the disease is communicable, although only to a very slight degree.
118 Cases from the medical literature of paralysis as a result of spoiled PMID:
or poisoned food - 14771968
Poisoning as The Cause of Poliomyelitis
P 7-17.

An Account Of The Epidemic Outbreak Of Arsenical Poisoning
Ernest Septimus Reynolds, 1901 BMJ

Death in the beer-glass: the Manchester arsenic-in-beer
epidemic of 1900-1 and the long-term poisoning of beer
http://www.breweryhistory.com/journal/archive/132/Death_in_a_beerglass.pdf
Matthew Copping, 2009 Journal of the Brewery History Society
121-140
Jamaica Ginger Paralysis 666613
Forty-seven-Year Follow-up
John P. Morgan, 1978 Archives of Neurology
The Jamaica ginger paralysis 6750161
John P. Morgan, 1982 JAMA

Paralyzed with Fear
https://www.amazon.com/Paralysed-Fear-Story-Gareth-Williams/dp/1137299754
Gareth Williams, 2013 Palgrave Macmillan
P 13.

Company
Chapter 8.

Company
P 123.

Company
P 116:
It is not absolutely necessary for direct contact of patient with patient to occur. Indeed, the
disease seems more often to be propagated through the mediation of the healthy. As in
many other epidemic maladies, spread occurs in Heine-Medin’s disease by transmission
from person to person.

Ivar Wickman, 1913
The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing

Company
P 116 and after.
127 For example, here -

Polio Hall of Fame
Sitio web: Archivo:
Wikipedia http://archive.is/nAps3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio_Hall_of_Fame
Ivar Wickman - Discovered the epidemic character of polio (1907) and coined the term
Heine-Medin disease.
0018.pdf

P 2:
Wickman's meticulous investigations led him to conclude that the mild cases were as
contagious as the paralytic ones and were responsible for wide dissemination of the agent.
This was a tremendously important discovery made…

Company
P 125-126:
Acute poliomyelitis must therefore, be included among the contagious diseases. The
lateness of the recognition of this fact is due partly to the smallness of former epidemics
and partly to two factors which nullified all earlier investigations of epidemic conditions;
viz., first, abortive types were not considered, and, second, the possibility of infection
through healthy virus carriers was not realized.

Company
P 126-127.

Company
P 125:
The intimate association of the disease with the principal highways was clearly
demonstrable. The relation to main roads and railways was especially striking in districts
in which the cases were scattered, either singly or in small groups. A study of the local
conditions showed that dissemination must be due to the busy traffic which permitted
more frequent communication between the people.

Polio: from Emergence to Eradication
Matthew Smallman-Reynor, Oxford University Press
2006
P 95:
The geographical distribution of poliomyelitis activity in the epidemic of 1905 is mapped
in Figure 4.5… A striking feature of the epidemic pattern is the particular involvement of
the southern counties of the country (map B), with the principal areas of poliomyelitis
activity limited to six scattered, and geographically restricted, epidemic foci (map A)… As
a rule, the infected localities were of a distinctly rural nature, with the epidemic
demonstrating a marked aversion for the larger urban centers of Stockholm (ten cases).
Goteborg (zero cases) and Malmo (zero cases).

Introduction to Epidemiology (7th edition)
Autor principal/año: Publicador:
Ray M. Merrill, 2017 Jones and Bartlet Learning
P 475:
It is known that polio seems to occur in rural areas as much as, if not more than, in large
cities, and Scandinavia was quite rural at the time. Less exposure to a disease led to the
population's having less immunity to the disease. There seemed to be higher immunity in
city dwellers and lower immunity in rural populations.

The Epidemiology Of Poliomyelitis With Reference To Its Mode Of Spread

W. Lloyd Aycock, 1926 JAMA
P 1-2:
…with concentration of population and, as has been assumed, greater person to person
contact, there is a widespread distribution of the virus, resulting not in greater incidence
than in rural sections, as is true of the common contact diseases, but in a widespread
immunization.

P 2:
In view of the fact that there is no theoretical reason why persons in rural life should be
more prone to exhibit the paralytic form of the disease, it would seem perhaps more
reasonable to believe that the immunization in concentrated populations may be due to
subinfective doses rather than to a mild attack of the disease.

P 1:
The proportion of cases ascribed to direct contact, made up largely of multiple cases in
families, has been stated at around 5 per cent. It has been observed that the onsets of
multiple cases in families as a rule so nearly coincide that they probably represent in the
majority of instances simultaneous infection. When allowance is made for this, the
proportion of direct contact cases is reduced to an extremely small figure.


P 4-5.


P 13:
There is little to indicate that isolation has been a controlling influence in the spread of the
disease during epidemics… Since the virus may be found in the intestinal tract for thirty-
five days or possibly longer after onset of the disease it would seem logical to disinfect all
body discharges before their disposal. However, in the Cook County Contagious Disease
Hospital where the latter procedure has not been used there has never been a doctor, intern,
nurse or any other member of the personnel who contracted poliomyelitis within a period
of at least thirty-five years, nor has any patient ever developed poliomyelitis after
admission to the hospital.

Company
P 121:
This center contained 18 cases; ten of these were abortive and presented pronounced
general symptoms... Only for six children, occupying four houses, could no contact with
the other 52 who attended school be traced.

Company
P 120:
It was impossible to find, how the disease penetrated the island.

Company
P 129-130.
141-160
Infantile Paralysis In Vermont
https://archive.org/details/infantileparalys00cave
Charles S. Caverly, 1925 Burlington, Vermont
State Department Of Public Health
Referring to the polio epidemic in Vermont in 1912, p 88:
This once more emphasizes the rather slight contagiousness of the disease
Referring to the polio epidemic in Vermont in 1916-17, p 150:
While, therefore, contact infection seems to be increasingly traceable, it must still be
considered a disease of rather low contagiousness.
And p. 167:
These figures corroborate the statement made before that while the disease is a
communicable disease, it is one of low contagiousness.
And this, even though he is well aware of Wickman's theory, p. 158:
Infantile Paralysis is generally recognized as a contagious disease and one that may be
spread innocently by persons who have no clinical symptoms, in other words, by "abortive
cases" or “healthy carriers."


P 4:
…transmission in such instances is not usually through direct contact between the
individuals, nor through the intervention of missed cases or healthy carriers, but through
some indirect means. This is illustrated by a recent outbreak, the epidemiologic evidence
of which pointed to milk as the means of transmission.

Company
P 126:
All the patients were supplied with milk by the farmer. The houses were separated from
one another by one to two kilometers; and in five cases the illness began on the same day.
Under these circumstances it seems to me extremely probable that the milk conveyed the
infection.

Milestones in Early Poliomyelitis Research (1840 to 1949) 10233910
Hans J. Eggers, 1999 Journal Of Virology
P1

P 573:
Fortunately, in 1908 Karl Landsteiner and Eric Popper isolated the virus of poliomyelitis,
and scientific study of the agent began.

Milestones in Early Poliomyelitis Research (1840 to 1949) 10233910
Hans J. Eggers, 1999 Journal Of Virology
P1
147 For example -

The Transmission Of Acute Poliomyelitis To Monkeys
Simon Flexner, 1909 JAMA

Polio: An American Story
David M. Oshinsky, 2006 Oxford University Press
P 17:
In the long run, monkeys would prove invaluable to the polio story. More than 100,000
would be sacrificed in the fifty-year quest for a vaccine.
149 For example, here -

Polio Hall of Fame
Sitio web: Archivo:
Wikipedia http://archive.is/nAps3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio_Hall_of_Fame

P 3.
151 Por ejemplo -

Epidemic Poliomyelitis In Monkeys
Simon Flexner, 1910 JAMA
P 2:
Brief mention should be made of other species of animals that have been employed for
inoculation. Besides many rabbits and guinea-pigs, 1 horse, 2 calves, 3 goats, 3 pigs, 3
sheep, 6 rats, 6 mice, 6 dogs and 4 cats have had active virus introduced into the brain, but
without causing any appreciable effect whatever. These animals have been under
observation many weeks.
152 Por ejemplo -

Does the Spinal Fluid from Human Poliomyelitis Contain the Specific Infective Agent?
HL Abramson, 1917 JAMA

Polio - Diagnostic Methods
Sitio web: Archivo:
CDC website http://archive.is/hDbJu
https://www.cdc.gov/polio/us/lab-testing/diagnostic.html
Virus isolation in culture is the most sensitive method to diagnose poliovirus infection.
Poliovirus is most likely to be isolated from stool specimens. It may also be isolated from
pharyngeal swabs. Isolation is less likely from blood or CSF.

Poliomyelitis
John A. Toomey, 1941 Journal of Pediatrics
P 1:
There has been a vast amount of research in poliomyelitis Most of the experiments have
been done on M. rhesus monkeys, animals not susceptible to this disease.

Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1ONdl0AG5blbj8mJM0vMupllqgVoL0T4D
Milton J. Rosenau, 1918 D Appleton and Company
P 341:
Monkeys have so far never been known to contract the disease spontaneously, even though
they are kept in intimate association with infected monkeys.

Poliomyelitis
P 5:
The natural disease never acts like an upper respiratory infection in the experimental
animal for no animal gets the disease from another, no matter how intimately exposed.

Poliomyelitic Virus In Urban Sewage 19870997
John R. Paul, 1940 Journal of Experimental Medicine
P 13:
In two out of three large urban epidemics of poliomyelitis the virus of this disease has
been detected in samples of sewage. From one of the sites it was found repeatedly. Both
positive sites were located in the vicinity of isolation hospitals, and we believe that the
findings indicate that this virus can be transported, for short distances at least, through the
medium of flowing sewage.

Sewage as a carrier and disseminator of Poliomyelitis Virus
C. Kling, 1942 Acta Medica Scandinavica

P 15.

P 5:
From these experiments it is apparent that we have succeeded in isolating the virus of
poliomyelitis in a sample of sewage collected in Stockholm in the course of a minor
epidemic of infantile paralysis.
161-180
P 32:
…we know also the vehicle where the infectious agent, while the epidemic is going on and
for some time after its end, dwells, i. e. the sewage.

Poliomyelitic Virus In Human Stools 19870996
James D. Trask, 1940 Journal of Experimental Medicine

Persistence Of Virus Excretion In The Stools Of Poliomyelitis Patients
Dorothy M. Horstmann, 1944 JAMA

Flies As Carriers Of Poliomyelitis Virus In Urban Epidemics 17773978
Albert A. Sabin, 1941 Science

Insects And Epidemiology Of Poliomyelitis
P 1:
The distinctly positive results which we obtained with collections of insects consisting
only of flies, leaves no doubt that they are carriers of the virus.

Insects And Epidemiology Of Poliomyelitis

P 1:
It should be noted that we were unable to obtain positive results with Rhesus monkeys,
and because Cynomolgi are needed, these studies will probably have to be postponed until
importation from Java is again possible.

The Detection Of Poliomyelitis Virus In Flies Collected During 19871302
Epidemics Of Poliomyelitis
James D. Trask, 1943 Journal of Experimental Medicine

Poliomyelitis Virus In Fly-Contaminated Food Collected At An 17735530
Epidemic
Robert Ward, 1945 Science

Poliomyelitis Virus In Fly-Contaminated Food Collected At An 17735530
Epidemic
Robert Ward, 1945 Science
P 3:
Poliomyelitis virus has been detected in food exposed to flies at homes of poliomyelitis
patients within an epidemic area.

Poliomyelitis
P 25:
Most of the experiments described during this period have been made in animals given the
disease by injecting virus intranasally, intratheeally, intrasciatically, or by some other
artificial avenue of approach. If the virus enters the human being by way of the
gastrointestinal tract, practically all except the broader conclusions, especially those that
have to do with pathogenesis and the explanation of symptoms, have to be discarded in
toto.

Part II P 5:
The views as to the portal of entry and communicability rest fundamentally and entirely on
findings from experiments on monkeys. To some of us it does not appear to square with
the facts obtained by epidemiological studies of the disease among human beings. It seems
to elastic, too restful. On epidemiological grounds alone, it appears conceivable that
poliomyelitis is not caused by a living microorganism or a virus, but by a toxin.

A Study Of The Origin Of An Epidemic Of Poliomyelitis
Martha L. Smith, 1945 JAMA
P 6:
Yet, in spite of the comparative ease with which poliomyelitis may be experimentally
transferred to monkeys from these reservoirs, it has not been established that the virus in
such form gives rise to the human disease. The possibility undoubtedly exists, but direct
proof is still lacking.

173 The Polioviruses Of Man
Stanley A. Plotkin, 1962 Annals of New York Academy of Sciences
P 13, Tabla 10.
Pink Book - Polio
Sitio web: Archivo:

CDC http://archive.is/yvRRU
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/polio.html
Humans are the only known reservoir of poliovirus, which is transmitted most frequently
by persons with inapparent infections.

P 4:
During this epidemic and in the same geographical area, an acute nervous disease,
paralytic in its nature, affected domestic animals. Horses, dogs and fowls died with these
symptoms.

P 4:
…says that the examination of a section of the lumbar portion of, the cord showed a
granular degeneration and pigmentation of the ganglion cells of the anterior cornua, and
atrophy of the anterior nerve roots." He further states that there was no meningitis in this
case. Dr. Charles L. Dana, who made the examination of the fowl, with the aid of Dr.
Dunham, of the Carnegie Laboratory, found "an acute poliomyelitis of the lumbar portion
of the cord and no meningitis."

P 5:
That domestic animals suffered with human beings in our epidemic is a noteworthy fact
and one, so far as I can learn, hitherto unobserved. That such was the case can not be
doubted.

P 51-53.


P 110.

P 110:
Instances of paralysis among domestic animals have always been noted as accompanying
our outbreaks of human infantile paralysis.

P 1:
The attention of the State Board of Massachusetts has been called to the occurrence of
infantile paralysis in a mother and daughter shortly after an epidemic of "leg weakness" in
the chickens of the household, and the matter is under investigation.
181-200
The Occurrence Of Infantile Paralysis
In Massachusetts In 1910
P 4:
Total, 34 homes out of 110 had illness, paralysis or death in 82 animals near the time of
the human paralysis.

A Manual On Infantile Paralysis With Modern Methods Of Treatment
Henry W. Frauenthal , 1914 FA Davis Company
P 8.

P 10:
During the epidemic of 1000 cases in Minnesota in 1909 three colts were seen by Dr. H.
W. Hill, epidemiologist of the Minnesota State Board of Health, ill with a disease
''strongly analogous in clinical history and symptoms to the disease in the human."

P 10:
In my veterinary practice of the past five or six years I have found a disease appearing
among one- or two- year-old colts that shows a line of symptoms corresponding closely to
anterior poliomyelitis in children. I have had from 5 to 10 cases a year during this time,
always occurring during the summer months, and the majority of them during the month of
August. The affected colts are usually found in the pasture unable to stand.

P 11:
The State of California had an epidemic of 100 known cases of poliomyelitis in 1910. The
majority of these cases occurred in San Joaquin County, and according to the September,
1910, Bulletin of the California State Board of Health, "veterinarians report a considerable
number of puzzling paralyses of colts in San Joaquin County, where the largest number of
cases have occurred so far."

P 12-13:
Dr. A. R. Robertson, pathologist at Drake University Medical School, reported:
"Examination of fowl paralyzed after three days' acute illness (one wing, both legs). Upon
exposure of the spinal cord, a distinct area of softened cord, one inch in length, of the
lower dorsal and upper lumbar regions was observed. Histological sections from the
affected areas revealed numerous small hemorrhages in the anterior cornua and distinct
collections of cells in perivascular and perilymph channels, and tissue spaces of the
anterior horns. The histological picture was that of acute poliomyelitis in man."

187 The Occurrence Of Infantile Paralysis In Massachusetts In 1908
P 1:
It was noted by Wickman that in the Swedish epidemic of 1903 dogs were apparently
affected in many instances with the children, but he was not convinced of the identity of
the two affections.

Company
P 132:
Caverley, Wickman. Peiper, and others have mentioned the appearance of paralysis in
animals and in fowl coincident with epidemics among human beings. But the futile
inoculation of these creatures shows their affliction has nothing in common with that in
man.


P 48:
The farmer would be laughed at who undertook to manure his fields or his trees with a salt
of lead or arsenic.

P 69 (citation from 1913):
…a prominent federal entomologist could admit… that "there exists, in this country, no
regulation in force and no precaution is taken toward preventing accidents resulting from
the use of arsenicals".

P 72-78.

P 71:
The head of the Agriculture Department's Bureau of Entemology, C. V. Riley himself, was
called upon to assure readers "how utterly groundless are any fears of injury" from sprayed
produce.

P 84:
The Royal Commission Appointed to Inquire into Arsenical Poisoning from the
Consumption of Beer and other Articles of Food and Drink was chaired by the most
venerable figure in British science, the physicist Baron Kalvin, and staffed by several of
the most prominent medical specialists in the nation.

P 86:
"Pending the establishment of official standards in respect of arsenic under the Sale of
Food and Drugs Acts," the commissioners decided, the evidence we have received fully
justifies us in pronouncing certain quantities of arsenic in beer and in other foods as liable
to be deleterious, and at the same time capable of exclusion, with comparative ease, by the
careful manufacturer. In our view it would be entirely proper that penalties should be
imposed under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts upon any vendor of beer or any other
liquid food, if that liquid is shown by an adequate test to contain
l/100th of a grain or more of arsenic in the gallon; and with regard to solid food-no matter
whether it is habitually consumed in large or in small quantities, or whether it is taken by
itself .. . or mixed with water or other substances . . .-if the substance is shown by an
adequate test to contain l/100th grain of arsenic or more in the pound."

P 86:
The Commission's recommendation, furthermore, was informally adapted by the British
government and the limit of 0.01 grain per pound or gallon soon came to be referred to as
the "world tolerance" for arsenic as other nations recognized the importance and validity
of the Royal Commission's work.

P 266, note 49:
In Germany, too, there was opposition to the use of arsenicals. The chemist von der Heide
found in 1906 that grapes from German vines sprayed with lead arsenate contained as
much as 0.2 mg. of arsenic per 100 g. (about 0.014 grain of arsenic per pound, or 40
percent above the "world tolerance."). This discovery prompted the German Imperial
Health Commission to oppose the use of lead arsenate and, in fact, the compound was
eventually prohibited (temporarily) from agricultural application in Germany. Other
arsenical insecticides were apparently permitted, but only under close supervision, as was
generally the case in other European countries.

P 88-90.

P 90:
Despite the failure to effectively control the use of arsenicals insecticides, French
physicians recognized their situation as superior to that of America, where no attempt at
control had yet been made.

P 85:
…the scale of use of arsenical insecticides in Great Britain was never comparable to that
of America, though it was sufficiently great to attract the Royal Commission's attention.
201-220
Green Book - Poliomyelitis
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/148141/Gre
en-Book-Chapter-26-Polio-updated-18-January-2013.pdf
NHS, 2013 https://drive.google.com/open?id=15wYdgB3upwPEHYP7XZkU
VxQEAOXe1Lnb
P 2, chart 26.1

P 71:
Riley's sentiments had originally been expressed in an 1891 address to Boston's Lowell
Institute and were at least questionable then. In later years, however, their frequent
repetition would become dangerously misleading, for shortly after Riley's speech the
average residues of arsenic on fruit and vegetables began to steadily increase. This
increase was due, in part, to the growing numbers of farmers using arsenical insecticides.

P 69:
More than two decades later, a prominent federal entomologist could admit… to a foreign
inquirer that, "there exist, in this country, no regulation in force and no precaution is taken
toward preventing accidents resulting from the use of arsenicals."

DDT – Scientists, Citizens and Public Policy
https://www.amazon.com/DDT-Scientists-Citizens-Princeton-Library/dp/0691613907
Thomas Dunlap, 1981 Princeton Legacy Library
P 42:
When insecticide residues became a problem in the 1920s, one agency of the department,
the Bureau of Plant Industry, was recommending spraying schedules to kill insect pests;
another agency, the Bureau of Chemistry (replaced by the Food and Drug Administration
in 1927), was seizing produce, sometimes sprayed in strict accordance with the schedules,
on the grounds that it was contaminated with poisonous chemicals. The Secretary of
Agriculture had to satisfy the requirements and needs of public health without alienating
the main political support of the department, the farmers.

Chapters 4-5.

P 119:
The FDA significantly remained within the Department of Agriculture until 1940,
however, so that activities such as spray-residue control continued to be hindered by the
general Department emphasis on promoting agricultural prosperity.

P 126:
In less diffuse terms, what the Bureau of Chemistry committed itself to at the 1919
conference was a policy of educating fruit growers to the existence of a residue problem…
while avoiding any publicizing of the problem outside of agricultural circles.

P 133-136.

P 226:
In Czecho-Slovakia and Austria, newspaper articles and radio talks are telling the public
that American apples are poisonous, and Poland has actually prohibited the entry of
American apples.

P 48:
Paul Dunbar, then assistant commissioner of the FDA, admitted this in an article written in
1959. Our “objective," he said, “was to persuade all departmental agencies to cooperate in
working out the [spray residue] problem and to refrain meanwhile from creating public
alarm."

P 201:
Introducing this educational campaign, the FDA broke with its tradition of sheltering the
residue problem in secrecy. Indeed, thanks to the activity of muckrakers, the secret was
already out, and the "steady diet of arsenic and lead"… was soon being publicized, if more
quietly, by the FDA as well.

P 158:
…Harvard toxicologist Joseph Aub… stressed the insidiousness of lead poisoning. "The
more severe types of intoxication by lead are very easy to recognize," he noted, "but the
mild manifestations are so protean in character and develop so irregularly that
differentiation between absorption and true intoxication is often nearly impossible."

Dr. Frederick Tony, a physician in the Chicago Department of Public Health,

testified in 1927 -
P 147:
Q. Doctor, would it be possible for people to be poisoned by arsenate of lead on apples and
pears and the doctor not know from where the poison obtained?
A. I think it is not only possible, but it would be very probable that the doctor would not
realize the source of such a poison".

P 177:
Distribution of lead and arsenic was so complete that all members of industrialized
populations carried at least traces of the metals in their tissues, and there was some serious
scientific consideration being given the notion that these were normal physiological
constituents.

P 246-247:
The FDA's original plan had been to continue under the old system of administrative
tolerances until the final report of the Public Health Service could be published, after
which a hearing would be announced." But, as Paul Dunbar, Campbell's successor as
Commissioner of Food and Drugs, later related: "the war intervened and made it
impossible for us to hold the necessary hearings to establish tolerances… The hearings
were finally held in 1950, but offered, so far as lead arsenate was concerned, only a rehash
of evidence that had been familiar to the FDA for years.

P 249:
Food and Drug Commissioner Paul Dunbar explained… "In general, arsenic and fluorine
sprays have been replaced by DDT and other newer chemicals."


P 6:
The disease is well recognized as one that attacks children in the first dentition and as one
that prevails in the late summer and early fall.

Transmission Of Poliomyelitis Virus 14889394
Albert B. Sabin, 1951 Journal of Pediatrics
P 8:
One of the important unsolved problems in poliomyelitis is why in temperate zones
approximately 80 to 90 per cent of the cases occur during four months of the year in late
summer and early autumn.

Present Concepts And Recent Advances In Acute Poliomyelitis
John R. Paul, 1952 AMA Archive of Internal Medicine
P 8:
Thus, although it is agreed that poliomyelitis is a disease generally spread by personal
contact, the situation is more complex than that, for in most parts of the world the
prevalence of poliomyelitis is influenced or even dominated in a mysterious manner by
season and climate. No satisfactory reason has as yet been proposed to explain the
occurrence of epidemics of poliomyelitis in the temperate zones of the world at so much
higher a rate in the summer than in the winter.

P 10:
Thus, looking at data for the whole country, the rates for the peak months (August and
September) are over 35 times the rate for the low month (April). The regularity of this
pattern over many years suggested that it was governed by a mechanism which should be
ascertainable. Nevertheless, the underlying explanation has remained elusive.
221-240
Deconstructed

P 6:
Although there is no definitive explanation for polio seasonality, there are some data worth
pondering… However, until further studies are done, this hypothesis will remain
speculative.

P 4:
…it is remarkable that, unlike certain other infections of childhood, the epidemics of
paralysis occur during the very months when the children are away from school.

P 2:
Considering that nearly all of the common acute infectious diseases predominate in the fall
and winter or winter and spring, seasons when life is principally within doors and schools
are in session, we are forced to ponder why poliomyelitis is epidemic in the summer.

P 7:
No good explanation was ever documented for the occurrence of epidemics, although this
was one of the most feared features of poliomyelitis and of particular concern to health
officers.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1525657/pdf/amjphnation
00428-0010.pdf
P 8:
In New York City, for example, the attack rates during the five epidemic years have been
6 to 46 times higher than the mean annual rate for the 17 non-epidemic years between
1928 and 1947 (Table 4). The attack rate of 20.6 per 100,000 in the first London epidemic
of 1947 was about ten times higher than the mean annual rate of 1.96 for the period of
1932 to 1946. The attack rate of 76.2 per 100,000 in the first Berlin epidemic of 1947 was
20 times higher than the mean annual rate for the period of 1928 to 1946.

00428-0010.pdf
P 9:
In 1928 Aycock pointed out that the accumulation of non-immunes cannot be a major
factor in the production of epidemics, because the age incidence was not found to vary
materially from year to year, even during epidemics which occurred after a number of
years of comparative freedom from the disease. Twenty years later, I showed that
Aycock's observation was still valid, despite the fact that age selection patterns had
changed over the years in certain communities.

00428-0010.pdf
P 9:
The conclusion seems inescapable that poliomyelitis epidemics are the result of the
invasion of a community by strains of unusual virulence.

P 9-10:
However, no attempt was made to compare systematically a large number of isolates from
epidemic and non-epidemic settings… The relative importance of virus virulence and of
elevated infection rate in the production of epidemics therefore remains unknown.


P 2:
One of the strangest features of this disease is that with the great advances in sanitation
and higher scale of living poliomyelitis seems to thrive. In the meantime most of the other
common contagious diseases have declined markedly, with the exception of measles.

Deconstructed

P 4:
In the United States, beginning in the early 1900s, annual epidemics of poliomyelitis
occurred with regularity until the introduction of IPV in 1955…

The Effectiveness Of Immunizations
Sitio web: Archivo:
HHS.GOV http://archive.is/A2jxM
https://archive.hhs.gov/nvpo/concepts/intro6.htm
Figure 6.

VxQEAOXe1Lnb
P 2, chart 26.1

Diseases--1963
P 2:
…not until the 1940's in Japan, Czechoslovakia, the Union of South Africa, the
Netherlands, Great Britain and Germany; and in France, Belgium, and most of the
U.S.S.R. after 1950.

P 40:
This period was the most critical in the Israeli experience, with the disease suddenly
occurring in high numbers, and continuing in an uninterrupted series of epidemic events
called at that time “the everlasting epidemic”. This new pattern of the disease was similar
to that observed in western countries…
235 On Geigy's ties to the Nazi regime -

Chemical firms exploited Nazi links, probe found
Sitio web: Archivo:
HHS.GOV
http://archive.is/xzpeP
http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/chemical-firms-exploited-
nazi-links--probe-found/2218350
JR Geigy, Ciba, Sandoz and Hoffmann-La Roche - put their own interests ahead of
humanitarian concerns in their dealing with the Nazis.
... All the companies concerned owned factories in Germany between 1933 and 1945, as
well as in wartime-occupied Poland, and were important suppliers of chemicals, dyes and
pharmaceuticals for the Third Reich... The ICE found the firms also had extensive contacts
among the Nazis: "Geigy maintained particularly good relations Claus Ungewitter, the
Reich commissioner for chemicals ...
The report also singled out Geigy and Roche for using forced labour at their plants in
Germany .
It said at least 33 Dutch and French labourers were forced to work for Geigy between 1943
and 1945, while at least 61 prisoners-of-war and 150 foreign labourers were forced to
work at the Roche plant...
It said the companies' claims that they were cut off from their subsidiaries in Germany
were patently false: "senior managers at the parent company in Switzerland were aware
that forced labour was being used... As a rule they were not worried or uneasy about the
situation, and as long as production was maintained they had no thoughts of intervening.

P 76:
Earlier insecticides had been confined by their high cost and low efficiency, to farms and
orchards. DDT's combination of high toxicity to many insects. low mammalian toxicity,
low cost, and suitability
for aerial spraying invited its use in areas that had been, before World War II, free of
insecticides.

The Ethics of Intensification: Agricultural Development and Cultural Change
https://books.google.co.il/books?id=0K8qkYZdx7cC&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q&f=false
Julie Eckinger, 2008 Springer
P 66:
Safe to use in his context meant that the person exposed to DDT was unlikely to suffer
acute illness. Later the criteria for "safety" underwent substantial change.

Pharmacologic And Toxicologic Aspects Of DDT

AMA Council On Pharmacy And https://drive.google.com/open?id=1nOgsZm
Chemistry, 1951 np2lZuTWbEBB4jW1eiPccKlvfb
P 2:
[DDT] acts primarily on the nervous system of the insect… the facts that small amounts
are required and that its action is prolonged increase its value.

Present Position of DDT in the Control of Insects of Medical Importance

Fred C. Bishopp, 1946 American Journal of Public Health
P 6:
The solvent or carrier evaporates, leaving the surfaces covered with minute crystals of
DDT. Insects that crawl over these surfaces or otherwise come in contact with them during
the next 3 to 12 months are killed.

DDT and Silent Spring: Fifty Years After
Cristóbal S. Berry-Caban , 2011 Journal of Military and Veterans' Health
P 1-2.
241-260
DDT Poisonins and the Elusive "Virus X:" A New Cause for Gastro-Enteritis
Morton S. Biskind, 1949 American Journal of Digestive Diseases
P 1:
Not only is it used in households with reckless abandon, so that sprays and aerosols are
inhaled, the solutions are permitted to contaminate the skin, bedding and other textiles are
saturated, and food and food utensils are contaminated, but DDT is also widely used in
restaurants and food processing establishments and as an insecticide on crops. Cattle,
sheep and other food animals are extensively dusted with it and large areas are
indiscriminately sprayed from airplanes for mosquito control.
Pictures of DDT spraying:
https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/spray-ddt

The DDT Collector
Sitio web: Archivo:
Science History Institute https://web.archive.org/web/
https://www.chemheritage.org/distillations/article/ddt- 20180926062552/https://ww
collector w.sciencehistory.org/distillat
ions/article/ddt-collector
A sprayer-toting soldier stands guard on cans of Flit. Introduced by Standard Oil in 1923,
the original Flit used mineral oil to exterminate flies and mosquitoes; DDT was added to
the mix in the late 1940s.

The Amount of DDT Found In The Milk Of Cows Following Spraying
D. E. Howell, 1947 Journal of Dairy Science
P 5:
Four lots of cattle were sprayed with DDT to determine the amount of this material that
may appear in the milk following recommended and excessive treatment. All animals
tested excreted some DDT in the milk.

Public Health Aspects Of The New Insecticides
P 6:
Unfortunately, today contamination of food is virtually universal. Even if the farmer does
not use the new insecticides (and few do not), it is a rare food that escapes contact with
insecticides in storage, shipment, processing plants, warehouses and stores. Dendy, for
instance, bought milk and meat on the open market in Texas, from July through December.
Every specimen of these staples was found to contain DDT, from less than 0.5 p. p. m. to
13.8 p. p. m. in milk and from 3.1 p. p. m. in lean meat to 68.5 p. p. m. in fat meat.

THE PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION OF DDT (2,2-BIS (P-CHLOROPHENYL 1 , 1)
-1 ,TRICHLOROETHANE) IN LABORATORY ANIMALS
John H. Drayze, 1944 Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
P 8:
The above data indicate that the unlimited use of DDT solutions on the skin is not free of
danger; however, some solutions of DDT have been found safe for restricted use.

Acute And Subacute Toxicity of DDT (2,2,-bis(p-CHLOROPHENYL-1 , 1 , 1-)
TRICHLOROETHANE) TO LABORATORY ANIMALS
Geoffrey Woodard , 1944 Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
P 7:
DDT is capable of causing subacute toxicity when given in small amounts in the diet for
periods of from 3 days to 20 weeks.

Acute And Subacute Toxicity of DDT (2,2,-bis(p-CHLOROPHENYL-1 , 1 , 1-)
TRICHLOROETHANE) TO LABORATORY ANIMALS
Geoffrey Woodard , 1944 Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
P 7:
Characteristic of DDT poisoning is the wide variation in individual susceptibility, making
the estimate of a safely tolerated dose extremely difficult.


P 2:
In 1944, Smith and Stohlman of the National Institute of Health, after an extensive study
on the cumulative toxicity of DDT, pointed out, "The toxicity of DDT combined with its
cumulative action and absorbability from the skin places a definite health hazard on its
use.”

A Case of D.D.T. Poisoning in Man
V. B. Wigglesworth , 1945 BMJ

DDT Poisoning In Man

I. M. Mackerras, 1946 The Medical Journal Of Australia
P 400.

D.D.T. Poisoning In Man A Suspected Case

A. M. G. Campbell , 1949 Lancet

TOXIC EFFECTS OF 2,2-bis (p-CHLORPHENY) 1,1,1-TRICHLORETHANE (D.D.T.)
IN MAN
R. A. M. Case, 1945 BMJ
P 2, Experimental

IN MAN
P 3.

IN MAN
P 1-2:
…it is likely that a substance known to be toxic to mammals, shown to be toxic to man
under certain conditions, and in wide use may produce subclinical manifestations, not at
present recognized, which will lower the health-level and efficiency of workers at risk, and
that the rapidly growing use of D.D.T. will extend into circumstances where human
intoxication is likely to occur.

IN MAN
P 4:
It should be stressed that these experiments only show D.D.T. distemper to be toxic under
special conditions, possibly rather more severe than would obtain in practice, and do not
form the basis for any condemnation of the widespread use of D.D.T. if proper precautions
are taken, particularly in the avoidance of oil contamination. They do, however, emphasize
that D.D.T. intoxication in human beings is a hazard to be considered and guarded against.




P 2:
DDT is a nerve poison, as indicated by the early appearance of muscular tremors and other
symptoms.


P 2:
DDT must not be allowed to get into foods or to be ingested accidentally.

P 2:
One of the outstanding characteristics of DDT is its persistence. In fact, this is perhaps the
major element in making it superior to many other insecticides. This persistence, however,
makes it necessary to use care when applying it on crops or products intended for food or
feed.

P 2:
DDT must be applied cautiously to food crops, which require treatment after the
development of the edible portion of the plant, if residues at the time of harvest are to be
avoided… It should not be used on dairy cattle or animals being prepared for slaughter
since there is a danger of accumulation of the substance in the milk and tissues of treated
animals.
261-280
P 2:
DDT is a "cerebrospinal" poison which acts primarily on the central nervous system in
man and higher animals as contrasted with its apparent peripheral action in insects. The
principal systemic effects in higher animals are disturbances of the central nervous system
characterized by hyperexcitability, generalized tremors, spastic or flaccid paralysis and
convulsions.

P 3:
Chronic poisoning may result from prolonged ingestion or exposure to small amounts of
DDT… As in acute poisoning, there are wide individual variations in susceptibility
regardless of the route of administration; this makes it difficult to establish safe tolerance
levels applicable to all individuals


P 1-2:
From the work of these pharmacologists the following very general conclusions can be
drawn:
10. When used as recommended for the control of human parasites and household insects,
DDT insecticides are not harmful to human health.
THE TOXICITY OF 29,2-bis (P-CHLORPHENYL) 1,,1-TRICHLORETHANE (D.D.T.)

G. R. Cameron, 1945 BMJ
P 6:
D.D.T. is tolerated in fairly large amounts when administered as single or repeated doses.
Toxic levels are not easily reached when dilute solutions suitable for insecticidal purposes
are employed. Danger to health is likely to arise only from careless use of concentrates.

P 5:
The question of safety in labeling and handling DDT is dealt with in a release of the Food
and Drug Administration of November 5, 1945. The position is taken that the degree of
toxicity of DDT does not place it with the caustic poisons and hence -labeling it "poison"
with skull and crossbones is not necessary.

P 59:
The official debate over regulatory policy for DDT was, however, conditioned by a factor
unique in the history of insecticide regulation: DDT was first used during World War II;
by the time it entered the civilian market it already had a reputation for effectiveness,
power, and safety unmatched by any other material.
P 63:
As soon as production exceeded military requirements the War Production Board allowed
the surplus to be used for experiments; it released DDT for general civilian use on 1
August 1945.

Statement on Clinical Intoxication From DDT and Other New Insecticides 14832501
Morton S. Biskind, 1950 Journal of Insurance Medicine
Part 1, p 1:
Since shortly after the last war, a large number of cases had been observed by physicians
all over the country… The condition was of unknown origin… [and] was widely attributed
to a "virus X". As with all other physicians, a large number of my patients had this
condition. I, like others, found it extremely puzzling; it resembled no infectious process I
was acquainted with…

P 3:
Altogether data have 'been accumulated on more than 200 cases of the "virus X" syndrome
in which the condition followed immediately on known exposure to DDT.


P 1:
The high incidence, the usual absence of a febrile reaction, the persistence and erratic
recurrence of the symptoms, the lack of observable inflammatory lesions, and the
resistance even to palliative therapy, suggested an intoxication rather than an infection.
Investigation for possible etiologic agents soon led to consideration of DDT.


P 1.


P 2.

Part 1, p2.

P 3-4.

P 4:
To anyone with even a rudimentary knowledge of toxicology, it exceeds all limits of
credibility that a compound lethal for insects, fish, birds, chickens, rats, guinea pigs,
rabbits, dogs, cats, goats, sheep, horses, cattle and monkeys would be nontoxic for human
beings.

P 2:
Since the last war there have been a number of curious changes in the incidence of certain
ailments and the development of new syndromes never before observed. A most
significant feature of this situation is that both man and all his domestic animals have
simultaneously been affected.


P 2:
…these conditions is mentioned in the comprehensive U. S. Department of Agriculture
Handbook, "Keeping Livestock Healthy," published in 1942. This coincidence alone
should have been sufficient to rouse a suspicion that something new that is common both
to man and his domestic animals, has been operating in their environment during the
period these changes have occurred.

P 4:
…studies by Lillie and his collaborators (74, 75) of the National Institutes of Health,
published in 1944 and 1947 respectively, which showed that DDT may produce
degeneration of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord in animals. These changes do not
occur regularly in exposed animals any more than they do in human beings, but they do
appear often enough to be significant.

P 5:
A Siamese cat dusted with DDT developed convulsions in a few hours and died some days
later with paralysis of the hind limbs.

P 4:
When the population is exposed to a chemical agent known to produce in animals lesions
in the spinal cord resembling those in human polio, and thereafter the latter disease
increases sharply in incidence and maintains its epidemic character year after year, is it
unreasonable to suspect an etiologic relationship?

P 4:
In the Philippines and elsewhere in the Far East American troops, who used vast quantities
of DDT as insecticides, had a high incidence of poliomyelitis, while it was extremely low
in the surrounding native population.

P 8:
It is not known whether the disease may be spread by agents other than infected persons,
as, for instance, by insects or contaminated food or water. Theoretically these agents might
be "eliminated" by the introduction of "improved sanitary measures." One recognizes that
food or flies or cockroaches could on occasion be infectious, but no evidence exists that
such insects are an essential link in the chain, comparable with mosquitoes when they
carry the parasite of malaria or the virus of yellow fever.

P 65:
In desperation, some towns even sprayed DDT in an effort to combat polio.
281-300
The Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis in Africa
James Gear, 1958 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1F-IcUN-b22YEghe-
3I4Pldwk4vwDA3xe
P 5:
The systemic spraying of villages and towns with DDT, BHC and similar long-acting
insecticides has not hastened the end of an epidemic, nor indeed has it prevented the onset
of an epidemic.

Part 2, p 2:
Wherever DDT had been used extensively against polio, not only was there an epidemic of
the syndrome I have described but the incidence of polio continued to rise and in fact
appeared where it had not been before.

Part 2, p 2:
This is not surprising since it is known that not only can DDT poisoning produce a
condition that may easily be mistaken for polio in an epidemic but also being a nerve
poison itself, may damage cells in the spinal cord and thus increase the susceptibility to the
virus.

P 1:
Soon after the introduction of DDT for widespread use as a household, public health and
agricultural insecticide, it became evident that virtually all forms of insects were
propagating strains completely resistant to this compound. This led to a frantic search for
more and more potent insecticides (which also turned out to be more and more toxic for
animals and man). One after another new compounds were introduced, the total list being
very long indeed.


Part 2 p 5, Por ejemplo parathion.

P 7 – Chlordane is 10-times more poisonous than DDT.

P 2:
In agriculture alone 232 million pounds were used in the United States in 1951 and 252
million pounds in 1952.

Part 2, p 5:
Virtually all studies on the toxicity of the various insecticides have been made on the
individual substances. However, this in no way reflects what happens in in actual practice,
for today in a single day's diet we may readily be exposed to DDT, BHC, chlordane,
chlorinated camphene, methoxychlor, and parathion as well as some lead and arsenic. How
many simultaneous insults can the human body take?

Possible Hazards From The Use of DDT https://drive.google.com/open?id=1n3Ni
https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2 yviMKqjEFbZ9PzowYd0R-2L6DA6t
105/AJPH.39.7.925
Editorial (unsigned), 1949 American Journal of Public Health
P 1:
DDT the great bug-killer may turn out to be one of the most devastating biological
weapons ever loosed by a people upon themselves… DDT is slowly poisoning large
numbers of Americans, especially children.

105/AJPH.39.7.925
P 2:
This statement pointed out that the toxicity of DDT for man "has been given full
consideration in making recommendations for its use. There is no evidence that the use of
DDT in accordance with the recommendations of the various federal agencies has ever
caused human sickness due to DDT itself... "Statements that DDT is responsible for
causing the so-called 'virus X disease' of man and 'X disease' of cattle are totally without
foundation. Both of these diseases were recognized before the utilization of DDT as an
insecticide."

105/AJPH.39.7.925
P 2:
In April it urged that "this insecticide not be applied to animals producing milk for human
consumption. In the light of current information the Bureau also advises that safer
materials be used for insect control in places where the milk might be contaminated, such
as dairy barns, milk rooms, rooms containing dairy feed, or in similar situations on the
farm. Nor should DDT be used for fly control in milk-processing plants… It would seem
desirable to obtain more extensive data as to the actual presence of DDT in milk by
methods now available; but, all in all, the situation seems to be well in hand and the public
adequately protected.

P 2:
The relationship was promptly denied by government officials, who provided no evidence
to contest the author's observations but relied solely on the prestige of government
authority and sheer numbers of experts to bolster their position.

Select Committee to Investigate the Use of Chemicals in Food and Cosmetics (1950-52)
Sitio web:
Archives.GOV
https://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/house/chapter-22-select-food-and-
cosmetics.html
The committee was authorized to inquire into the extent and the effect of the use of
chemicals, synthetics, pesticides, and insecticides in the production and preparation of
food products and to determine the effects of such use on the public and upon agricultural
stability.

This is Dr. Biskind’s testimony in congress.

P 2:
Yet, far from admitting a causal relationship so obvious that in any other field of biology it
would be instantly accepted, virtually the entire apparatus of communication, lay and
scientific alike, has been devoted to denying, concealing, suppressing, distorting and
attempts to convert into its opposite, the overwhelming evidence. Libel, slander and
economic boycott have not been overlooked in this campaign.

Probers into Chemical Sprays Smeared by Lobby Sep 9, 1951
Author: Newspaper:
Louis Bromfield Cleveland Plain Dealer
P 2:
The hirelings at least of the chemical companies and their lobbyists are doing their best to
cripple or suppress the inquiries of Mr. Delaney's committee… The committee
investigations have given rise to one of the most extraordinary smear campaigns in our
history. Mr. Delaney has been blackguarded and those who testified that we know nothing
of the effects of the strange, new poisons have been called liars, fools and virtually
threatened with blackmail.

P 14:
A SUMMARY OF PROBLEMS:
1. Still unknown etiologic agent.
2. Warm weather prevalence, unusual for a communicable disease.
3. Undetermined manner of transmission.
4. Susceptibility in the exceptionally well nourished.
5. Variability of symptoms.
6. Lack of a practicable laboratory diagnostic test.
7. Diagnostic difficulties added by the "new virus."
8. Reliable measures for prevention.
9. Dependable methods for treatment.
10. Question whether isolation of poliomyelitis patients is an effective means of
controlling the disease.


P 1:
Although flies have been found to be contaminated with virus, there has been no reliable
evidence of spread by insects, water, food or sewage…

P 7:
…there is agreement among students of poliomyelitis that not enough is known about the
factors responsible for the spread of poliomyelitis to enable elimination of the virus from a
community.

Diseases--1963
P 4:
As with so many contact infections, the exact manner in which polioviruses are
transmitted from one person to another is imperfectly understood.
301-320
P 5:
If the introduction of the virus into the mouth by means of the hands or other materials is
of basic importance in the transmission of poliomyelitis, can we regard the period of
communicability as being for only a few days before and a few days to a week after onset
of symptoms, when, by our present methods, the virus is still readily demonstrable in the
stools of approximately 50 per cent of individuals during the third and fourth weeks? How
much reliance should we place on the epidemiological observations which place the
"infectious period" at four to five days before and after onset of symptoms, when it is
realized that these conclusions are based on tracing extrafamilial secondary cases to
presumably single contacts with patients who became sick and had to go to bed?

Diseases--1963
P 4:
The main portal of exit is the intestinal tract, and large quantities of virus can be found in
the feces often for many weeks and occasionally for many months… Epidemiologic
evidence indicates that a case is most infectious during the early phase of infection,
sometime before onset of symptoms or in the first few days of the clinical disease.

P 1:
Eventually the new facts should find more clinical application than can be assigned to
them now, for one must still admit that there are no more immediate measures available
for the prevention and cure of the acute disease than existed in the times of Medin and
Wickman, 80 and 40 years ago, respectively.

P 1-2:
Notwithstanding the intensive studies of investigators, very little information of practical
value has been added to our knowledge of poliomyelitis during the past forty years… One
might almost be tempted to make the contradictory statement that the more we learn about
poliomyelitis, the less we know.

The cultivation of the poliomyelitis viruses in
tissue culture
https://assets.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/enders-robbins-weller-
lecture.pdf?_ga=2.149573750.1715530293.1537951684-1754545531.1537951684
John F. Enders, 1952
P 3:
In these recent discoveries it is possible that we have witnessed the end of what might be
termed "the monkey era" in poliomyelitis research. This is no great loss, for the expense of
maintaining monkey colonies for poliomyelitis research has been great. Also it is
heartening to realize that the way is now open for many laboratories to engage in certain
clinical and epidemiological investigations on poliomyelitis which have been denied to
them in the past because of expense and other difficulties. Scores of new investigators can
now enter the poliomyelitis field, and new impetus can be given to such work all over the
world. All this stems from the discovery that a tissue-culture tube may be substituted for a
monkey.

The Present Status of Polio Vaccines https://drive.google.com/open?id=13MEzjI
rvcvuzbltwTqBhGiOm8nZln2I4
Herbert Ratner, 1960 Illinois Medical Journal
Ratner and colleagues discuss a change in the diagnostic criterion and note that it
has been implemented since 1955 (Ratner 1960, p. 5). An official report states
that the change was implemented (at least) since 1958 (PSU 1962, p. 2).

P 5:
Furthermore, diagnostic procedures have continued to be refined. Coxsackie virus in
factions and aseptic meningitis have been distinguished from paralytic poliomyelitis. Prior
to 1954 large numbers of that; cases undoubtedly were mislabeled as paralytic
poliomyelitis.


Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis in Israel, 1952-59 13814376
27-0059.pdf
P 2:
…in 1957-59 only proved paralytic cases have been included in the statistics.

VxQEAOXe1Lnb
Chapter 26

Surveillance of Poliomyelitis in the United States, 1958-61 19316432
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1915173/pdf/pubhealthre
porig00096-0009.pdf
PSU, 1962 Public Health Reports
P 5:
In 1955, the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis sponsored an immunization
program for first- and second-grade school children who were primarily 7 and 8 years old.
These children comprised essentially the only population group that received vaccine
during the spring and summer of 1955.

Exit Poliomyelitis-What Next?
Sven Gard, 1961 Yale Journal Of Biology And Medicine
P 2:
This dramatic drop in case incidence to less than 1% in four years was not expected. Even
with a wild hope for a 100%o protective effect-which actually seems to have materialized-
one could not have anticipated a concomitant drastic reduction in attack rates among non-
vaccinated persons.
313 For example, in Houston, 1958 -

Effectiveness of Salk Vaccine
Analysis of Virologically Confirmed Cases of Paralytic and Nonparalytic Poliomyelitis
Joseph L. Melnick, 1961 JAMA
Or, in Detroit, 1958 -
Laboratory Data On The Detroit Poliomyelitis Epidemic - 1958
Gordon C. Brown, 1960 JAMA

Use Of Poliomyelitis Vaccine Under Epidemic Conditions Report Of Outbreak Of
Poliomyelitis Among Naval Personnel And Dependents In Hawaii
Robert S. Poos, 1956 JAMA
P 8:
After the mass vaccination program, attack rates were lower in vaccinees than in the
unvaccinated population, although this difference was not statistically significant.

P 6:
We repeated this study of 1955 and 1956 by projecting the same type of statistical analysis
into 1957. Lo and behold, we found that two doses of Salk vaccine was not nearly as
effective in 1957 as we thought it was in 1956. Instead of 83 per cent effectiveness we
found only about 24 per cent.

P 7:
At present, I am an agnostic as far as the efficacy of the Salk vaccine is concerned because
I do not know how effective it is. I believe it has some degree of effectiveness, but I do not
know the extent because I cannot get proper denominators.


P 7:
If polio antibodies mean anything, in respect to protection, then I am forced to conclude
that much of the Salk vaccine we have been using is useless.

Paralytic poliomyelitis in Massachusetts, 1959

Sumner Berkovich, 1961 NEJM
P 2, Tabla 1.

P 2:
Effectiveness of the vaccine in Massachusetts cannot be accurately evaluated, since the
total number in each age group who had received three or more doses is unknown.
However, that it did not provide the expected protection is apparent…"

P 4-5.
321-340
321 Por ejemplo - PMID:
The Influence Of Natural And Artificially Induced Immunity On
Alimentary Infections With Polioviruses
John P. Fox, 1958 American Journal of Public Health
P 11:
De novo development of antibody induced by the vaccine was excellent in children
possessing one or two types of heterologous antibody but among triple negatives nearly a
quarter and a half, respectively, developed no antibody after the booster to types 1 and 3
viruses.
Influence Of Vaccination With Formalin 14415906
Inactivated Vaccine Upon Gastrointestinal Infection With Polioviruses
Martha Lipson. Lepow, 1960 American Journal of Public Health
P 10:
Our failure to find any clear-cut differences between the vaccinated and unvaccinated
children either in regard to the presence of antibody or levels of antibody is somewhat
disturbing. Some doubt might be raised concerning the potency of the vaccines used in the
population studied. One might also regard these data as emphasizing the importance of
giving more than two doses of vaccine.

P 5.

P 574:
Although the results of the historical Francis trial were positive, the Cutter incident led to a
change in manufacturing processes that lowered the immunogenicity of the early vaccine.

P 4:
A scientific examination of the data, and the manner in which the data were manipulated,
will reveal that the true effectiveness of the present Salk vaccine is unknown and greatly
overrated.

P 42 Tabla 4.1, P 56 Tabla 5.1.

27-0059.pdf
P 16:
The 1957 drop in incidence affected all age-groups, not merely those vaccinated, and
although 1958 should have brought a wider age span of susceptible infants, especially to
type 1 virus, there was no change in the age pattern of cases.

P 67:
The partial vaccination program, implemented exclusively during the first half of 1957,
was probably not associated with the low morbidity recorded during the year.

P 66:
…the polio vaccine produced in Israel in 1957 and used until mid-1958, performed poorly
in potency tests and induced low seroconversion rates.

P 67:
The limited morbidity of 1959 and 1960 coincided with the implementation of a better
vaccination program with an improved vaccine. The role of vaccination in the prevention
of polio virus activity at that time cannot be excluded.

An Outbreak Of Poliomyelitis In Israel In 1961 And The Use Of
Attenuated Type 1 Vaccine In Its Control
Jacob Yofe, 1962 American Journal of Epidemiology
P 16, Tabla 6.

27-0059.pdf
P 18-19.
332 In Israel –
An Outbreak Of Poliomyelitis In Israel In 1961 And The Use Of Attenuated Type 1
Vaccine In Its Control

Jacob Yofe, 1962 American Journal of Epidemiology
P 6:
During the third week of May, type 1 attenuated vaccine prepared from Sabin's LSc, 2 ab
strain was obtained through the courtesy of Wyeth Laboratories. It was decided to feed
vaccine to all children born from January 1, 1957, down to 4 days of age.
In USA –
Título del libro:
Jonas Salk: A Life
https://www.amazon.com/Jonas-Salk-Charlotte-DeCroes-Jacobs/dp/0199334412/
Charlotte DeCroes Jacobs, 2015 Oxford University Press
P 226:
Among those few who sided with Salk in opposition to the oral vaccine was the director of
the Communicable Disease Center, Alex Langmuir. The number of polio cases had fallen
to 2 percent of that prior to the field trial. He saw no reason to revaccinate those who had
received the Salk vaccine. O’Connor agreed and held a press conference at which he
vehemently opposed revaccination and leveled his guns at the surgeon general. Saying
Terry was “flying in the face of facts and for reasons
that might not best be questioned,” O’Connor accused him of “withholding from the
public the true picture of the need...to promote the preferential sale of the second vaccine
to do what's already been done by one....Half-truths and nonscientific innuendos and
implications” had no place where the health of the public was concerned. He sent a letter
to the editor of Washington Star, decrying the advice to revaccinate those already
protected with the killed vaccine. “There is no sane or scientific basis." Yet widespread
oral vaccination continued.
In USA –
Título del libro:
Jonas Salk (Makers of Modern Science)
https://www.amazon.com/Jonas-Salk-Makers-Modern-Science/dp/0816028052/
Victoria Sherrow, 1993 Facts on File
P 93:
Within a few years, however, Sabin’s became the vaccine of choice in the United States.
April 24, 1960, known as “Sabin Oral Sunday,” marked the first day that people in the
United States received Sabin's vaccine. As of 1961 communities throughout the country
were holding SOS-Sabin Oral Sunday-campaigns, and people lined up at schools or other
places to receive their vaccine on a sugar cube. Local officials and medical societies
encouraged people to take oral vaccine, even if they were already vaccinated by injection.
Two Voluntary Mass Immunization Programs Using Sabin Oral Vaccine
Richard B. Johns, 1963 JAMA
P 5, Tabla1:
An example of a Sabine-vaccine vaccination operation in two counties in Arizona in 1961.
Children aged 6-14 were vaccinated at a rate of over 95% during the operation. These are
exactly the ages vaccinated with the Salk vaccine.
A Survey of Immunization Levels After an Oral Poliovaccine Program in Cleveland
Martha L. Lepow, 1964 JAMA
P 5, Tabla 3:
Vaccination operation in the Cleveland area, Ohio, in 1962. Similarly, the vast majority of
Sabin vaccinees were previously vaccinated with the Salk vaccine.

P 593:
Despite incomplete application of the vaccine, polio incidence fell 95% between the
introduction of the vaccine in 1955 and its abandonment in 1961.


P 56 Tabla 5.1, P 42 Tabla 4.1.

Final Report of Poliomyelitis Epidemic in Detroit and Wayne County, 13771906
1958
porig00119-0058.pdf
Joseph G. Molner, 1960 Public Health Reports
P 5 chart 2, p 9 remarks to Tabla 8.

P 1:
Virological laboratory tests were carried out on 1,060 persons, probably the greatest
percentage of victims of a large epidemic of poliomyelitis ever to be subjected to
laboratory investigation.

P 2, Tablas 1 and 2.

P 1:
Specimens from paralytic patients were retested if the findings had been negative for virus
on the first attempt.

Preliminary Report And Observations On The 1956 Poliomyelitis Outbreak In Chicago
Herman N. Bundesen, 1957 JAMA
P 1:
Of the 1,111 cases, virology reports have been received on 651. Of these 651 cases, a
poliomyelitis virus has been successfully isolated from 412.

Effectiveness of Salk Vaccine
Analysis of Virologically Confirmed Cases of
Paralytic and Nonparalytic Poliomyelitis

Joseph L. Melnick, 1961 JAMA
P 1:
Of the 126 cases which were diagnosed clinically as paralytic poliomyelitis, 102 yielded a
virus in monkey kidney cultures. Of the viruses isolated, all but 2 were polioviruses… In
the same period, 125 cases diagnosed as aseptic meningitis were studied… Of these, only
23 were polioviruses…
341-360
Nonpolioviruses and Paralytic Disease 14468369
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1575072/pdf/califmed001
57-0049.pdf
Robert L. Magoffin, 1962 California Medicine
P 4:
In etiologic studies of clinical paralytic poliomyelitis in California, poliovirus was
recovered from about 80 per cent of the patients under five years of age, as compared with
60 to 65 per cent of older children and adults.

porig00096-0009.pdf
P 9, Tabla 9.

27-0059.pdf
P 17, Tabla 19.
344 In Kazakhstan, 1959, fecal samples from

polio patients were tested in parallel with the
Archivo:
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1HoFd5
introduction of the Sabin vaccine: only 16 out 6xRmtStwV8CJyn_OxlPVVwdQ0DK
of 39 patients with paralysis in May-June https://drive.google.com/open?id=1fFx_Tl
1959 were found to have polio virus in their
cKcnVMXX2QC3Ln-TSrr6bjXuuh
feces.
Report on a visit to the USSR, Poland and
Czechoslovakia
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39
015009662027;view=1up;seq=3
Dorothy M. Horstmann, 1959 WHO
P 40-41.

Nonpolioviruses and Paralytic Disease 14468369
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1575072/pdf/califmed001
57-0049.pdf
Robert L. Magoffin, 1962 California Medicine
P 2-6.
A Study Of Certain Nonpoliomyelitis And Poliomyelitis Enterovirus 13538759
Infections
William McD. Hammon, 1958 JAMA

Infections
P 3-6, quote from p 6:
It should be emphasized that these illnesses had been diagnosed as clinical paralytic
poliomyelitis by a team of experienced poliomyelitis clinicians engaged in a research
evaluation. We refer to these illnesses now as paralytic poliomyelitis-like because there is
essentially no laboratory evidence of a poliovirus infection. This distinction is made
because of the formerly held concept that this type of paralytic disease is only caused by
one of the three types of poliovirus.

Infections
P 6:
Whether the enteroviruses isolated in all six cases were the respective etiological agents is
not unequivocally established.

Infections
P 6:
In other words, there may exist strains of enteroviruses which, with opportune conditions,
act like polioviruses in man and produce an occasional paralytic illness that clinically
cannot be differentiated from paralytic poliomyelitis.

Infections

P 7:
These paralytic and nonparalytic illnesses cannot be expected to be prevented by the
present poliomyelitis vaccine and may be considered vaccine failures unless the exact
etiology is established.

Diseases--1963
P 9:
The inactivated vaccine, since its introduction in 1955, has greatly reduced the incidence
of paralytic poliomyelitis in countries in which its use has been extensive. This has been
accomplished by inducing serologic immunity in vaccinees, which prevents CNS invasion.
However the extent to which the inactivated vaccine has suppressed the circulation of wild
polioviruses and the incidence of inapparent intestinal infection is not well documented...
This is not surprising, for although the vaccine induces antibody formation, it does not
provide a significant barrier to intestinal infection with either wild or vaccine strains.

P 631:
Continued use of OPV will induce effective intestinal immunity, thereby enhancing
community resistance to transmission of imported wild poliovirus.

Diseases--1963
P 9:
In contrast, inapparent infection, either natural or oral vaccine induced, does result in a
marked degree of resistance to intestinal multiplication of virus, although in neither case is
this resistance absolute.

The Influence Of Natural And Artificially Induced Immunity On 13571484
P 9:
At that time, no evidence could be found that primary vaccination had influenced either
the occurrence or course of alimentary infections in any way, whereas it was already clear
that immunity resulting from natural infection did exert a significantly limiting effect.

P 11:
Infected but vaccinated children appeared to be just as effective sources for intrahousehold
spread of virus as did unvaccinated children.

P 9:
Among children without natural immunity there was little variation in the duration of
excretion in relation to vaccination… Rather surprisingly, however, tests for the amount of
virus present in the first virus-positive specimen revealed nearly as much virus (4.2 mean
long infectivity) in stools from children with prior natural immunity as in those, whether
vaccinated or not, without natural immunity (4.0 to 4.9 mean log infectivity).

P 11:
…it is concluded that widespread use of Salk vaccine should not by any reasonable
mechanism influence poliovirus dissemination.

Influence Of Vaccination With Formalin Inactivated Vaccine Upon 14415906
Gastrointestinal Infection With Polioviruses
Martha Lipson Lepow, 1960 American Journal of Public Health
P 9:
The results of this study would indicate that the prior administration of one or two doses of
inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine does not reduce the susceptibility of the lower
gastrointestinal tract of man to poliovirus infection. These results are in accord with those
of Fox, Davis, Koprowski, and Sabin… Vaccination cannot be expected to decrease
significantly the number of persons in the community suffering from inapparent poliovirus
infections. Therefore, the opportunities of becoming infected will be the same as before
vaccine was used, although paralytic disease can be expected to be less frequent.

Influence Of Vaccination With Formalin Inactivated Vaccine Upon 14415906
P 10:
The observations of Koprowski and Sabin with avirulent viruses, and Fox with natural
infection provide more direct evidence concerning this question. They indicate that
antibody, either acquired passively from the mother or resulting from vaccination with
killed vaccine, has no effect upon the susceptibility of the bowel.

359 Influence Of Vaccination With Formalin Inactivated Vaccine Upon
PMID:
14415906
P 11:
It is concluded that immunization with killed poliomyelitis vaccines cannot be expected to
decrease the numbers of persons in the community with alimentary poliovirus infection.
Thus, vaccination, while of value to the persons immunized, is unlikely to provide
protection to those not vaccinated.

Polio - The Beginning Of The End
WHO, 1997 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1r0R4dlS
UiB6jOtNta-FvrKDD-gFlzW9h
P 20:
Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) works by producing protective antibodies in the blood—
thus preventing the spread of poliovirus to the central nervous system. However, it induces
only very low-level immunity to poliovirus inside the gut. As a result, it provides
individual protection against polio paralysis but only marginally reduces the spread of wild
poliovirus. In a person immunized with IPV, wild virus can still multiply inside the
intestines and be shed in stools. Because of this, IPV could not be used to eradicate polio.
361-380
P 8:
In any event, Salk was inclined to regard the reduced attack rates as an effect of the
vaccination, reasoning as follows. If oropharyngeal secretions are more important for
transmission of virus in communities where contact with sewage or feces is less likely, and
if vaccination has little or no effect upon fecal virus but does have a significant effect upon
pharyngeal virus, then it is conceivable that spread of virus may be diminished by effective
vaccination...

P 8:
The evidence supporting the first if seems at best equivocal and as regards the second if,
evidence was at the time entirely lacking.


P 8:
The New Orleans group in their studies on the spread of virus found no evidence to
support the theory that oropharyngeal secretions are more important than fecal excretion
where the spread of the virus is concerned. In fact, some of their observations spoke
decidedly in favor of the assumption of predominantly fecal spread. Our own observations
on the decisive importance of the age of the excreter point in the same direction.
P 10:
This has led to renewed consideration of the possibility that pharyngeal virus is more
important than fecal virus and that vaccination may influence upper alimentary or
pharyngeal infection even though it has no effect on the process at a lower level. The
available data do not seem to support this idea.


P 586:
Thus, in epidemiological settings where the primary mode of interhuman transmission in
affected communities is oral to oral (vs. fecal to oral), IPV can effectively terminate
transmission.

P 588:
The evidence for herd immunity comes from countries where oral-to-oral transmission was
probably the dominant mode of interhuman poliovirus transmission. It is less clear if IPV
is able to induce herd immunity in countries where the fecal-to-oral route is thought to be
the primary role in transmission.

P 587.

0018.pdf

P 10:
In three countries, Sweden, Finland, and Holland, where only IPV has been used and close
to 100 percent of the population has been immunized, virtual elimination of the indigenous
infection has also been achieved.

porig00096-0009.pdf
P 7, Tabla 5.
About 20-30% of the paralyzed patients in 1958-61 were vaccinated.

Deconstructed

P 8:
Prior to the introduction of poliovirus vaccines, each state reported some cases of
poliomyelitis every year. However, beginning with the introduction of OPV around 1961,
the number of states reporting cases of polio due to wild polioviruses gradually dropped,
reaching zero in 1973.

P 633:
Most industrialized countries, including many Western European countries, have
recommended schedules in the past that relied exclusively on OPV for the prevention of
poliomyelitis. More recently, encouraged by progress of the GPEI and by the desire to
reduce or eliminate the burden of VAPP, many of the high- and middle-income countries
are reevaluating their vaccination policy options. As of 2011, a total of 56 countries and
reporting entities rely exclusively on IPV…

Deadly Choices
https://www.amazon.com/Deadly-Choices-Anti-Vaccine-Movement-
Threatens/dp/0465029620

Paul A. Offit, 2011 Basic Books
P 127:
Because international travel is common, and because most people who are contagious
aren’t sick, it is likely that poliovirus walks into the United States every year.

The Israeli public health response to wild poliovirus importation 26213249
Ehud Kaliner, 2015 Lancet Infectious Diseases
P 4:
Finally, the Ministry of Health accepted the emergency response team’s recommendation
to reduce the risk for re-emergence of wild poliovirus type 1 by vaccinating, from 2014
onwards, all children born after July 1, 2013, with a dose of bOPV at age 6 months and a
second dose at age 18 months, in addition to the routine IPV-only schedule.

Patenting The Sun: Polio and the Salk Vaccine
https://www.amazon.com/Patenting-Sun-Polio-Salk-Vaccine/dp/0688094945
Jane S. Smith, 1990 William Morrow & Co
P 359-367.

P 360.

P 1430:
As a result of this much-publicized "Cutter incident" […] administrative authority for the
regulation of biologicals was transferred by Congress to the Division of Biologics
Standards (DBS), a newly created division within the NIH.

P 1311:
However, there was no specific federal involvement in immunization activities until 1955,
when the IPV vaccine was licensed. Through the Polio Vaccination Assistance Act,
Congress appropriated funds in 1955 and 1956 to the Communicable Disease Center (now
the CDC) to help states and local communities buy and administer vaccine.

P 354:
The failure of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare to make any plans for
allocating the limited supplies of polio vaccine or to discuss any measures for paying for
the vaccinations of those unable to afford them, seems to have been not an oversight but an
ideological decision… [Secretary Hobby] apparently saw the polio vaccine program as a
routine matter of manufacture and commerce, best handled by the private sector.

https://www.amazon.com/Patenting-Sun-Polio-Salk-
Vaccine/dp/0688094945

P 369:
Spurred by the kinds of problems that brought on the Cutter incident, the federal
government has since assumed a much more active role in regulating the production of
biomedical products…


P 368:
The laboratory of Biologics Control… was reorganized in the wake of the tragic problems
with polio vaccine. On July 15, 1955 it was named Bureau of Biologics, with the promise
of a greatly expanded staff and newly enlarged facilities for vaccine testing… By 1956
over one hundred people worked in the polio division, testing vaccines.
381-400

P 369:
For the epidemiologists of the Communicable Disease Center, the Cutter incident was the
crisis that made their reputation… One of Surgeon General Scheele's first acts after the
early reports of problems with Cutter vaccine was to establish a program of national
surveillance, with all states reporting cases of poliomyelitis directly to the CDC in Atlanta.

P 1311:
Through the Polio Vaccination Assistance Act, Congress appropriated funds in 1955 and
1956 to the Communicable Disease Center (now the CDC) to help states and local
communities buy and administer vaccine.

P 1311:
When the grant program began in 1963, the only vaccines available were diphtheria and
tetanus toxoids and whole-cell pertussis (DTP), polio, and smallpox. Since that time,
funding has been expanded to cover vaccines routinely recommended for children.

Safety Testing of Poliomyelitis Vaccine 13432758

Paul Meier, 1957 Science
P 4:
Many of the technical reports and publications which have appeared both before and after
the Cutter incident have been vague about those facts which might open the status of the
program to criticism. For example, the public statement proceeding the field trial did not
mention the finding of live virus… Perhaps the most disturbing element of the entire
program has been the disparity between the risks that were known to be involved and the
repeated assurances of safety.

Safety Testing of Poliomyelitis Vaccine 13432758
Paul Meier, 1957 Science
P 4:
To the query, "what is the estimated calculated risk of inducing poliomyelitis infection by
the inoculation of vaccine under present safety standards?" the foundation reply is "None,
No risk".

P 9:
How is it that today you hear from the members of this panel that the Salk vaccine
situation is confused; yet, what everybody knows from reading the newspapers, and has
been known since the vaccine was introduced, is that the situation as far as the Salk
vaccine is concerned was and is marvelous?
…the best way to push forward a new program is to decide on what you think the best
decision is and not question it thereafter, and further, not to raise questions before the
public or expose the public to open discussion of the issue.

The Cutter Incident: How America’s First Polio Vaccine Led to the Growing Vaccine
Crisis
https://www.amazon.com/Cutter-Incident-Americas-Vaccine-Growing/dp/0300126050

Paul A. Offit, 2005 Yale University Press
P 101-102.

Crisis
P 102:
Quietly and with little attention from the public or the media, Wyeth recalled one lot of its
vaccine.

Crisis

P 102:
The Wyeth Problem [report] was sent to the director of the Communicable Diseases
Center, the director of the National Institutes of Health, the Surgeon General of the United
States, and the director of the Laboratory of Biologics Control. It was never released to the
media, never shown to polio researchers, never shown to the National Foundation, never
shown to polio vaccine advisers, never distributed to health care professionals, never
published in medical journals, and never made available to defense attorneys in subsequent
lawsuits against Cutter Laboratories. As a result, only a handful of people knew about the
problem with Wyeth’s vaccine.

Crisis

P 103:
Nathanson surmised that the government never publicly disclosed the Wyeth problem
because it wanted to maintain the public’s trust in the polio vaccine program. If people
thought that the problem was limited to one company’s incompetence, the solution was
simply to eliminate that company’s vaccine. But if the problem was industrywide, people
would be afraid to use any polio vaccine. ‘‘As long as the problem was with one
manufacturer and a couple of lots of vaccine,’’ Nathanson recalled, ‘‘it would be viewed
as an aberration due to sloppy manufacturing or testing procedures and not an intrinsic
problem. Once it was extended to a second manufacturer, it would be seen as intrinsic to
the product.’’
391 An abbreviated description of the SV-40 affair appears in -

Monkeys, viruses, and vaccines
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-
6736%2804%2916746-9
Tom Curtis, 2004 Lancet
P 1.
A more in-depth description appears here - Fecha:
Nombre del artículo: Feb 2000
The Virus and the Vaccine
Sitio web: Archivo:
The Atlantic http://archive.is/xxoiH
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/02/the-
virus-and-the-vaccine/377999/
In addition, Paul Offit also confirms the main points -
Título del libro:
Deadly Choices
https://www.amazon.com/Deadly-Choices-Anti-Vaccine-Movement-
Threatens/dp/0465029620

Paul A. Offit, 2011 Basic Books
P 17.

P 7:
…one of the most striking facts in the epidemiology of poliomyelitis is the regularity with
which most members of a family either succumb within a few days of one another when
there are multiple frank cases, or are found to be simultaneous carriers of the virus. While
there are a number of possible explanations for this, all of which may apply at different
times, the consumption of a common article of food or drink, contaminated before or after
it reaches the home, is as plausible and possible as any other.


P 2:
Foods, including milk and water, have all been acquitted as vectors.

Review: Science and the Law: The Case of DDT
Reviewed Work: DDT: Scientists, Citizens, and Public Policy. by Thomas R. Dunlap
John H. Perkins, 1982 Reviews in American History
DDT was sufficiently cheap and effective to open up new possibilities for insecticide use
that has previously been technically and economically impossible.

P 2:
DDT is a nerve poison, as indicated by the early appearance of muscular tremors and other
symptoms.


P 2:
DDT must not be allowed to get into foods or to be ingested accidentally.


P 2:
One of the outstanding characteristics of DDT is its persistence. In fact, this is perhaps the
major element in making it superior to many other insecticides. This persistence, however,
makes it necessary to use care when applying it on crops or products intended for food or
feed.

105/AJPH.39.7.925
P 2:
In April it urged 5 that "this insecticide not be applied to animals producing milk for
human consumption. In the light of current information the Bureau also advises that safer
materials be used for insect control in places where the milk might be contaminated, such
as dairy barns, milk rooms, rooms containing dairy feed, or in similar situations on the
farm. Nor should DDT be used for fly control in milk-processing plants.


P 1:
DDT is a delayed-action poison. Due to the fact that it accumulates in the body tissues,
especially in females, the repeated inhalation or ingestion of DDT constitutes a distinct
health hazard. The deleterious effects are manifested principally in the liver, spleen,
kidneys and spinal cord… DDT is excreted in the milk of cows and of nursing mothers
after exposure to DDT sprays and after consuming food contaminated with this poison.
Children and infants especially are much more susceptible to poisoning than adults.

Health Hazards Of Electric Vaporizing Devices For Insecticides
AMA Council On Pharmacy And https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Um6gN
Chemistry, 1952 AsFgcM-TDf5Po7IAT0c6BSKtwK7
P 1:
…it is not reasonable to expect that human beings can avoid injury if they are exposed
year after year to a toxic agent in atmospheric concentrations that kill insects in a few
hours... the resultant injury may be cumulative or delayed, or simulate a chronic disease of
other origin, thereby making identification and statistical comparison difficult or
impossible.
401-420
Select Committee to Investigate the Use of Chemicals in Food and Cosmetics (1950-52)
Sitio web:
Archives.GOV
https://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/house/chapter-22-select-food-and-
cosmetics.html
The committee was authorized to inquire into the extent and the effect of the use of
chemicals, synthetics, pesticides, and insecticides in the production and preparation of
food products and to determine the effects of such use on the public and upon agricultural
stability.

A Legislative History of the Pesticide Residues Amendment of 1954 and the Delaney
Clause of the Food Additives Amendment of 1958
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218051/
Bruce S. Wilson, 1987 http://archive.is/pPZ1p
P 2-3:
On June 30, 1952, the House Select Committee to Investigate the Use of Chemicals in
Foods and Cosmetics (Delaney Committee) culminated its two-year investigation into the
"nature, extent and effect of the use of chemicals" in food and food production. 1 The
committee recommended that the House pass legislation to control the flow of chemical
substances into the nation's food supply.

Public Law 518 STATUTE-68

US, 1954 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1TbDH-
ACNLOpuwTlyWdRcrIpeS75xuLfT
P 1-2.


P 2-3:
Federal regulatory agencies, particularly the Insecticide Division, United States
Department of Agriculture, have challenged the promotion and use of these dispensers in
homes and small capacity areas… Several states and municipalities have recognized the
urgency of this problem at the state and local level and are considering ordinances and
other types of appropriate regulations.

P 1-2:
This atmospheric level of lindane coupled with its comparatively greater freedom from
long-term toxic effects may have partially influenced the change from DDT which has
occurred in the use of the automatic, thermostatically controlled type of insecticide
generators. The principal reason behind this change, however, was the increasing
incidence of insect resistance which is being encountered with the use of DDT. Resistance
factors may have also contributed to selection of lindane as the impregnate in insecticide
fumigating strips which in continental Europe are being proposed for home and
commercial use.

P 1:
As a disappearing disease, interest in poliomyelitis has waned during the 25 years since the
introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV).

Some Observations on Poliomyelitis Lameness Surveys 6740075
Roger H. Bernier, 1984 Reviews of Infectious Diseases

P 2-3, Tabla 1.
Nombre abreviado:
P 610:
In the last three decades, a series of lameness surveys were conducted in many developing
countries that reported between 5 and 10 lameness cases per 1,000 children in the age
group studied, suggesting that approximately 1 in 100 to 1 in 200 children acquire
paralytic disease attributable to poliovirus.

Israel data appear on page 45, Table 4.3.

Differential Diagnosis of Acute Flaccid Paralysis and Its Role in 11218380
Poliomyelitis Surveillance
Arthur Marx, 2000 Epidemiologic Reviews
P 7:
lower socioeconomic status… have been shown to increase the risk of acquiring paralytic
manifestations,…

P 573-574:
…polio was a worldwide disease with an incidence in the tropics that was as high as that
in the developed world, but it was unrecognized due to the concentration of cases in
infants younger than 2-years-old.

P 2.

From malaria control to eradication: The WHO perspective 19497083
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-
3156.2009.02287.x
Kamini Mendis, 2009 Tropical Medicine and International Health
P 2:
When the potent tools DDT and chloroquine became available, WHO launched the Global
Malaria Eradication Programme in 1955, which led to a campaign to interrupt transmission
in all endemic areas outside tropical Africa where the intensities of transmission were low
to moderate (WHO 1956). As a result of this campaign, 37 of the 143 countries that were
endemic in 1950 were free from malaria by 1978, including 27 in Europe and the
Americas.
According to this article, the global fight against malaria began as PMID:
early as the late 1940s - 12364370
Evolutionary and Historical Aspects of the Burden of Malaria
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC126857/
Richard Carter, 2002 Clinical Microbiology Reviews
P 21:
In the late 1940s and early 1950s, national malaria control campaigns were established in
almost all of the affected countries of the region, from the Middle East, through the Indian
subcontinent and Southeast Asia, to the islands of the Western Pacific, including those of
Indonesia and the Philippines. Under the broad direction and encouragement of the newly
formed World Health Organization, and employing the residual insecticide DDT to spray
homes, spectacular reductions in malaria incidence and malaria-related mortality were
achieved, especially in India and Ceylon…

Paris Green in the Eradication of Anopheles Gambiae: Brazil 1940, Egypt 1945
Fred L. Soper, 1966 Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association
P 1:
Egypt eradication came in 1945, three years after the invasion occurred. The basic method
used in each country was a straightforward chemical attack with Paris Green.
P 6:
In Egypt, as in Brazil, gambiae proved to be highly susceptible to Paris Green larviciding.
The last gambiae in Egypt was found on February 19, 1945, just seven months after
routine application of Paris Green began.
Eradication of Anopheles gambiae from Brazil: lessons for malaria control 12383612
in Africa?
Gerry F Killeen, 2002 Lancet Infectious Diseases
P 6:
The Rockefeller team was summoned and adapted the methods developed in Brazil to the
ecological situation in Egypt. Although DDT had become available, its use was limited to
residual spraying of railway carriages, aeroplanes, and boats. While domestic pyrethrum
spraying was used to quell epidemic malaria transmission, it was larviciding with Paris
Green that was used to eradicate the vector.

A Survey Of Neutralizing Antibodies To Poliomyelitis Virus In Cairo, 14933381
Egypt
John R. Paul, 1952 American Journal of Epidemiology
P 1-2.

Diseases--1963
P 1:
For, although virtual control of paralytic poliomyelitis has been achieved in large
geographical areas, in others (particularly tropical and sub-tropical ones) the disease is
only now beginning to appear for the first time in epidemic form.
417 In 2009 scientists warn against using Fecha:

DDT to eradicate malaria - May 4, 2009
Should DDT Be Used to Combat Malaria? Archivo:
http://archive.is/KV3zl
Sitio web:
Scientific American
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ddt-use-to-combat-malaria/
418 Nigeria, India and other African Fecha:

countries continue to use DDT against July 17, 2013
malaria -
Nombre del artículo: Archivo:
African countries adopt controversial deadly http://archive.is/5NhNd
chemical, DDT, for malaria treatment
Sitio web:
Premium Times
http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/141150-african-countries-adopt-controversial-
deadly-chemical-ddt-for-malaria-treatment.html
DDT is found extensively in adipose tissue, breast milk and blood in the PMID:
bodies of Third World humans in agricultural areas and areas sprayed 9142603
against malaria.
Agricultural Pesticide Use In Developing Countries: Health Effects
And Research Needs
Catharina Wesseling, 1997 International Journal of Health Service
P 18.
The use of DDT for the fight against malaria Archivo:
was stopped and re-started several times. http://archive.is/bn2o
For example, in 2006, the WHO re-approved
the use of DDT to combat malaria -
WHO gives indoor use of DDT a clean bill
of health for controlling malaria
Sitio web:
WHO
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2006/pr50/en/
In 1994, a survey of three African countries - Uganda, Kenya and PMID:
Tanzania - found use of DDT. 9142603
Agricultural Pesticide Use In Developing Countries: Health Effects
And Research Needs
P 5.

TOXICS AND POVERTY: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1B
The Impact of Toxic Substances On the Poor in qjPquQKvBUxnCP11icG1FwNmzkj
Developing Countries OEpP
World Bank, 2002
P 46:
Overall, WHO food-sampling data indicated that DDT and its derivatives (DDE and DDD)
have the highest levels in the food supply directly in countries where DDT is still in use or
only recently has been banned; they continue to be found in the food chain in countries
where DDT use has been prohibited for many years. Substantial quantities of DDT and its
metabolites are found in human blood, fat tissue, and breast milk in surveys around the
world.

Agricultural Pesticide Use In Developing Countries: Health Effects 9142603
And Research Needs
P 4:
According to the review of the WHOLJNEP Working Group, developing countries
consume only between 20 and 25 percent of the world pesticide production. However, the
review noted that the fastest growing markets are located in developing regions such as
Africa, South and Central America, Asia, and the Eastern Mediterranean Region and that
pesticide use in developing countries would double between 1983 and 1993.
421-440
P 11:
Exposure (often agricultural or industrial) to chemicals such as lead, arsenic… may cause
peripheral motor neuropathy… Arsenic-containing compounds such as melarsoprol are
still being used in developing countries for the treatment of African trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness) and may cause Guillain-Barre syndrome-like AFP.

And Research Needs
P 1:
Over 60 percent of the economically active population in the Third World depends on
agriculture. Agricultural workers are exposed to many risk factors such as biological,
physical, and chemical agents, and trauma, but the use of toxic pesticides is likely to be
one of the most relevant occupational hazards for agricultural workers in the Third World.

Pesticides, health and environment Mar 26, 2007
Sitio web: Archivo:
Pakissan http://archive.is/yZN6D
http://www.pakissan.com/english/news/newsDetail.php?ne
wsid=13465
Some of the classical members of following groups are used in Pakistan: Chlorinated
Hydrocarbon Pesticide: (1) Aldrin, (2) BHC (lindane/gammexane), (3) Chlordane, (4)
DDT, (5) Dieldrin, (6) Endrin, (7) Heptachlor, (8) Thiodane.
How Pakistan's farmers are cleaning up cotton Jun 27, 2011
Sitio web: Archivo:
The Telegraph http://archive.is/uZN0W
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/journalists/sally-
williams/8592326/How-Pakistans-farmers-are-cleaning-
up-cotton.html
Then there is the black market. Here farmers can buy illegal seeds and the sort of highly
toxic mix where incorrect application results in more than dead bollworms. DDT
(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), for example, belongs to one of the most hazardous
groups of chemicals called persistent organic pollutants…
Persistence Of DDT Pesticides In Residues Of Tobacco
Crop
https://fuuast.edu.pk/biology%20journal/images/pdfs/2ndis
sueallpaperpdf/PERSISTENCE%20OF%20DDT%20PES
TICIDES%20IN%20RESIDUES%20OF%20TOBACCO
%20CROP.pdf
Autor/año:
Nusrtat Hassan, 2011
P 2:
It is suggested that since people in Pakistan, Particularly in northern parts, use homemade
tobacco preparations for chewing purposes, therefore DDT spray even in nursery stages
are not recommended due to its toxic nature.

P 11:
Exposure (often agricultural or industrial) to chemicals such as lead, arsenic… may cause
peripheral motor neuropathy… Arsenic-containing compounds such as melarsoprol are
still being used in developing countries for the treatment of African trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness) and may cause Guillain-Barre syndrome-like AFP.

Pesticide use in developing countries 11246121
Donald J. Ecobichon, 2001 Toxicology
P 2:
In agriculture, the tendency is to use ‘older’, nonpatented, least expensive, more acutely
toxic and environmentally persistent agents that can be manufactured in country or
formulated from active ingredients imported from regional sources having chemicals
synthesizing capabilities. Many of these chemicals have been banned or their use severely
restricted in ‘western’ nations but are freely available on the world market.

And Research Needs
P 6:
Inadequate agricultural practices, ignorance of the dangers inherent in pesticides, illiteracy,
poor legislation, and lack of enforcement are generally the rule in Third World countries,
and greatly increase the risks for workers and the general population in these countries.

And Research Needs
P 2, 4-5, 14.

Pesticide use in developing countries 11246121

Donald J. Ecobichon, 2001 Toxicology
P 3:
Examination of recent literature reveals that the largest proportion of human acute toxicity
data related to pesticide intoxications comes from developing nations.

Eradication Of Poliomyelitis
http://apps.who.int/gb/archive/pdf_files/WHA57/A57_8-en.pdf
WHO, 2004 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1zQOv0K5OGFKGaF
DktBDr1bAexQD4Wear

Paralytic poliomyelitis: seasoned strategies, disappearing disease 7910329

Harry F. Hull, 1994 Lancet
P 1:
Current eradication strategies recommended by the World Health Organization include
national mass campaigns administering oral polio vaccine to all children under 5 years of
age, enhanced surveillance to detect cases of acute flaccid paralysis, creating a network of
laboratories for viral diagnosis, and targeted immunization to areas and populations where
poliovirus transmission is likely to persist.

The Time To Eradicate Polio Is Now
CDC, 2014 https://drive.google.com/open?id=16bIfvF2FotFsAxAsR
5xoNmkfEwntow8b

Eradication Of Poliomyelitis
http://apps.who.int/gb/archive/pdf_files/WHA57/A57_8-en.pdf
WHO, 2004 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1zQOv0K5OGFKGaF
DktBDr1bAexQD4Wear
P 1:
In 1988… wild-type poliovirus was endemic in over 125 countries and on five continents,
paralyzing more than 350,000 children each year.
The Time To Eradicate Polio Is Now
CDC, 2014 https://drive.google.com/open?id=16bIfvF2FotFsAxAsR
5xoNmkfEwntow8b
P 1:
Polio cases worldwide 1988 = 350,000
Polio Eradication
UNICEF, 2001
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1DmySyWXHgy0kj6
YfZ83XK0bdkTY4Wg75
P 1:
Polio cases have declined by 99 per cent since the launch of the polio eradication initiative
in 1988, from 350,000 to less than 3,500 in 2000.
The global polio eradication initiative: Lessons learned and prospects 22486981
for success
Bruce Aylward , 2011 Vaccine
P 2:
At the time of the 1988 WHA resolution on polio, more than 125 countries were still
considered to have transmission of indigenous wild polioviruses (WPVs), and each year,
more than 350,000 children were paralyzed by the disease.


P 14:
In 1992, the officially reported figure was 15,406 cases (figure 3) an 8% increase from the
14,199 reported the previous year but a 52% fall from the 32,419 reported in 1988.
In its defense, the World Health Organization claimed that the number PMID:
of reported cases was much lower than its actual rate - 15932011
Polio Eradication Initiative In India: Deconstructing The GPEI
C. Sathyamala, 2005 International Journal of Health Services
P 18:
In 1988, when the WHO launched the global eradication program, the total number of
paralytic poliomyelitis cases reported worldwide was 32,419. However, the WHO
increased the figure 10-fold to justify the claim that paralytic poliomyelitis was a major
problem of public health importance. Thus, post facto, the number of polio cases
worldwide artificially rose from about 35,000 to 350,000 for 1988. The WHO’s argument
was that the reported cases were an underestimate and that they were at least ten times
more.

Paralyzed with Fear
https://www.amazon.com/Paralysed-Fear-Story-Gareth-Williams/dp/1137299754
Gareth Williams, 2013 Palgrave Macmillan
P 85.
Before vaccination took hold, the poliovirus caused virtually all cases of 'acute flaccid
paralysis', the clinical hallmark of polio.


P 1:
Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is a clinical syndrome characterized by rapid onset of
weakness, including (less frequently) =weakness of the muscles of respiration and
swallowing, progressing to maximum severity within several days to weeks.

P 503, Tabla 28-2.

P 3-5.

Polyneuropathy Following Exposure To Insecticides 14120595
R. B. Jenkins, 1964 Archives Of Internal Medicine
P 1:
A cause-and-effect relation between exposure to insecticides and subsequent development
of polyneuropathy is very difficult to prove even when strongly suspected… Our two
patients… might have been considered to be suffering from a sporadic form of the
Guillain-Barre' syndrome of cryptogenic origin had not the close association between
exposure to insecticide and neurologic manifestations made an etiologic relationship
probable.

P 601:
Because AFP has many causes, including Guillain-Barre syndrome, transverse myelitis,
and infection with nonpolio enteroviruses (see “Differential diagnosis”), laboratory
confirmation is critical to establishing the diagnosis of poliomyelitis. The basic approach is
to attempt to isolate poliovirus from the stools of patients with AFP and to characterize
any poliovirus isolates to determine whether they are vaccine-related or wild.

P 1:
A syndrome identical to polio is caused by other enteroviruses, notably enterovirus 71, and
some atypical cases may be difficult to differentiate clinically from Guillain-Barre
syndrome. A definitive diagnosis requires laboratory confirmation, and virus isolation
from stools is the most reliable test.
440 Por ejemplo, in Australia -

Poliovirus infection case definition summary
https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-phlncd-
polio.htm/$FILE/polio.pdf
Public Health Laboratory Network https://drive.google.com/open?id=1RCX0f4JIgD
(Australia), 2000 Whu4Ypvf55CUPB8b1FJg3f
P 7:
4.2 Paralytic Poliomyelitis Potential Case = Acute Flaccid Paralysis: Any case of acute
flaccid paralysis (AFP), a syndrome characterised by acute onset of progressive weakness
and flaccidity of the extremities without sensory loss, plus/minus weakness of muscles of
respiration & swallowing, progressing to maximum severity within 1-10 days.
4.3 Paralytic Poliomyelitis Confirmed Case: A case of acute flaccid paralysis with culture
of wild-type poliovirus from the throat, blood, faeces or CNS material confirmed by the
RRL.
441-447
P 638, picture 28-12.

Polio programme: let us declare victory and move on 22591873
Neetu Vashisht, 2012 Indian Journal of Medical Ethics
P 3:
It is sad that, even after meticulous surveillance, this large excess in the incidence of
paralysis was not investigated as a possible signal, nor was any effort made to try and
study the mechanism for this spurt in non-polio.

Polio free does not mean paralysis free Jan 3, 2013
Sitio web: Archivo:
The Hindu http://archive.is/EGjTb
http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/polio-free-does-
not-mean-paralysis-free/article4266043.ece
Unfortunately, the cases of children with non-polio AFP were not being monitored by
either the polio eradication programme or the larger state health care system. As a result,
there was no clear picture of what was causing the AFP, the kind of diseases these children
displayed, or how many of them were seriously affected.

Eradicating poliomyelitis: India's journey from hyperendemic to 23760372
polio-free status
T. Jacob John , 2013 Indian Journal Of Medical Research
Many children got polio in spite of seven or 10 or even 15 doses of tOPV.

Asymptomatic Wild-Type Poliovirus Infection in India among Children 20367459
with Previous Oral Poliovirus Vaccination
Nicholas C. Grassly, 2010 Journal of Infectious Diseases
P 6, Tabla 2:
Nearly 60% of the children in the study received more than 10 vaccine doses.

Polio programme: let us declare victory and move on 22591873
Neetu Vashisht, 2012 Indian Journal of Medical Ethics
P 2:
This shows that the non-polio AFP rate increases in proportion to the number of polio
vaccines doses received in each area. Nationally, the non-polio AFP rate is now 12 times
higher than expected.

00428-0010.pdf
P 10:
…the goal of poliomyelitis research is not the elimination of poliomyelitis infection but of
the paralysis which is the important consequence of that infection.

P 1:
Poliomyelitis has undoubtedly received as much attention from epidemiologists as any
other viral disease of man. Yet in spite of intensive study over a century, many of the
salient epidemiologic features of this infection must still be considered enigmas. Even
some of the accepted dogmas about poliomyelitis can be debated as perhaps erroneous.

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08 Aug 2023

Capítulo 1: Tortugas hasta el fondo: ensayos clínicos de vacunas

Capítulo 2: La ciencia de los efectos adversos de las vacunas: Un eslabón

Capítulo 3: Diseñado para ser deficiente: Sistemas de notificación de

Capítulo 4: Primer curso de epidemiología

Capítulo 5: Ciencia intencionadamente sesgada: Epidemiología y

Capítulo 6: Los estudios que nunca se harán

Capítulo 7: Pautas de vacunación no fundamentadas

Capítulo 8: La desaparición de la enfermedad

Capítulo 9: Inmunidad de rebaño

Capítulo 10: Los misterios de la polio

Le deseamos una lectura agradable y provechosa.

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