Catalogo 4
Catalogo 4
Catalogo 4
Díaz Colombiana
al. 1 (2) 195 - 201 , 2000 Squids and Octopuses of the Caribbean Sea - 195
Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, INVEMAR, A.A. 1016 Santa Marta – Colombia. [email protected],
[email protected]
Colombia es más bien incidental, como parte de la captura Distribución mundial y en el Caribe colombiano
acompañante del camarón o de la pesca blanca. Los pulpos
(especialmente O. briaereus y O. cf. vulgaris) son captura- Según Mangold y Boletzky (1989 en Guerra 1992), el centro
dos frecuentemente por los pescadores artesanales. de mayor diversidad de especies de cefalópodos se en-
cuentra en el Indopacífico, donde habita el 53% de todas
Sistemática las especies vivientes, incluyendo todas las representan-
tes de la subclase Nautiloidea, en tanto que el 29% de las
La clase Cephalopoda está conformada por unas 700 espe- especies son exclusivamente atlánticas y alrededor del 4%
cies vivientes, repartidas en 45 familias y aproximadamente son especies de distribución circuntropical o están reparti-
140 géneros (Sweeney & Roper 1998). Aunque aún se dis- das en varios océanos.
cute sobre las grandes líneas evolutivas de esta clase y las
repercusiones que tienen en su sistemática, la clasificación El Golfo de México y el Caribe presentan una fauna
generalmente aceptada (ver Teichert 1989; Guerra 1992; diversificada en la que predominan los Oegopsida y los
Nesis 1998) es la que divide al grupo en seis subclases Octopoda Incirrata (Guerra 1992). De acuerdo con los lista-
(Orthoceratoidea, Endoceratoidea, Actinoceratoidea, dos existentes (p.e. Salcedo-Vargas 1991), en la región del
Nautiloidea, Ammonoidea y Coleoidea), de las cuales ac- Caribe y el Golfo de México habitan alrededor de 90 espe-
tualmente sólo sobreviven Nautiloidea, con unas pocas cies distribuidas en 70 géneros y 31 familias. De éstos, en
especies restringidas en su distribución al Indopacífico, y aguas colombianas del Caribe se han registrado hasta aho-
Coleoidea. Esta última consta de siete órdenes, cuatro de ra, o se tiene sospecha de la presencia de 34 especies, per-
los cuales tienen representantes vivientes: Sepioidea, tenecientes a 20 géneros y 11 familias. Una especie de pul-
Teuthoidea, Vampyromorpha y Octopoda (Mangold & po, Octopus zonatus (Voss 1968), es aparentemente endé-
Portmann 1989). mica de la costa septentrional de Suramérica (Colombia y
Venezuela), y hay una o más especies de Benthoctopus
Los cefalópodos comprenden un número relativamente colectadas recientemente en aguas relativamente profun-
grande de familias monotípicas y estenotípicas (de pocas das, cuya identidad taxonómica no ha sido posible aún es-
especies), un fenómeno que se atribuye probablemente a tablecer. Teniendo en cuenta que la extensión de las aguas
su larga historia de especiaciones y extinciones (Teichert jurisdiccionales de Colombia en el Mar Caribe es muy con-
1988), así como a la falta de estudios de las especies siderable e incluyen una amplia gama de hábitats y profun-
bentónicas y de aguas profundas (A. Salcedo-Vargas com. didades, es muy probable que el número de especies pre-
pers.) sentes en aguas colombianas del Caribe sea mucho mayor
al de la lista que aquí presentamos. Dicho número se irá
incrementando en la medida en que se realicen nuevos
inventarios de biodiversidad e investigaciones.
Biology Systematics
Without exception, cephalopods are active predators that The class Cephalopoda is constituted by about 700 living
prey upon shrimps, crabs, fishes, other cephalopods, and, species, belonging to 45 families and around 140 genera
in the case of octopuses, on gastropods and bivalves (Sweeney & Roper 1998). Although discussions upon the
(Roper et al. 1984). This presuppose that these organisms major evolutive links of this class still subsist, as well as
are able to move actively. The basic locomotion in all the implications in its systematics, the generally accepted
living forms is “jet propulsion”, which is achieved by (see Teichert 1989; Guerra 1992; Nesis 1998) is that divi-
drawing water into the mantle cavity followed by its jet- des the group into six subclasses (Orthoceratoidea,
like expulsion through the funnel. Cuttlefishes and squids Endoceratoidea, Actinoceratoidea, Nautiloidea,
(orders Sepioidea and Teuthoidea) have additionally fins Ammonoidea and Coleoidea), of which only two have li-
that provide stability, steering and secondary locomotion. ving representatives: Nautiloidea, with a few species with
An additional important form of locomotion by octopuses restricted distribution in the Indopacific region, and
is crawling, and most cirrated octopuses use their fins as Coleoidea. The latter includes seven orders, four of which
primary locomotion structures (Guerra 1992). have living representatives: Sepioidea, Teuthoidea,
Vampyromorpha and Octopoda (Mangold & Portmann
All cephalopods have separate sexes and many exhibit 1989).
external sexual dimorphism, either in structural or size
differences. Females of most octopuses generally are larger Cephalopods comprise a relatively large numbers of
than males, and males of many cephalopods possess one monotypic and stenotypic (few species) families, a
or two modified arms (hectocotylus) for mating. The phenomenon probably attributable to their long and
development of the larva is direct, without discrete larval dramatic history of radiations and extinctions (Teichert
stages or metamorphoses (except in the family, 1988), as well as to the lack of information on benthic and
Cranchidae), and the young hatch «paralarva» as deep-water species (A. Salcedo-Vargas, pers. com.).
miniatures of the adult. Time of embryonic development
varies greatly, depending on the species and temperature Geographic distribution and occurrence in the Colombian
conditions. Caribbean
Many species of pelagic cephalopods undergo diel After Mangold & Boletzky (1989 in Guerra 1992), the
migrations of several hundreds of meters. Shallow-living center of cephalopod species diversity is the Indopacific
species are able to conceal themselves by chromatophore- region, where 53% of all living cephalopod species occur,
produced color changes according to bottom patterns, including all representatives of the Nautiloidea, while
whereas deep-sea forms camouflage themselves by 29% of the species have exclusively Atlantic distribution
producing bioluminiscence from photophores (Young et and about 4% are circumtropical or occur in various
al. 1998). oceans.
Economic importance The Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean exhibit a diverse
fauna in which species of Oegopsida and Octopoda
A great amount of cephalopod species are caught for food Incirrata are predominant (Guerra 1992). According to
by both commercial and artisanal fisheries around the the available check lists (e.g. Salcedo-Vargas 1991), in
world. Catches of cephalopods have been steadily the Caribbean and Gulf regions occur about 90 species
increasing, while catches of many other marine resources belonging to 70 genera and 31 families. Of these, in
show a clear tendency to decrease, and more than half of Colombian waters have been recorded to date, or their
it is taken in the north Pacific and north Atlantic (Roper occurrence may be suspected, 34 species belonging to 20
et al., 1984). genera and 11 families. One species of Octopus, O. zonatus
(Voss 1968), is apparently endemic of the northern
Two thirds of the total catch is accounted by squids (mainly Southamerican coasts (Colombia and Venezuela), and
species of Loligo, Illex and Todarodes), 14% by cuttlefish there is one or more species of Benthoctopus that were
(Sepia, Sepiella) and about 15% by octopuses (Octopus, recently collected in rather deep waters off the Colombian
Eledone). Squid fisheries in Colombia is rather inciden- coast, whose taxonomic identity have not yet been
tal, as part of the by catch of shrimp and fish fisheries. determined and could represent new taxa. As part of its
Octopuses (particylarly O. briareus and O. cf. vulgaris are territory, Colombia possess extensive areas in the southern
commonly caught by artisanal fishers. and central Caribbean, including a wide range of habitats
and depths. Thus, the number of cephalopod species increase while new biodiversity inventories and researches
occurring in Colombian waters seems likely to be larger are undertaken.
than the number listed here. This number will probably
Box 1. Number of cephalopod species by genera recorded or suspected for the Colombian
Caribbean compared with the numbers of species known in the Tropical Western Atlantic
(AOT) and worldwide. The suprageneric arrangement follows Guerra (1992).
Orden SEPIOIDEA
Spirulidae
Spirula Lamarck, 1801 1 1 1
Sepiolidae
Sepiolinae
Semirossia Steenstrup, 1881 2 2 2
Heteroteuthinae
Heteroteuthis Gray, 1849 1 2 4
Orden TEUTHOIDEA
Suborden MYOPSIDA
Loliginidae
Loligo Schneider, 1784 3 5 15
Lolliguncula Steenstrup, 1881 1 1 4
Sepioteuthis Blainville, 1824 1 1 4
Pickfordiateuthis Voss, 1953 1 3 4
Suborden OEGOPSIDA
Enoploteuthidae
Abralia Gray, 1849 1 2 19
Onychoteuthidae
Onychoteuthis Lichtenstein, 1818 1 1 2
Onykia LeSueur, 1821 1 1 1*
Pholidoteuthidae
Pholidoteuthis Adam, 1950 1 1 2
Ommastrephinae
Ommastrephes Orbigny, 1835 2* 3* 3*
Illicinae
Illex Steenstrup, 1880 1 3 4
Ornithoteuthis Okada, 1927 1 1 2
Opisthoteuthidae
Opisthoteuthis Verrill, 1883 1 1 11
Thysanoteuthidae
Thysanoteuthis Troschel, 1857 1 1 1
* Según algunos autores, se trata de un género monoespecífico, las distintas especies atribuidas serían estadíos de desarrollo de una
misma especie. / According to some authors, it is a monospecific genus, in which species possibly are inmature stages of just one
species
Species of cephalopods known or suspected for the Colombian Caribbean Sea. The taxonomic arrangement follows
Guerra (1992); genera and species are arranged alphabetically. Species of suspected or probable occurrence are in
square clasp symbols ([]). This check list should be considered as preliminary.
Abreviaturas / Abbreviations. Distribución en Colombia (ecoregiones marinas): cas: Región Sur; cen: Región Central; mag:
Región de influencia del Magdalena; tay: Región de Santa Marta; pal: Región de Palomino; gua: Región de La Guajira; san:
Archipiélago de San Andrés y Providencia; coc: Región oceánica.
Acrónimos / Acronyms. INVEMAR: Colección de Referencia de Organismos Marinos del Instituto de Investigaciones
Marinas y Costeras, INVEMAR, Santa Marta, Colombia; NMNH: National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.,
U.S.A.
Observaciones. 1: Registrado en Colombia a partir de conchas o fragmentos de conchas colectadas en playas; 2: Especímenes
colectados durante el crucero Smithsonian-INVEMAR-CIOH en 1997 a bordo del B/I Ancón; 3: Especímenes colectados
durante los cruceros del proyecto “Macrofauna del talud superior de la plataforma continental del Caribe colombiano” en
1998-1999 (Gracia et al., datos sin publicar); 4: Aunque no existe material colombiano en colecciones de referencia, la especie
hace parte de las pesquerías y es comercializada comúnmente como “calamar”; 5: Su presencia en Colombia se deduce o
sospecha con base en los rangos de distribución geográfica de la especie o porque figura en los inventarios de países
vecinos; 6: Ocasionalmente hace parte de las capturas de pescadores artesanales en zonas de arrecifes rocosos y de coral
(J.M. Díaz, obs. pers.).
Notes. 1: Recorded for Colombia on the basis of shells or fragments collected on the beach; 2: Specimens collected during
the Smithsonian-INVEMAR-CIOH cruise in 1997 aboard the R/V Ancon; 3: Specimens collected during the cruises
carried out by the study “ Macrofauna of the upper slope of the Caribbean Colombian continental shelf” in 1998-1999
(Gracia et al., unpubl. data); 4: Although there is no Colombian specimens in reference collections, the species is
commonly caught commercial fisheries in Colombia; 5: Its occurrence in Colombia is deduced or suspected on the basis
of the known distributional range of the species or because it has been registered in neighboring countries; 6: This
species is occasionally caught by artisanal fishermen in rocky and coral reef zones (J.M. Díaz, pers. obs.).
SEPIOIDEA
Spirulidae
1
Spirula spirula (Linné, 1758) cen san 200 - 1750 Díaz & Puyana
(1994)
Sepiolidae
2, 3
Semirossia tenera (Verrill, 1880) cas cen mag 10 - 519 INVEMAR
tay pal gua
Semirossia equalis Voss, 1950 3 pal tay 130 - 379 INVEMAR
3
Heteroteuthis dispar Voss, 1955 mag cas 200 - 1000 INVEMAR
TEUTHOIDEA
Loliginidae
4
Loligo pealei LeSueur, 1821 cas cen gua 1 - 400 Díaz & Puyana
(1994)
Loligo roperi Cohen, 1976 cas san 48 - 300 Cohen (1976)
Loligo plei Blainville, 1823 cas cen mag 1 - 370 Díaz & Puyana INVEMAR
tay gua (1994)
2
Lolliguncula brevis (Blainville, 1823) cas cen mag 1-20 Díaz & Puyana INVEMAR
tay gua (1994)
Sepioteuthis sepioidea (Blainville,1823) cen tay san 1 - 20 Díaz & Puyana INVEMAR
(1994)
Pickfordiateuthis pulchella Voss, 1953 mag 1 - 37 Arango & Diaz INVEMAR
(1996)
Enoploteuthidae
5
[Abralia veranyi (Rüppell, 1844)] coc 1 - 900 Guerra (1992),
Arocha et al.
(1991)
Onychoteuthidae
5
[Onychoteuthis banksii (Leach, 1817)] coc 1 - 150 Roper et al. (1984)
[Onykia carriboea LeSueur, 1821] 5 coc 1 - 100 Guerra (1992),
Arocha et al. (1991)
Pholidoteuthidae
[Pholidoteuthis adami Voss, 1955] 5 coc 80 - 935 Roper et al. (1984)
Ommastrephidae
5
[Ommastrephes bartrami (LeSueur, 1821)] coc gua 1 - 1500 Cervigón et al.
(1992)
Ommastrephes pteropus Steenstrup, 1855 coc 1 - 1500 Roper et al. (1984)
Illex coindetii (Verany, 1839) 4 cen gua coc 1 - 1100 Díaz & Puyana
(1994)
5
[Ornithoteuthis antillarum Adam, 1957] cas san 1 - 1000 Díaz & Puyana
(1994), Roper et al.
(1984)
Opisthoteuthidae
Opisthoteuthis agassizi Verrill, 1883 3 cas mag pal 125 - 2250 INVEMAR
Thysanoteuthidae
5
[Thysanoteuthis rhombus Troschel, 1857] coc san 1-? Roper et al. (1984)
(epipelágica)
OCTOPODA
Octopodidae
6
Octopus briareus Robson, 1929 tay gua 1 - 90 Díaz & Puyana
(1994)
Argonautidae
1, 5
Argonauta argo Linné, 1758 san oceánica Díaz & Puyana
epipelágica (1994)
Salcedo-Vargas M.A. (1991) Checklist of the cephalopods Young R.E., M. Vecchione (1996) Analysis of morphology
from the Gulf of Mexico Bull. Mar. Sci. 49(1-2):216- to determine primary sister-taxon relationships within
221 coleoid cephalopods Am. Malacol. Bull. 12(1-2):91-
Sweeney, M.J., C.F.E. Roper (1998) Classification, type 112
localities, and type repositories of Recent Young R.E., M. Vecchione, D.T. Donovan (1998) The
cephalopoda. Smith. Contrib. Zool. 586 (II):561-599. evolution of coleoid cephalopods and their present
Teichert C. (1988) Main features of cephalopod evolution biodiversity and ecology South African J. Mar. Sci.
en: Clarke M.R., E.R. Trueman (Eds.) The Mollusca. 20:393-420
12 Paleontology and neontology of cephalopods Voss G.L. (1968) Biological investigations of the deep sea.
Academic Press San Diego:11-79 Octopods from the R/V Pillsbury southwestern
Teichert C. (1989) Les principales caractéristiques de Caribbean cruise, 1966, with a description of a new
l’evolution des céphalopodes en: Mangold K. (Ed.) species, Octopus zonatus. Bull. Mar. Sci. 18(3):644-
Traité de Zoologie Grassé P.P. (Ed.) Céphalopodes 659
Tome V(4) Mason, Paris: 715-781