LENGUA INGLESA

TEORÍA Y PRÁCTICA

Pedro Civera Coloma

2
ÍNDICE
Conceptos gramaticales
To be
To have
To do
Pronombres y adjetivos
demostrativos Haber impersonal
Some, any, no y sus compuestos
Pronombres y particulas
interrogativas Contables e
incontables
El
género
El plural
Formación de palabras
compuestas Funciones del nombre
La posesión
El artículo
indeterminado El
articulo determinado
Both, neither, either
Adjetivos
La comparación
Preposiciones
Adverbios
Yet, still, already, during y
ago El imperativo
El presente
simple Be going
to
El presente
continuo El pasado
simple
El pasado continuo
El presente
perfecto
El presente perfecto
continuo El pasado perfecto
El pasado perfecto
continuo El futuro simple
El futuro
continuo El
futuro perfecto
El condicional simple
El condicional perfecto
Cuadro resumen de los
tiempos Tipos de oraciones
Las oraciones de relativo
3
Las conjunciones
Los verbos
modales Can
May,
might
Must
Have to
Should, ought
to Will, would,
shall
Cuadro resumen de los verbos
modales Coletilllas
Say y tell
Make y do
Las exclamaciones
Las oraciones
condicionales La voz pasiva
El estilo
indirecto El
gerundio
El infinitivo
Estructuras de interés
El causativo have
Verbos con
preposición
Verbos y adjetivos con
preposición Contracciones
Cambios ortográficos
Verbos irregulares
Conectores
Falsos amigos
Expresiones para la comunicación
oral Expresiones para la
comunicación oral
Saludos y felicitaciones.
Para dirigirse a un
desconocido. Presentaciones
Cuando no entendemos algo
bien Para preguntar la hora
Hablando por
teléfono Para
agradecer algo
Expresiones de
cortesía Días de la
semana Días de fiesta
Meses del año
Estaciones
Puntos
cardinales
4
Los colores
Adjetivos
Signos del zodiaco
La hora
Números cardinales
Los números ordinales
Equivalencia de pesos y medidas
Paises y nacionalidades
La familia
Profesiones
La casa
La cocina
El cuarto de baño
El dormitorio
El salon
Muebles
La ciudad
Partes del cuerpo
Comida
En la mesa
Sabores
Bebidas
Frutas y verduras
Postres
Pescados
Carnes
Frutos secos
Medios de transporte
Actividades diarias
Actividades de tiempo libre
Ropa
Complementos y joyeria
Tejidos y materiales
Adjectivos para la descripcion
Adjetivos para describir el caracter
La escuela
La oficina
Deportes
Dolencias
Tareas domesticas
Tiempo atmosferico
Animales

5
Arboles, flores y plantas
Politica
Religion
Banco
Símiles
Refranes
Expresiones idiomáticas
Trabalenguas
Citas
Abreviaturas
Oraciones y villancicos

6
Paises y nacionalidades
Adjectivos para la descripción
Símiles
Refranes
Expresiones idiomáticas
Trabalenguas
Citas
Abreviaturas
Oraciones y villancicos

7
CONCEPTOS GRAMATICALES

· Para poder dominar una lengua extranjera es fundamental que

estemos familiarizados con la terminología gramatical de la Lengua
Española, que como todas las lenguas, está compuesta por un
conjunto de signos que tienen sus propias reglas.

Lenguaje. Facultad que nos permite

comunicarnos.

Lengua. Está compuesta por signos y reglas.

Habla. Uso que hacen los individuos de la

lengua.

Norma. Establece las reglas de uso.

El lenguaje tiene varias funciones:

FUNCIONES DEL LENGUAJE

Representati Se transmite algo objetivo.
va

Expresiva Se transmite algo subjetivo

Apelativa Intenta provocar una reacción

Poética En ella se usan recursos lingüísticos y

literarios que cambian el sentido
normal
del mensaje.

CATEGORÍAS GRAMATICALES DEL

ESPAÑOL
Partes variables Sustantivo.
Adjetivo.
Artículo.
Pronombre.
8
 Verbo
Partes invariables Adverbio.
Preposición.
Conjunción
Sujeto. Para conocerlo preguntamos al verbo
¿quién?
Atributo. Aparece con verbos copulativo (ser,
estar, etc) se conce preguntado ¿qué
es?
Complemento directo. Se conoce preguntando ¿qué es lo
que?
Complemento indirecto. ¿A quién? o ¿para quién?

Complemento circunstancial. Modo: ¿cómo?

Lugar: ¿dónde?
Tiempo: ¿cuándo?

Complemento agente. En oraciones pasivas. Fue escrito por

él.

Es bueno que estemos conozcamos el significado de los siguientes

términos:

Lexema. Antes se le denominaba raíz.

Morfema. Nos informa del genero, número, etc.

Fonética. Estudia los sonidos.

Fonología. Estudia los fonemas.

Lexicología. Estudia el léxico o vocabulario de una

lengua.

Fonema. Es la unidad más pequeña. La lengua

española tienen 24: cinco vocales y
diecinueve consonantes
División de las consonantes Oclusivas.
según
el modo de articulación. Fricativas.
Africadas.
Líquidas.

División de las consonantes Bilabiales.

según
9
el lugar de articulación. Labiodentales.
Linguodentales.
Linguointerdentales.
Linguoalveolares.
Linguopalatales.
Linguovelares.

Según su sonoridad se Sonoras.

clasifican
en. Sordas.

Morfología. Estudia la forma de las palabras.

Semántica. Estudia el significado de las palabras.

Morfema. Unidad lingüística que se añade al

lexema o raíz para formar una palabra.

Sintaxis. Parte de la gramática que se ocupa de

las reglas mediante las cuales se
combinan las unidades lingüísticas
para
formar la oración.

Sintagma. Es una o más palabras relacionadas

entre sí.

Oración. Unidad lingüística mínima, constituida

por dos sintagmas: el nominal y el
verbal que realizan la función de sujeto
y predicado.

Sujeto. Es la persona u objeto del que se dice

algo.

Predicado. Expresa todo lo que se dice del sujeto.

Oración simple. Tiene como núcleo del predicado un

solo verbo.
10
Sustantivo. Se refiere a nombres, Pedro come pan.
animales, cosas, etc.
Verbo. Indican las acciones que Comer, Bailar, Ir.
ealzan los sujetos.

Adjetivo. Califica al nombre. Inma es rubia.

Pronombre. Sustituye al nombre. Pepe es mi amigo, él

nunca me falla.

Adverbio. Modifica al verbo. Ella come mucho.

Conjunción. Une oraciones y Habla inglés y francés.

palabras.
Pueden ser coordinadas
y subordinadas.

Determinante. Matiza al nombre. Mi hermana.

Un coche.

Preposicion. Relaciona palabras. Vive en Sax.

Artículo Puede ser determinado El libro es útil.

o indeterminado:
El, la, los, las
Un, una, unos, unas

Las oraciones pueden tener las siguientes partes:

Sujeto. Es quien realiza la Yo como a las 2.

acción.
Se conoce preguntando
¿quién? al verbo.

Verbo Indica lo que hace el Ella estudia mucho.

sujeto.
Complemento directo. Se conoce preguntando Ellos comen bocadillos.
al verbo ¿qué es lo
qué?

11
Complemento Se conoce preguntando Las cartas son para
Indirecto.
al verbo ¿a quién o María.
para
quién ?

Complemento Se conoce preguntando Ayer vi a Juan.

Circunstancial de al verbo ¿cuándo?
tiempo.
Complemento Se conoce preguntando Me duele la cabeza
Circunstancial de al verbo ¿cómo? terriblemente.
modo.

Complemento Se conoce preguntando Se caso en Monóvar.

circunstancial de al verbo ¿dónde?
lugar.

Locuciones Pueden aparacer al La vi esta mañana.

adverbiales.
principio, en medio o al Esta mañana la vi.
final de la frase.

Atributo. Acompaña al verbo ser, Ella es guapa.

estar y algunos otros
como existir, parecer.

Persona. Hay tres en singular: yo, Él es Pepe.

tú, él, ella y ello. Nosotros somos de
Elda
Tres en plural: nosotros, Ellos son altos.
vosotros y ellos.
Genero. Puede ser masculino, Perico es alto.
femenino o neutro. Gloria es alta.

Número. Puede ser singular o Tengo un coche.

plural. Ellos tienen dos coches.

Determinantes. Pueden ser: posesivos, Mi casa.

demostrativos, Algunas personas
numerales, cardinales, Esta habitación.
partitivos, indefinidos .

Artículo. Pueden ser El libro es bueno.

determinados o Un libro es un buen
indeterminados regalo.
12
Pronombres. Pueden ser personales, La mias es rápida.
demostrativos, rápida.
posesivos,
relativos, interrogtivos, ¿Quién vive aquí?
numerales, indefinidos. Algunos vendrán luego.

Verbo transitivo. Puede llevar Compro el pan cada día

complemento directo

Verbo intransitivo. No llevan complemento Viven en Aspe.

directo.

Verbo regular. Forma el pasado y el To play, played, played.

participio añadiendo la
misma desinencia. En
inglés “-ed”.

Verbo irregular. Forma el pasado y el Go, went, gone.

participio pasado de
otra forma.

Infinitivo. Es la forma verbal Cantar, comer, reir.

acabada en en “–ar”, “- To come, to play
er”, “-ir”. Must, can.
En inglés suelen llevar la
partícula to.

Participio de En inglés acaba en “- Playing, singing.

presente.
ing”.

Participio de pasado. En castellano acaba en Comido, contado.

“-ado” “-ido”.

Modo. Es una caracteristica del

verbo.
Puede ser: indicativo,
subjuntivo, imperativo y
condicional.

Tiempo. Situa temporalmenta la Yo como.

acción. Presente, To comí.
13
 pasado y futuro. Pueden Yo comeré
ser simples, continuos y Yo he comido.
perfectos.

Voz. Existen dos: activa y Ernesto vende piel

pasiva. Las pieles son vendidas
por Ernesto.

Afirmativas. Yo vivo en Elda.

Negativas. No como carne roja.

Interrogativas. ¿Eres de Villena?

Interrogativa ¿ No eres tú la prima de Olga?

negativa.

Transitiva. Pepe come carne.

Intransitiva. Ellos viven en Logroño

Reflexiva. Ella se lava sola.

Reciproca. Pepe y Raquel se odian.

Impersonal. Llueve mucho en Letonia.

Enunciativa. Tengo mucho hambre

Nunca bebo café.
Interrogativa. ¿Cuánto vale el disco?
Exclamativa. ¡Qué bonito!

Imperativa. ¡Cállate ya!

Desiderativa. Ojalá llueva mañana.

Tipos de oraciones
simples

Atributivas Expresan cualidades del sujeto, y

suelen
usar los verbos ser y estar.
14
Predicativas Expresanaccionesconverbos
predicativos. Pueden ser activas y
pasivas.

Transitivas Llevan complemento directo: Yo como

bocadillos de calamares.

Intransitivas No tienen complemento directo.

Reflexivas El sujeto realiza y recibe la acción.

Recíprocas Los sujetos realizan y reciben la acción

mutuamente: Ellos se miran.

Personales Llevan sujeto gramatical.

Impersonales Carecen de sujeto. Hace sol.

Pasivas El sujeto recibe la acción verbal y el

verbo está en forma pasiva.
Pasivas reflejas Tienen el sujeto en voz activa: Se
venden pollos de campo. ivas o
Enunciativas Pueden ser afirmativas o negativas.

Interrogativas Se utilizan para preguntar.

Exclamativas Expresan emociones.

Imperativas Expresan mandatos y ruegos.

Desiderativas Expresan deseos.

Dubitativas Indican posibilidades o probabilidades.

COORDINADAS
15
Copulativas. Estudia y trabaja.

Adversativas. Estudia mucho sin embargo no aprueba.

Disyuntivas. Entra o sal.

SUBORDINADAS
Temporales. Mientras caminabamos ibamos cantando.

Modales. Debes hacerlo como dice la guia.

Consecutivas. Ha aprobado, por lo tanto se matriculará en

derecho.

Condicionales. Lo haré si no te quejas más.

Causales. Puesto que lo sabe todo que conteste Manuel.

Finales. Iremos para que te revisen la vista.

Concesivas. Aunque no me gusta lo haré.

16
TO BE
· El verbo to be significa “ser” o “estar”. Comparte con to do y to have la
caractereristica de ayudar a formar otros tiempos verbales, por eso se
le denomina verbo auxiliar. Puede contraer con sujetos, demostrativos y
también con: who, where, how, etc.

I’m Peter. Peter’s here. That’s Manoli. Who’s that girl?

Yo soy Pedro. Pedro está aquí. Esa es Manoli. ¿Quién es esa

chica?

· Las contracciones se suelen usar en las conversaciones.

· Interviene en la formación de los tiempos continuos o progresivos.

· Las formas negativas las hace añadiendo not y las interrogativas por
medio de la inversión, es decir, poniendo primero el verbo y luego el
sujeto. Esta estructura la comparte con el verbo to havecuano indica
posesión y con los verbos modales.

PRESENTE PASADO FUTURO

I am/I'm. I was. I will/ shall be.

Yo soy o yo estoy. Yo era o yo estaba. Yo seré o yo estaré.

You are/you're. You were. You will be.

He is/he's. He was. He will be.

She is/she's She was. She will be.

It is/it's. It was. It will be.

We are/we're. We were. We will/ shall be.

You are/you're. You were. You will be.

They are/they're. They were. They will be.

17
Are not contrae en Was not contrae en La contracción es ‘ll.
aren’t.
Is not contrae en isn’t. wasn Will not contrae en
’t won’t.
Were not contrae en Shall not contrae en
weren’t shan’t.

Are you He is not from Elche Were they in the cinema?

from
Elda?

¿Eres de Elda? Él no es de Elche. ¿Estaban ellos en el cine?

PRINCIPALES USOS

Para preguntar la edad. How old are you?

¿Qué edad tienes?
I am forty.

Tengo cuarenta años.

Indicar la profesión. I am a teacher.

Soy profesor.

La ideología. He is a socialist.
El es socialista.

El credo religioso. He is a catholic.

El es católico.

Formar los tiempos continuos. I am writing with a computer.

Estoy escribiendo con un ordenador.
I was swimming yesterday.

Estuve nadando ayer.

I will be walking on the beach.

Estaré caminando por la playa.

La formación de la voz pasiva. The book was written by Emilio.

Este libro lo escribió Emilio.
18
 Este libro fue escrito por Emilio.

Para medidas. I am six feet tall.

Mido seis pies.

How big is the town?

¿Cómo es de grande el pueblo?
It is quite big.

Es bastante grande.

How wide is the river Vinalopó?

¿Qué anchura tiene el río Vinalopó?
It is 200 metres wide.

Tiene 200 metros de ancho.

How high is Bolón?

¿Qué altura tiene Bolón?
It is nearly 1.000 metres high.

Tiene casi 1.000 metros de altura.

How small is an atom?

¿Cómo es un átomo de pequeño?
It is very small

Es muy pequeño.

Indica tallas. I am size 8.

Gasto la talla 8

Con adjetivos. I am happy and you are right.

Yo estoy contento y tú tienes razón.

Unido a: Where’s the boy?

Where (¿Dónde?) ¿Dónde está el niño?
What (¿Qué?) When’s your birthday?
Who (¿Quién?)
¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños?
Why, (¿Por qué?)
etc,
Con ciertas expresiones. I am right.
Tengo razón.
I am cold.
19
 Tengo frío.

Contrae con demostrativos y That’s right.

adverbios. Así es.
How’s that?

¿Cómo es eso?
20
1) I ......................sure I
will.
a - Am
b - Are
c - Is
I ...........
2 .....
a teacher.
)
a - Am
b - Is
c - Are
3 Camar ..... in
) a .. Elda.
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
4 Where....... you
) .... from?
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
5 How ...... you?
) old ..
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
6 It...... hot
) ... today.
a - Is
b - Am
c - Are
7 It.... a
) ... telephone.
a - Am
b - Are
c - Is
8 They..... student
...
) s.
a - Is
b - Am
c - Are
9 This
dog...................... white.
) .

a - Am
b - Is
c - Are
10) The old.
houses.........
a - Am
 b - Is
c - Are
11) ..... these books
... interesting?
21
 a - Is
b - Are
c - Am

12) What........those people

doing? a - Is
b - Am
c - Are
13) The baby.......eating the
food. a - Am
b - Is
c - Are
14) The
window........open. a
- Am
b - Is
c - Are
15) Cats.........black or
white. a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
16) Don't .............cheeky.
a - Be
b - Have
c - Do
17) How old are you? I................
a - Have 20
years b - Am 20
years c - Have
20 years
18) That is Mr. Pedro Civera.
How .................he? a - Old is
b - Many years is
c - Many years
has
19) He ............in Madrid
last week. a - Was
b - Were
c - Be
20) ......they in the same class as you at Azorín
High School? a - Was
b - Were
c - Be
22
21) Yes,
they........interesting
books. a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
22) Manolo.......a
boy. a - Am
b - Is
c - Are

23) I...........a
teacher. a - Is
b - Am
c - Are
24) Manuela.......tall.
a - Am
b - Are
c - Is
25) The tables........not
small. a - Is
b - Am
c - Are
26) ........the Plaza Mayor
very big? a - Am
b - Is
c - Are
27) You.........the
limit. a - Are
b - Is
c - Am
28) I ....................tall.
a - Is
b - Am
c - Are
29) My
friends..........very
nice. a - Am
b - Is
c - Are
30) Horacio ......in Elche.
a - Am
b - Is
c - Are
23
31) Juan Carlos and
Clemente........friends.
a - Am
b - Is
c - Are
32) She.........36 years old.
a - Are
b - Is
c - Am
33) My sister.......happy.
a - Am
b - Is
c - Are
34) What......your name?
a - Is
b - Am
c - Are
35) How.............you?
a - Am
b - Is
c - Are
36) Elda........in Alicante.
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
37) My name........Pedro.
a - Am
b - Is
c - Are
38) I.........in the classroom.
a - Am
b - Is
c - Are
39) Jose Pérez ....................a
mechanic.
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
40) My mother ..................very
good.
a - Is
b - Am
c - Are
41) You.....................tall.
24
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
25
Soluciones

1. A 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. C 9. B 10. C
11. B 12. C 13. B 14. B 15. B 16. A 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. B
21. B 22. B 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. B 27. A 28. B 29. C 30. B
31. C 32. B 33. B 34. A 35. C 36. A 37. B 38. A 39. A 40. A
41. B
26
TO HAVE
· Se traduce por tener. Puede ir acompañado de la partícula “got”. No se
produce alteración del significado si aparece o no, pero cuando aparece
el verbo puede ir contraido. Tampoco se usa en las respuestas breves.

PRESENTE PASADO FUTURO

I have/l've. I had. I will have.

To tengo. Yo tuve o yo tenía. Yo tendré.

You have/you've. You had. You will have.

He has/he's. He had. He will have.

She has/she's. She had. She will have.

It has/it's. It had. It will have.

We have/we've. We had. We will have.

You have/you've. You had. You will have.

They have/they've. They had. They will have.

Have + not contrae en Had + not contrae en

haven’t. hadn’t.
Has + not contrae en
hasn’t.
I have a car.

Tengo un coche.
I have got a car.

Tengo un coche.

PRINCIPALES
USOS

Indicar posesión. I have a white car.

Tengo un coche blanco.
I have got a white car.
27
 Tengo un coche blanco.

Puede indicar otro tipo de actividades. I have breakfast at 7:45.

Ingest ión de alimentos tanto Desayuno a las 7:45.
sólidos
como líquidos. I have a drink on Friday.

Me tomo una copa los viernes.

Otros. I have a bath and my wife has

a
shower.
Yo me baño y mi mujer se ducha.
We have a walk on Sunday.

Damos un paseo los domingos.

We had a good time there.

Lo pasamos muy bien allí.

Construcción de tiempos perfectos. I have been in New York.

He estado en Nueva York.
I have had a headache.

He tenido un dolor de cabeza.

I will have gone to Madrid.

Habré ido a Madrid.

Obligación. I have to go to Alicante tomorrow.

Tengo que ir a Alicante mañana.

Combinado con better indica consejo. You had better buy a new pair of
shoes.
La contracción es You’d better. Sería mejor que te comprases un par
de
zapatos.

La construcción causativo have, se I’m going to have my hair cut.

utiliza cuando alguien hace algún Me voy a cortar el pelo.
servicio para nosotros.

· Con el significado de tener puede tener dos modos de hacer la forma

interrogativa. La segunda es más usada en inglés americano.
Have you got a car?
¿Tienes un coche?
Do you have a car?
28
¿Tienes un coche?

· Utiliza de igual modo “do” para hacer la interrogativa cuando hace

referencia a usos idiomáticos.

Did you have a bath?

¿Te bañaste?
29
1) I..........a
white car. a -
Have
b - Has
c - Is
2) Mary.........a German boyfriend.
a - Has
b - Have
c - Are
3) We .....................a nice park near Sagasta
Sqaure.
a - Has
b - Have
c - Is
4) My flat.......................seven rooms.
a - Has
b - Have
c - Having
5) My sister ...................a white car.
a - Has
b - Have
c - Haveen
6) Pepita ........three daughters.
a - Has
b - Haave
c - Having
7) My mother .......a lot of pictures.
a - Have
b - Has
c - Having
8) Susana.......two cars.
a - Is
b - Have
c - Has
9) Mr and Mrs García ........a house on the
beach.
a - Has
b - Have
c - Haveing
10) You..................two dictionaries.
a - Has
b - Have
c - Jaf
11) My sister.....a new TV set and a DVD
player.
30
 a - Has
b - Have
c - Having
12) Elda......................six parks.
a - Have
b - Has
c - Having
13) ......................she got a boyfriend?
a - Has
b - Have
c - To have
14) We ......................three cinemas in Plaza
Mayor.
a - Has
b - Have
c - Haven
15) Manuela ..............a cat.
a - Have
b - Has
c - Having
16) I........................to go to Madrid last month.
a - Have
b - Had
c - Must
17) Hey...........a look, Rocio Jurado is there with her
husband.
a - Have
b - Take
c - Put
18) I'd rather ..............paella than gazpachos.
a - Have
b - Has
c - Had
19) "Do you have " a car and "Have you got a car "
are:
a - The same
b - Not the same
c - It depends
20) I ................................a headache.
a - Has
b - Have
c - Is
21) She.................got a cold.
31
a - Is
b-
Have
c - Has
32
Soluciones

1. A 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. B
11. A 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. A 19. A 20. B
21. C
33
TO DO
Se traduce por hacer. En presente tiene dos formas, “do” y “does”, esta
última se usa en la Tercera Persona del Singular (He, she, it). La forma del
pasado es “did”. Todas se usan como auxiliares para la forma interrogativa
y la negativa del presente y del pasado simple de los verbos no modales.
Recuerda que siempre que aparezcan, el verbo irá en infinitivo.

PRESENTE PASADO FUTURO

I do. I did. I will do.

Yo hago. Yo hice. Yo haré.

You do. You did. You will do.

He does. He did. He will do.

She does. She did. She will do.

It does. It did. It will do.

We do. We did. We will do.

You do. You did. You will do.

They do. They did. They will do.

Do not contrae en Did not contrae en Will not do contrae en

don’t.
Does not contrae en didn’t. won’t do.
doesn’t.

PRESENTE PASADO

Construir las formas He doesn’t eat meat. I didn’t go to the

negativas. No come carne. cinema.
Yo no fui al cine.
I don’t want to go to
the
cinema.
No quiero ir al cine.

Construir las formas Do you love her? Did you go to

England?
34
interrogativas. ¿La quieres? ¿Fuiste a Inglaterra?
Does he speak

Valenciano?
¿Habla valenciano?
Tiene también un uso He does love running. He did say what he
enfático. Le encanta correr. wanted to say.
Dijo lo que quería decir.

PRINCIPALES USOS

Otros usos idiomáticos. I did the shopping in Carrefour.

Hice la compra en Carrefour.
I do the washing up every night.

Friego los platos cada noche.

I never do the cleaning.

Nunca hago la limpieza.

Sometimes I do the cooking.

A veces cocino.
She hates doing the ironing.

Ella odia planchar.

Con la expresión “Yo también”. -I like María Callas.

Me gusta María Callas.
-So do I.

Y a mí también.

Con la expresión “Yo tampoco”. I don’t smoke.

Yo no fumo.
Neither do I.

Yo tampoco.
35
LOS PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS
· En inglés se hace necesario usar los pronombres personales, ya que de
no hacerlo y usar sólo la forma verbal existiría ambigüedad. En el
ejemplo: Go to London, no sabríamos quién va, podría ser yo, tú,
nosotros, nosotras, vosotros, vosotras, ellos o ellas.

· En castellano no pasa lo mismo. Si decimos Vamos a Alicante, las

desinencias verbales nos sacan de dudas. Está claro que somos
nosotros.

PRONOMBRES PRONOMBRES ADJETIVOS PRONOMBRE PRONOMBRE

S S
PERSONALES PERSONALES POSESIVO POSESIVOS REFLEXIVO
S S
SUJETO COMPLEMENTO

I . Yo. Me. A mí, me. My. Mi. Mine. El mío. Myself. Me.

You . Tú. You. A ti, te. Your. Tu. Yours. El Yourself. Te.
tuyo.

He. Él. Him. A él, le. His. Su de His. El suyo. Himself. Se.
él.
(de él).
She. Ella. Her. A ella, le. Her. Su de Hers. El suyo. Herself. Se.
ella. (de ella).
It. Ello. It. A ello, le. It. Su de Its. El suyo. Itself. Se.
ello.
(de ello).
We. Nosotros Us. A nosotros, Our. Ours. El Ourselves.
o a Nos.
nosostras. nosotras, nos. Nuestro, nuestro.
nuestra.
You .Vosotros You. A Your. Yours. El Yourselves.
vosotros, Os.
o vosotras. a vosotras, os. Vuestro, vuestro.
vuestra.
They. Ellos o Them. A ellos, Their. Su de Theirs. El Themselves.
a suyo.
ellas. ellas, les. ellos, su de Se.
ellas.

· Los pronombres personales pueden funcionar dentro de la frase como

sujetos o complementos
 SUJETO COMPLEMENTO

Ella es alta. Dale esto a ella.

36
You are a teacher. This is for you.

· “I” siempre se escribe con mayúscula.

· “You” se puede traducir por Tú, Vd, vosotros, vosotras y Vds.
· “You” e “it” tienen la misma forma como sujetos que como complementos.

You are young.

Tú eres joven.

I love you.
Te quiero.

· No utilizan preposición delante del objeto indirecto, pero sí, si

sigue al Objeto Directo.

She gave me a kiss.

Ella me dio un beso.

She gave a kiss to me.

Ella me dio un beso a mí.

· El complemento Indirecto sin t o se coloca delante del

Complemento Directo

I gave Sarah a kiss.

Yo le di a Sara un beso.

· El Complemento indirecto con t o se coloca detrás del

Complemento Directo

I gave a kiss to Inma.

Le di un beso a Inma.

· It se usa generalmente para cosas y a veces también para bebés.

Look at the baby, it is smiling.

Mira al bebe, está sonriendo.

· La diferencia entre un adjetivo y un pronombre posesivo es que el

adjetivo acompaña al nombre y el pronombre lo substituye.

ADJETIVO PRONOMBRE
37
Mi casa es grande. La mía también.

My house is big. Mine is also big.

· Los pronombres reflexivos indican:

Acciones que recaen sobre el mismo He washes himself every

morning.
sujeto. Se lava cada mañana.

Enfatizan. He himself can go.

Él puede ir solo.

Pueden ir precedidos de by, en cuyo I went to Madrid by myself.

caso significan “yo solo”, “tú solo..” Fui yo solo a Madrid.

Each other. “El uno al otro” They love each other.

Se quieren.

One Another. “A todos” They gave presents one another.

Se hacen regalos.

One. She is the prettiest one.

Ella es la más guapa.
I was the second one in the race

Fui el segundo en la carrera.

38
ADJETIVOS Y PRONOMBRES
DEMOSTRATIVOS

SINGULAR PLURAL

THlS este, esta, esto. THESE estos, estas.

THAT ese, esa, eso, aquella, THOSE esos, esas, aquellos,

aquel, aquellas.
aquello.

· Como adjetivos concuerdan con el nombre.

This man is my teacher of English.

Este hombre es mi profesor de inglés.

That woman is my wife.

Esa mujer es mi esposa.

These books are interesting.

Estos libros son interesantes.

Those girls are from Italy.

Aquellas chicas son de Italia.

Se usan cuando hablamos por This is Peter.

teléfono. Éste es Pedro.

En ciertas expresiones. That’s right.

Es correcto.

En presentaciones This is Mary, my friend

Ésta es María, mi amiga.
39
1) Let me introduce..........
a - Me
b - Myself
c - Mine
2) I hope you enjoy..........stay.
a - You
b - Your
c - Yourself
3) .......am
sorry. a - I
b - Me
c - My
4) I will show .........the house.
a - Yours
b - Your
c - You
5) What's....... name?
.....
a - You
b - Your
c - Yours
6) What motto
is........... ?
a - Your
b - You
c - Yours
7) Peter and Mary ................house in
have Villajoyosa.
a - Their
b - They
c - Them
8) Sara is very happy with .........new doll.
a - She
b - Her
c - Hers
9) Oscar is at home playing with...............toys.
a - His
b - He
c - Him
10) Carlos is in Elche. .............works there in a
shoe factory.
a - Him
b - He
c - His
11) ..................says that Isabel is her best
friend.
40
 a - She
b - Her
c - Hers
12) Felipe is very proud of ..................new
car.
a - Him
b - His
c - He
13) Pilar and Paco are paying
for...................new house.
a - Them
b - Their
c - They
14) Barbie has ...........hair blonde.
a - Her
b - She
c - Hem
15) The door is open because...............is very
hot.
a - It
b - Its
c - Itt
16) .....................play tennis with their sons.
a - They
b - Them
c - Theirs
17) The girls are playing with
..................dolls.
a - Them
b - Their
c - They
18) María is pretty and..............is also very tall
and slim.
a - She
b - Her
c - Hers
19) ...............doesn't like writing with a
fountain pen.
a - He
b - She
c - Me
20) ...............always play football in Castelar
Square.
a - Them
b - Theirs
c - They
21) Pepe is poor but he says that...............is
happy.
a - He
41
 b - Him
c - Hers
22) The computer is old...........was
bought in 1980. a - It
b - Its
c - Him
23) My sister is working with
..................new computer. a - Her
b - His
c - She
24) Excuse.......
a - Me
b - My
c - Mine
25) I am looking at..........
a - Your
b - You
c-I
26) Pleased to meet ............
a - Yours
b - Us
c - You
27) How
do ............do? a -
You
b - Yours
c - Him
28) Help .............., Pepe.
a - You
b - Yourself
c - Yours
29) Here ...........are.
a - We
b - Us
c - Our
30) Shut up and mind your
........business. a - Our
b - Ours
c - Own
31)
................Goodne
ss. a - My
b - Me
42
 c-I
32) ...........sounds
great. a - I
b - That
c - Me
33) Give..........a ring when you get
home please. a - Mine
b - Me
c - My
34) Didn't .............say you wanted to
come with us? a - Yours
b - Us
c - You
35) Thank ......very
much. a - You
b - Yours
c - Youm
36) Please give ............a
hand. a - Us
b - We
c - Our
37) Give.............regards to
your family. a - Me
b-
My c -
I
38) Let ........take a photograph
of you. a - Me
b - My
c - Us
39) Let ...........introduce
myself. a - Me
b-I
c - My
40) I like............
a - She
b - Her
c - Hem
41) I play football with.........
a - He
b - Him
c - His
43
42 The book
) is............
a - My
b - Mine
c - Me
43 She secretary.
) is ..................
a - Me
b - My
c - Mine
44 I father.
) am.............
...
a - He
b - His
c - Him
45 Inmita daughter.
) is ..................
a - Me
b - My
c - Mine
46 The dictionary is............
)
a - Me
b - My
c - Mine
47 The umbrella is..........
)
a - He
b - Her
c - Hers
48 He teacher.
) is.................
.
a - Our
b - We
c - Us
49 .........live in Elda.
)
a - Us
b - We
c - Our
50 If you work for......you will not have to
) suffer a boss.
a - You
b - Yours
c - Yourself
51 Many people nowadays live by.......
)
a - Them
b - Themselves
c - Their

44
52 We in our honeymoon.
) enjoyed ..........
a - Us
b - Ours
c - Ourselves
53 Help........... Feel at home.
) .....
a - Yourself
b - You
c - Yours
54 The keys on the table Mine are here.
) are.........
a - You
b - Your
c - Yours
55 I am very proud of this town
) of......
a - Me
b - My
c - Mine
56 ........faithf
) ully.
a - Your
b - Yours
c - Yourself
57 Maika is a friend
) of.........................
a - Me
b-I
c - Mine
58 It was a problem that made us arrive
) of......... late.
a - Hers
b - She
c - Her
59) I like swimming. too.
-.......
a-I
b - My
c - Me
60 Visit...... when you come to Elda.
) .....
a - Us
b - Our
c - Ours
61 ............... wife's name is Inma.
) .....
a-I
 b - Me
c - My
62 ............... father was the Mayor.
) ......
45
 a - He
b - His
c - Him
63) She is ...................new teacher, her name
is Laura.
a - Us
b - Our
c - Ours
46
Soluciones

1. B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. B
11. A 12. B 13. B 14. A 15. A 16. A 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. C
21. A 22. A 23. A 24. A 25. B 26. C 27. A 28. B 29. A 30. C
31. A 32. B 33. B 34. C 35. A 36. A 37. A 38. A 39. A 40. B
41. B 42. B 43. B 44. B 45. B 46. C 47. C 48. A 49. B 50. C
51. B 52. C 53. A 54. C 55. C 56. B 57. C 58. A 59. C 60. B
61. C 62. B 63. B
47
HABER IMPERSONAL. THERE IS
· Se usa para indicar que hay una o más cosas. Al formarse con el verbo to
be hace las formas interrogativas y negativas como el mencionado verbo.

AFIRMATIVA INTERROGATIVA NEGATIVA

There is a car. Is there a car? There is not a car.

Hay un coche. ¿Hay un coche? No hay un coche.

There was a boy. Was there a boy? There was not a boy.
Había un niño. ¿Había un niño? No había un niño.

PRESENTE PASADO FUTURO CONDICIONA

L

There is. There was. There will be. There would be.

There are. There were.

There's.

There is someone waiting for you.

Hay alguien esperándote.

There are four biscuits on the plate.

Hay cuatro galletas en el plato.

Is there anything I can do for you?

¿Hay algo que pueda hacer por tí?
48
1) Crevillente is a very modern town. There.....................not many
old buildings.
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
2) There.......................a photograph of the Mayor in the
newspaper!
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
3) Excuse me, ..............there a restaurant
near here? a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
4) There........................five people in my family.
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
5) There.....not a film in the
camera. a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
6) How many cinemas…………………….. there in Villena?
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
7) ..................
.......
there a concert next
Sunday?
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
8) ..................
........
there a bus from Alicante at
7.00?
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
9) two trains to Madrid every
There.......... day.
.
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
10) some computers in this
There....... University.
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
11) .... there a nice park in Alicante?
...
49
 a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
12) ................there a supermarket near here?
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
13) There...........................two letters from the
bank.
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
14) There.............many people in the club now.
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
15) There.................a parade next Saturday.
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
16) There........a football match on TV tonight.
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
17) ..............there a swimming-pool in your hotel?
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
18) There...............many restaurants in Benidorm.
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
19) There.............a concert next June in Santa
Pola.
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
20) .....................there many people in the Festivities
in Villena?
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
50
Soluciones

1. B 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. A 9. B 10. B
11. A 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. A 17. A 18. B 19. A 20. B
51
LOS PRONOMBRES INDEFINIDOS
SOME, ANY, NO y SUS COMPUESTOS
· Expresan cantidades indefinidas.

Some. I have some magazines from

the
Se usa con oraciones afirmativas. Se library.
traduce por algo, algún, algo de. Tengo varias revistas de la biblioteca.

En interrogativas cuando la Do you want some chocolates?

respuesta que se espera es ¿Quieres bombones?
afirmativa.

Any. Have you any good book to lend

me?
Se usa en oraciones interrogativas y ¿Tienes algún buen libro para
negativas. Se traduce por “nada”, dejarme?
“ningún”, “algún”.
I haven’t any money.
No tengo dinero.

No. I have no money.

Se usa en oraciones con el verbo en No tengo dinero.
afirmativa pero el sentido de la frase
es negativo.

· Los compuestos de some, any y no se comportan de la misma manera.

Something. Anything. Nothing. Everything.

Algo. Algo, nada. Nada. Todo.

Somebody. Anybody. Nobody. Everybody.

Alguien. Alguien, nadie. Nadie. Todos.

Somewhere. Anywhere. Nowhere. Everywhere.

Algún lugar. Alguna parte, Ninguna parte. Todas partes.
ninguna parte.

Someone. Anyone. No one. Everyone.

Alguien. Alguien, nadie. Nadie. Cada uno.
52
Is there anybody who wants to come with me to
Madrid?
¿Hay alguien que quiera venir conmigo a Madrid?

There is nothing more to say.

No hay nada más que decir.
53
1) I want..........water please.
a - Some
b - Any
c - Somebody
2) I want...........................ice.
a - Myself
b - Any
c - Some
3) I haven't
got...........................pets.
a-A
b - Some
c - Any
4) I have.............................money.
a - Some
b - Any
c - Do
5) Do you bread?
want..............................
a - Some
b - Both
c - Any
6) I coke.
want........................
...
a - Any
b - Three
c - Some
7) I money.
haven't ...............................
.......
a - Some
b - Any
c - Something
8) We matches.
haven't...................................
...
a - Some
b - Everything
c - Any
9) We French wines.
have...................................
...
a - Any
b - Some
c - Much
10) There biscuits.
aren't.................................
 a - Some
b - Any
c - Anything
11) I old pictures of
have........................... Elda.
..
54
 a - Me
b - Some
c - Any

12) Are there.....................................letters?

a - Some
b - Any
c - No
13) Would you like .........................chocolates?
a - Any
b - Will
c - Some
14) Have you seen ................love film lately?
a - Some
b - Any
c - No
15) Have you got...........................brothers or
sisters?
a - Any
b - My
c - Some
16) There are.....................................boys playing
football outside.
a - These
b - Some
c - Any
17) Is there.........................................cinema in
town?
a - Any
b - Some
c - Six
18) Is there .....................................swimming pool
in Petrel?
a - Some
b - Any
c - Big
19) I've got ....................................books on
computers
a - Any
b - Some
c - Me
20) I want...........................apples.
a - Somenody
b - Any
c - Some
21) They haven't........................relatives in Seville.
55
 a - Some
b - Any
c - Theirs
22) Have you ........brothers or sisters?
a - Some
b - Any
c - No
23)
..............understand
s me. a - Onebody
b - Nobody
c - Anyboby
24)
...................smells
nice! a - Anything
b - Something
c - Nothing
25) There's ...............like
a siesta. a - Nothing
b - Something
c - Anything
26) is there .........we can do
to help? a - Anybody
b - Anything
c - Anywhere
27) I would like to buy him .........typical
of Spain. a - Something
b - Nothing
c - Anything
28) There is......milk in the
fridge. a - No
b - Some
c - Many
29) I
want..........to
eat. a - Some
b - Something
c - Anywhere
30) There is .......which is not very
clear in this. a - Something
b - Anything
c - Nothing
56
31) Would you like ..............more chocolates? I know they are
your favourite ones.
a - Any
b - Much
c - Some
57
Soluciones

1. A 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. B
11. B 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. C
21. B 22. B 23. B 24. B 25. A 26. B 27. A 28. A 29. B 30. A
31. C
58
OTROS INDEFINIDOS

All. All my friends came to my party.

Hace referencia a más de dos. Todos mis amigos vinieron a mi
fiesta.

Both. Both are 14.

Se refiere a dos. Los dos tienen catorce años.

Each. Each and every day I sleep

siesta.
Cada. Todos los días duermo la siesta.

Either. Either you stay here or come

with us.
O. O te quedas o vienes con nosotros.

Every. Every day I go running.

Cada. Todos los días voy a correr.

Neither. Neither of them are happy.

Ni. Ninguno de ellos está contento.

Neither…nor I neither like coffee nor tea.

Ni..ni. No me gusta ni el café ni el té.

None. None wanted coffee.

Ninguno de los dos. Ninguno quiso café.
59
PRONOMBRES Y PARTICULAS
INTERROGATIVAS
Who. Who came yesterday?
¿Quién? Se usa con ¿Quién vino ayer?
personas.
Whom. Whom did you speak to?
¿A quién? Se usa ¿Con quién estabas hablando?
compañado por The man with whom you spoke is Pepe.
preposiciones.
El hombre con quien estabas hablando es Pepe.

Whose Whose car is this Ford Fiesta?

¿De quién? Se usa en la ¿De quién es este Ford Fiesta?
forma posesiva.

Which. Which is your favourite singer?

¿Qué o Cuál? ¿Quién es tu cantante favorito?

What What do you think of him?

¿Qué? Se usa cuando no ¿Qué piensas de él?
hay antecedentes.

How. How is your mother?

¿Cómo? ¿Cómo está tu madre?

How many. How many books do you read a year?

¿Cúantos? ¿Cuántos libros lees al año?

How much. How much is that CD?

¿Cuánto? ¿Cuánto cuesta ese disco?

How long. How long will it take to go to Madrid by

plane?
¿Cuánto tiempo? ¿Cuánto tiempo tardará en ir a Madrid en
avión?
How far. How far is Elche from Santa Pola?
¿A qué distancia? ¿Qué distancia hay entre Elche y Santa Pola?

How fast. How fast can you type?

¿A qué velocidad? ¿A qué velocidad mecanografías?

60
How often. How often do you play football?
¿Con qué frecuencia? ¿Con qué frecuencia juegas al fútbol?

Why. Why was he late?

¿Por qué? ¿Por qué llegó tarde?

When. When did you go there?

¿Cuándo? ¿Cuándo fuiste allí?

Where. Where do you live?

¿Dónde? ¿Dónde vives?

What kind. What kind of music do you like?

¿Qué clase? ¿Qué clase de música te gusta?
61
1) ........do you spend your
free time? a - How
b - When
c - Which
2) ........your phone
number? a - What is
b - Where
is c - How
is
3) ........do you live
with? a - Who
b - Where
c - How
4) ........do you do on
Sundays? a - Where
b - What
c - How
5) ........were you
born? a - Where
b - Which
c - What
6) ..........sports do you
practise. a - Which
b - Where
c - How
7) ..............do you
live? a - Where
b - Which
c - How
8) ................says this is a
good film? a - Who
b - Where
c - What
9) He is the one ....is in London,
isn't he? a - Who
b - Which
c - Where
10) ..............did you know it was my
birthday today? a - Where
b - What
c - How
11) What ........good idea!
62
 a-A
b-
Some c
- Few

12) a sight.
Wow! ...........
a - How
b - Where
c - What
13) ........silly!
....
a - How
b - Where
c - Which
14) ............ delicious sweets you have in
...... Elda.
a - How
b - Where
c - What
15) …….. is Arguiñano?, -He is a marvellous cook, he came to Elda
in 1997.
a - Who
b - Where
c - Which
16) We both realise ...........important it is.
a - How
b - Which
c - Where
17) ...............interesting!
a - What
b - What an
c - How
18) Mercedes is ......................came to the party wearing the
red dress.
a - The one who
b - What
c - One which
19) Juan, .........................did you have lunch with, last
Saturday?
a - Who
b - Whose
c - Which
20) …….is Salvador? - The boy I met yesterday.
a - Who
b - What
 c - That
21) .................came yesterday?
63
 a - Who
b - Whom
c - Whose
22) ....................love opera
a - Whom
b - Who
c - Whose
23) And this is ……..happened that night.
a - What
b - Who
c - That
24) Is that book ..............you
wanted to buy? a - The one
b - That
c - What
25) Look at those boys, Mary....one is
your brother? a - Who
b - Where
c - Which
26) This is the Harley .........I
want to buy. a - Where
b - What
c - Which
27) ............is this
pencil? a - How
b - Whose
c - Who
28) ........father is the President of The Moros
Musulmanes? a - Whose
b - What
c - Which
29) .........wrote several books on grammar?
a - Who
b - Where
c - Which
30) ……is the restaurant?
a - Where
b - Which
c - What
31) .........celebrate San Antón all together?
a - What about
64
 b - Why don't
we c - How
about
32) .........very nice car is a
Mercedes. a - What a
b - How
c - How a
33) ........I arrive in Moscow I will
send a fax. a - As
b - When
c - Now
34) ......a pretty
girl. a - What
b - What a
c - How
35) ......pretty
girls. a -
What
b - What a
c - How
36) .........tall is the
cathedral? a - What
b - How
c - Where
37) ..........silly of you is to
say that! a - What
b - How
c - What a
38) ........long have you been studying
English? a - Where
b - How
c - What
39) ........horrible weather you have in
England! a - What a
b - What
c - How
40) ........paid the
bill? a - Where
b - Who
c - How
41) ......did you see at
the fair? a - Where
b - Who
65
 c - Whose
42) ........is your
favourite film? a - What
b - Which
c - Who
43) .........happened when we
went? a - What
b - Where
c - How
44) ..........does she
want? a - Where
b - What
c – Who

45) .......is this

old car? a -
Whose
b - Who
c - Whom
46) .........did you give the
parcel? a - Whose
b - Whom
c - How
47) .........was that pretty girl who was with you in the
Plaza Mayor? a - Who
b -
Whose c
- Whom
48) .......came with Pepe?
a - What
b - Who
c - Where
49) ….....did he say?
a - Who
b - Which
c - What
50) ………..is this car?
a - Who
b - Whom
c - Whose
51) ….......did you givethe first prize in the contest?
a - Whose
b - Who
66
 c - Whom
52) ..........a
pretty girl! a -
What
b - How
c - What a
53) ........stupid of
him! a - What
b - How
c - What a
67
Soluciones

1. A 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. A 8. A 9. A 10. C
11. A 12. C 13. A 14. C 15. A 16. A 17. C 18. A 19. A 20. A
21. A 22. B 23. A 24. A 25. C 26. C 27. B 28. A 29. A 30. A
31. B 32. A 33. B 34. B 35. A 36. B 37. B 38. B 39. A 40. B
41. B 42. B 43. A 44. B 45. A 46. B 47. A 48. B 49. C 50. C
51. C 52. A 53. B
68
El NOMBRE
CONTABLES E INCONTABLES
· Los nombres se pueden clasificar en contables e incontables.

· Contables son aquéllos que podemos contar con la ayuda de un

numeral. Tienen forma de plural y pueden llevar el artículo a/an o the,
some, few etc.

One book. Two pencils. Three boys. Four cars.

Un libro. Dos lapiceros. Tres niños. Cuatro coches.

· Los incontables no tienen plural, algunos de ellos pueden ser

tanto contables como incontables. Existe un cambio en el
significado.

I bought a paper. Give me some paper to write.

Compré un periódico. Dame papel para escribir.

She has a new iron. This is made of iron.

Tiene una nueva plancha. Ésto está hecho de hierro.

Give me a glass. This is Bohemian glass.

Dame un vaso. Esto es cristal de Bohemia.

I drink coffee. Give me two coffees.

Bebo café. Dame dos cafés.

· Algunos nombres incontables:

Butter. Help. News. Tea.

Mantequilla. Ayuda. Noticias. Té

Chocolate. Homework. Paper. Time.

Chocolate. Deberes. Papel. Tiempo.

Coffee. Hope. Physics. Toothpaste.

Café. Esperanza. Física. Pasta de dientes.

Cream. Hunger. Rubbish. Trouble.

69
Crema. Hambre. Basura. Problema.

Dirt. Information. Sand. Water.

Suciedad. Información. Arena. Agua.

Flour. Mathematics. Sky. Weather.

Harina. Matemáticas. Cielo. Tiempo
atmosférico.
Food. Milk. Soap. Work.
Comida. Leche. Jabón. Trabajo.

Fun. Money. Wine. Silver.

Diversión. Dinero. Vino. Plata.

Furniture. Music. Sugar. Advice.

Mobiliario. Música. Azúcar. Consejo.
70
MUCH, MANY, FEW, LITTLE, A LOT OF
CONTABLES

Many. I have many friends.

Muchos o muchas. Tengo muchos amigos.

Few. She has read few books.

Pocos o pocas. Ella ha leído pocos libros.
A few. I have a few good friends.

Unos pocos o unas pocas. Tengo unos pocos buenos amigos.

So Many. We have so many books that I

don’t
Tantos. know where to put them.
Tenemos tantos libros que no sé
dónde ponerlos.

So Few. He is alone, he has so few

friends.
Tan pocos. Está solo, tiene tan pocos amigos.

Too Many. Too many cooks spoil the broth.

Demasiados. Demasiados cocineros echan a perder
el caldo.

Too Few. There were too few to start the

party.
Demasiado pocos. Había demasiado pocos para
empezar la fiesta.

INCONTABLES

Much. I don’t drink much coke.

Mucho. No bebo mucha Coca-cola.

Little. He eats little fruit.

Poco. Come poca fruta.
A little With a little milk please.

Un poco. Con un poco de leche.

So Little. He drinks so little water.

Tan poco. Bebe tan poca agua.
71
Too Much. They eat too much meat.
Demasiado. “más de lo Comen demasiada carne.
necesario”.

Too Little. They have too little money.

Demasiado poco. “menos de lo Tienen demasiado poco dinero.
necesario”.
So Much. They spend so much on clothes
that
Tanto. they never have enough money.
Gastan tanto en ropa que nunca
tienen suficiente dinero.

CON CONTABLES E INCONTABLES

A lot of. We have a lot of books.

Mucho, muchos. Tenemos muchos libros.
We drink a lot of water.

Bebemos mucha agua.

Lots of. Lots of people came yesterday.

Montones de. Mucho, Mucha. Mucha gente vino ayer.

Plenty of. There are plenty of good books in

the
Mucho, muchos. library.
Tiene el matiz de “de sobra”. Hay muchos buenos libros en la
biblioteca.
I don’t have to hurry, I’ve got
plenty of
time.
No tengo que apresurarme, tengo
mucho tiempo.

· Partitivos más utilizados con los nombres incontables.

A bar of. A bar of chocolate.

Una barra de. Una barra de chocolat e.

A bottle of. A bottle of wine.

Una botella de. Una botella de vino.
72
A can of. A can of coke.
Una lata de bebida. Un lata de Coca-cola.

A cup of. A cup of coffe.

Una taza de. Una taza de café.

A piece of. A piece of paper.

Un trozo de, una porción de. Un trozo de papel.

A tin of. A tin of tuna.

Una lata de. Una lata de atún.

A packet of. A packet of crisps.

Una bolsa de. Una bolsa de papas.
73
1) Only ....................live in the country
nowadays.
a - Few
b - Little
c - Much
2) There is....................noise in this city.
a - Few
b - Many
c - Much
3) There are ........schools in Salinas.Only
two.
a - Little
b - Few
c - Much
4) I'll have........................coffee.
a - Few
b-A
c - Any
5) In Petrel there
are...................mountains.
a - Many
b - Much
c - Little
6) There's...........................................whisky
in the bottle
a - Few
b - Little
c - Many
7) ....................good friends are better
than many.
a - Little
b - Few
c - Much
8) I have .........................money left.
a - Little
b - Few
c - Many
9) I want..........................milk in my
coffee please.
a - Some
b - Any
c - Few
10) I spend.........................time watching
TV.
a - Much
b - Many
 c - Few
11) We have to
study.........................books.
74
 a - Much
b - Many
c - Any

12) There are .................................desks in

this class.
a - Much
b - Little
c - Many
13) Not ...................people smoke in this
University.
a - Manys
b - Many
c - Fews
14) They pay Zidane .......................money.
a - Much
b - Many
c - Few
15) There aren't ..............................towns in
Teruel.
a - Many
b - Much
c - Little
16) I didn't drink ............................wine
yesterday.
a - Much
b - Many
c - Few
17) There are only ..........................people in
the concert.
a - Few
b - Little
c - Many
18) I want to have ............................friends.
a - Little
b - Many
c - Much
19) Now I have.................................money.
a - Few
b - Many
c - Little
20) They asked me
...........................questions.
a - Many
b - Little
c - Much
21) I don't have ................................time.
75
 a - Much
b - Many
c - Little
22) I'll try .............English tea.
a - Some
b - Many
c - Any

23) Don't ask me so

..........questions.
a - Many
b - Much
c - Less
24) How ..............shirts are you going
to buy?
a - Many
b - Much
c - Often
25) I have .....time.
a – Little
b - Much
c - Yet
26) How ...........people are living in
Villena?
a - Much
b - Many
c - Some
27) ...............much is the English
book?
a - How
b - Which
c - Where
28) I drink........................coke.
a - Many
b - Much
c - Few
29) My wife eats
..................oranges.
a - Many
b - Little
c - So
30) My brother has...................CDs.
a - A lot os
b - A lot of
c - Much
31) I study..........
76
 a - Few
b - Many
c - Much
32) Is water in the bottle? No, there
there .................. isn't.
a - Many
b - Lot
c - Much
33) There milk in the jug.
is .................
a - Many
b - Much
c - Lot of
34) We magazines and books about
have................. Elda.
a - A lot
b - A lot of
c - Lots
35) There boys waiting for you
are................... outside.
a - Much
b - A few
c - Fewing
36) I don't meat.
eat..........................
a - Many
b - Much
c - Few
37) We fish.
eat ...............
a - Many
b - Much
c - Few
38) Lorenzo money.
has ....................
a – Much
b - Many
c – Few
77
Soluciones

1. A 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. A
11. B 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. A 16. A 17. A 18. B 19. C 20. A
21. A 22. A 23. A 24. A 25. A 26. B 27. A 28. B 29. A 30. A
31. C 32. C 33. B 34. B 35. B 36. B 37. B 38. A
78
EL GENERO
· Un gran número de nombres carecen de él, por eso tenemos la misma
palabra para masculino y femenino.

Teacher. Doctor. Student. Lawyer.

Profesor. Médico. Estudiante. Abogado.

Artist. Reader. Musician. Driver.

Artista. Lector. Músico. Conductor.

· Otras palabras tienen una forma para el masculino y otra para el

femenino y neutro.

MASCULINOS FEMENINOS NEUTROS

Father. Mother. Flower.

Padre. Madre. Flor.

Brother. Sister. Cat.

Hermano. Hermana. Gato.

Boy. Daughter. Door.

Chico. Hija. Puerta.

· Otros tienen forma masculina y femenina

MASCULINO FEMENINO

A male doctor. A woman doctor.

Un doctor. Una doct ora.

Actor. Actress.
Actor. Actriz.

Bachelor. Spinster.
Soltero. Soltera.

Boy. Girl.
Chico. Chica.
79
Brother. Sister.
Hermano. Hermana.

Bull. Cow.
Toro. Vaca.

Cock. Hen.
Gallo. Gallina.

Duke. Duchess.
Duque. Duquesa.

Emperor. Empress.
Emperador. Emperatriz.

Father. Mother.
Padre. Madre.

God. Goddess.
Dios. Diosa.

Horse. Mare.
Caballo. Yegua.

Host. Hostess.
Anfitrión. Anfitriona.

Husband. Wife.
Esposo. Esposa.

Lion. Lioness.
León. Leona.

Lord. Lady.
Señor. Señora.

Man. Woman.
Hombre. Mujer.

Nephew. Niece.
Sobrino. Sobrina.

Poet. Poetess.
Poeta. Poetisa.
80
Prince. Princess.
Príncipe. Princesa.

Son. Daughter.
Hijo. Hija.

Steward. Stewardess.
Auxiliar de vuelo. Azafata.

Tailor. Dressmaker.
Sastre. Modista.

Uncle. Aunt.
Tío. Tía.

Waiter. Waitress.
Camarero. Camarera.

Widower. Widow.
Viudo. Viuda.

· Curiosamente, “Baby” puede llevar el pronombre “it ” y los gatos y los

perros “he” o “she”.

· Los países, los barcos y los coches se consideran femeninos y a veces

se personifican.

- Do you like my car?

¿Te gusta mi coche?

- She is beautiful.
Es bonito.
81
EL PLURAL DE LOS NOMBRES
· La regla general es añadir ( -s).

Car. Cars. Book. Books. Pen. Pens.

Coche. Libro. Boli.

· En los nombres que acaban en , s, z, ch, x, sh y o se añade ( -es)

Potato. Potatoes. Brush. Brushes. Box. Boxes.

Patata. Cepillo. Caja.

Kiss. Kisses. Pouch. Pouches. Church. Churches

Beso. Bolsa. Iglesia.

Bush. Bushes. Box. Boxes. Church. Churches.

Arbusto. Caja. Iglesia.

· Sin embargo, las palabras de origen extranjero que terminan en “-o”

solamente añaden una “-s“.

Kilo. Kilos. Kimono. Kimonos. Piano. Pianos.

Quilo. Kimono. Piano.

Photo. Photos. Soprano. Sopranos. Solo. Solos.

Foto. Soprano. Solo.

Piano. Pianos. Radio. Radios.

Piano. Radio.

Tomato. Tomatoes
.
Tomate.

· Los nombres acabados en “-y” precedida de vocal siguen la regla general,

pero si la “-y” va precedida de consonante se transforma en “-i” y se
añade “-es”.
Toy. Toys. Boy. Boys. Monkey. Monkeys.
82
Juguete. Chico. Mono.

Lady. Ladies. City. Cities. Country. Countries.

Señora. Ciudad. País.

· Hay doce sustantivos que terminan en “-f” o “-fe”, cuyo plural cambia
por “-ves”.

Wolf. Wolves. Thief. Thieves. Sheaf. Sheaves.

Lobo. Ladrón. Gavilla.

Loaf. Loaves. Leaf. Leaves. Half. Halves.

Barra de Hoja. Mitad.
pan.

Wife. Wives. Shelf. Shelves. Self. Selves.

Esposa. Estantería. Uno
mismo.

Life. Lives. Knife. Knives. Calf. Calves.

Vida. Cuchillo. Ternero.

· Las demás palabras que terminan en “-f” o “-fe” añaden una “-s“.

Safe. Safes. Chief. Chiefs. Cliff. Cliffs.

Caja de Jefe. Acantilad
seguridad. o.

· Existen plurales irregulares.

Man. Men. Woman. Women. Mouse. Mice.

Hombre. Mujer. Ratón.

Foot. Feet. Goose. Geese. Ox. Oxen.

Pie. Ganso. Buey.

Child. Children. Tooth. Teeth.

Niño. Diente.
83
· Algunos animales o peces no cambian en plural:

Sheep. Deer. Trout. Cod. Squid. Mackarel.

Oveja. Ciervo. Trucha. Bacalao. Calamar. Caballa.

Salmon. Carp. Plaice. Duck. Partridge

.
Salmón. Carpa. Platija. Pato. Perdíz.

· Al igual que otras palabras como:

Aircraft. Spacecraf Hovercraft.

t.
Aeronave. Nave Aerodeslizador.
espacial.

· Otros tan sólo tiene forma plural

People. Cattle. Police. Folk. Shorts. Jeans.

Gente. Ganado. Policia. Gente. Pantalone Pantalones
s cortos. vaqueros.
Pyjamas. Glasses. Scissors. Binoculars. Thanks.
Pijama. Gafas. Tijeras. Prismáticos. Gracias.

Trousers. Stairs.
Pantalones. Escaleras.

· Algunos de los acabados en “-s” van siempre en singular.

Mathematic Gymnastic Politics. Phonetics.

s. s
Matemáticas Gimnasia. Política. Fonética.

· Los nombres colectivos, police, crew, family, team , etc., pueden llevar
el verbo en singular o en plural, según el sentido que le demos a la
frase:

Our police is very efficient. Our team is the best.

Nuestra policía es muy eficaz. Nuestro equipo es el mejor.

The police are looking for the Our team are wearing the new T-
thief. shirts.
La policía esta buscando al ladrón. Nuestra equipo lleva la nueva
camiseta.
84
· Penny tiene dos posibles plurales. Pennies hace referencia a las
monedas y pence a la cantidad total.

I have 4 pennies. I paid 50 pence.

Tengo cuatro peniques. Pagué cincuenta peniques.

· Las palabras compuestas formadas con preposiciones o adverbios

forman el plural en la primera parte del nombre

Maid of honour. Maids of Brother in law. Brothers in law.

honour.
Dama de honor Cuñado.

· Las palabras que incluyen man o woman forman el plural modificando

las dos partes

Manservant. Menservants.

PRONUNCIACION DE LA
DESINENCIA
DE
PLURAL.
/s/. Cats. /z/ Windows. /iz/ Houses.

Cuando lo nombres Cuando lo nombres Cuandolosnombres

s s
acaban en consonante acaban en consonante acaban en s, z, x, ch,
ss, ...
sorda.. p, t, k, sonora o vocal. b, d, g, v,
f
m, n, l, r, w, j
85
1) El plural de dish es........
a - Dishes
b - Dishs
c - Dishen
2) Las palabras acabadas en vocal "+ y " como boy, hacen el
plural......
a - Añadiendo s
b - Cambiando la "y " por i y
añadiendo s c - Añadiendo -es
3) Las palabras "glass, dish, church, fox y buzz " hacen el
plural........
a - Añadiendo -s
b - Añadiendo -es
c - Añadiendo -ies
4) What are you.........?
a - Hobby
b - Hobbies
c - Jobis
5) What .......have you visited?
a - Country
b - Countries
c - Cantris
6) I want two ......................of Fanta.
a - Glass
b - Glassves
c - Glasses
7) I like tomato ..............
a - Sandwiches
b - Sandwichs
c - Sandwicheves
8) In the sea there are many .................
a - Fishess
b - Fishs
c - Fish
9) I bought three ............
a - Salmons
b - Salmon
c - Salmones
10) I like ...........................................
a - Potatos
b - Potatoes
c - Pototaves
11) I do not like...........
86
 a - Mouses
b - Mouse
c - Mice

12) My penthouse has two.

a - Rooves
b - Roofs
c - Roofes
13) This tree has
many ..................................................
a - Leafs
b - Leaves
c - Leafss
14) I use
paper .....................................................
..
a - Handkerchiefs
b - Handkerchieves
c - Handkerchiefes
15) In the zoo I saw four .....
a - Sheep
b - Sheeps
c - Sheppes
16) I never go
to ...............................................
a - Discoes
b - Discos
c - Discooes
17) In my kitchen there are
many ..............................
a - Shelves
b - Shelfs
c - Shelving
18) Europe has many
different.............................
a - Countrys
b - Countries
c - Countris
19) I prefer ghost .............................
a - Stories
b - Storyes
c - Storis
20) She has many .............................
a - Worries
b - Worrys
c - Worryes
21) We always use silver ................
87
 a - Knives
b - Knifes
c - Knifs
22) The forest has many ...........
a - Deers
b - Deer
c - Deeres
23) Las palabras " kilo, photo, piano, solo, dynamo y magneto
" hacen el
plural......
a - Añadiendo -s
b - Añadiendo -es
c - Añadiendo -ves
24) Las palabras "glass, dish, church, fox y buzz " hacen el
plural........
a - Añadiendo -s b
- Añadienod -es c
- Añadiendo -ies
25) Sheep, deer, swine, fish, trout, salmon, aircraft hacen el
plural........
a - Añadiendo -es
b - Esa misma forma les sirve para el
plural c - Añadiendo -s
26) The police ........coming very soon.
a - Is
b - Are
c - Be
27) This mountain is more that
1500 ..........high. a - Foot
b - Foots
c - Feet
28) Which .................are
you from? a - Country
b - Countri
c - Kantry
29) She gave him four .........of
bread. a - Loafs
b - Loaves
c - Loavings
30) The indians had many.......
a - Chiefs
b - Chieves
c - Cifs
88
31) My favourite.........were a ball and the
Scalextrix. a - Toys
b - Toyes
c - Tois
32) In the Tarzan films there are many.........
a - Monkeis
b - Monkeys
c - Mankis
33) A famous English king had six........
a - Wifes
b - Wives
c - Wivess
34) We always buy three.......of bread
in Perete. a - Loafs
b - Loaves
c - Loavess
35) All of us have two.......
a - Feet
b - Foot
c - Foots
36) The plural of goose is...
a - Gooses
b - Geese
c - Gees
37) The plural of mouse is...
a - Mouses
b - Mice
c - Mices
38) The plural of carp is...
a - Carps
b - Carpe
diem c - Carp
39) The plural of partridge is
a - Partridges
b - Partdrigess
c - Partridge
40) Para decir que hay muchos peces en el mar
diremos......
a - There's a lot of fishes in the
sea b - There's a lot of fish in the
sea
c - There are a lot of fishes in the sea
41) I like........................with cream.
89
 a - Strawberries
b - Strawberryes
c - Strauberries
42) Before my daughters were born I visited
many....................with my wife.
a - Countries
b - Countryes
c - Cauntries
90
Soluciones

1. A 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. B
11. C 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. A 20. A
21. A 22. B 23. A 24. B 25. B 26. B 27. C 28. A 29. B 30. A
31. A 32. B 33. B 34. B 35. A 36. B 37. B 38. C 39. C 40. B
41. A 42. A
91
FUNCIONES DEL NOMBRE.
FORMACIÓN DE PALABRAS
COMPUESTAS
· Algunos nombres surgen de la combinación de dos palabras.

Adjetivo + nombre. Handful. Puñado.

Nombre + nombre. Toothpaste. Pasta de dientes.

Ing + nombre. Washingmachine. Lavadora.

Pronombre + nombre. Shegoat. Cabra.

Verbo + nombre. Breakfast. Desayuno.

Preposición + nombre. Overwork. Exceso de trabajo.

Preposición + verbo. Income. Ingresos.

· Todos los nombres pueden tener las siguientes funciones

Sujeto. María is a teacher.

María es profesora.

Predicado. María is a sociable woman.

María es una mujer sociable.

Complemento Directo. I saw a woman there.

Ví una mujer allí.

Complemento Indirecto. This present is for that woman.

Este regalo es para esa mujer.

· Algunos sufijos nos pueden ayudar a identificar a los nombres.

-er. -er. -ee. -tion. -ist. -ism. -ness.

Profesiones. Cosas. Personas. Nombres Profesiones. Ideologías. Nombre.

Verbos.
Baker. Opener. Employee. Pollution. Violinist. Comunism Hapiness.
.
92
Panadero. Abridor. Empleado. Contamina Comunism Felicidad.
ción. o

-ance. -hood. -ment. -tion. -ity.

Nombre. Nombre. Nombre. Nombre. Nombre.

Abundance Childhood. Shipment Education. Ability.
.
Abundancia. Niñez. Envío. Educación. Habilidad.

· Algunos sufijos nos pueden ayudar a identificar a los adjetivos o

adverbios.

-al. -ic. -ive. -ful. -less. -ous. -ly.

Practical. Historic. Exclusive Faithful. Hopeless Industrio Friendly.

. . us
Práctico. Histórico. Exclusivo. Leal. Sin Trabajador Amistoso.
esperanza

-ed. -en. -ant. -ive. -ible. -like. -worthy.

Excited. Wooden. Irrelevan Compreh Sensible. Childlike. Trustworth

t. y.
Excitado. De Irrelevant ensive. Sensato. infantil Fiable
madera e Comprensi
vo.

· Algunos prefijos negativos.

Dis- Il- Im- In- Ir- Non- Un-

Dishonest. Illegal. Impolite. Invisible. Irregular. Non- Unthinkabl

e
Deshonesto Ilegal. Mal Invisible. Irregular. smoker. Impensable
educado. No
fumador.

· Algunos prefijos de los más usados.

Anti- Over- Pre- Semi- Super- Post- Under

Antibiotic Overdos Predictabl Semiprof Superna Postpone Undermi

. e e e t . n
Antibiótic Sobredosis . ssional. ural. Posponer. e
o Predecible. Semiprofe Supernat Socavar.
93
sional.

ural.
94
GENITIVO SAJÓN
· Es una construcción especial que se utiliza para indicar posesión.
La estructura del genitivo sajón es: Poseedor + ‘s + cosa
poseída.

· Normalmente la utilizamos con personas y rara vez con objetos.

Añadir apóstrofo y una “s “es la regla Peter’s bike.

general. La bici de Pedro.

Acabados en s, como nombre propio Pits’ car.

añade sólo “ ’ ”. El coche de Pit.

Plurales irregulares no terminados en A men’s club.

“s” o “-es” siguen la regla general. Un club para hombres.

Más de un sujeto. My brother and sister’s friends.

Los amigos de mi hermano y de mi
hermana.
My brother’s and sister’s
friends.
Los amigos de mi hermano y las
amigas de mi hermana.

Algunas expresiones. A day’s break.

Un descanso de un día.
Today’s paper.

El periódico de hoy.
The car’s engine.

El motor del coche.

A stone’s throw.

A tiro de piedra.

Casas y tiendas. I went to my sister’s

Fui casa de mi hermana.
She was at the baker’s.

Estaba en la panadería.

Tiendas, hospitales e iglesias. He goes to his friend’s.

95
 Él va a casa de su amigo.

He got married in Sant

Louis’.
Él se casó en la Iglesia de San Luis.

I was at the dentist’s.

Yo estaba en el dentista.

Los plurales regulares acabados en “s” A girls’ school.

sólo añaden el apóstrofo. Una escuela de chicas.
96
1) This is the .............., isn't it?
a - Balls' boys
b - Boys' the
ball c - Boys'
ball
2) La casa de Manoli.
a - House's
manoli b -
Manoli's house
c - The manoli's house
3) El coche de mi amigo.
a - The my friend's
car b - My friend's
car
c - Car's my friend
4) La casa de los Torres.
a - The Torres'
house b - Torres'ss
house
c - The house of Torres'
5) Las obras de Cervantes.
a - Cervantes'
works b -
Cervante's works
c - The cervantes's works
6) El teorema de Pitágoras.
a - Pythagoras's the therom
b - The pythagora's
theorem c - Pythagoras's
theorem
7) La madre de mi suegra.
a - My mother-in-law's mother
b - My mother's- in- law mother
c - My mother's-in -law's mother
8) Vamos a casa de Clemente.
a - We are going to Clemente's
b - We are going to the Clemente's
c - We are going to Clementes
9) Ella está en la pelu.
a - She's at the hairdresser's
b - She is at hairdresser
c - She is the hairdresser
97
Soluciones

1. C 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. A 8. A 9.
A
98
EL ARTÍCULO INDETERMINADO

Los artículos preceden y detreminan a los sustantivos.

· Su traducción es “un”, “una”. Tiene dos formas “a” y “an”.

· Es invariable en género y número, por lo tanto la misma forma sirve

para masculino y femenino. Carece de plural. Se suele usar “some”
para expresar el significado de unos.

· “A” se emplea con palabras que comienzan por sonido consonántico.

· “An” va con las que comienzan por sonido vocálico.

· Las palabras que comienzan por “h” muda como honest, llevan “an”.

· Las palabras que comienzan por semiconsonantes como “university”

llevan “a”.

· Hace las misma funciones que el artículo español. Designa personas y

cosas.

· Se puede usar con el sentido de “ un tal”

There is a Mr. Pérez waiting for you.

Hay un tal señor Pérez esperándote.

A AN

A house. An apple.
Una casa. Una manzana.

A car. An hour.
Un coche. Una hora.

A university. An honest person.

Una universidad. Una persona honrada.

A uniform. An honor.
Un uniforme. Un honor.

A union. An umbrella.
99
Un sindicato. Un paraguas.

A European. An MP.
Un europeo. Un miembro del Parlamento.

Acompaña a ciertos números y A hundred.

expresiones de cantidad. Cien.
A couple of hours.

Un par de horas.

Para indicar el precio de las cosas. It is 10 euros a kilo..

Cuesta 10 euros el kilo.

Usamos “a” o “an” cuando es la The woman had a nice house near
the
primera vez que hablamos de un beach. La mujer tenía una bonita casa
objeto. cerca de la playa.

Cuando la referencia no está clara. I want a book but I don’t want

an
English book.
Quiero comprar un libro pero no quiero
un libro inglés.

Con profesiones, religiones, e ideas I am a lawyer and he is a nurse.

políticas. Yo soy abogado y ella es enfermera.
He is a Catholic and I am a Jew.

Él es católico y yo soy judío.

He was a socialist and now he
is a
conservative. Él era socialista y
ahora es
conservador.

Con enfermedades. Last week I had a terrible cold.

La semana pasada tuve un resfriado
horrible.
My wife has a toothache.

A mi mujer le duele un diente

Con expresiones. As a rule.

Por regla general.
100
 On a diet.
A dieta.

Con exclamaciones. What a pretty woman.

Qué mujer más guapa!

Con adverbios. Once a year.

Una vez al año.

· “A” puede ser cambiado por “one” en algunos casos.

One morning I saw him here.

Una mañana le vi aquí.
101
EL ARTÍCULO DETERMINADO THE
· Es parte invariable de la oración y va tanto con nombres en singular
como con nombres en plural. Se puede traducir por: el, la los y las.
Tiene dos pronunciaciones según vaya precediendo a vocales o
consonantes.

The girl. The girls. The car. The cars.

La chica. Las chicas. El coche. Los coches.

USOS
Ríos. The Nile.
El río Nilo.

Mares. The Black Sea.

El mar Negro.
The Atlantic Ocean.

El Océano Atlántico.

Montañas. The Alps.

Los Alpes.

Islas. The Canary Islands.

Las Islas Canarias.

Desiertos. The Sahara.

El desierto del Sahara.

Países en plural. The Netherlands.

Los Países Bajos.

Cosas únicas. The Universe.

El Universo.

The Sun.
El Sol.

The Moon.
La luna.
102
 The Earth.
La Tierra.

Con instrumentos musicales. I play the piano.

Yo toco el violín.

Junto a un adjetivo hace referencia a The blind.

un colectivo, a un tipo de personas. Los ciegos.
The rich.

Los ricos.
The poor.

Los pobres.
The British.

Los británicos.

Con los superlativos. Water is in my opinion the best

drink.
El agua es en mi opinión la
mejor
bebida.

También con algunas expresiones. He was in the navy.

Él estuvo en la marina.
The police.

La policía.
I went to the Post Office.

Yo fui a la oficina de correos.

They were in the radio this
morning.
Ellos estuvieron en la radio ésta
mañana.
I went to the cinema last Sunday.

Yo fui al cine el pasado domingo.

I have spent very good moments
in
the theatre.
Yo he pasado muy buenos momentos
en el teatro.

Con fechas se lee pero no se escribe. 30th November is my birthday.

El día treinta de noviembre es my
103
 cumpleaños. Esto debe leerse
November the thirtieth o the
thirtieth of November.

Con algunas palabras modifica el In hospital.

significado En el hospital. (hospitalizado)
Bed, class, court , college, church, In the hospital.
hospital, market prison, university,
,
town. En el hospital. (de visita)

Junto a las palabras Republic, State, The United Kingdom.

Kingdom. El Reino Unido.
The Arab Republic.

La República Árabe.

Con cosas únicas. The moon isn’t red.

La luna no es roja.

Con contables en singular hace The orange is an excellent fruit.

referencia a la totalidad. La naranja es una excelente fruta.

Con los adjetivos pasa lo mismo. The rich also cry.

Los ricos también lloran.
The blind.

Los ciegos.

Con apellidos. The Barrymore.

Los Barrimore
The Parker.

Los Parker.

NO SE UTILIZA

Con días de la semana. I play tennis on Monday.

Yo juego al tenis los lunes.

Meses. In July I go to San Juan beach.

En el mes de julio voy a la playa de
San Juan.
104
Estaciones y fiestas. Easter is a great holiday.
Pascua es una gran fiesta.

Idiomas. Italian is very romantic.

El italiano es muy romántico.

Meses, estaciones, semanas, años. On Monday

El lunes
Colores. Red is my favourite colour.
El color rojo es mi color favorito.

Deportes, actividades y juegos. Swimming is good for you.

La natación es buena para ti.
I don’t play cards.

Yo no juego a las cartas.

Comidas. Lunch, breakfast and supper are

the
meals of the day.
La comida, el desayuno y la cena son
las comidas del día.

Expresiones. At night.
Por la noche.
At dawn.

Al anochecer.
At sunrise.

Al amanecer.

Cuando nos referimos al sentido Wine is good for you.

general de algo. El vino es bueno para ti.
The wine from Pinoso is the best.

El vino de Pinoso es el mejor.

Con las partes del cuerpo. Wash your hair.

Lávate el pelo.

Canales hechos por el hombre. Suez canal.

El canal de Suez

Con las palabras “bed”, “school”, He is in bed.

105
“hospital”, “prison”, college”, El está en cama.
“university”.
Con las comidas. I have lunch at home.
Como en casa.

Con “ver la tele”. I never watch TV.

Nunca veo la tele.
Con personas. Doctor Ferreira no The doctor
Ferreira.
El doctor Ferreira.
106
1) He.........
boy. a - An
b - The
c - That
2) Today I
ate..........apple. a -
An
b-A
c - Any
3) My sister
is ..........doctor. a -
An
b-A
c - Something
4) Mr. García
is...........honest man. a - A
b - An
c - Both
5) I like
drinking .........coke.
a - An
b-A
c - Many
6) Is he
........architect? a
-A
b - An
c - Little
7) Is
Salinas............big
city? a - A
b - An
c - These
8) I went to the swimming
pool.......hour ago. a - An
b-Ac
- The
9) He
has ........cat.
a - An
b-A
c - Many
10) I want to be
........lawyer. a - Some
b-A
c - An
11) Do you like .......English
language?
107
 a-A
b - The
c - Some
12) He's ........engineer.
a - An
b-A
c - Some
13) I would like to be ........lawyer.
a-A
b - An
c - Some
14) What ........................relief to get
rid of him.
a - An
b-A
c - Some
15) They only cost 30 euros
...........hour.
a - An
b-A
c - The
16) I never listen to...radio at night.
a-Ab
- The
c--
17) .......moon goes round the
Earth. a - A
b-
The c
--
18) My father-in-law likes
watching......TV. a - A
b-
The c
--
19) Why don't you
eat..........breakfast? a - A
b-
The c
--
20) Tabarca is........island near
Santa Pola. a - The
b-A
c - An
21) Tomás lives
in........country. a - The
108
 b--
c-A
22) Before......lunch we played
ATAJOS. a - The
b--
c-A
23) .......capital of Spain is
Madrid. a - The
b--
c-A
24) ...........Vinalopó is the only river
we have. a - -
b-
The c
-A
25) ........USA is a very big
country. a - -
b-
The c
-A
26) I would like to live
near........sea. a - -
b-
The c
-A
27) .......wine is good if you drink
properly. a - -
b-
The c
-A
28) ........wine from Rioja is my
favourite. a - -
b-
The c
-A
29) ......policemen have a
hard life. a - The
b--
c-A
30) My mother-in-law is always
with........telephone in hand. a - The
b-A
c--
31) I didn't learn to play .......guitar in
don Emilio's. a - -
b - The
109
 c-A
32) .............rich
also cry. a - -
b-Ac
- The
33) ......French drink more wine than
we do. a - -
b-A
c – The

34) ......women like going to the hairdresser more

than men. a - -
b-
The c
-A
35) Pepe had an accident so he is
in ......hospital. a - -
b-
The c
-A
36) I went to.......hospital to vist my friend Enrique who had
a heart attack. a - The
b--
c-A
37) Sarah goes to......church every Sunday
with my wife. a - -
b-
The c
-A
38) He was in........prison because he
killed a cat. a - -
b-Ac
- The
39) I studied at......Alicante University wih
Bryn Moody. a - -
b-
The c
-A
40) Vladi has gone
to........work now. a - The
b-A
c--
41) I prefer to
stay...........home. a -
The
b-A
110
 c--
42) Before .......work we go
running.
a-A
b--
c - The
111
Soluciones

1. B 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. B 7. A 8. A 9. B 10. B
11. B 12. A 13. A 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. C 19. C 20. C
21. A 22. B 23. A 24. B 25. B 26. B 27. A 28. B 29. B 30. A
31. B 32. C 33. C 34. A 35. A 36. A 37. A 38. A 39. A 40. C
41. C 42. B
112
BOTH, ALL, NONE, NEITHER, EITHER,
EACH, EVERY, NO.

Both. Both Peter and Sarah like confetti.

Ambos. Tanto a Pedro como a Sara les gustan los confetis.
We both like jazz.

A los dos nos gusta el jazz.

Both of the children have been to Paris.

Los dos niños han estado en París.

The children have both been to Paris.

Los dos niños han estado en París.

Give me both.

Dame los dos.

Both….and. I like both the film and the book.
Tanto como. Me gusta tanto la película como el libro.

Both of them. Both of them are happy.

Ellos dos. Los dos son felices.

Neither. Neither of them came to my party.

Ninguno.
Ni. Ninguno de los dos vino a mi fiesta.
-I don’t like coffe.

A mí no me gusta el café.
-Neither do I.

Ni a mí tampoco.

Either....or. Either you come with me or go with him.

O…..o.
O vienes conmigo o vas con él.

Neither....nor. I like neither coffee nor tea.

Ni….ni. No me gusta ni el té ni el café.

All. All the students were happy after the exam.

Todos. Más de Todos los estudiantes estaban contentos después del
dos. examen.

None. None of my friends wanted to buy my car.

113
Ninguno. Más de Ninguno de mis amigos quiso comprar mi coche.
dos
Most. Most of them are from Canada.
La mayoría, la Los dos son de Canadá.
mayor parte.

Each. Each student must buy a dictionary.

Cada uno. Cada estudiante debe comprar un diccionario.

Every. y Every citizen paid the taxes.

Todos
cada uno Todos los ciudadanos pagaron los impuestos.

No. Nada. I have no money now.

Ahora no tengo dinero.
114
LOS ADJETIVOS.
· Los adjetivos tiene la misión de modificar al sustantivo y normalmente
le preceden.

A red car.
Un coche rojo.

A beautiful woman.
Una mujer guapa.

· Al ser en inglés parte invariable, sólo tiene una forma para masculino,
femenino, singular y plural.

I have a red car.

Yo tengo un coche rojo.

She has a red dress.

Ella tiene un vestido rojo.

My daughter wears red shoes.

Mi hija lleva zapatos rojos.

They have red skirts.

Ellas tienen faldas rojas.

USOS
Detrás de los verbos copulativos: be, She is nice.
look, sound, t a s t e, appear, seem, Ella es agradable.
get , feel, stay, fall, etc. You look beautiful.

Tú tienes buen aspecto.

He feels strong.

Él se siente fuerte.

Algunos adjetivos siempre llevan I am interested in politics.

preposición. A mí me interesa la política.

Los participios de presente y pasado He is tired.

pueden hacer las veces de adjetivos. El está cansado.
He is tyring.
115
 El cansa. (es un pesado)

Los adjetivos que se colocan delante A beautiful song.

de los sustantivos se llaman Una canción bonita.
atributivos.

Principal, sheer, chief y main. son The main road is closed today.
atributivos. La carretera principal está cerrada
hoy.

Afraid, awake, asleep, ashamed, She is still alive.

upset , alive, alone, asleep son Ella está todavía viva.
predicativos y van detrás.

El significado de l a t e y early We caught an early plane to

depende London.
de su posición. Cogimos un vuelo temprano para
Londres.
They were early at the party.

Ellos llegaron temprano a la fiesta.

· Algunos nombres pueden funcionar como adjetivos.

A gold chain.
Una cadena de oro.

A leather case.
Una maleta de piel.

· Muchos adjetivos son reconocibles por sus terminaciones.

-Y -Al -Ial -Ous -Ary -Ic

Happy. Profession Industrial. Famous. Voluntary. Economic.

al
Feliz. Profesional. Industrial. Famoso. Voluntario. Económico

-Ful -Ive -Ent - -Able -Ed -Less

Ible

Careful. Competiti Urgent. Legible. Profitabl Limited Useless.

v e. .
Cuidadoso. e Beneficioso.
116
 Competitivo. Urgente. Legible. Limitado. Inútil.

· Los siguientes prefijos indican lo contrario del adjetivo que acompañan.

Un- In- Dis- Il- Im- Ir-

Unhappy. Incompete Dishonest. Illegible. Impatient. Irregular.

n
Triste. t Deshonesto Ilegible. Impaciente Irregular.
Incompeten
te.

· Otros prefijos también nos indican que estamos delante de un adjetivo.

Auto- Bi- Extra- Hyper. Inter-

Automatic. Bisexual. Extraordina Hypersensiti Interchangeable

ry ve .
Automático Bisexual. Extraordinario Hipersensible Intercambiable.
.

Mono- Multi- Pre- Super- Ultra-

Monochrom Multilingual Predominan Superstitiou Ultrasonic.

. t. s.
e Multilingüe. Predominante Supersticioso. Ultrasónico.
Monocromo

· Los adjetivos pueden estar formados por dos palabras unidas por un
guión.

Top-quality.
De calidad suprema.

Tax-free.
Libre de impuestos.

· Cuando aparecen varios adjetivos en una frase el orden debe ser el

siguiente:

Opinión. Dimensiones. Color. Origen. Material.

Cheap. New. Blue. French. Plastic.

Barato. Nuevo. Azul. Francés. Plástico.
117
Cualidad. Tamaño. Forma. Edad. Color.

Famous. Big. Round. Old. Blue.

Famoso. Grande. Redondo. Viejo. Azul.

118
LA COMPARACIÓN CON ADJETIVOS
· Puede ser de igualdad, inferioridad y superioridad.

IGUALDAD

As... As. I am as tall as you are.

Tan como. Yo soy tan alto como tú.
En los puntos va el adjetivo.
So.....as. He is not so intelligent as his
brother
No tan como. Mike.
Él no es tan listo como su hermano
Miguel.

· Los monosiíabos y bisílabos añaden “-er” en el comparativo.

· Los monosílabos acabados en una consonante precedida de una única

vocal, duplican la consonante. Como en fat . Fatter .

· Si acaban en “-y” se sustituye por “i”.

GRADO POSITIVO COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO

Tall. Taller. The tallest.

Alto. Más alto. El más alto
He is taller than you.

Él es más alto que tú.

Big. Bigger . The biggest.

Grande. Más grande. El más grande.
My car is bigger than

yours.
Mi coche es más grande
que el tuyo.

Happy. Happier. The happiest

Feliz. Más feliz. El más feliz.
119
 He is happier now.
Él es más feliz ahora.

· Algunos adjetivos de dos sílabas y todos los que tiene más de dos usan
more ...than y the most.

GRADO POSITIVO COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO

Comfortable. More comfortable. The most

comfortable.
Cómodo. Más cómodo. El más cómodo.

Interesting. More interesting. The most interesting.

Interesante. Más interesante. El más interesante.

COMPARATIVO

“-Er”. I am taller now.

Ahora soy más alto.

More….than. It is more interesting than the

film.
Es más interesante que la película.

Comparativo + and + I am getting fatter and fatter.

comparativo.
Cada vez me estoy poniendo más
gordo.

The+comparativo,the + The richer, the sillier.

comparativo. Cuanto más rico, más tonto.

SUPERLATIVO

The .....est con adjetivos de una o The richest people in Elda.

dos
silabas. Los más ricos de Elda.
Se utiliza in para lugares y periodos
de
tiempo.
The + most + adjetivo con los de The most beautiful girl in town.
dos o
120
más silabas. La chica más guapa del pueblo.

COMPARATIVO DE INFERIORIDAD

Less + adj + than. She is less intelligent than Rose.

Ella es menos inteligente que Rosa.

The least + adjetivo indican The least important of all his

novels.
inferioridad. La menos importante de sus novelas.

GRADO POSITIVO COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO

Busy. Less busy. The least busy.

Ocupado. Menos ocupado. El menos ocupado.

LOS IRREGULARES
· Algunos hacen la comparación de forma irregular y no siguen reglas
concretas.
Good. Better. The best.
Bueno. Mejor. El mejor

Bad. Worse. The worst.

Malo. Peor. El peor.

Little. Less. The least.

Poco. Menos. El menos.

Much / Many. More. The most.

Mucho. Más. El más.

Far. Farther. The farthest.

121
Lejos. Más lejos. Lo más lejano.

Old. Elder. The eldest.

Viejo. Más viejo. El más viejo.

· Elder y eldest se utilizan cuando hacemos referencia a miembros de una

misma familia.
My sister Berta is elder than me.
Mi hermana Berta es mayor que yo.
122
1) This is
......than this? a
- Long
b – Longer
c - Longest
2) How.............are you?
a - Tall
b - Talling
c - Tallest
3) Isabel is ...........................than last year.
a - The thinnest
b - Thiner
c - Thinner
4) Everybody says that Jorge is ..............................than his
brother.
a - More clever
b - The more clever
c - The most clever
5) Alicante is .......................................................than
Elda.
a - Hotting
b - Hottest
c - Hotter
6) I am .............................teacher here.
a - The oldest
b - Older
c - Olderest
7) This park is ...............................................than the one
in Almagro.
a - Nicer
b - Niceer
c - Nicest
8) This sweater is ...........................................than the one we
saw yesterday.
a - Old-fashionest
b - Old-fashionedest
c - More old-fashion
9) A Mercedes is .....................................than a Seat
Marbella.
a - Most expensive
b - More expensive
c - Expensiver
10) He's ......................................................than he was a
year ago.
a - Healthier
b - Healthiest
 c - Healthiere
11) Do you think English is ..............................than
French?
123
 a - More difficult
b - The most difficult
c - Difficulter
12) He eats a lot - he's getting ......................
a - Fatting
b - Fatter
c - Fattest
13) I think that Pilar is ..................................than Manoli.
a - More mature
b - The most mature
c - More maturest
14) He was the..................person I have ever met.
a - The most dishonest
b - More dishonet
c - Most dishonest
15) My mother was getting ................
a - Redder and redder
b - The more redest
c - Most red
16) A bed is ..........................a sofa.
a - More comfortable than
b - The more comfortable
c - The comfortablest
17) I think that Harry Potter's books
are .....................................than the films.
a - More interesting
b - The most interesting
c - Interestinger
18) Have you got a ........................size?
a - Biggest
b - Bigger
c - Biger
19) My exam was ..........................................than I had
thought.
a - Badder
b - Badding
c - Worse
20) Now I have ...............................time than when I was
single.
a - Less
b - Lesser
c - Mucher
21) My neighbour María is ................................now that she has
a new kitchen.
a - Hapiest
124
 b - Happier
c - Happyer

22) This exercise is .......................................than the previous

one.
a - Easier
b - Easyer
c - Easiest
23) Mari Carmen is ........................................than her sister.
a - Politest
b - More polite
c - The more polite
24) It is .....................................to walk after having dinner.
a - Better
b - The good
c - The gooder
25) When I was young Agustina was the
.......................................swimmer in Elda.
a - Fastest
b - Fatesr
c - The ffasterest
26) Sarah is ..........................................in the class.
a - Tallest
b - The tallest
c - The taller
27) Paco was the................................of my friends.
a - Craziest
b - Crazier
c - Crasiest
28) This is ........................................book I have ever read.
a - The goodest
b - The bester
c - The best
29) Barcelona is .....................................than Madrid.
a - Farer
b - Farest
c - Further
30) You should eat ....................................chocolate.
a - Littler
b - Less
c - Littlest
31) Home.......home.
a - Good
125
 b - Sweet
c - Nice
32) I was ..........cross
with him. a - So
b - As
c - The
33) Do you have to have the
music ..........loud? a - As
b - So
c - Some
34) He's the ...........person
I know. a - Meanest
b - Mean
c - Meaner
35) You'll need it when it gets ..........
a - Coldest
b - Colder
c - Colding
36) I'd ............say goodbye to
you now. a - Good
b - Better
c - Best
37) I don't mind, .......................the hours are reasonable and
the pay is good. a - Long so
b - As long
as c - As long
So
38) That
sounds .........................
! a - Exciteing
b - Exciting
c - Excite
39) He is as
busy ............a bee. a -
So
b - The
c - As
40) That is the ............compliment you can pay to a
girl like her. a - Great
b - Greater
c - Greatest
41) So they have the ............of
both worlds. a - Best
b - Betteer
126
 c - Goodest
42) The ..........he starts Spanish lessons the better.
a - Soon
b - Soonest
c - Sooner
43) They are ............than pears.
a - Big
b - Biggest
c - Bigger
44) I was .................sorry that I felt ashamed.
a - So
b - As
c - So as
45) Everything is ........wonderful in Spain!!
a - So
b - As
c - As so
46) The place I was the museum of Moder
enjoyed ............. Art.
a - Most
b - More
c - Little
47) This quick test than the one we did
is................. yesterday.
a - Easiest
b - Easier
c - More easy
48) My mother's dress than my aunt's.
is.......................
a - Longer
b - The longest
c - More long
49) Loli was ill, but now
she ...........................
a - Looks best
b - Looks better
c - Is best
50) You have to be when you use this.
much .....................
a - More careful
b - Carefuler
c - Carefulest
51) The Vinalopó river in Elda.
is ....................
a - The longest
b - Longer than
c - Longest than
127
52) Many people say Barcelona football team is .............than
Real Madrid.
a - Better
b - Best
c - Good
53) This pullover is too big. I need a ...........one.
a - Smallest
b - More small
c - Smaller
54) All these children are nice, but ours are ................
a - Niecerest
b - Nicer
c - Nicest
55) I think he is the ......................in the class.
a - Good
b - Better
c – Best

56) I think that "The Pillars of the Earth " is .........book I have
read in my life.
a - The best
b - Best than
c - The better
57) This film is ........I have ever seen in my life.
a - Baddest
b - The worst
c - The most bad
58) What a pity he is in Almeria. I wish he lived ...............
a - Most near
b - Nearer
c - Nearest
59) She is very pretty but my girlfriend is ........
a - Prettier
b - Prettiest
c - The pretty
60) I am .............tall as Paco Cabrera.
a - As
b - So
c - So as
61) I am .............than last year.
a - More and more
fat b - More fat
c - Fatter
128
62) You'd ..........buy a
better car. a - Best
b - Better
c - Good
63) My .......sister is
married. a - Older
b - Elder
c - Oldesr
64) Novelda is.......than
Monóvar. a - Far
b - Further
c - Furthest
65) Pepe is .......rich as
Manolo. a - So
b - As
c - Than
66) I am not......tall as a basketball
player. a - As
b - So
c - Than
67) The.........of a party is having to tidy
the house. a - Bad
b - Worse
c - Worst
68) She is.................now than when
she was 28. a - Prettyer
b - Prettier
c - Prittier
69) There are...............books in Martin
Fierro for us. a – Most expensive
b - Expensive
c - Expensiver
70) You must buy these……….. pills.
a - Good
b - Gooder
c – The good
71) She loves ...........
a - Tall
b – The tallest
c - Tallerst
72) They drank..........................bottle of
whisky.
129
 a - The most expensive
b - Expensiver
c – The expensiver
73) They said he was a ...................teacher.
a - Bored
b - Boring
c - Borerst
74) I was .....................because the film was
boring.
a - Boring
b - Borest
c - Bored
75) In a couple we will be .........
a - Richer
b – The rich
c - Riching
76) They serve ..................coffee in town.
a - Badder b
- Gooder c –
The worst
77) There are always ……….................. trees in
the park.
a - Greener
b - Greenest
c – Gren

78) All the Chinese have .................smiles.

a – Lovelier
b - Lovely
c - Lovlyest
79) Peter felt ..................of what he had
done.
a - Ashamed
b - Ashamer
c - Ashamest
80) The porter is a..................man.
a - Happier
b - Happiest
c - Happy
81) Felipe was the....................President.
a - Form
b - Formerst
c - Former
82) His .....................brother works in Perú.
130
 a - Elder
b - Old
c - Older
83) The ..................part of the book is not
good.
a - Major
b - May
c - Most of
84) He is a lonely man, he feels............
a - Aoner
b - Alone
c - Alonest
85) Parents are happy when their children
are..............
a - Aleppest
b - Aslepper
c - Asleep
86) Sometimes she drives me.............
a - Madder
b - Mad
c - Madest
87) I found a ................bottle on the beach.
a - Broker
b - Brokenest
c - Broken
131
Soluciones

1. B 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. A
11. A 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. A 16. A 17. A 18. B 19. C 20. A
21. B 22. A 23. B 24. A 25. A 26. B 27. A 28. B 29. C 30. B
31. B 32. A 33. B 34. A 35. B 36. B 37. B 38. B 39. C 40. C
41. A 42. C 43. C 44. A 45. A 46. A 47. B 48. A 49. B 50. A
51. A 52. A 53. C 54. B 55. C 56. A 57. B 58. B 59. A 60. A
61. C 62. B 63. B 64. B 65. B 66. B 67. C 68. B 69. B 70. A
71. B 72. A 73. B 74. C 75. A 76. C 77. A 78. B 79. A 80. C
81. C 82. A 83. A 84. B 85. C 86. B 87. C
132
LAS PREPOSICIONES
· Aunque la gramática inglesa es bastante simple, tiene partes que
presentan cierta dificultad como las preposiciones. Por ejemplo, para
decir “en”, se pueden emplear “in” , “on” y “at ”. Por lo tanto se les
debe prestar mucha atención.

AT

Puntos concretos. We stopped at the zoo.

Paramos en el zoo.
He was at the station.

Él estaba en la estación.
I was at home and my wife was at a meeting.

Yo estaba en casa y mi mujer estaba en una

reunión.

Cafés y restaurantes We'll eat at MacDonald's, in San Juan Beach.

Comeremos en el MacDonald’s de la Playa de San
Juan.

Sitios donde se estudia I was at school and then at university later on I

worked
o trabaja. at IBM.
Fui al colegio, luego a la universidad y
después
trabajé en IBM.

Nombres de He was at a meeting, then at the theatre and

later at
actividades de grupo a concert and at a lecture, afterwards at a
match
and finally at the cinema.
Él estaba en una reunión, luego fue al teatro,

después a un concierto y a una conferencia,

después a un partido y, finalmente, al cine.

Con el número de la I lived at 35 Príncipe de Asturias.

calle Yo vivía en la calle Príncipe de Asturias 35.

Horas I wake up at six.

Me levanto a las seis.
Navidad y Pascua At Christmas I buy many presents and at
Easter I go to
133
 the beach.
En Navidad compro muchos regalos y en Pascua voy
a la playa.

Expresiones At present I’m reading a novel.

Ahora estoy leyendo una novela.
He died at the age of 81.

Él falleció a la edad de 81 años.

At night. At sunrise. At noon. At sunset.

Por la noche. Al amanecer Al mediodia Al atardecer

At first sight. At midnight. At this At last.

moment.
A primera vista. Al mediodia En este momento. Al fín.

At the bus-stop. At the office. At the top. At work.

En la parada del En la oficina. En la parte de En el trabajo.
autobús. arriba.

At the station. At least. At the

bottom.
En la estación. Al menos. En la parte de
abajo.

Otros. It was love at first sight.

Fue amor a primera vista.
She is always at home.

Ella siempre está en casa.

At least it is a very good book.

Al menos es un buen libro.

At present they are working a lot.

En este momento están trabajando mucho.

They were at war.
134
 Ellos estuvieron en guerra.

The boss is at work

El jefe está trabajando.

· ON

Algo que está tocando We have a house on the river.

o cercano a una línea, Tenemos una casa al lado del río.
o algo parecido a una Benidorm is on the coast.
línea.
Benidorm está en la costa.
Elche is on the road to Murcia.

Elche está en la carretera de Murcia.

Cuando algo está The keys are on the table.

tocando una Las llaves están en la mesa.
superficie. They fish on the lake.

Ellos pescan en el lago.

The new picture is on the wall.

El nuevo cuadro está en la pared.

Con transportes I saw her on the plane/on the train/on the

bus.
públicos, caballos, Yo la vi en el avión, tren, autobús.
motos y bicicletas.
Con pisos. I live on the second floor.
Yo vivo en el segundo piso.

Días. I study French on Monday.

Yo estudio francés los lunes.
On St. Valentine’s many people buy
diamonds.
El día de San Valentín mucha gente compra
diamantes.

Expresiones. The train arrived on time.

135
 El tren llegó en punto.
He is on a business trip.

Está de viaje de negocios.

The soldier is on duty.

El soldado está de servicio.

He came on foot.

Vino a pie.
The house is still on sale.

La casa está todavía en venta.

On the other hand, I don’t like it.

Por otra parte no me gusta.

On the whole, It was a very good play.

En resumidas cuentas, fue una buena obra.

Páginas. On page 26 you will find the exercises.

En la página 26 encontraréis los ejercicios.

· IN

Cuando algo está My friends are in the cuartelillo.

dentro de algo. Mis amigos están en el cuartelillo.
The bottles are in the fridge.

Las botellas están en la nevera.

Con países. I live in Spain.

Yo vivo en España.

Con regiones. They are in the Sahara.

Ellos están en el desierto del Sahara.

Con grandes islas. We spent the summer in the Canary islands.

Ellos pasaron el verano en las Islas Canarias.

Partes del cuerpo. I have a pain in my stomach.

Me duele la barriga.

Con coche, taxi y I saw him in a new Mercedes.

136
avioneta. Yo le vi en un nuevo Mercedes.

Con algunos lugares. In bed.

En cama
In hospital.

En el hospital.
In court.

En el juzgado.
In church.

En la iglesia.
In prison.

En la cárcel.

Nombres de calles. I lived in Onesimo Redondo street.

Yo viví en la calle Onésimo Redondo.

Partes del día I read the paper in the morning.

Yo por las mañanas leo el periódico.

Meses. I got married in October.

Yo me casé en el mes de Octubre.

Años. I met my wife in 1982.

Conocí a mi mujer en el año 1982.

Estaciones. I go to San Juan beach in summer.

Voy a la playa de San Juan en verano.

Siglos. In he l9th century people did not wear jeans.

En el siglo XIX la gente no llevaba pantalones
vaqueros.

Períodos de tiempo. Spain was very rich in the Middle Ages.

España era muy rica en la Edad Media.

Expresiones. He is always in a hurry.

Siempre tiene prisa.
In any case, you can come.

De cualquier manera puedes venir.

137
He was in danger.
Estuvo en peligro.

They are in love

Están enamorados.

Everything is in order.
Todo está en orden.

In other words, I love you.

En otras palabras, te quiero.

I will tell you in private.

Te lo diré en privado.

She was in tears

Estaba llorando.

138
PREPOSICIONES MAS USADAS.
Aboard. I was aboard a yatch.
A bordo. Estuve a bordo de un yate.

About. I was talking about music.

Sobre. Estuve hablando de música.

Above. Above all I love my family.

Por encima de. Quiero a mi familia por encima de todo.

Across. I walked across the park.

A través de. Caminé a través del parque.

After. After the meeting I went to the doctor.

Después. Después de la reunión fui al médico.

Against. It was against the public opinion.

Contra. Todo fue en contra de la opinión pública.

Along. I found many good people along the way.

A lo largo de. Me encontré mucha buena gente a lo largo del
camino.

Among. I found a letter among the books.

Entre. Entre los libros encontré una carta.

Around. I travelled around the world.

Alrededor de. Viajé alrededor del mundo.

At. I was at the zoo.

En. Estuve en el zoo.

Before. Before eating I read the press.

Antes de. Antes de comer leo el periódico.

Behind. There was a mouse behind the door.

Detrás de. Había un ratón detrás de la puerta.

Below. The temperatures were below zero.

Por debajo de. Las temperaturas estaban por debajo de cero.

139
Beside. I was beside the Mayor at the table.
Al lado de. Estuve al lado del alcalde en la mesa.

Between. Between you and me there is magic.

Entre (2). Entre tú y yo hay magia.

Beyond. I live beyond the road.

Mas allá de. Vivo más allá de la carretera.

By. “Hamlet” was written by Shakespeare.

Por. Shakespeare escribió Hamlet .
I always travel by plane.

Siempre viajo en avión.

He comes everyday by bus

Él viene todos los días en autobús.

He did it by chance.

Lo hizo por casualidad.

By far he is the best.

Él es el mejor con mucho.

You must learn this by heart

Debes aprenderte esto de memoria.

He did it by mistake.

Lo hizo por error.

He got me by surprise.

Me cogió por sorpresa.

Down. Go down the street.

Abajo. Ve calle abajo.

During. During the summer I have a great time.

Durante. Durante el verano me lo paso muy bien.

Except. Except for the price, I like it very much.

Excepto. Excepto por el precio me gusta mucho.

For. I have lived in this flat for 20 years.

140
Durante, desde, hace. He vivido en este piso durante veinte años.

From. From June to September I go swimming to the

salt
Desde. lake.
Desde Junio a Septiembre voy a nadar al lago de
sal.

In front of. She was sittting in front of me.

Delante de. Estaba sentada delante de mí.

In. I was in Greece in 1992.

En. Estuve en Grecia en el año 1992.

Into. I went into a taxi.

En, Subí a un taxi.
Dentro de.
Near. There was a disco near my house.
Cerca. Había una discoteca cerca de mi casa.

Next to. I live next to the theatre.

Al lado de. Vivo al lado del teatro.

Of. The son of Peter and Mary is tall.

De. El hijo de Pedro y María es alto.

Off. Tabarca is off the coast of Santa Pola.

En frente y separado. Tabarca está en frente de la costa de Santa Pola.

On. My keys are on the table.

En. (Sobre). Mis llaves están en la mesa.

Onto. I jumped onto the car.

En. (indica Salté sobre el coche.
movimiento)

Opposite. I live opposite the cinema

Enfrente de. Vivo enfrente del cine.

Out of. Please go out of the class.

Fuera de. Por favor sal fuera de clase.
He was out of control.

Estaba fuera de sí.

141
 At the moment he is out of work.
Ahora no tiene trabajo
Out of sight out of mind.

Ojos que no ven, corazón que no siente.

Over. There is a bridge over the Vinalopó river.
Sobre. Hay un puente sobre el río Vinalopó.

Past. I walk past your house in the morning.

Por al lado de. Paso por al lado de tu casa por la mañana.

Round. We went round the park.

Alrededor. Fuimos alrededor del parque.

Since. She hasn’ t written to me since last January.

Desde. No me ha escrito desde el pasado mes de Enero.

Through. He came in through the gate.

A través de. Entró a través de la puerta.

Till. Til now I’ve lived in Monovar.

Hasta. Hasta ahora yo he vivido en Monóvar.

To. I go to Sax every Saturday.

A. Voy a Sax cada Sábado.

Towards. The WC is towards the end.

Hacia. El aseo está hacia el final.

Under. The children are under the table.

Debajo de. Los niños están debajo de la mesa.

Until. Until I was ten, I lived in Petrel.

Hasta. Hasta que tuve diez años viví en Petrel.

Up. They are up the stairs.

Arriba Ellos están arriba de las escaleras.

Upon. It was upon a cushion.

Sobre Estaba sobre un cojín.
Once upon. One upon a time a little rabbit called
Perico….
Hace Érase una vez un pequeño conejo llamado Perico..
142
With. I was with him in the military service.
Con Estuve con él en “la mili”.

Within. It is within two kilometres.

Dentro de. Está antes de dos kilómetros.

Without. I can’t live without you.

Sin. Yo no puedo vivir sin ti.
143
· Existen en inglés una gran cantidad de adjetivos que siempre van
acompañados por una preposición.

To. With. About. At. Of. For.

Married Angry Worried Good at. Proud of. Ready for.

to. with.
Casado Enfadado about. Bueno en. Orgulloso de. Listo para.
con. con. Preocupado
por.

Polite to. Satisfied Sorry Bad at. Ashamed Suitable

about. of. for.
Educado with. Triste por. Malo en. Avergonzado Adecuado
con. Satisfecho de. para.
con.

Happy Surprised Afraid of.

with. at.
Feliz con. Sorprendido Temeroso de.
por.
144
1) I will meet her.................the station.
a - At
b - In
c - On
2) Please hang it................the wall.
a - On
b - At
c - In
3) This happened ...................Saturday.
a - On
b - In
c - At
4) ...................the past things were
different.
a - On
b - At
c - In
5) My grandmother was
always.................home.
a - At
b - In
c - On
6) You must change
................Albacete.
a - In
b - On
c - At
7) I prefer to stay ........the right hand
side.
a - In
b - On
c - At
8) Please look...............the mirror.
a - At
b - In
c - On
9) We live ...................the second floor.
a - In
b - On
c - At
10) Monforte is .................the road to
Alicante.
a - On
b - In
c - At
11) He always pays.................cash.
145
 a - On
b - In
c - At

12) Arenales del Sol

is .................the coast. a - On
b - In
c - At
13) He is very
good .............music. a - In
b - On
c - At
14) I will see
you........Monday. a - In
b - On
c - At
15) I saw
you............television.
a - In
b - On
c - At
16) I heard it........Radio
Elda. a - In
b - On
c - At
17) He is always ......a bad
mood. a - In
b - On
c - At
18) ......the moment things are very
different. a - In
b - At
c - On
19) .......Christmas we eat a lot of
nougats. a - In
b - At
c - On
20) ........Christmas day we eat
relleno. a - In
b - On
c - At
21) He was ........the Navy.
146
 a - In
b - On
c - At
22) They were......both sides of
the road. a - In
b - On
c - At
23) She drives ........full
speed. a - At
b - In
c - On
24) The house is ........good
condition. a - In
b - At
c - On
25) It was always........my
mind. a - In
b - On
c - At
26) My grandmother died........the
age of 80. a - At
b - In
c - On
27) ........present they are
very busy. a – In
b - On
c - At
28) Most people ............Elda prefer to go to
the beach. a - In
b - On
c - At
29) Please don't speak................the
same time. a - At
b - In
c - On
30) I don't
work............Sunday. a
- In
b - On
c - At
31) I wake
up.........8.00. a -
At
147
 b - In
c - On
32) Aida was
born.......1934. a - In
b - On
c - At
33) I
run..............nig
ht. a - In
b - On
c - At

34) My daughters play with

me .........home. a - In
b - On
c - At
35) I look at the
stars..................night. a -
At
b - In
c - On
36) My birthday is
.......November. a - On
b - In
c - At
37) The book is.......the
table. a - On
b - In
c - At
38) The coke is.........the
kitchen. a - In
b - On
c - At
39) I am writing .........the
blackboard. a - In
b - On
c - At
40) The chocalates are
............the box. a - On
b - At
c - In
41) I
am.................Spai
n. a - For
148
 b - From
c - Foreign
42) They are .............the theatre now.
a - At
b - On
c - In
43) The train arrives......................Victoria
station.
a - At
b - In
c - On
44) Please tell me..........................once.
a - In
b - At
c - On
45) I waited for half an hour, and
.......................last he came.
a - On
b - In
c - At
46) He is sitting...........................an armchair.
a - In
b - On
c - At
47) The picture is .......................the wall.
a - At
b - In
c - On
48) I put my hands ..................my pockets.
a - On
b - At
c - In
49) The shop is ........................Juan Carlos I
street.
a - In
b - At
c - On
50) We go to church ......................Sundays.
a - At
b - In
c - On
51) It is .............................the foot of the page.
a - At
b - On
149
 c - In
52) .....................my opinion, it is a very good
book.
a - In
b - At
c - On
53) He is...........................the garden.
a - On
b - In
c - At
54) I am living .................a hotel near here.
a - In
b - On
c - At
55) The milk's .......................................the
fridge.
a - In
b - At
c – On

56) They sat ...........................the wall.

a - On
b - At
c - In
57) They made the film ....................Petrel.
a - In
b - At
c - On
58) I saw them ......................................the
station.
a - In
b - At
c - On
59) Mary's not here - she's....................the
office.
a - On
b - In
c - At
60) They were sitting ............................the
floor.
a - In
b - On
c - At
61) The ham is...................................the shelf
in the kitchen.
a - On
b - In
150
 c - At
62) The
money's.....................................my
pocket.
a - At
b - On
c - In
63) They are
all......................................the garden.
a - At
b - In
c - On
64) The papers
are................................my desk.
a - In
b - At
c - On
65) They are
all.....................................the car.
a - On
b - At
c - In

66) He's
not..........................................work
today.
a - On
b - In
c - At

67) I'll see

you ........................................Monday.
a - In
b - At
c - On
68) I met him
.........................................the holidays.
a - At
b - In
c - On
69) I'll pick you
up..........................eight o'clock.
a - At
b - In
c - On
70) I'm going
home.................................four.
 a - On
b - In
c - At
71) They came to visit us ....................my
birthday.
a - In
151
 b - At
c - On
72) I can work ................the morning.
a - At
b - In
c - On
73) Did you have a good time
......................Christmas?
a - In
b - At
c - On
74) School finishes ..................................three
o'clock.
a - On
b - In
c - At
75) We arranged to meet ..........................Seven.
a - At
b - In
c - On
76) I'll meet you............................the station.
a - At
b - In
c - On
77) He's still..........................................school.
a - At
b - In
c - On
78) That picture....................the wall was painted by
Vladi Monzó.
a - In
b - At
c - On
79) He's................................................the building
somewhere.
a - On
b - At
c - In
80) You could phone me.....................work.
a - On
b - In
c - At
81) Why don't you stay........................home?
a - At
b - In
152
 c - On
82) He'll be...........................................prison
for robbery.
a - In
b - At
c - On
83) I'm studying
law..............................University.
a - In
b - On
c - At
84) Is
he...............................................hospital?
a - In
b - On
c - At
85) I'll see you......................................the
meeting tomorrow.
a - At
b - In
c - On
86) We're meeting...............................7.00 on
Tuesday.
a - At
b - On
c - In
87) We usually go .................................holiday to
Tabarca.
a - At
b - On
c - In
88) What are you
doing.........................Christmas?
a - On
b - In
c - At
89) I don't sleep much.............................night.
a - In
b - On
c - At
90) What about going to see 'Hamlet
"....................the 15th.
a - At
b - In
c - On
91) I’ll wait for you............the airport.
a - At
b - In
c - On
153
92) My wife is........the
kitchen. a - In
b - On
c - At
93) I was .......the
station. a - In
b - On
c - At
94) The water
is..........the fridge. a -
On
b - In
c - At
95) They are........the
floor. a - In
b - On
c - At
96) The book is
..........the table. a - In
b - On
c - At
97) My mother
is.........home. a - On
b - In
c - At
98) My house is..............the
road to Sax. a - In
b - On
c - At
99) I
work..................Ville
na. a - In
b - On
c – At

100) The TV is…

a - In
b - On
c - At
101) Come ........., let's go and watch TV.
a - On
b - In
c - At

154
102) Teresa's ...........the phone.
a - In
b - On
c - At
103) Please hurry .............
a - Down
b - In
c - Up
104) ...............last.
a - At
b - In
c - On
105) Hold ......................a moment.
a - In
b - At
c - On
106) It's always better to try new
clothes ..........
a - On
b - In
c - At
107) .........cash.
a - In
b - On
c - At
108) ..............credit card.
a - By
b - With
c - In
109) I have to be..............home. I must study.
a - At
b - In
c - On
110) Would you like to come ............a concert
with me?
a - To
b - From
c - At

111) Come ..............about ten o'clock.

a - At
b - In
c - On
155
112) I was sitting .........the garden reading the news
about Elda. a - At
b - In
c - On
113) I'll
ring ..............a
pizza. a - For
b - From
c - To
114) There was a very beautiful woman ...................the
crossroads near Castelar Square.
a - In
b - On
c - At
115) What .......a T-shirt?
a - Around
b - About
c - Again
116) Yes I went ........a tour in
Mexico. a - On
b - In
c - At
117) The car is
.............sale now. a - In
b - On
c - At
118) I'm really looking ...............to
the concert! a - For
b - Forward
c - Up
119) They are
.................High School. a -
At
b - In
c - On
120) That depends .....your
grades. a - On
b - In
c - At
121) I intend to get a job
........weekends. a - In
b - On
c - At
122) It looks great ......!
156
 a - On
b - In
c - At
123) This is celebrated ......the fourth Thursday of
November.
a - On
b - In
c - At
124) We can have a picnic ..................the beach.
a - In
b - On
c - At
125) He's 10 and he's mad ................Harry
Potter.
a - In
b - At
c - On
126) He is the expert ......................computers.
a - In
b - On
c - At
127) How ..............going out for a drink.
a - Around
b - Aside
c - About
128) I'll bring you a present ........the journey.
a - In
b - Up
c - On
129) I'm really looking ..........to visiting Berna.
a - Forward
b - For
c - Fast
130) We look ............him as one of the family.
a - On
b - In
c - At
131) Can I pay ........credit card?
a - With
b - By
c - As
132) I must go ...........a diet.
a - On
157
 b - At
c - In
133) If you don't know the meaning of the word look it ........in the
dictionary.
a - Up
b - For
c - Forward
134) Perhaps I should give ............smoking.
a - Up
b - At
c - On
135) Many are open ........the public.
a - Up
b - To
c - In
136) It's great while you are .....................holiday.
a - On
b - In
c - At
137) Where did you park the car? It's .............Pedrito Rico
Road.
a - In
b - On
c - At
138) Tommy, don't sit on the floor, sit..................the chair.
a - On
b - In
c - At
139) Where is the supermarket? It's ...............Dahellos Road.
a - In
b - Into
c - On
140) Inma, please sit.....................the chair.
a - On
b - By
c - At
141) They arrived ................Elda yesterday.
a - In
b - On
c - At
142) I was listening to the news .........................TV when the
baby began to
scream.
a - On
158
 b - In
c - At
143) We waited a couple of
hours......the airport. a - At
b - In
c - On
144) We play tennis.......the club every
Monday. a - In
b - On
c - At
145) We were.......theatre
last night. a - In
b - On
c - At
146) I studied ........don Emilio's school from
1968 to 1975. a - In
b - On
c - At
147) I met her ..........a
lecture. a - On
b - In
c - At
148) She
studied........Oxford. a
- On
b - At
c - Of
149) She
lives.....Oxford. a
- In
b - On
c - At
150) We live......the
frontier. a - On
b - In
c - At
151) Elda is ......the road to
Albacete. a - In
b - On
c - At
152) All the pictures
are......the wall. a - On
b - In
159
 c - At
153) I live ......the
second floor. a - In
b - At
c - On
154) I was
born......Elda. a -
On
b - In
c - At

155) We have a house......the

coast. a - In
b - On
c - At
156) I met her..........the
croosroads. a - At
b - In
c - On
157) I lived ......a desert island like Robinson Crusoe
for a month. a - On
b - In
c - At
158) I always travel
..........the plane. a - On
b - At
c - In
159) I met
her......the bus. a -
On
b - In
c - At
160) I found a
wallet.......taxi. a - In
b - On
c - At
161) I studied
Shakespeare.........college. a -
At
b - In
c - On
162) We arrived .......France
in 1990. a - At
b - In
160
 c - On
163) We arrived ........Paris
in 1991. a - At
b - On
c - In
164) I live........1 Plaza
Mayor. a - In
b - On
c - At
165) .......the weekend we go to
Rabosa. a - At
b - In
c - On
166) ......lunch time we drink
coke. a - In
b - On
c - At
167) ......the age of 11 I went to
Alicante. a - In
b - On
c - At
168) ......the beginning of the book I didn't like
very much. a - In
b - On
c - At
169) ........first sight I fell in
love with her. a - At
b - In
c - On
170) We became
friends.......last. a - In
b - On
c - At
171) We go
shopping..................Mondays.
a - On
b - In
c - At
172) ........Christmas day my family
come home. a - In
b - On
c - At
161
173) ........the morning I never
drink coffee. a - At
b - In
c - On
174) .......1998 I got
married. a - In
b - On
c - At
175) I like going to the
mountains......spring. a - In
b - On
c - At
176) .......the Middle Ages many cathedrals
were built. a - On
b - In
c - At
177) I'll be back.......five
hours. a - In
b - On
c - At
178) Trains in Spain now
arrive........time. a - In
b - On
c - At
179) You must be ......time for
the plane. a - In
b - On
c - At
180) In the USA everybody
works.......nine to five. a - For
b - From
c - Since
181) Holidays in Spain are.......July to
September. a - For
b - From
c - At
182) All the trains
come......Alicante. a - From
b - For
c - Up
183) We are going .................the cinema tonight.

162
 a - At
b - To
c - In
184) They went
.......the car. a - In
b - Into
c - On
185) We all ran ....................the church because it was raining
cats and dogs. a - In
b - Into
c - At
186) When we go to Madrid we always
go......train. a - By
b - On
c - In
187) The safest way to travel
is.......road. a - On
b - In
c - By
188) We got.......the bus
at 8.00. a - In
b - On
c - By
189) I go to
work........foot. a -
In
b - On
c - By
190) Most students at the University work ......part time jobs
such as Tele Pizza and so on.
a - As
b - On
c - In
191) A car came.......the
right. a - For
b - From
c - By
192) A lorry
crashed.......my car. a -
Into
b - Up
c - To
193) .......Christmas Eve we have dinner together.
163
 a - In
b - At
c - On
194) Everybody in Elda is looking.......to the Moors and
Christians festivities. a - For
b - Forwards
c - Forward
195) My factory passed ........the hands of
my uncle. a - In
b - Into
c - To
196) The shop opened......the public
in 1989. a - At
b - For
c - To
197) She is always
worried........money. a - Around
b - Aside
c - About
198) You must always look........
a - Ahead
b - Head
c - Heading
199) ......Lent people many people don't
eat meat. a - At
b - On
c - In
200) She won't be back......the end
of May. a - As
b - Until
c - At
201) In the middle ....................August we
organise many BBQs. a - From
b - Of
c - On
202) People .......the beach should drink water
all the time. a - In
b - On
c - At
203) I couldn't play tennis because I had to
look...........my daughter. a - For
164
 b - After
c - Up
204) I went for a walk........Castelar
Square. a - About
b - Afloat
c - Around
205) Antonio Poveda gave a
lecture.................Roman culture. a - For
b - Of
c - On
206) The girl........the window
is María. a - By
b - In
c - On
207) You should send the
letters ......advance. a - On
b - At
c - In
208) My father-in-law arrived...........Alicante airport from Italy
yesterday. He went to Lineapelle.
a - In
b - At
c - On
209) The tickets for the opera must be booked
well........advance. a - In
b - On
c - At
210) Sarah has a room ........her own and so
does Inmita. a - Of
b - From
c - For
211) You must be very good if you want to get........one
these college. a - In
b - Into
c - To
212) It will depend....................the
amount of money. a - In
b - On
c - At
213) We always play
badminton......weekends. a - On
165
 b - In
c - At
214) Why don't we prepare a BBQ........San
Juan beach.
a - On
b - In
c - At
215) My friend is
mad......books.
a - In
b - On
c - At
216) He told her to shut......her
mouth.
a - Up
b - At
c - By
217 My house is ..................the
) cinemas.
a - Near
b - Near of
c - Near off
218 The park is......................the
) hospital.
a - Next
b - Next to
c - Next about
219 Sol y Nive is.....................the
) bookshop.
a - Opposite
b - Opposite of
c - Off opposite
220) Jesús Ángel
is.......Palencia
a - From
b - On
c - At
Soluciones

1. A 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. A
11 B 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. B
.
21 A 22. B 23. A 24. A 25. A 26. A 27. C 28. A 29. A 30. B
.
31 B 32. A 33. C 34. C 35. A 36. B 37. A 38. A 39. B 40. C
.
41 B 42. C 43. A 44. B 45. C 46. A 47. C 48. C 49. A 50. C
.
51 B 52. B 53. B 54. A 55. A 56. A 57. A 58. C 59. C 60. B
.
61 B 62. C 63. B 64. C 65. C 66. C 67. C 68. B 69. A 70. C
.
71 C 72. B 73. B 74. C 75. A 76. A 77. B 78. C 79. C 80. C
.
81 A 82. A 83. C 84. A 85. A 86. A 87. B 88. C 89. C 90. C
.
91 A 92. A 93. C 94. B 95. B 96. B 97. C 98. B 99. A 100. B
.
101. A 102. B 103. C 104. A 105. C 106. A 107. A 108. A 109. A 110. A
166
111 A 112 B 113 A 114 C 115 B 116 A 117. A 118 B 119 A 120 A
. . . . . . . . .
121 B 122 A 123 A 124 B 125 C 126 B 127. C 128 C 129 A 130 A
. . . . . . . . .
131 B 132 A 133 A 134 A 135 B 136 A 137. C 138 A 139 A 140 A
. . . . . . . . .
141 A 142 A 143 A 144 C 145 C 146 C 147. C 148 B 149 A 150 A
. . . . . . . . .
151 B 152 A 153 C 154 B 155 B 156 A 157. A 158 A 159 A 160 A
. . . . . . . . .
161. A 162. B 163. C 164. C 165. A 166. C 167. C 168. C 169. A 170. C
171 A 172 B 173 B 174 A 175 A 176 B 177. A 178 B 179 A 180 B
. . . . . . . . .
181 B 182 A 183 B 184 B 185 B 186 A 187. C 188 B 189 B 190 C
. . . . . . . . .
191 B 192 A 193 C 194 C 195 B 196 C 197. C 198 A 199 A 200 B
. . . . . . . . .
201 B 202 B 203 B 204 C 205 C 206 A 207. C 208 B 209 A 210 A
. . . . . . . . .
211 B 212 B 213 A 214 A 215 B 216 A 217. A 218 B 219 A 220 A
. . . . . . . . .
167
ADVERBIOS
· Son modificadores de adjetivos, adverbios y oraciones. Con el verbo ser
y
los verbos defectivos, se colocan detrás. Algunos se forman añadiendo
“– ly” al adjetivo, otros como: fast , hard, l a t e, early tienen la misma
forma que los adjetivos.

Modificando adverbios. He writes quite quickly.

Escribe bastante deprisa.

Modificando adjetivos. It is very cheap.

Es muy barato.

Modificando frases. Perhaps they will win.

Quizás ganen.

I am just going to sleep for half an hour.

Voy a dormir media hora.

He runs fast.
Él corre rápido.

· Los adverbios de lugar y tiempo se suelen colocar al principio o al final

de una frase.

Yesterday I bought a CD.

Ayer compré un CD.

I will go tomorrow.
Yo iré mañana.

· Los de lugar suelen preceder a los de tiempo

I met Pilar at Castelar yesterday.

Me encontré a Pilar ayer en Castelar.

· El comparativo y superlativo lo hacen igual que los adjetivos.

Soon. Sooner. The soonest.

Pronto. Más pronto. Lo más pronto.

Quickly. More quickly. The most quickly.

168
Rápidamente. Más rápido. Lo más rápidamente.

· Con los tiempos compuestos se coloca delante del verbo principal.

They have nearly finished our swimming pool.
Ellos casi han acabado nuestra piscina.

· Already, just , now y then, pueden ir entre dos formas verbales.

I have already seen her.

Ya la he visto.

I have just come back from India.

Acabo de regresar de India.

· Los de frecuencia: always, never, usually, sometimes, se colocan entre

el sujeto y el verbo, pero cuando es el verbo to be, se colocan detrás.

I never drink coffee.

Nunca bebo café.

I always go to Alicante in the summer.

Siempre voy a Alicante en verano.

CLASIFICACIÓN
FRECUENCIA LUGAR MODO GRADO TIEMPO

Often. Away. Fast. Enough. Yesterday.

Con Fuera. Rápido. Suficiente. Ayer.
frecuencia.

Frequently. There. Well. Very. Daily.

Frecuenteme Allí. Bien. Mucho. Diariamente.
nte.

Sometimes. Near. Slowly. Almost. Last week.

A veces. Cerca. Lentamente. Casi. La semana pasada.

Always. Here. Undoubtedl Hardly. Tomorrow.

y
Siempre. Aquí. Sin duda. A penas. Mañana.

Never. Rather.
Nunca. Bastante.
169
 INTERROGATIVOS

Where. When. How. How far. How long. How

often.
¿Dónde? ¿Cuándo? ¿Cómo? ¿A qué ¿Cuánto ¿Con qué
distancia? tiempo? frecuencia?
Why. Which.
¿Por qué? ¿Cuál?

· Ojo con enough, pues puede tener dos posiciones:

I have enough money.

Tengo suficiente dinero.

I am rich enough to buy a car.

Soy lo suficientemente rico como para comprar un coche.

· Recuerda RICH ENOUGH MONEY. Enough lleva delante a los adjetivos y

detrás a los nombres.

· El orden de los adverbios suele ser modo, lugar y tiempo.

I walk fast there in the morning.

Yo ando allí rápido por la mañana.

· Muchos adverbios tienen la misma forma que los adjetivos.

A fast motorbike
Una moto rápida.

A motorbike that runs fast.

Una moto que corre rápida.

170
1) That's .............
a - Enough
b - Enougher
c - Enoughing
2) It's not ..........................long.
a - To
b - Too
c - As
3) It's .........fair.
a - No
b - None
c - Not
4) In the USA there are ...........public and private
universities.
a - Both
b - All
c - Every
5) ...............is the University?
a - Where
b - When
c - Whom
6) ............all cars here are
automatic.
a - Nearly
b - Near
c - Close
7) It diving!
says ......
.
a - Not
b - No
c - Any
8) ............would I.
a - So
b - As
c - Some
9) I
suppose .....
..
a - As
b - So
c - So as so
10) My wife feels ..........nervous about driving in
England.
a - Too
b - To
 c - Tooth
11) There is ...........a variety of things.
171
 a - Such
b - So
c - Very
12) That girl is ............................pretty.
a - As
b - So many
c - So
13) I............smoke......drink alcohol.
a - Either-nor
b - Neither-nor
c - Neither-nir
14) They went he cinema…..
a - Now
b – Yesterday
c - Tomorrow
15) ¿Cuál es la correcta?
a - The house is big enough
b - The house is enough big
c - The house enough big
16) ¿Cómo se denominan a los siguientes adverbios: almost,
only, nearly, enough, far, just, quite, rather, so, too, very,
etc?
a - De frecuencia
b - De grado
c - De modo
17) ......Horacio and Pepe go to Elche on Monday.
a - All
b - Both
c - None
18) This wine is........Rioja or Ribera del Duero.
a - Either
b - Neither
c - So
19) We ..................speak Valenciano nor French.
a - Either
b - Neither
c - Nor
20) I ....................smoke nor drink wine.
a - Neither
b - Either
c - So
21) His French is very.....
172
 a - Well
b - Good
c - Better
22) My daughters are
.......sleeping. a - Quietly
b - Quiet
c - Quieter
23) They prepare the gazpachos......
a - Perfect
b - Perfectly
c - Perfecting
24) My friend Tomás is
a .........driver. a - Carefully
b - Care
c - Careful
25) Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman were.......married until they
got a divorce. a - Happy
b - Happily
c - Hapili
26) He is always very......and sends me a Jabugo ham on
November the 30th. a - Kindly
b - Kaind
c - Kind
27) She is very......in
English. a - Fluently
b - Fluent
c - Fluents
28) We never speak..........about
our friends. a - Badder
b - Badly
c - Worse
29) Inma likes Nesquick because it melts.................
a - Quick
b - Quickly
c - Quicker than
30) She never has.........to buy what
she needs. a - Money enough
b - Enough
money c - Enough
monei
31) Everybody has ..........to make
the beds. a - Now
173
 b - Yesterday
c - Best
32) There are.......good and bad methods of learning a
language.
a - All
b - Neither
c - Both
33) Everybody spent the afternoon...
a - Happier
b - Happy
c - Happily
34) It was.............understood by all
the students. a - Easy
b - Easily
c - Easier that
35) It had been .........decided that a Ford Fiesta was the
best option. a - Quick
b - Quicker
c - Quickly
36) The party
was.........planned. a -
Wonderfully
b - Wonder
c - Wonderful
37) ........it is not very clear if you are entitled or not to
inherit the money. a - Legally
b - Legal
c - Legaly
38) I don't think so......
a - Personally
b - Personal
c - Personaly
39) He drives..........
a - Fast
b - Fasting
c - Fastest
40) We always arrive...............
a - Early
b-
Earliest
c - The earlier
41) My parents work..............
a - Hard
b - Harder than
174
 c - The hard
42) María Callas
sang ....................
a - Beautifully
b - Beautiful
c - Beatifuler
175
Soluciones

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. A
11. A 12. C 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. A
21. B 22. A 23. B 24. C 25. B 26. C 27. B 28. B 29. B 30. B
31. A 32. C 33. C 34. B 35. C 36. A 37. A 38. A 39. A 40. A
41. A 42. A
176
YET, STILL, ALREADY, DURING Y AGO
Yet. I haven't finished the job yet.
Va al final de la oración en No he acabado el trabajo todavía.
interrogativas y negativas. Con el Have you seen her yet?
pretérito perfecto, aún, todavía.
¿La has visto ya?

Still. My sister is still working .

Va detrás del verbo to be. Todavía. Mi hermana está todavía trabajando.
Va entre sujeto y verbo en I still love her.
afirmativas
e interrogativas Todavía la quiero.
Do they still live in Sax?

¿Viven ellos todavía en Sax?

Va detrás del sujeto en negativas. Da He still hasn’t paid.

Él todavía no ha pagado.
énfasis
Already. This car is already too old.
Va detrás de to be. Este coche es ya demasiado viejo.

Already. He has the tickets already.

En posición final enfatiza. Él ya tiene las entradas.

Already. I have already bought the

grapes.
Se coloca entre el auxiliar y el verbo Ya he comprado las uvas.
en afirmativas e interrogativas.
Have you already bought the
books?
¿Has comprado ya los libros?

During. During the summer I go to Santa

Pola.
Indica un período de tiempo dentro Durante el verano voy a Santa Pola.
de otro.

Ago. I went to Elche two days ago.

Se coloca al final de la oración. Fui a Elche hace dos días.
177
1) He is ..........in bed. He has been sleeping all
night long.
a - Yet
b - Still
c - Already
2) She is ................waiting for the bus.
a - Yet
b - Still
c - Since
3) They ..................go to the mountains although
they are 80.
a - Still
b - Yet
c - Already
4) Have you done your homework...................?
a - Still
b - Yet
c - Already
5) I am .............working there but I will change
very soon.
a - Still
b - Yet
c - Already
6) Has he come..............?
a - Yet
b - Still
c - Already
7) They are.....................playing football.
a - Yet
b - Still
c - Already
8) He has.....................come back from school.
a - Already
b - Yet
c - Still
9) I' ve worked in Elche ...................six years.
a - Since
b - For
c - Ago
10) l lived here in San Francisco
...................three months.
a - For
b - Since
c - Ago
11) I've worked in the same
factory ...................1970.
178
 a - Since
b - For
c - Ago
12) He's been abroad ...................five years.
a - For
b - Since
c - Ago
13) I studied French .............twelve years.
a - Since
b - For
c - Ago
14) I' ve known her ..............1982.
a - Ago
b - Since
c - For
15) I've lived in Elda ...................I was a child.
a - Since
b - For
c - Ago
16) We have not been in Rome ...........we were
married.
a - For
b - Since
c - Ago
17) I've known them ................years.
a - Ago
b - For
c - Since
18) We have been painting the room ...........2
months.
a - Ago
b - Since
c - For
19) I studied Italian ........a couple of months.
a - For
b - Since
c - Ago
20) She has been working here ...................she
left school.
a - For
b - Since
c - Ago
21) I have been working in the
restaurant ................six months.
a - For
179
 b - Ago
c - Since
22) He has been in prison..................nine years.
a - Ago
b - Since
c - For
23) I haven't been to Tabarca .................I was at the
University.
a - Since
b - For
c - Ago
24) I haven't seen my friend María ...................several years.
a - Since
b - For
c - Ago
25) We lived in Villena ........................1950.
a - For
b - Since
c - Ago
26) I have been writing a novel .................seven years.
a - Ago
b - For
c - Since
27) They have been going to England ...................1983.
a - Since
b - Ago
c - For
28) Horacio has been waiting for his wife......................8
o'clock.
a - Since
b - For
c - Ago
29) Pepica has lived in Salinas........................................she
was ten years old.
a - For
b - Since
c - Ago
30) They are married. They got married six months ........
a - For
b - Since
c - Ago
31) My sister has been reading a book ...........................a
long time.
a - Ago
b - For
180
 c - Since
32) I've been swimming every Friday ............................I
was thirteen.
a - Since
b - For
c - Ago
33) She is in London now. She arrived there four
days ................
a - For
b - Since
c - Ago
34) Clemente has been writing an article
........................September.
a - Ago
b - For
c - Since
35) Ana has been working in
Elche..................................9 o'clock.
a - For
b - Since
c - Ago
36) Rosi has been buying
presents...................................Christmas.
a - Since
b - For
c - Ago
37) Maríano has been playing
tennis ...............................he was thirty.
a - Ago
b - Since
c - For
38) Jesús has been working in this
project..............October.
a - Since
b - Ago
c - For
39) She's been in London .....................Monday.
a - For
b - Since
c - Ago
40) It is raining. It started an hour ...............
a - Ago
b - For
c - Since
41) He has been ill .........a long time.
a - For
b - Since
c - Ago
181
42) Manolín has lived in Aspe ..................................15 years.
a - Since
b - For
c - Ago
43) That old house has been empty .............many years.
a - Ago
b - Since
c - For
44) Pili is in her office. She's been there ..............7 o'clock.
a - Ago
b - For
c - Since
45) The bus is late. We've been waiting .........................20
minutes.
a - Since
b - For
c - Ago
46) Tere is here. She has been in Majorca ..........6 months
a - For
b - Ago
c - Since
47) I know Pepe. I first met him two years ..............
a - Since
b - For
c - Ago
48) I have a camera. I have it .............................................1985.
a - Since
b - Ago
c - For
49) Laura is studying Medicine ............................1987.
a - Ago
b - For
c - Since
50) I've been learning English.............................January.
a - For
b - Ago
c - Since
51) My brother's been working in Alicante ................2 years.
a - For
b - Since
c - Ago

182
52) We've been trying to buy a
house..................years now.
a - Since
b - For
c - Ago
53) I've only been cycling to
work......................two months.
a - For
b - Since
c - Ago
54) Haven't you done it ....................?
a - Ago
b - Yet
c - For
55) It's very early, are you in bed …..?
a - Yet
b - Already
c – Still

56) We haven't seen the new Harry Potter film ...

a - Yet
b - Already
c - Still
57) It's late and Juan
is ...........in bed. a - Already
b - Still
c - Yet
58) It's very late and your brother is......
a - Still in bed
b - Still in the
bed c - Already in
bed
59) How long has Pepe been in hospital?
........seven days. a - Ago
b - For
c - Since
60) It rained a lot.......the
night. a - For
b - Since
c - During
61) ........our stay in London we visited many
museums. a - Since
b - During
c - For
183
62) He ...........works in the same
company. a - Still
b - For
c - Yet
63) Are they.........waiting for the
doctor? a - Still
b - Yet
c - Already
64) I haven't read the book about Garzon......
a - Yet
b - Still
c - Already
65) I haven't written my Christmas cards......
a - Still
b - Yet
c - Already
66) My ford fiesta
is.........very old. a -
Already
b - Still
c - Yet

67) I ................know the

answer. a - Still
b - Already
c - Yet
68) The leathers came five minutes...
a - Since
b - For
c - Ago
69) It's at least five months ......I met her for
the last time. a - Since
b - For
c - Ago
70) I haven't finished........
a - Yet
b - Already
c - Still
184
Soluciones

1. B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. A
11. A 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. B
21. A 22. C 23. A 24. B 25. B 26. B 27. A 28. A 29. B 30. C
31. B 32. A 33. C 34. C 35. B 36. A 37. B 38. A 39. B 40. A
41. A 42. B 43. C 44. C 45. B 46. A 47. C 48. A 49. C 50. C
51. A 52. B 53. A 54. B 55. A 56. A 57. B 58. A 59. B 60. C
61. B 62. A 63. A 64. A 65. B 66. A 67. B 68. C 69. A 70. A
185
EL IMPERATIVO
· Se usa para dar órdenes y hacer sugerencias o consejos. Carece de
forma interrogativa.

AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA

Infinitivo sin t o. Do not + Inf sin t o.

Go home. Don’t drink too much.

Ve a casa. No bebas demasiado.
Come here.

Ven aquí.
Let’s go home, it’s late.

Vayamos a casa es tarde.

FORMA ENFÁTICA

Do go home.
Vete a casa ya.

· El imperativo puede servir para hacer sugerencias, invitaciones, ruegos.

· Do se puede usar con el verbo to be

Do be quiet.
Estáte quieto.

Don’t be cruel to her.

No seas cruel con ella.

· Si utilizamos you indica irritación.

Don’t you go.

No se te ocurra ir.

· El imperativo de la primera persona de plural se hace con let’s. La

negativa con let’s not .
186
Let’s
go.
Vayamos
187
1) Let's .......
a - Thinks
b - Thinking
c - Think
2) ..............that music down
please. a - Play
b - Turn
c - Put
3) Let's ..............a good restaurant, I am
very hungry. a - Finding
b - Found
c - Find
4) Why don't we go to the beach
and ..............a swim. a - Have
b - Has
c - Had
5) Let's .........home.
a - Went
b - Go
c - Gone
6) Boys, ......................here.
a - Come
b - To come
c - Comes
7) Manolo, .................go to the
disco tonight. a - Let us
b - We
let's c -
We let
8) Pepita, ...down here.
a - Sitting
b - Sits
c - Sit
9) ........here at once.
a - Come b
- Coming c
- To cime
10) …….the room before 7.00.
a - Clean
b - Cleaning
c - Cleans
11) Let.................come.
188
 a - Her
b - She
c - Hers
12 Let........... go.
) .....
a - Him
b - He
c - His
13 Let's......go to the cinema, it's better a disco.
)
a - Not
b - No
c - None
14 ......a girlfriend who share your hobbies.
)
a - Choose
b - To choose
c - Choosing
15 ......your mouth close all the time, only answer if the
) teaches asks you.
a - Keep
b - To keep
c - Keeps
16 Please............... on the lights.
........
)
a - To
switch
b - Switch
c-
Switching
17 Don't ...............the letters.
) forget
a - Posted
b - To
post c -
Posts
189
Soluciones

1. C 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. C 9. A 10. A
11. A 12. A 13. A 14. A 15. A 16. B 17. B
190
EL PRESENTE SIMPLE
· Equivale al presente de indicativo. Se forma con el sujeto más el infinitivo.
La tercera persona del singular, ( he, she, e it ) añaden “-s” o “-es”. Las
reglas ortográficas que aprendiste en la formación del plural son las
mismas que se aplican en este caso a los verbos. Los verbos que terminan
en “-ss”, “-sh”, “-ch”, “-“x, “-o“ añaden “-es” en la tercera persona del
singular:

AFIRMATIVA Sujeto + Inf sin to I play tennis.

Yo juego al tenis.

He, she, it añaden (s) o He kisses his mother.

(es) Él besa a su madre.
He watches TV
everyday.
Él ve la tele todos los
días.

NEGATIVA Sujeto + do + not + Inf I don’t like cocido.

sin
to. No me gusta el cocido.

He, She, It usan does. He doesn’t love her.

Él no la quiere.
He doesn’t want to
come.
Él no quiere venir.
He doesn’t read
much.
Él no lee mucho.

Do + not contrae en We don’t smoke.

don’t. Nosotros no fumamos.

Does + not contra en He doesn’t cook.

doesn’t. Él no cocina.

INTERROGATIVA Do + S + Inf sin to. Do you love me?

¿Me quieres?
191
 PRINCIPALES USOS

Indicar hábitos o costumbres. I never go to the university by

car.
Yo nunca voy en coche a la
Universidad.

Para indicar verdades universales. The sun rises everyday.

El sol sale todos los días.

Para planes futuros. The play begins at 8 and ends at

10.30.
La obra comienza a las 8 y acaba a
las 10.30.

Para contar historias, cuentos, A waiter asks a couple.

chistes,
acontecimientos deportivos, etc. Un camarero le pregunta a la pareja.

En el llamado presente històrico. Colombus discovers America in

1492.
Colón descubre América en 1492.

Horarios. The plane leaves at 7.00.

El avión sale a las 7.00.

Con refranes. Time flies.

El tiempo vuela.

· Se suele usar con adverbios o frases adverbiales tales como

Always. Never. Often. Occasionally. Every day.

Siempre. Nunca. Con Ocasionalmente. Cada día.
frecuencia.
Frequently. On Sundays. Sometimes. Seldom. In winter.
Frecuentemente. Los domingos. A veces. Rara vez. En invierno.

Usually.
Normalmente.

He always goes to Benidorm in summer.

Siempre va a Benidorm en verano.

She never tells me what to do.

Ella nunca me dice lo que tengo que hacer.
192
We play football every day.
Jugamos al fútbol todos los días.

· Cuando un verbo termina en “-y” detrás de una consonante,

cambiamos la “-y” en “-i”, y añadimos “-es”.

I copy, he copies.
Yo copio, él copia.

I try, he tries.
Yo lo intento, él lo intenta.

· Sin embargo, los verbos que terminan en “y” detrás de una vocal
siguen la regla general.

I play, he plays.
Yo juego, él juega.

I obey, he obeys.
Yo obedezco, él obedece.

· Debido a su significado, algunos verbos usan siempre la forma habitual

al no admitir las formas continuas.

I love you.
Te quiero.

She likes me.

Me gusta

I believe you.
Te creo.
193
1) I
......................like
liver. a - Does
b - Doing
c - Do not
2) ...........you like to go to the
cinema? a - Does
b - Do
c - Are
3) What........your
brother do? a - Do
b - Does
c - Is
4) Where .........you
live? a - Is
b - Do
c - Does
5) What languages ........you
speak? a - Does
b - Are
c - Do
6) He............to the University.
a - Goes
b - Go
c - Is
go
7) The Harry Potter
film.........150 minutes. a - Takes
b - Take
c - Taking
8) My wife.............at Azorín
High School. a - Teaches
b - Teach
c - Is tiching
9) Sometimes he.......his girlfriend who is stuying
in England. a - Missing
b - Misses
c - Miss
10) There.......not sharks in
Tabarca. a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
11) We........friends during our holidays.
194
 a-
Visiting b
- Visit
c - Is visiting
12) In summer, my daughter ...........her
friend Rocío.
a - Miss
b - Misses
c - Is missed
13) Laura ........magazines at night.
a - Reading
b - Read
c - Reads
14) The Maths teacher never.......late.
a - Come
b - Comes
c - Is comeing
15) He............the best player in Elda.
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
16) I ...............................living in Elda.
a - Likes
b - Like
c - Liking
17) Mike .........potatoes and tomatoes in his
cottages.
a - Grow
b - Grows
c - Grounig
18) Where........?
a - Does he lives
b - Does he living
c - Does he live
19) Which car ................................at the
moment?
a - Are you haveing
b - Do you have
c - Is having you
20) What ..........................................for a
living?
a - Does you do
b - Do you do
c - Do you does
21) I ...............................that this President
will win again.
a - Does not think
195
 b - Do not
thinks
c - Do not think
22 He ......... most of the homework with his
) .... mother.
a - Does
b - Doing
c - Do
23 I ................... like Opera, I prefer Jazz.
) .......
a - Dis
b - Do
c - Do not
You ................................
24 ............ know him.
)
a - Don
b - Do not
c - Does
not
25 I ..................... enjoy the film.
) ........
a - Does
not
b - Do not
c - Am
26 I ..................... want to study French.
........
)
a - Does
b - Do
c - Do not
Teresa ..............................
27 ............ smoke.
)
a - Do
b - Does
not
c - Did will
28 My
mother ...........................
wear glasses.
) ......
a - Do
b - Does
c - Does
not
29 Pepi.....................
.........
swim very fast.
)
a - Do
b - Does
not
c - Do
30 .................. you like football?
) .......
a - Does
b - Do
c - Are
31 ...................Pepe read the paper?
)
a - Do
b - Does
196
 c - Is
32) Julia...........................drink wine.
a - Do
b - Does
c - Does not
33) The doctor ...................................smoke at
all.
a - Do
b - Does not
c - Are
34) Vladimir.......................................run a lot.
a - Does not
b - Do not
c - Is not
35) My sister.......................................travel
much.
a - Does do
b - Does not
c - Are not
36) José Luis.......................................visit his
relatives very often.
a - Does not
b - Do not
c - Is will
37) I ............................eat meat.
a - Do not
b - Does not
c - Will do
38) Where ...................................?
a - Do he lives
b - Does he lives
c - Does he live
39) I ...............................…..........much of him as
a writer.
a - Does not think
b - Do not think
c - Thinking
40) I ............................to the swimming pool every
day at 5.00.
a - Going
b - Goes
c - Go
41) I think he ................................too hard at the
moment.
a - Works
b - Is working
c - Does working
197
42 ............................what he's saying?
)
a - Do you understand
b - Does you understand
c - Did you understand
43 I can't answer the phone right now, a
) I ................................. bath.
a - Am haveing
b - Am having
c - Having
44 Excuse
me..........................................
Italian?
) .
a - Speaking
b - Does you
speak
c - Do you speak
45 They ...................... television very often.
) .........
a - Does not watch
b - Do not watches
c - Do not watch
46 Somebody..................... to us.
) ..........
a - Is listens
b - Listens
c - Is listening
47 She.................. to go home now.
) ........
a - Is wants
b - Is wanted
c - Wants
48) How a magazine?
often .......................................
.
a - Do you read
b - Does you read
c - Did you reads
49 I'm sorry,
I ............................................
)
a - Am not understand
b - Does not understand
c - Do not understand
50 Peter................................ National
.............
) Geographic?
a - Does you
reads
b - Do you reads
c - Do you read
51 What work every day?
time ..................................
) ....
a - Does she
finishes b - Do she
finish
c - Does she finish

198
52) They.............................................lots of beer in Great
Britain.
a - Drinks
b - Drink
c - Drinking
53) He ..............to the University.
a - Goes
b - Go
c - Going
54) The film ..........................................sixty-one
minutes.
a - Taking
b - Takes
c - Take
55) Elia...........................at Azorín High School.
a - Teach
b - Teaching
c - Teaches

56) Sometimes he ...............................his girlfriend.

a - Misses
b - Misse
c - Missing
57) It ..................................always sunny in Alicante.
a - Are
b - Is
c - Were
58) We ...........................friends during our holidays.
a - Visiting
b - Visit
c - Are visit
59) Manolo and Ana ......................the festivities a lot.
a - Are like
b - Like
c - Liking
60) I .......................................................living in Elda.
a - Likes
b - Is like
c - Like
61) I ..............................to the San Juan Beach every July
with my family.
a - Goes
b - Go
c - Going
199
62 Malena
...........
.............................
a lot of
) icecreams.
a - Eating
b - Eats
c - Eat
63 I'm ..... I
) ... will.
a - Sure
b - Suring
c - Here
64 I ........ like kidney pie.
) ...
a-
Don't
b - Doesn't
c - Has
65 ..........you like bacon?
)
a - Does
b - Do
c - Are
66 ......... you like hamburguers?
) ...
a - Does
b - Is
c - Do
67 Don't
.....
..........
to him.
)
a - Listened
b - Listen
c - Listening
68 What do you do for ?
) a .............
a - Living
b - Live
c - Liver
69 What does your ?
) father ...........
a - Do
b-
Does
c - Doing
70 You celebrate
) really ......... Christmas.
a - Do
b-
Does
c - Not
71 I ........ you like it.
) ....
a - Hope
b - Hopes
c - Hoping
72 I ....... hope you've got everything now,
) ... Pepe.
200
 a - Did
b - Do
c - Does
73) Everyone ...........paella and ham in Spain.
a - Loves
b - Love
c - Loving
74) 5.900 ...............insurance and unlimited
mileage.
a - Including
b - Includes
c - Include
75) Juan, ...........................champagne on
Christmas day?
a - Are you going to drink
b - Drink you
c - You drink
76) Every day he ....................after he finishes at
the office.
a - Is going to run
b - Run
c - Runs
77) How much money ........................you spend on
clothes ?
a - Do
b - Don't
c - Does
78) She usually ...................fresh bread every
day.
a - Buys
b - Bought
c - Buying
79) Ismael ..............20 Kms a week.
a - Run
b - Ran
c - Runs
80) Oscar always ...................tennis
a - Play
b - Plays
c - Is play
81) It ..............a lot in winter in Bocairente.
a - Snows
b - Is snowed
c - Is snowing
82) What ..............you do on Monday evening?
201
 a - Don't
b - Do
c - Does
83) I want you to .................to my party.
a - Came
b - Coming
c - Come
84) I can't .......chocolate.
a - Resist
b - Resisting
c - Resisted
85) I ................................a letter to my friend
once a month.
a - Write
b - Writing
c - Am write
202
Soluciones

1. C 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. A 9. B 10. B
11. B 12. B 13. C 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. C 19. B 20. B
21. C 22. A 23. C 24. B 25. B 26. C 27. B 28. C 29. B 30. B
31. B 32. C 33. B 34. A 35. B 36. A 37. A 38. C 39. B 40. C
41. B 42. A 43. B 44. C 45. C 46. C 47. C 48. A 49. C 50. C
51. C 52. B 53. A 54. B 55. C 56. A 57. B 58. B 59. B 60. C
61. B 62. B 63. A 64. A 65. B 66. C 67. B 68. A 69. A 70. A
71. A 72. B 73. A 74. A 75. A 76. C 77. A 78. A 79. C 80. B
81. A 82. B 83. C 84. A 85. A
203
BE GOING TO
· Su estructura es Sujeto + Be + Going t o + Inf sin to.

· Básicamente se usa para indicar acciones planeadas en un futuro

cercano.

Cuando se tiene intención de hacer I am going to visit my friend.

algo. Voy a visitar a mi amigo.

Para predecir algo. It’s going to rain.

Va a llover.

Conunfuturorelativamente She is going to get married

next
inmediato. Sunday.
Se va a casar el próximo sábado.
204
EL PRESENTE CONTINUO

· Al igual que todos los tiempos continuos, está formado por to be e “-

ing”.

Afirmativa. Sujeto + Am, Is, Are I am reading.

+
Verbo + Ing. Estoy leyendo.

Negativa. Sujeto + Am, Is, Are + I am not cooking.

Not
+ Verbo + Ing. No estoy cocinando.

Interrogativa. Am, Is, Are + Sujeto Are you listening to

+ me?
Verbo + Ing. ¿Me estás escuchando?

PRINCIPALES USOS

Acciones no acabadas que se I am paying my flat.

encuentran en proceso. Estoy pagando mi casa.
I am reading a good book.

Estoy leyendo un buen libro.

Acciones planificadas. I'm playing golf with my

friend
Eduardo next Sunday.
Voy a jugar al golf con mi amigo
Eduardo el próximo domingo.

Quejas sobre acciones que se They are always complaining

repiten. and
asking for more.
Siempre se están quejando y
pidiendo
más.

Situaciones temporales. I’m staying at a hotel because

I’m
having my house built.
Estoy viviendo en un hotel porque
me
están construyendo mi casa.
· Suele ir acompañado de expresiones como:
205
Now. At the moment. Right now.
Ahora. En este momento. Justo ahora.
206
1) The
dog......now. a
- Is barking
b - Is
barks c -
Barking
2) Rocío ............the potatoes.
a - Is cutting
b - Is cutted
c - Is cuts
3) Marta..................in the street.
a - Is danced
b - Is dance
c - Is dancing
4) I..................to my mother's house.
a - Am go
b - Are going
c - Am going
5) Isabel...............a chocolate cake.
a - Is eating
b - Is eat
c - Is ate
6) We..................a film on Tele Elda.
a - Are watching
b - Are watched
c - Watcheing
7) You..................too much.
a - Are work
b - Are working
c - Are worked
8) I am .................my composition.
a - Coeing
b - Doing
c - Duing
9) María Teresa................a new book.
a - Are writing
b - Is writeing
c - Is writing
10) Someone ...............................can you open
the door?
a - Ring
b - Is ringing
c - Are ring
11) I ..................................a shower.
207
 a - Am having
b - Has
c - Has having

12) Be careful, a lorry ...............................................very

fast.
a - Come
b - Comeing
c - Is coming
13) Can you speak up, please? My elder daughter................a
terribe noise.
a - Is making
b - Taking
c - Is makeing
14) I ................................at the moment.
a - Am smoking
b - Smokeing
c - Smoking
15) He is ......................of getting married soon.
a - Think
b - Thinking
c - Thought
16) All this noise ....................................................your
grandmother now.
a - Annoys
b - Is annoying
c - Annoyed
17) He .....................................fat.
a - Get
b - Is getting
c - Gets
18) Carol ..........................................................................a lot of
icecreams lately.
a - Are eating
b - Is eating
c - Eat
19) We.....................................to the new restaurant next
month.
a - Are going
b - Go
c - Will go
20) We ..................................chess in the new tournament.
a - Are going to play
b - Plays
c - Would plays
21) They ................................her at the airport tomorrow
morning.
208
 a - Meet
b - Are meeting
c - Meets
22) I ...................................a Harley in November.
a - Am driving
b - Is driving
c - Driving
23) I ..............................him a María Callas CD for his
birthday.
a - Give
b - Giving
c - Am giving
24) The new teacher.................................at seven.
a - Come
b - Is comeing
c - Is coming
25) We ...........................some money to charities.
a - Gives
b - Are giveing
c - Are giving
26) You .................................................a motorbike if you pass
your exams.
a - Has have
b - Are having
c - Has
27) They ...........................to Majorca with all their
friends.
a - Are going
b - Goes
c - Are go
28) He ...............smoking next year.
a - Give
b - Is giveing up
c - Is giving up
29) I ..........................her a new Polo for her birthday.
a - Buys
b - Am buying
c - Buy
30) My friend ...............................................next summer
with his family.
a - Is coming
b - Come
c - Coming
31) I ............................lunch with him in La Sirena .
a - Have
209
 b - Am having
c - Has
32) My friend....................................a party next Saturday.
a - Is celebrating
b - Is celebreteing
c - Is celebrate
33) María José and Marcial ..............................married next week in
Santa Ana's.
a - Get
b - Are getting
c - Are geting
34) The King............................................Elda during the
Festivities.
a - Is visiting
b - Is visitting
c - Is visit
35) We ........................................the car on Sunday.
a - Cleans
b - Are cleaning
c - Are cleanning
36) Mike .................................................a new book.
a - Write
b - Is writing
c - Is wrtitteing
37) I ............................with the new boss tomorrow.
a - Eat
b - Eating
c - Am eating
38) The sun ...............................................this afternoon.
a - Shine
b - Is shineing
c - Is shining
39) The waiter ..............................................a bottle of Rioja
wine.
a - Bring
b - Bringed
c - Is bringing
40) Alejandro Sanz ...............................................a new album in
March.
a - Release
b - Is releaseing
c - Is releasing
41) The weather forecast says it .....................................this
afternoon.
a - Rains
b - Is raining
210
 c - Would rain
42) Teresa and Horacio .........................................friends for
dinner tonight.
a - Has
b - Are having
c - Haveing
43) My wife...............................................a party for our
daughters.
a - Prepare
b - Is prepare
c - Is preparing
44) He .....................................a new CD now.
a - Listens
b - Is listening
c - Are listening

45) Horatio ..........................................a shower at the

moment.
a - Is has
b - Is having
c - Has
46) I .....................a good CD.
a - Am listening to
b - I am listen
c - Listening
47) I .........................................................how to get to
Alicante.
a - Am explaining
b - Explains
c - Does explain
48) He ......................................the violin in another
orchestra.
a - Play
b - Is playing
c - Playeds
49) I can't, I .....................................a shower.
a - Am have
b - Am having
c - Am has
50) Sarah, be quiet I ............................on the phone.
a - Talk
b - Am talks
c - Am talking
51) A motorbike
.............................................................very fast.
a - Comes
b - Come
211
 c - Is coming
52) These children .........................a terribe noise.
a - Are make
b - Are makeing
c - Are making
53) He is .....................of buying a house.
a - Thinks
b - Thinking
c - Think
54) This music .................................................................your
father.
a - Is annoying
b - Annoy
c - Annoyeind
55) My friend Juan ............................................fat.
a - Are getting
b - Getting
c - Is getting
56) We ..............................................................to the new
restaurant.
a - Going
b - Are going
c - Goes
57) My sister ...........................................................a chocolate cake
for my birthday.
a - Make
b - Is making
c - Is makeing
58) I ..........................tennis lessons in summer.
a - Takes
b - Is taking
c - Am taking
59) She .................................with us next April in Cazorla.
a - Is fishing
b - Fishes
c - Fish
60) They ................................her at the airport tomorrow
morning.
a - Meet
b - Are meeting
c - Meet
61) The football match ................................at 6:00.
a - Starts
b - Are starting
c - Is start
212
62) I ................................her a new watch in the party.
a - Give
b - Gives
c - Am giving
63) We ....................................some books to the Public Library.
a - Are giving
b - Gives
c - Giving
64) The children ............................................their holidays in
Benidorm.
a - Are going to begin
b - Is beginning
c - Begins
65) She.........................to visit us in May.
a - Is comeing
b - Comed
c - Is coming
66) They .................................to Alpera with all their friends.
a - Are go
b - Are going
c - Is going
67) He................................................smoking next year.
a - Is give up
b - Is giveing up
c - Is giving up
68) I ..........................her a diamond ring.
a - Am buy
b - Am buying
c - Am buyed
69) Pepe and Manolo ...................................in Plaza Mayor at
8.00.
a - Meeting
b - Is meeting
c - Are meeting
70) Calixta and Marcial ...................................married next week.
a - Are get
b - Are getting
c - Are geting
71) He ...............his girlfiend a lot at the moment.
a - Misses
b - Miss
c - Is missing
72) I ...............................the grass on Sunday.

213
 a - Am cuting
b - Am cutt c
- Am cut
73) They ...............................the cuartelillo .
a - Are clean
b - Are cleaning
c - Are cleaned
74) I like ..........................................fresh air in
the mountains.
a - Breathes
b - Breathing
c - Breathed
75) I'm............for a cup of tea.
a - Dyeing
b - Dieing
c - Dying
76) You are ....................me a lot.
a - Annoying
b - Annoy
c - Annoys
77) I'm .........to report a traffic accident.
a - Ring
b - Ringing
c - Rang

78) He likes ........and cycling.

a - Swim
b - Swimming
c - Swims
79) They'll drive you crazy .............questions about
your family.
a - Asks
b - Asking
c - Asked
80) No, I ............................to have anything to eat
today.
a - Am no going
b - Don't go
c - Am not going
81) What ..................wine or beer? Wine, please.
a - You drink
b - Are you going to drink
c - Drinks you
82) The sun is......today
214
 a - Shineing
b - Shining
c - Shaining
83) I am ............a Spanish omelette for the picnic.
a - Makeing
b - Making
c - Meiking
84) I like..........everyday in La Ciudad
Deportiva. a - Swim
b - To swim
c-
Swimming
85) She hates...........the plates
a-
Washing b
- Wash
c - To wash
86) It is worth.........the Shoe museum, Castelar Square and taste
the chocolates of Totel.
a - Go
b - To go
c - Going
87) ........to write in English is not easy at
the beginning. a - Have
b - Having
c - To have
215
Soluciones

1. A 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. B 9. C 10. B
11. A 12. C 13. A 14. A 15. B 16. B 17. B 18. B 19. A 20. A
21. B 22. A 23. C 24. C 25. C 26. B 27. A 28. C 29. B 30. A
31. B 32. A 33. B 34. A 35. B 36. B 37. C 38. C 39. A 40. C
41. B 42. B 43. C 44. B 45. B 46. A 47. A 48. B 49. B 50. C
51. C 52. C 53. B 54. A 55. C 56. B 57. B 58. C 59. A 60. B
61. A 62. C 63. A 64. A 65. C 66. B 67. C 68. B 69. C 70. B
71. C 72. A 73. B 74. B 75. C 76. A 77. B 78. B 79. B 80. C
81. B 82. B 83. B 84. C 85. A 86. C 87. B
216
CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA FORMA –ING
· Los verbos que acaban en “-e“, la sustituyen por “-ing“ excepto dye.

Have. Having.
Tener.

Come. Coming.
Venir.

Live. Living.
Vivir.

Practise. Practising.
Practicar.

Dye. Dyeing.
Tintar.

· Cuando el verbo acaba en “-ie” la “-i” se convierte en “-y”.

Die. Dying.
Morir

Lie. Lying.
Mentir, poner la mesa, poner huevos.

· Cuando los verbos acaban en “-y” siguen la regla general, es decir,

añaden “–ing”.

Try. Trying.
Intentar

Study. Studying.
Estudiar

Play. Playing.
Jugar.

Buy. Buying.
217
Comprar.

· Ciertos verbos no se suelen usar en los tiempos continuos. Son los

denominados verbos de los sentidos.

Believe. Feel. Appear.

Creer. Sentir. Aparecer.

Consider. Smell. Belong to.

Considerar. Oler. Pertenecer.

Depend. Love. Have.

Depender. Amar. Tener.

Doubt. Fear. Like.

Dudar. Temer. Gustar.

Guess. See. Forget.

Adivinar. Ver. Olvidar.

Hope. Taste. Owe.

Esperar. Probar. Deber.

Imagine. Want. Cost.

Imaginar. Querer. Costar.

Prefer. Sound. Know.

Preferir. Sonar. Saber.

Realise. Dislike. Own.

Darse cuenta. Disgustar. Poseer.

Remember. Doubt. Wish.

Recordar. Dudar. Desear.

Suppose. Hear. Seem.

Suponer. Oír. Parecer.

Think. Hate. Possess.

Pensar. Odiar. Poseer.

Understand.
Comprender.
218
219
EL PASADO SIMPLE
· Equivale al imperfecto y el indefinido y se usa con acciones concluidas.
Los verbos regulares lo hacen de la siguiente forma:

Afirmativa. Sujeto + Inf sin t o + Ed I played chess.

Los acabados en “-e” Jugué al ajedrez.
solo I loved her.
“-d”.
Yo la quería.

Negativa. Sujeto + Did not , + Inf I didn’t go out.

sin
to No salí.
Did + Not contrae en
din’t .

Interrogativa. Did + Sujeto + Inf sin t Did you buy the new
o. CD?
¿Compraste el disco?

LOS VERBOS IRREGULARES

Afirmativa. S+ 2 columna de la lista I ate the cake.
de verbos irregulares. Me comí el pastel.
I bought a new house.

Compré una nueva

casa.

Negativa. S+ Did + Not + Inf . I didn’t eat the cake.

No me comí el pastel.

Interrogativa. Did + S + Inf. Did you eat the cake?

¿Te comiste el pastel?

· Para formar el pasado de un verbo regular se añade “-ed” al infinitivo.

I worked.
Yo trabajé

You worked.
220
Tú trabajaste.

· Los verbos monosílabos, y los bisílabos que terminan en consonante,

con acento en la última sílaba, duplican la consonante final:

Stop, Admit, Prefer, Preferred

Stopped Admitted
Parar. Admitir. Preferir.

· El verbo travel es una excepción, pues acentúa en la primera sílaba.

Travel,
Travelled
Viajar.

· Si el verbo termina en “-e” sólo se añade “-d”.

I lived in Petrel but now I live in Elda.

Yo viví en Petrel, pero ahora vivo en Elda.

· Los verbos que terminan en “-y” detrás de una consonante cambia la “-

y” por “-i” al añadir la “-ed”:

Try, Tried. Cry, Cried. Carry, Carried. Study, Studied.

Intentar. Llorar. Llevar. Estudiar.

Acciones que se completaron en el We went to Paris last year.

pasado Fuimos a Paris el año pasado.

Acciones consecutivas I bought a car and went to Paris.

Compré un coche y fui a Paris.

· Puede ir acompañado de expresiones temporales del tipo:

Ago. Yesterday. Last winter. In 1984.

Hace. Ayer. El invierno En 1984.
pasado.

I went to Paris when I was five years old.

221
Fui a Paris cuando tenía cinco años.

· Con did, do, does el verbo va siempre en infinitivo. Por lo tanto las
formas interrogativas y negativas del presente siempe y pasado simple
siempre llevarán el verbo en infinitivo.

1) I ..........................dancing lessons every summer, but now I

don't..
a - Take
b - Took
c - Taken
2) She ................................with me to Petrel two days ago.
a - Comes
b - Came
c - Is caming
3) They ...........................to Disneyland Paris last April.
a - Went
b - Goes
c - Will go
4) The food ............................................horrible.
a - Am
b - Was
c - Are
5) Last summer the weather ......................................worse than
in England.
a - Is
b - Was
c - Will be
6) The French ...................................Spanish very bad in the
past.
a - Speaks
b - Spoke
c - Speaking
7) We ............................Tarifa last summer.
a - Visited
b - Visits
c - Vistting
8) Sarah ......................a present for her friends in her last visit to
Terra Mítica.
a - Is buy
b - Bought
c - Buys will
9) Inmita ..........to a swimming pool in the evenings when she was
3 years old.
a - Went
222
 b - Go
c - Wenting
10) When we lived in Alicante my wife ...........................her
mother every night.
a - Phone
b - Phoned
c - Phones will
11) My aunt ...........................................gazpachos in the
Culebrón.
a - Ate
b - Eat
c - Will eats
12) Pepi .............................to Alicante to buy some new
clothes.
a - Go
b - Went
c - Go will
13) We ...........................her in the market buying meat last
Saturday.
a – Saw
b - Sees
c - Seeing
14) I ..............................to her and I told her everything.
a - Spoke
b - Speaks
c - Speaking
15) We.....................................a lot in England last summer.
a - Enjoying
b - Enjoys
c - Enjoyed
16) I ...............................in love with her when I saw her.
a - Fall
b - Fell
c - Fallen
17) Mr. García.....................................a new computer for his
factory.
a - Bought
b - Buy
c - Buying
18) Lady Hernández...............................her old boyfriend in a
restaurant.
a - Met
b - Meeting
c - Meets
19) Manuel ..................................the lesson when I explained
it.
a - Understands
b - Understood
223
 c - Undertsanding
20) Marisa ..............................your boyfriend in Petrel
last night.
a - Saw
b - Sees
c - Seen
21) I ...............................more than ever last summer.
a - Swim
b - Swimming
c - Swam
22) They .................................to Alicante when they
were young.
a - Will go
b - Goes
c - Went

23) She.........................in the opera with me.

a - Were
b - Was
c - Be
24) We ............................many museums in Japan.
a - Seen
b - Saw
c - Seen
25) The doctor ...........................................us hat it was
nothing important.
a - Tolds
b - Telling
c - Told
26) My wife and I .....................................in Madrid at
12:00.
a - Arriveds
b - Arrived
c - Arriving
27) We ............................to buy the house but it was too
expensive.
a - Tryes
b - Tried
c - Tryed
28) She ................................it was hotter than in
Alicante.
a - Finds
b - Founding
c - Found
29) They ..........................all the night during the
Festivities.
a - Dances
b - Dancing
224
 c - Danced
30) The bus ...........................................in every city.
a - Stopped
b - Stopping
c - Stops
31) It ................................................during the festivies
a - Rained
b - Raining
c - Raineing
32) They ............................to dinner but she feel ill.
a - Has come
b - Came
c - Will come
33) I ........................................................Valle the Elda
last Friday.
a - Read
b - Were reading
c - Red

34) They ..............................to the cinema at 9.00.

a - Goes
b - Wenting
c - Went
35) My parents ...................................................me some
money when I got
married.
a - Giving
b - Gaven
c - Gave
36) Before I ................................they had come.
a - Went
b - Go
c - Will go
37) When we.....................everything was ready at the
party.
a - Arrived
b - Arrives
c - Am arriving
38) We .................................the present until you rang us.
a - Saw
b - Did not see
c - Will saw
39) The girls .....................................................a present
for their parents.
a - Bought
225
 b - Was buy
c - Was buys
40) I .......................................................French before
studying English.
a - Studied
b - Studyied
c - Studies
41) We............................................with him the night
before.
a - Eats
b - Ateing
c - Ate
42) We .......................................your friends that you were
out.
a - Tells
b - Told
c - Was teeling
43) We.............................in Telepizza and Telefónica until I
decided to quit.
a - Invested
b - Nvesting
c - Invest
44) We .......................................all morning in Rabosa.
a - Walked
b - Walking
c - Was walking
45) I ..........them yesterday.
a - Took
b - Take
c - Taken
46) You .........them in the kitchen this morning.
a - Left
b - Leave
c - Leaves
47) That was the first place I .................
a - Look
b - Looked
c - Looking
48) I didn't ..........you.
a - Recognize
b - Recognised
c - Recognising
49) what time did you .......................to the cinema last
night?
a - Go
b - Went
226
 c - Going
50 Lázaro. ................ in time yesterday.
) ........
a - Arrived
b - Goes
c - Arrives
51 Mr. for a loan, but then, he won the
) Martínez ................... lottery.
...
a - Asked
b - Asking
c - Askeing
52 When did your summary of English grammar for
) you .................. Pedro ?
a - Finish
b - Finishes
c - Finished
53 Did in the San Silvestre race last year?
) you .................
.
a - Run
b - Runed
c - Running
54 There ........... only a little coffee in the
) ....... cup.
a - Had
b - Was
c - Were
55 I was going to write but the down.
) computer ...............
a - Break
b - Breaks
c - Broke
56 Mary, ..........................to the Costa Brava last year.
)
a - Went
b - Go
c - Goes
57 ......you born in Elda ?
)
a - Had
b - Are
c - Were
58) The shop was open this morning. It ...at 4:45.
a - Open
b - Was open
c - Opened
59) I ...............at the University from 1980 to 1985.
a - Studied
b - Studyed
c - Studyed
227
60) I ...............at the traffic light because
it was red. a - Stoped
b - Stopped
c - Stoppeed
61) She.......the big bags in our
last travel. a - Carryed
b - Carried
c - Carryeed
62) We........because it was
getting late. a - Hurryed
b - Hurried
c - Hurred
63) The thief........he had robbed all
the jewels. a - Adnited
b - Admitted
c - Admitedd
64) I ................to London in 1987.
a - Go
b - Went
c - Gone
65) I..........my friend Javi last
Sunday. a - See
b - Seen
c - Saw
66) He ...................arrive late
yesterday. a - Do
b - Does
c - Did
228
Soluciones

1. B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. A 10. B
11. A 12. B 13. A 14. A 15. C 16. B 17. A 18. A 19. B 20. A
21. C 22. C 23. B 24. B 25. C 26. B 27. B 28. C 29. C 30. A
31. A 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. C 36. A 37. A 38. B 39. A 40. A
41. C 42. B 43. A 44. A 45. A 46. A 47. B 48. A 49. A 50. A
51. A 52. A 53. A 54. B 55. C 56. A 57. C 58. C 59. A 60. B
61. B 62. B 63. B 64. B 65. C 66. C
229
 EL PASADO CONTINUO

Afirmativa. Sujeto + Was, Were + I was reading Time.

Ing.
Yo estaba leyendo la
revista Time.

Negativa. Sujeto + Was, Were + I was not sleeping.

Not
+ Ing. No estaba durmiendo.
Interrogativa. Was, Were + Sujeto + Were they playing
Ing. chess?
¿Estaban jugando al
ajedrez?

PRINCIPALES USOS

Para hablar acerca de lo que estaba I was reading when she came.
sucediendo. Yo estaba leyendo cuando ella llegó.

Cuando dos acciones estaban I was reading a novel while she

was
ocurriendo al mismo tiempo. watching TV.
Yo estaba leyendo una novela
mientras ella estaba viendo la tele.

En descripciones. I was riding a car and then...

Estaba conduciendo cuando…

· Cuando hablamos de dos acciones pasadas, la más larga se expresa con

pasado continuo y la más corta en pasado simple

It was raining when I went to bed.

Estaba lloviendo cuando me fui a la cama.

· Para indicar que una acción sucedió después de otra, usamos el pasado
simple en ambos casos.

Yesterday I got up and had a shower.

Ayer me levanté y me duché.

· Puede ir con expresiones temporales del tipo:

230
All night. The whole day. The whole For a long time.
Toda la noche. Todo el día. afternoon. Durante mucho
Toda la tarde. tiempo

1) My wife .................................................a bath when her

mother phoned.
a - Was having
b - Were having
c - Was to have
2) Inma .................................................to the radio when I came
home.
a - Was listen
b - Was listening
c - Were listening
3) Mike ...............................in the sofa reading a magazine.
a - Sit
b - Were siting
c - Was sitting
4) We ....................................in Almansa when my son was born.
a - Was living
b - Were living
c - Living
5) It ................................................dark, so we went home.
a - Get darker
b - Got darking
c - Was getting
6) The dog .....................................when a cat appeared.
a - Was runing
b - Was running
c - Were runing
7) They ...............................in a karaoke when their friends
arrived.
a - Was singing
b - Were song
c - Were singing
8) I ......................................................when my mother came.
a - Wrote
b - Was writing
c - Were writing
9) I .........................................................when the phone rang.
a - Gotting dress
b - Was getting dressed
c - Were get dressed
231
10) The alarm clock...............................................but I
couldn't stop it.
a - Ringing
b - Rings
c - Was ringing
11) He ..................................................................TV when his
girlfriend came.
a - Were watching
b - Was watching
c - Watching

12) We....................................and it began to snow.

a - Riding
b - Were riding
c - Roding
13) She.........................the food before she served it.
a - Tastes
b - Taste
c - Was testing
14) Yesterday they ..................................................siesta
when I phoned.
a - Was sleeping
b - Sleep
c - Were sleeping
15) We ................................tennis when she came.
a - Plays
b - Were playing
c - Wil play
16) She ...............................letters before you rang.
a - Was writing
b - Were writing
c - Writes
17) I ......................................................the press an hour
before.
a - Were reading
b - Reads
c - Was reading
18) I ..........wondering if you would like to marry me.
a - Be
b - Is
c - Was
19) I was ................of going abroad.
a - Think
b - Thinking
c - Thinks
232
Soluciones

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. C
11. B 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. B 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B
233
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO
· Este tiempo, al igual que el resto de los tiempos perfectos, hacen
referencia a acciones ya acabadas, aunque también se use para
acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y todavía tienen continuidad en
el presente.

· Como todos los tiempos perfectos, se forma con el verbo to have y el

Participio Pasado.

Afirmativa Sujeto + Have, Has + I have played tennis.

Participio Pasado. He jugado al tenis.
I have eaten paella.

He comido paella.

Negativa Sujeto + Have, Has not I have not played

+ chess.
Participio Pasado. No he jugado al ajedrez.
I have not eaten

gazpachos.
No he comido
gazpachos.

Interrogativa Have, Has + Sujeto + Have you played golf?

Participio Pasado. ¿Has jugado al golf?
Have you eaten

octopus?
¿Has comido pulpo?

PRINCIPALES USOS

Acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado I have eaten

He comido
paella. pero se desconoce o no interesa el
paella.
momento exacto en que ocurrieron.
I have visited Paris.
He visitado Paris.

Acciones que se han repetido en el He has visited Madrid many times.

234
pasado. Ha ido a Madrid muchas veces.

Con just, indica que la acción ha I have just seen my wife.

ocurrido recientemente. Acabo de ver a mi mujer.

Con ever. (alguna vez) Have you ever been to Rome?

¿Has estado en Roma alguna vez?

Con always. I have always liked the country.

Siempre me ha gustado el campo.

Con already. We have already finished.

Ya hemos acabado.

· For y since suelen acompañar a éste tiempo para referirse a acciones

que empezaron en el pasado y que continuan hasta el momento
presente.

How long. Se utiliza para preguntar How long have you been
wearing
por la duración. glasses?
¿Cuánto tiempo hace que llevas
gafas?

For. I have lived in Elda for 40 years.

Se emplea con períodos de tiempo. Hace 40 años que vivo en Elda.
Desde hace.
Since. She has had the same car since
1987.
Nos remonta a un punto concreto en Tiene el mismo coche desde 1987.
el pasado. Desde o desde que. I have been wearing glasses
since
October.
Llevo gafas desde octubre.
235
1) My sister ............................................a chocolate cake for
my birthday.
a - Has made
b - Has be made
c - Has been makeing
2) He has never ................................................ "Gone with
the wind ".
a - Seen
b - See
c - Saw
3) I have ..........................................................paella every
Saturday for years.
a - Ate
b - Eat
c - Eaten
4) They have just ............................................around
Spain.
a - Travel
b - Traveled
c - Travelled
5) He Diet Coke since he was at
has ....................................... University.
.....
a - Being drinking
b - Been drunk
c - Been drinking
6) Flavio his girlfriend.
has ...........................................
.
a - Forgave
b - Forgive
c - Forgiven
7) My mother in Petrel all the morning.
has ........................................
a - Be
b - Been
c - Was
8) Their friends a new job in Elche.
have .......................................
a - Finded
b - Founded
c - Found
9) Toni fireworks for the summer
has ........................................... party.
....
a - Buyed
b - Bought
 c - Boughting
10) Cayetano a new house for his family.
has ..........................................
a - Build
b - Built
c - Boughts
11) Mario for the beers in the bar.
has ......................................................
..
236
 a - Payed
b - Paid
c - Paying
12) for this moment since I was a
I ..............................................
.......... child.
a - Have wait
b - Have been waiting
c - Have being waiting
13) in this house since 1997.
We .........................
...
a - Lived
b - Have being living
c - Have been living
14) in Terra since 1999.
He .....................
..
a - Is invested
b - Is invest
c - Has been investing
15) a book for a long time.
He ....................
..
a - Writes
b - Is wrote
c - Has been writing
16)
Lucas ........................................
since last summer in this
......... project.
a - Has been working
b - Has working
c - Had been working
17) this question many times.
I ...........................................
.........
a - Have answered
b - Has answer
c - Had answering
18) in the same house since they got
They .......................... married.
....
a - Have living
b - Have lived
c - Has lived
19) a single match this year.
We ................................
.....
a - Haven't played
b - Hasn't play
c - Have play
20) a lot with this teacher.
They ........................
.....
a - Has learnt
b - Have learnt
c - Have learned
21) many good films, but this is the
We.................................. best one.
.......
a - Has see
237
 b - Has seen
c - Have
seen
22) I ......................................................a new TV set this
week.
a - Have buy
b - Have boughted
c - Have bought

23) We .................................. "El Cid " many times in

summer.
a - Have climbt
b - Have climbed
c - Have climbing
24) He ...............................some shoes for his brother.
a - Has bought
b - Has buy
c - Have bought
25) They ..............................the news in Hello magazine.
a - Have readed
b - Have read
c - Have readt
26) He has.................................................on weight since he
got married.
a - Puts
b - Put
c - Putting
27) Pepe has......................................a new apartment in
Santa Pola.
a - Buying
b - Boughted
c - Bought
28) Mari Puri has.....................................all the chocolate cakes
in the fridge.
a - Ate
b - Eating
c - Eaten
29) Our new neighbours have ............................with us about
their problems.
a - Speaken
b - Spoken
c - Speaking
30) My brother-in-law has...................................football in
Alicante.
a - Plays
b - Played
 c - Playeding
31) I have.............................four faxes today to the
Consellería.
a - Sent
238
 b - Sended
c - Sented
32) He .................................his book yet.
a - Had finished
b - Has finishing
c – Hasn’t finished
33) Pepe.................................since last summer in this book.
a - Has being working
b - Has been working
c - Has be working
34) Mary ......................................an affair with John since she
got her divorce.
a - Has been having
b - Have being having
c - Has been haveing
35) The neighbour's children ...................a terrible noise since we
moved here.
a - Has been making
b - Have being making
c - Have been making
36) Olga ..........................................a picture of her daughter
for a month.
a - Have being painting
b - Has been paint
c - Has been painting
37) Javi....................................................a lot of money in
Russia since 1995.
a - Has being making
b - Has been making
c - Has be making
38) Fermina....her journey since she knew that we were also
going there.
a - Has be preparing
b - Has being preparing
c - Has been preparing
39) We...........................................football this morning in "La
Sirmat ".
a - Has being playing
b - Have been playing
c - Had be playing
40) Alberto Navarro .................................his last book for over
fifteen years.
a - Has been writing
b - Has be writing
c - Has being writing
41) l have ..........my first marathon at the age of 42.
a - Runing
b - Run
239
 c - Runed
42) I..........................Antonio Maestre since we went to don
Emilio's school
together.
a - Know
b - Have known
c - Has been knowing
43) I..........................a lot with these quick tests.
a - Has learnt
b - Have learnt
c - Have learning
44) They.........................................................me that she
has won the lottery.
a - Have tell
b – Has told
c – Have told
45) We .......................................to move to a bigger
house.
a - Have decided
b - Has decided
c - Will decided
46) How long have you ....................there?
a - Be
b - Being
c - Been
47) He's ..............
a - Arrived
b - Arrive
c - Arrives
48) I've just....................to the manager.
a - Speak
b - Spoke
c - Spoken
49) Have you ...........my glasses?
a - Seen
b - See
c - Saw
50) Have you .............in the bedroom?
a - Looked
b - Look
c - Looking
51) They have just ......................
a - Disappeared
b - Disappear
240
 c - Disappeareing
52) There has ........a car crash in Juan Carlos I
street.
a - Be
b - Was
c - Been
53) What ................happened to him? he looks
very sad.
a - Is
b - Has
c - Have
54) A little boy called Jaime .………….....been
here.
a - Is
b - Have
c - Has
55) You have ........a great help to all of us,
thanks a lot.
a - Been
b - Be
c - Was
56) I've .............the CD, but I prefer to see
them live.
a - Bought
b - Buy
c - Buys
57) I've often ............them on TV, but this is
something else!
a - Seen
b - See
c - Saw
58) Well, I've ..............packing.
a - Finished
b - Finish
c - Finishing
59) He has ...........teaching me Spanish.
a - Been
b - Be
c - Was
60) Jaime has never ..................late before.
a - Come
b - Came
c - Comes
61) The Sax train ...........................It’s been half
an hour late.
a - Arrived has just
b - Has just arrived
c - Has arrived just
241
62) -“Have another chocolate”. -No, thank you very much indeed,
.............too much.
a - I've
eaten b - I
eaten
c - I ate
63) Hello, darling, have
you ..........................dinner yet? a -
Cooked
b - Cooken
c - Do
64) My daughter hasn't ....................from
school yet. a - Comed
b - Coming
c - Come
65) It was nice to see him again. I
.........him for ages. a - Haven't seen
b - Haven t
see c - Saw
66) ................you done your
homework? a - Have
b - Has
c - Have to

67) It ...........for ages in

Almeria. a - Doesn't rain
b - Did rain
c - Hasn't rained
68) -Where is Clemente? -He ......to
the bank. a - Is
b - Has gone
c - Has went
69) I ..........to London
since 1993. a - Haven't
been
b - Haven't
gone c -
Haven't go
70) "Tres Superhombres en Tokyo " was the worst film I've
ever ......
a - See
b - Saw
c - Seen
71) I.........a cigarette since last
Christmas. a - Haven smoked
b - Haven't smoked
242
 c - Hasn't smoked
72) All flights to Madrid...........because of the
fog.
a - Has been cancelled
b - Have been cancelled
c - Cancelled
73) He has...................to bed because he was a
little tired.
a - Go
b - Went
c - Gone
243
Soluciones

1. A 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. B
11. B 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. C 16. A 17. A 18. B 19. A 20. B
21. C 22. C 23. B 24. A 25. B 26. B 27. C 28. C 29. B 30. B
31. A 32. C 33. B 34. A 35. C 36. C 37. B 38. C 39. B 40. A
41. B 42. B 43. B 44. C 45. A 46. C 47. A 48. C 49. A 50. A
51. A 52. C 53. B 54. C 55. A 56. A 57. A 58. A 59. A 60. A
61. B 62. A 63. A 64. C 65. A 66. A 67. C 68. B 69. A 70. C
71. B 72. B 73. C
244
EL PRETÉRITO PERFECTO CONTINUO

· Como todos los tiempos continuos, indica acciones en proceso.

Afirmativa. Sujeto + Have, Has + I have been reading

the
Been + Ing. paper.
He estado leyendo el
periódico.

Negativa. Sujeto + Have, Has not I have not been

+ cooking.
Been + Ing. No he estado
cocinando.

Interrogativa. Have, Has + Sujeto + Have you been

walking?
Been + Ing. ¿Has estado dando un
paseo?

PRINCIPALES USOS

Indica acciones muy recientes que She has been swimming.

acaban de terminar. Ella ha estado nadando.
He has been crying

Él ha estado llorando.

Acciones que empezaronen el I have been waiting for half an

hour.
pasado y que todavía continuan. Llevo esperando media hora.

Puede ir acompañado de expresiones He has been working the whole

day.
como: the whole day, all week, etc. Ha estado trabajando todo el día.
245
EL PASADO PERFECTO

Afirmativa. Sujeto + Had + I had seen her.

Participio
Pasado. Yo la había visto.

Negativa. Sujeto + Had not + I had not gone.

Participio Pasado. Yo no había ido.

Interrogativa. Had + Sujeto + Had she been with

Participio you?
Pasado ¿Había estado ella
contigo?

· Equivale al pluscuamperfecto. Es el tiempo más remoto en el pasado.

PRINCIPALES USOS

Acciones que ocurrieron antes que When I had finished all my work,
I went
otra. to the swimming pool.
Cuando hube acabado mi trabajo
me fui a la piscina.

· Suele usar expresiones del tipo:

Since. For. Till. Until

Desde. Desde hace. Hasta.

When. Before. By the time. Always.

Cuando Antes. Para cuando. Siempre.
246
 EL PASADO PERFECTO CONTINUO
· Expresa acciones que habían estado ocurriendo en el pasado hasta un
momento concreto.

Afirmativa. Sujeto + Had been + I had been sleeping

Ing.
siesta.
Había estado durmiendo
la siesta.

Negativa. Sujeto + Hadn't been + She had not been

Ing. reading.
Ella no había estado
leyendo.

Interrogativa. Had + Sujeto + Been + Had you been

working?
Ing. ¿Habías estado
trabajando?

We had been studying until her mother came.

Habíamos estado estudiando hasta que vino su madre.
247
EL FUTURO SlMPLE
Afirmativa. Sujeto + Will + Inf sin t I will go with you.
o.
Iré contigo.

Negativa. Sujeto + Will not , + Inf I will not pay for that.
sin
t o. No pagaré eso.

Interrogativa. Will + Sujeto + Inf sin t Will you marry me?

o.
¿Te casarás conmigo?

· Se puede usar shall en la primera persona del singular y del plural,

aunque su uso queda cada vez más restringido a la expresión de
ofrecimientos. Se puede usar will en todas las personas de singular y
plural. Tanto shall como will contraen en “-‘ll”.

PRINCIPALES USOS

En sugerencias. Shall we go to the cinema?

¿Vamos al cine?

En promesas. I will buy you the car.

Te compraré el coche.

Determinaciones. I will go with you.

Iré contigo.

Énfasis. I will never do it again.

No lo volveré a hacer.

Predicciones. They will win the match.

Ellos ganarán el partido.

Lógicamente, indica acciones que I will buy a Harley next year.

ocurrirán. Me compraré una Harley el año que
viene.

Con advertencias y condiciónes. If you don’t hurry, you’ll be late.

Si no te das prisa llegarás tarde.

Para expresar deseo o rechazo ante Don’t drink too much or you’ll
get
algo. drunk.
Nobebasdemasiadoote
248
 emborracharás.

Ofrecimientos. I'll help you with your exercises.

Te ayudaré con los ejercicios.

BE GOING TO
· Indica planes para el futuro, también hace referencia a acciones que se
ve que van a ocurrir.

I’m going to visit my mother.

Voy a visitar a mi madre.

It’s going to rain.

Va a llover.
249
1) She ..................................with us next April in
Cazorla.
a - Will go fishing
b - Would go fishing
c – Went fishing
2) She .................................to Petrel next week.
a - Is moving
b - Is moved
c - Is going to moving
3) We.........................................a new computer for
the students.
a - Are buy
b - Are going to buy
c - Will buys
4) I .......................................................in Aspe
tomorrow.
a - Will be
b - Will is
c - Will am
5) I ......................................................my cousin in
Madrid next week.
a - Visited
b - Will visit
c - Visit
6) They ...........................a new road in 2007.
a - Build
b - Will build
c - Builded
7) She .................................in the team next year.
a - Played
b - Playing
c - Will play
8) I .............................with them to Toledo next March.
a - Will go
b - Go
c - Went
9) They ...........................back at 8.00.
a - Is
b - Was
c - Will be
10) He .................................her in Alicante in 2005.
a - Will marry
b - Married
c - Would married
11) I ....................................to the Yelmo Cineplex
cinemas tomorrow.
250
 a-
Went b
- Go
c - Will go

12)
I ..........................
all my friends to a paella next
... Saturday.
a - Invite
b - Will invite
c - Would invite
13) with you if you
I.......... pay.
a - Will
eat
b - Would eat
c - Had eaten
14) I you your
will ........ room.
a - Shows
b - Show
c - Showing
15) I long.
won't .............
a - Be
b - Have
c - Do
16) the waiter if they have Coke instead of
I'll ....... Pepsi.
a-
Asks
b - Ask
c - Asking
17) He you a parcel for me.
will ........
a - Brings
b - Bring
c-
Brought
18) We immediately
will ...... .
a - Come
b - Comes
c - Cam
19) I the car tonight.
will ...............
a - Wash
b - Washed
c - Washing
20) Next Sunday play tennis with Eduardo.
I ....................
a - Was played
b - Will plays
c - Am going to play
21)
How .....................
you go to Sax tomorrow?
..
251
 a - Does
b - Shall
c - Will
22) -Where.......tonight? -Why don't we go to the new
Mamma Luna? a - Shall we go
b - We going c
- Go can we
23) We ..................go to Madrid to see Beauty and the
Beast next month. a - Will
b - Would
c - Need
24) If you can't water the plants, I
........do it for you. a - Would
b - Will
c - going
25) ......you look after my daughters while I go to buy
the paper? a - Will
b - Must
c - Need
26) I..........send a letter as soon
as I arrive. a - Have
b - Will
c - Would
252
Soluciones

1. A 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. C 10. A
11. C 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. C
21. C 22. A 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. B 27. 28. 29. 30.
253
EL FUTURO CONTINUO
· Expresa acciones que con seguridad tendrán lugar en el futuro.

Afirmativa. Sujeto + Will be + Inf I will be driving to

sin
to + Ing. Alicante.
Estaré conduciendo
hacia a Alicante.

Negativa. Sujeto + Will not + Inf I will not be eating

sin there.
t o + Ing. No estaré comiendo allí.

Interrogativa. Will + Sujeto + Be + Inf Will you be studying

+ in
Ing. Elx?
¿Estarás estudiando en
Elx?
Suele ir acompañado de What will you be
doing at
expresiones temporales 7 o’clok tomorrow?
como: At 7 o’clock, this ¿Qué estarás haciendo
time next mañana a las 7?
year/month/week.
254
EL FUTURO PERFECTO
· Indica acciones que habrán acabado en el futuro. Normalmente son
suposiciones o presunciones.

Afirmativa. Sujeto + Will have + I will have eaten.

Participio Pasado. Habré comido.

Negativa. Sujeto + Will have + I will not have eaten.

Not
+ Participio Pasado. No habré comido.

Interrogativa. Will + Sujeto + Will Will you have eaten?

have +
Participio Pasado. ¿Habrás comido?

I will have read the book next month.

Habré leido el libro el próximo mes.

· Puede ir acompañado de referencias temporales

Tomorrow. In the year 2050. Next week.

Mañana. En el año 2050. La próxima semana.

Soon. The day after In the next year.

tomorrow.
Pronto. Pasado mañana. El año que viene.

In the future. In a month. At 7 o’clock.

En el futuro Dentro de un mes. A la siete en punto.

This time next year: By 8.30.

A esta hora el año que Para las 8.30.
viene.
255
1) Barcelona............against Manchester United in
June.
a - Will be playing
b - Will play be
c - Will be played
2) Everybody..........at Christmas.
a - Will have eat cocido
b - Will be eating cocido
c - Will cocido be eating
3) I .................................a new car by 2005.
a - Will buy be
b - Will have bought
c - Will have be buying
4) She .................5 kilos with this new diet.
a - Will have lost
b - Will have loose
c - Will have losted
5) I..................my first novel in 2007.
a - Will have written
b - Will have write
c - Will have wrote
6) We ................our house by 2018.
a - Will have pay
b - Will have be payd
c - Will have paid
7) My mother............her new portrait next week.
a - Will have paint
b - Will be paint
c - Will have painted
8) We.............the cuartelillo in September.
a - Will be bought
b - Will have bought
c - Will be buy
9) My friend ............his lecture in February.
a - Will have given
b - Will have gave
c - Will have give
10) I ........................................................in a new
office next year.
a - Will be working
b - Will working be
c - Will have working
11) They ...........................in La Sirena next
Saturday.
256
 a - Will be having
dinner b - Will dinner
have
c - Will be dinner
12) to Berlín in
I.......... August.
a - Will flying
b - Will flying be
c - Will be flying
our daughter next Christmas.
13)
We ................................
.....

a - Will visitt
b - Will visitting
c - Will be visiting
14)
They ............................ for you at the airport.
....

a - Will be waited
b - Will be waiting
c - Will be wait
some new books tomorow.
15)
I ..............................................
.........

a - Will be buying
b - Will buying be
c - Will bought
16)
She........................ in the new disco next Saturday.
...
a - Will dancing
b - Will dancing be
c - Will be dancing
17) in
It........... Madrid.
a - Will be snow
b - Will be snowing
c - Will snow be
18) tennis this evening.
I .....................
.
a - Will be playing
b - Played
c - Will be play
19) I ...................................... the report on Monday.
hope I .............
a - Will have finished
b - Will finished
c - Will be finish
20) By this time next year a lot with that
they ............................. teacher.
a - Will learnt have
b - Will have learnt
c - Will have learn
21)
We ......................... all the beer before winter.
...
a - Will drank
257
 b - Will be dranking
c - Will have drunk
22) He ...............................many countries in April.
a - Will have seen
b - Will seen
c - Will be seen
23) I .............................everything before 12:00.
a - Will eaten
b - Will have eaten
c - Will be ate
24) My friend ..........................................before Christmas.
a - Will be come
b - Will come be
c - Will have come
25) Juan ...............................................a new computer in
June.
a - Will have bought
b - Will bought
c - Will be boughting
26) His friends ........................................the new baby on
Monday morning.
a - Have will visit
b - Will have visited
c - Will visited
27) The teachers .....................................all the exams this
evening.
a - Will have corrected
b - Will be correct
c - Will correcting be
28) Tomorrow my secretary ......................all the memos.
a - Will have typed
b - Will types
c - Had typed
29) By twelve o'clock they will ...................studying English
for two hours.
a - Have
b - Been
c - Have been
30) By the end of the year I will .........twenty books.
a - Have written
b - Had written
c - Writing
31) We..........by nine o'clock tomorrow night.
a - Will have
finished b - Will
finished
258
c-
Finish
259
Soluciones

1. A 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. A
11. A 12. C 13. C 14. B 15. A 16. C 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. B
21. C 22. A 23. B 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. A 28. A 29. C 30. A
31. C
260
 EL CONDICIONAL SIMPLE
· El condicional se forma igual que el futuro, anteponiendo al infinitivo la
partícula: would o should.

· La partícula should sólo se usa en inglés muy formal. Normalmente

se emplea para expresar consejos o advertencias.

· Puede contraer con el sujeto: I would en I’d

Afirmativa. Sujeto + Would + Inf sin I would go with you.

t o. Yo iría contigo.
I’d go to the cinema.

Yo iría al cine.

Negativa. Sujeto + Would not + I would not pay that.

Inf
sin t o. Yo no pagaría eso.
I wouldn’t buy it.

Yo no lo compraría.

Interrogativa. Would + Sujeto + Inf sin Would you marry me?

t o. ¿Te casarías conmigo?
261
EL CONDICIONAL PERFECTO

Afirmativa. Sujeto + Would + I would have gone

Have+ with
Participio Pasado. you.
Yo habría ido contigo.
Negativa. Sujeto + Would not/ I would not have paid
won't + Have+ that.
Participio Yo no habría pagado
Pasado.
eso.

Interrogativa. Would + Sujeto + Would you have

Have+ married
Participio Pasado. her?
¿Te habrías casado con
ella?
262
CUADRO RESUMEN DE LOS TIEMPOS
VERBALES
EL PRESENTE SIMPLE

Afirmativa. Sujeto + Inf. I live in Elda.

3ª p. ( He, She, It ) He kisses her.
añade She washes up every day.
“-s” o “-es
Negativa. Sujeto + Don’t o I don’t like coffee.
Doesn’t + Inf She doesn’t smoke.
Interrogativa. Do o Does + S + Inf? Do you love me?
Does he go to school?
Usos. Acciones habituales. I get up at 7.45.
Verdades universales. Snow is cold.
Horarios. The match starts at 6.00.
Acciones en el futuro The train leaves at 6.00.
sujetas a un horario.
Otros. Le suelen acompañar: every day, always, usually, often,
never, generally, etc.

EL PRESENTE CONTINUO

Afirmativa. S + Be (am, is, are) + I am reading.

Ing.
Negativa. S + Be + Not + Ing. She is not smoking.

Interrogativa. Am, Is, Are + S + Are you running?

Ing?

Usos. Acciones en proceso I am readind a book.

Planes futuros. I am playing tennis
Acciones repetidas. tomorrow.
He is always talking.

Otros. Le suelen acompañar: at present , nowadays, now, at

the
moment, etc.
263
 EL PRESENTE PERFECTO

Afirmativa. S + Have (have o has) I have played tennis.

+
Participio pasado I have eaten paella.
Negativa. S + Have + Not + I have not washed the
dishes.
Participo pasado. I have not seen her.
Interrogativa. Have o Has + S + Have you been there?
Participo pasado?
Usos. Acciones acabadas I have read the book.
de las que no se dice
cuando sucedieron.
Otros. Puede llevar just , for, since, already, yet, etc.

EL PASADO SIMPLE

Afirmativa. S + Vb. Regular + ed I played.

S + Vb Irr I ate.
( 2ªColumna).

Negativa. S + Did + Not (didn’t) I did not play.

+
Inf. I did not eat.

Interrogativa Did + S + Inf? Did you play?

Did you eat?

Usos. Acciones que I went to Barcelona.

ocurrieron en el I was reading the paper and
then
pasado. it began to rain.
A veces acompaña al
pasado continuo
Otros. Le suelen acompañar: last year, yesterday, two days
ago
etc.

EL PASADO CONTINUO

Afirmativa. S + Be (Was, Were) + I was writing a letter.

Ing.
Negativa. S + Was, Were + Not I was not writing a letter.
+
Ing
264
Interrogativa. Was, Were + S + Ing? Were you writing a letter?

Usos. Acciones en proceso I was painting the gate.

en el pasado. The girls were smiling.
En narraciones.
Para descripciones.

EL PRESENTE PERFECTO
CONTINUO

Afirmativa. S + Have o Has + I have been learning English

Been for
+Ing. 20 years.
Negativa. S + Have o Has+ not I have not been sleeping.
+
Been + Ing.
Interrogativa. Have o Has + S + Have you been reading?
Been
+ Ing?
Usos. Acciones que
comenzaron en el
pasado y todavía
continuan o acaban
de suceder, Resalta la
duración de la acción.
Otros. For y since le suelen acompañar.

EL PASADO PERFECTO

Afirmativa. S + Had + Participio I had gone.

Pasado.
Negativa. S + had + Not + I had not gone.
Participio Pasado.
Interrogativa. Had + S + Participio Had she gone?
Pasado?.
Usos. Acciones que
ocurrieron antes que
otra acción pasada.
Otros. Le suelen acompañar: when, before, by the time etc.

EL PASADO PERFECTO
CONTINUO

Afirmativa. S + Had + Been + Ing. I had been watching TV.

265
Negativa. S + Had + Not + Been I had not been watching TV.
+
Ing.
Interrogativa. Had + S + Been + Had she been ironing?
Ing?.

Usos. Acciones que estaban

en proceso antes que
otra acción pasada
ocurriera.

EL FUTURO SIMPLE

Afirmativa. S + Will o Shall + Inf. I will go.

Negativa. S + Will + Not + Inf. I will not go.

Interrogativa. Will + S + Inf? Will she come?

Usos. Acciones futuras.

Predicciones
Otros. Le suelen acompañar: tonight , tomorrow, next year, in
a
month.

EL FUTURO CONTINUO

Afirmativa. S + Wil be + Ing I will be reading Valle de

Elda.

Negativa. S + Will + Not + Be + I will not be watching TV.

Ing.
Interrogativa. Will + S + Be + Ing? Will you be working?

Usos. Acciones futuras en

progreso.

EL FUTURO PERFECTO

Afirmativa. S + Will have + I will have arrived at 7.00.

Participio Pasado.
Negativa. S + Will + Not + Have I will not have finished.
+
Participio Pasado.
Interrogativa. Will + S + Have + Will she have paid?
Participio Pasado?
266
Usos. Acciones acabadas
en el futuro.

EL FUTURO PERFECTO CONTINUO

Afirmativa. S + Will have + Been I will have been working.

+
Ing.
Negativa. S + Will + Not + Have I will not have been working.
+
Been + Ing.
Interrogativa. Will + S + Have + Will you have been working?
Been +
Ing.
Usos. Acciones que estarán
finalizadas en el
futuro.

EL CONDICIONAL SIMPLE

Afirmativa. S + Would + Inf. I would go to London.

Negativa. S + Would + Not + Inf. I would not go to London.

Interrogativa. Would + S + Inf? Would you go to Lisbon?

Usos. Deseos en el presente

o en el futuro.

EL CONDICIONAL PERFECTO
Afirmativa. S + Would + Have + I would have gone to
London.
Participio Pasado.
Negativa. S + Would + Not + I would not have gone to
Have London.
+ Participio Pasado.
Interrogativa. Would + S + Have + Would you have gone to
Paris?
Participio Pasado?

Usos. Lamentos sobre

acciones pasadas.
267
TIPOS DE ORACIONES

· Podemos establecer dos grandes grupos: Las coordinadas y las

subordinadas. Las primeras son oraciones compuestas independientes
entre sí. En cuanto a las subordinadas una depende de la otra.

· Los nexos más usados son los siguientes:

Copulativas. And. He is tall and intelligent.

Y. Él es alto e inteligente.

Both…and. They both teach French and Italian.

Tanto...como. Ellos dos enseñan francés e italiano.

Moreover. It rained a lot, moreover it snowed.

Además. Llovió mucho, además nevó.

Likewise. I bought a ham; likewise did my

neighbour.
De igual modo. Compré un jamón, al igual que mi vecino.

Besides. I have no money, besides I don’t want

to buy
Además. anything else.
No tengo dinero, además no quiero
comprar nada más.

Disyuntivas. Or. You can stay or come with us.

O. Puedes quedarte o venir con nosotros.

Either…or. They are either Italian or Greek.

O…o. Ellos son o italianos o griegos.

Neither…nor. I neither like Wagner nor the Rolling

Stones.
Ni...ni. Ni me gusta Wagner ni los Rolling Stones.

Adversativa But. I like Verdi but I prefer Puccini.

s
Pero. Me gusta Verdi pero prefiero Puccini.

Not only…but Not only I read Valle de Elda but I also

 read
also. Vivir en Elda.
268
 No sólo...sino No sólo leo Valle de Elda sino que también
también. leo Vivir en Elda.

Yet. She is pretty, yet nobody loves her.

Aunque. Ella es guapa, aunque nadie la quiere.

Although. Although he is rich, he hasn’t many

friends.
Aunque. Aunque es rico no tiene muchos amigos.

Causales. Because. I became rich because I saved a lot.

Porque. Me hice rico porque ahorré mucho.

For. She studies for being a lawyer.

Para. Estudia para ser abogado

As. As I had studied French I could

travelled
Como. alone.
Como había estudiado francés pude viajar
solo.

Since. Since they are adults they can go.

Puesto que. Ya que son adultos pueden viajar solos.

Owing to. The recital was cancelled owing to

lack of
Ya que, debido audience.
a. El recital se canceló debido a falta de
público.

Finales. In order to. In order to be accepted you have to

pay first.
Para. Para que te acepten, debes pagar primero.

So as to. They voted so as to elect the new

President.
Con el fin de. Votaron para elegir al nuevo presidente.

In case. I have an insurance in case I need it.

En el caso de Tengo un seguro por si lo necesito.
que. Por si.
269
 For fear. He eats a lot of oranges for fear of
getting a
Por miedo a. cold.
Come muchas naranjas por miedo a coger
un catarro.

Consecutiva So. He won the pools so he bought a new

s. house.
Por eso. Ganó las quinielas y por eso se compró una
nueva casa.

Therefore. He has many friends therefore he is

never
Por lo tanto. alone.
Tiene muchos amigos y por eso nunca está
solo.

Which is why. He is boring, which is why he’s always

alone.
Esa es la razón Es aburrido, esa es la razón por la que
por la que. siempre está solo.

So…that. I bought a present so that you liked it.

Para que. Compré un regalo para que te gustara

Comparativa As. He is as intelligent as his sister.

s.
Como. Él es tan inteligente como su hermana.

As…as. He is not as honest as his brother.

Tan como. Él no es tan honrado como su hermano.

So…as. He is not so tall as me.

No tan como. Él no es tan alto como yo.

Similarly. Petrel has nice parks, similarly Elda

has nice
Del mismo museums.
modo.
Petrel tiene parques muy bonitos, de igual
modo Elda tiene museos muy bonitos.
Modo. As. As a pianist she is the best.
Como. Como pianista el es el mejor.
270
 Like. He eats like a lion.
Como. Come como un león.

Concesivas. Although. Although I prefer to stay I have to go

now.
Aunque. Aunque prefiero quedarme tengo que irme.

Though. Though he is ill, he never complains.

Aunque. Aunque está malo, nunca se queja.

Even though. Even though he is rich he never shows

off.
Incluso. Aunque es rico, nunca presume.

Even if. Even if it rains I will go.

Incluso si. Incluso si llueve iré.

However. I liked it, however, I didn’t buy it.

Sin embargo. Me gustó, sin embargo no lo compré.

No matter. No matter if you love her, she doen’t

love
No importa. you.
No importa si la quieres, ella no te quiere.

In spite of. In spite of having lived in France she

doesn’t
A pesar de . speak French.
A pesar de haber vivido en Francia no
habla francés.

Despite. Despite all the efforts he didn’t win.

A pesar de. A pesar de todos los esfuerzos, no ganó.

Condicionale If. If you need me, phone me.

s
. Si. Si me necesitas, llámame.

Tiempo. When. When you want to visit us, let us

 know.
Cuando. Cuando quieras visitarnos, háznoslo saber.
271
 While. While I was in Italy I ate a lot of pasta.
Mientras. Mientras estuve en Italia comí mucha
pasta.

Before. Before I worked in Elda, I worked

in
Antes. Crevillente.
Antes de trabajar en Elda, trabajé en
Crevillente.

Since. I have lived here since 1962

Desde. Vivo aquí desde 1962

Whenever. Whenever he comes I visit him.

Cada vez que Cada vez que viene le visito.

Until. Until I found it I was sad.

Hasta. Hasta que lo encontré estaba triste.

Now. Now I am hungry.

Ahora. Ahora tengo hambre.

Once. Once I pay the house I will buy a car.

Una vez. Una vez que haya pagado el piso compraré
un coche.

No sonner… No sooner had they gone than I was

than. asleep.
Apenas. Apenas se habían ido me quedé dormido.

Finally. Finally I read the book.

Finalmente. Finalmente leí el libro.

In short. In short they will be here.

En breve. En breve estarán aquí.

Lugar. Where. This is the house where we lived until

1996.
Donde. Esta es la casa donde vivimos hasta 1996.

Wherever. Wherever she goes she buys some

clothes.
Dondequiera Dondequiera que vaya se compra ropa.
272
que.
273
 ORACIONES DE RELATIVO
· Este tipo de oraciones suelen añadir información a lo que ya se ha
dicho en la oración principal.

· Usan los siguientes pronombres relativos:

Personas. Who. This is the man who came here

yesterday.
Este es el hombre que vino ayer.

That. This is the man that came

yesterday.
Este es el hombre que vino ayer.

Cosas. Which. This is the book which I bought in

Martín
Fierro.
Este es el libro que compré en Martín
Fierro.

That. The house that I sold.

La casa que vendí.

Posesión. Whose. The boy whose bike is this is Mike.

El chico de quien es esta bici es Mike.

Lugar. Where. This is the school where I studied.

Esta es la escuela donde estudié.

Tiempo. When. This is the day when I was born.

Este es el día en el que nací.

Personas. Whom. The girl whom I loved.

Es la chica a quien amé.

Why. The reason why I bought this is

you.
La razón por la que compré esto eres
tú.

What. And this is what he said.

Esto es lo que él dijo.

The thing that. This is the thing that we should

do.
Esto es lo que deberíamos hacer.
274
· That puede utilizarse en lugar de who o which en las oraciones de
relativo especificativas ( defining)

This is the girl that I love.

This is the girl who I love.
Esta es la chica a quien quiero.

This is the car which I told you.

This is the car that I told you.
Este es el coche que te dije.

· Las oraciones de relativo se dividen en:

NON-DEFINING O EXPLICATIVAS.

· Van entre comas. Añaden información extra que podría omitirse y no

alteraría el significado de la frase. No son imprescindibles para
comprender el significado. Se trata de una explicación.

· Nunca llevan “that ” y nunca se puede omitir el relativo.

My wife , who is a teacher, reads a lot.

Mi mujer, que es profesora, lee mucho.

DEFINING O ESPECIFICATIVAS.

Son más frecuentes y no van entre comas. Definen al antecedente.

The woman who came is my wife.

La mujer que vino es mi esposa

· Who, which y that se pueden omitir cuando no son los sujetos de la

oración.

The girl (who) he met is Mary.

La chica que conoció es María.

The CD (which) I bought is very good.

El disco que compré es muy bueno.
275
CONJUNCIONES

According to. Según. I did it according to his

instructions.
Lo hice según él me dijo.

After. Después. They came after I arrived.

Llegaron después de que yo llegué.

Although. Aunque. Although It rained a lot the

match
wasn’t cancelled.
Aunque llovió mucho, no se canceló
el partido.

And. Y. I like wine and beer.

Me gusta el vino y la cerveza.

As. Mientras que, así As he came I saw him.

como. Le vi mientras venía.

As a result. Como He became poor as a result of

consecuencia. spending too much.
Se empobreció como consecuencia
de gastar demasiado.

As if. Como si. He behaves as if he doesn’t

know me.
Él se comporta como si no me
conociera.

As long as. Mientras que. As long as you study you can

play.
Mientras que estudies puedes jugar.

As soon as. Tan pronto como. As soon as I found it I

complained.
Tan pronto como lo descubrí me
quejé.

As though. Como si. Act as though nothing happens.

Actúa como si no pasara nada.

As well as. Al igual que. She, as well as me, will go to

Madrid.
Ella, al igual que yo, irá a Madrid.
Because. Porque. We won’t go because it is very
cold.
No iremos porque hace mucho frio.
276
Because of Debido a. Because of her behaviour
nobody
likes her.
Debido a su comportamiento nadie la
quiere.

Before. Antes. I read the paper before we eat.

Leo el periódico antes de comer.

But. Pero. It is expensive but I will buy it.

Es caro pero lo compraré.

Despite. A pesar. He came despite feeling bad.

Él vino a pesar de sentirse mal.

Either..or. o….o. We can either go home or to the

cinema.
Podemos o bien ir a casa o al cine.

Even though. Aunque. Even though it’s late you can

watch TV.
Aunque es tarde, puedes ver la tele.

Except. Salvo. I will go except if I have to work.

Iré salvo que tenga que trabajar.

Furthermore. Además. He doesn’t study and futhermore

he
doesn’t work.
Él no estudia y además no trabaja.

However. Sin embargo. He didn’t study, however he

passed his
exams.
Él no estudió, sin embargo aprobó
sus
exámenes.

If. Si. If he comes tell him to visit me.

Si viene, dile que me visite.

In case of. En caso de. In case of fire ring the fire

brigade.
En caso de incendio llama a los
bomberos.

In order to. Para. In order to pass you have to

study a lot.
 Para aprobar debes estudiar mucho.

Moreover. Además. I went to London, moreover I

went to
277
 Scotland.
Fui a Londres y además a Escocia.

Neither…nor. Ni…ni. I neither like coffee nor tea.

No me gusta ni el té ni el café.

Nevertheless. Sin embargo. I didn’t want to go,

nevertherless I
enjoyed the trip.
No quise ir, sin embargo disfruté del
viaje.

Notwithstandin No obstante. I like the shoes, notwithstanding

g. they
are very expensive.
Me gustan los zapatos, no obstante
son muy caros.

Or. O. Phone or fax.

Telefonea o manda un fax.

Otherwise. De otra manera. Send us the money, otherwise we

won’t
send you the shoes.
Mándenos el dinero, de otra manera
no le mandaremos los zapatos.

Provided. Siempre que. Provided you pay I accept the

offer.
Siempre que pague acepto la oferta.

Since. Ya que. Since I have been invited I have

to go.
Ya que me han invitado, tengo que ir.

So as to. Para. I save money so as to buy a new

house.
Ahorro dinero para poder comprar
una nueva casa.

Therefore. Por lo tanto. There is a concert next Monday,

therefore I’ll buy the tickets.
Hay un concierto el próximo lunes,
por
lo tanto compraré las entradas.

Though. Aunque. He is rich though not very

intelligent.
Aunque es rico no es muy
 inteligente.

To. Para. I went to England to learn

English.
Fui a Inglaterra para aprender inglés.
278
Unless. A menos que. Unless they pay we won’t send
them
anymore shoes.
A menos que paguen no les
mandaremos más zapatos.

Until. Hasta que. Until I noticed I liked opera I

listened to
classical music.
Hasta que me di cuenta de que me
gustaba la ópera yo escuchaba
música clásica.

Whenever. Cada vez que. Whenever they feel like, they go

to
Madrid.
Cada vez que les apetece, van a
Madrid.

Where. Donde. They stopped where they saw a

light.
Ellos pararon donde vieron una luz.

Whereas. Mientras. He is shy whereas she is not.

Él es tímido mientras que ella no.

Whether..or. Si…o. Whether you like it or not, we

have to
go.
Te guste o no, tenemos que irnos.

Yet. Sin embargo. She is the most intelligent, yet

she didn’t
win the contest.
Ella es la más inteligente, sin
embargo
no ganó el concurso.
279
 LOS VERBOS MODALES
· Los verbos modales se llaman así al carecer de las mayoría de las formas
verbales. Se usan para hacer suposiciones, sacar conclusiones, hablar
de posibilidades y establecer conjeturas. No tienen todos los tiempos
verbales, por ejemplo, “must ” y “ought t o” sólo tienen presente. Can,
may, dare y need, tienen presente y pasado.

Can, could. May, might. Must. Ought to. Will, shall.

Poder. Poder. Deber. Deber. Auxiliares de
futuro.
Would. Dare. Need.
Auxiliar del Atreverse. Necesitar.
condicional.

· Tienen una única forma para todas las personas en presente:

I can.
He can.

· No llevan “-s” en la tercera persona del singular.

· Van seguidos de Infinitivo sin t o.

I can ski.
He must study.

· Hacen la negación y la interrogación como el verbo to be.

Can you ski?

· No se construyen con to do, to have y to be.

Can she go?

· No tienen imperativo, ni infinitivo, ni participio de presente ni de

pasado por lo tanto no forman tiempos continuos ni perfectos. Tampoco
aparecen en formas pasivas.

She can swim.

280
Ella sabe nadar.

He must study everyday.

Él debe estudiar todos los días.

· Usan otros verbos para suplir sus carencias temporales, ya que no

tienen forma para todos los tiempos. No tienen participio ni infinitivo.

He was able to go.

Él pudo ir.

I had to go alone.
Yo tuve que ir solo.

I must not eat so much chocolate.

No debo comer tanto chocolate.

Can you tell me the time?

¿Me puede decir la hora?

· Van seguidos de infinitivo sin t o, a excepción de ought to, have to y

used t o.

I used to go to the disco.

Yo solía ir a la discoteca.
281
CAN
· Sólo se usa en el presente, para el resto de tiempos se utiliza to be
able to. En algunos casos puede ser sustituido por to know how to. Se
puede traducir por poder o saber.

I can swim.
Sé nadar.

I know how to swim.

Sé como nadar.

l'll be able to go tonight.

Podré ir esta noche.

Will he be able to come in time?

¿Podrá venir a tiempo?

I have been able to finish it in time.

He podido acabar a tiempo.

Expresa conocimiento y capacidad I can play the violin.

física e intelectual. Sé tocar el violín.
I can read.

Sé leer.

Posibilidad. I can go with you.

Puedo ir contigo.

Tambien para dar y recibir permiso. Can I go with you?

¿Puedo ir contigo?

Puede indicar prohibición en la forma You can’t smoke here.

negativa. No puedes fumar aquí.

Deducción negativa. They can’t be at home.

No deben de estar en casa.

Habilidad. I can swim.

Sé nadar.

Ofrecimientos. Can I help you?

¿Puedo ayudarte?
282
Solamente se usa para el presente She can do it alone.
de
indicativo. Lo puede hacer sola.

Could se usa para el pasado y el I could go yesterday.

condicional. Pude ir ayer.
I could go tomorrow.

Podré ir mañana.

Sugerencias. You can come with us.

Puedes venir con nosotros.

· El verbo to know how le puede sustituir

I know how to go.

Sé ir.

COULD
Indica habilidad en el pasado. I could translate Italian at the
age of 9.
Sabía traducir italiano a los 9 años.

Peticiones formales. Could I go with you?

¿Podría ir contigo?

MAY
Posibilidad. It may rain during the weekend.
Puede llover durante la semana.

Permiso. May I come in ?

¿Puedo pasar?

Prohibiciones. You may not stay here.

No puedes estar aquí.

Especulaciones. He may be in Italy.

Puede que esté en Italia.
283
Sugerencias. If I may say so I will buy it.
Si se me permite decirlo, yo lo
compraría.

MIGHT
Expresa una posibildad más remota It might snow in Benidorm but I
doubt
que may. it.
Podría nevar en Benidorm, pero
lo
dudo.

Especulaciones. He might be working in a new

book.
El podría estar trabajando en un
nuevo libro.

MUST
Obligaciónes morales. I must visit my friend, he is ill.
Debo ir a visitar a mi amigo que está
enfermo.

Consejos. You must visit the museum, it is

one of
the best in Spain.
Debes visitar el museo, es uno de los
mejores de España.
Deducciónes. He must be out because
nobody
answers the phone.
Debe de haber salido, pues nadie
contesta el teléfono.

Prohibiciones. You must not come here again.

No debes volver a venir aquí.

HAVE TO
Obligación normalmente impuesta. You have to drive with a helmet.
284
 Debes conducir con casco.

Para indicar costumbres. I have to take an aspirin every

night.
Me tengo que tomar una aspirina
cada noche.

En negativa, indica que algo no es You don't have to stay if you

have
necesario. something to do.
No tienes que quedarte si tienes algo
que hacer.

SHOULD, OUGHT TO
· Son prácticamente sinónimos.

Para dar consejos. You should go to the Yemo

Cineplex
cinemas.
Debería ir a los cines Yelmo Cineplex.

You ought to spend more time

with
them.
Deberías pasar más tiempo con ellos.

WILL
Auxiliar del futuro simple. I will buy a sandwich when I
finish this.
Me compraré un bocadillo cuando
acabe esto.

Predicciones sobre el futuro. It will be sunny.

Hará sol.

Decisiones. I will buy a new car.

Me compraré un coche nuevo.

Ofrecimientos. I will do it.

Lo haré.

Peticiones. Will you pass me the salt?

¿Me pasas la sal?
285
WOULD
Peticiones y ofrecimientos. Would you like to come with me?
¿Te gustaría venir conmigo?

Hábitos y rutinas en el pasado. In 1998 I would walk a lot.

En 1998 yo paseaba mucho.

Como a

I would go out to the cinema with my friends in the summer nights

when I was 6
Iba al cine con mis amigos en las noches de verano cuando tenía seis años.

SHALL
· Es auxiliar de futuro, pero sólo para las primeras personas del singular
y del plural I, we.

I shall go.
Iré.

Puede expresar cierta determinación We shall never

surrender. Nunca nos
rendiremos.

USED TO
Hábitos en el pasado. I used to sing in the shower.
Yo solía cantar en la ducha.

· Los hábitos en el presente se pueden expresar con la estructura To be

used to +Ing.

286
I am used to reading.
Suelo leer.

NEED
· Puede actuar como verbo modal o verbo ordinario.

· Como modal no añade “-s“ en la tercera persona del singular y no

admite ni auxiliares en la interrogativa y negativa.

He needs a lot of money to get married.

Necesita mucho dinero para casarse.

· Needn't se usa para indicar que no hay obligación.

You needn’t come tomorrow.

No es necesario que vengas mañana.

· Need to indica necesidad.

I need to consult a good doctor.

Necesito consultar a un buen médico.

He needs to have more money to buy this car.

Necesita tener más dinero para comprar este coche.

Para la forma negativa e interrogativa hay dos opciones:

Need you buy so much?

Do you need to buy so much?

You needn't come with us.

No es necesario que venga con nosotros.

You don't need to come with us.

No es necesario que venga con nosotros.

· Para el pasado sólo hay una.

You didn't need to wait for them.

No era necesario que les esperases.
287
1) You ..........................study everyday.
a - Can
b - Must
c - Are
2) The Town Hall ...........................................a new street to
Alberto Navarro.
a - Should dedicate
b - Shall dedicating
c - Should to dedicate
3) There's nothing in the fridge. They..............all.
a - Must have eaten
b - Must has ate
c - Must had eaten
4) You ............try everything.
a – Can to
b - Must
c - Need
5) you ..........the receipt here please?
a – Can
b - Musts
c - Shall
6) You ............cry, it's not worth.
a - Should not
b - Shaln't
c - Won't
7) I...........quit smoking.
a - Wills
b – Haves to
c – Have to
8) ..........I speak to Jorge?
a - Cans
b - Can
c - Was
9) He ..........be very rich, he is driving an expensive car.
a - Is
b - Must
c - Should
10) We ........ be united.
a - Ought
b - Must
c - Had
11) He wasn't .........to see the driver.
288
 a - Can
b - Able
c - May
12) Will we...........buy a dictionary?
a - Must
b - Have to
c - Can
13) That ........be enough.
a - Should
b - Cans
c - Must s
14) I .........send him something for his new baby.
a - Must
b - Has to
c - Have
15) We .............................send the photograph to
you.
a - Will
b - Do
c - Did
16) I ...........like a window-seat please.
a - Will
b - Would
c - Can
17) Yes, I guess we ...........buy them now.
a - Shall
b - Should
c - Would
18) There's Marcelo and that ...........be his father.
a - Must
b - Has
c - Mays
19) People of your age ............not drink beer.
a - Shall
b - Will
c - Should
20) Girls, you ......................say those things about
your friends.
a - Haven't to
b - Mustn't
c - Mustn
21) I........................write to Gema I haven't written to
her for ages.
a - Must
289
 b - May
c - Had
22) I think my brother ..................to come next month.
a - Cans
b - Could
c - Will be able
23) I don't speak Valenciano ..................you speak Castellano ?
a - Would
b - Can't
c - Are able
24) You ..................have a passport to travel to Petrel.
a - Needn't
b - Must
c - Can
25) Felix, the Maths teacher ..................correcting the exams
because he is not
here.
a - Must be
b - Must has
c - May have
26) Michael was dictating too fast, so I ...............copy what he
said.
a - Were able
b - Couldn't
c - Won't be able
27) Jesús you'd like to go to buy a new computer, .............you?
a - Would
b - Wouldn't
c - May
28) He ..............understand the problem if you explained it to
him.
a - Would
b - Shall
c - Will
29) What ....................happen if we didn't go to work?
a - Will
b - Would
c - Must
30) The local Council ...........do something about those houses!
a - Must to
b - Have to
c - Must
31) When you come again, you .........visit The Plaza Mayor and the
museums.
a – Has to
290
 b - May
c - Should
32) Come on, boys. We .........win them
this time. a - Must
b - Have
to c - Have
33) They didn't come to the meeting I suppose they
..........have gone to the beach.
a - Must
b - Has
c - May
34) I didn't go to the concert
I.............have gone. a - Shall
b - Should
c - Must
35) This paella tastes very well. Lorenzo ...have made it.
a - Must
b - Had
c - Has
36) I haven't seen María Luisa since Christmas.
She.................be in New York. a - Must
b - Can
c - Shall
37) He........to find the restaurant after asking two
or three times. a - Was able
b - Couldn't
c - Could
38) This book ..........at
home. a - Must be read
b - Have to be raed
c - Has to bee read
39) It .......snow in "El Cid " but it is not
very probable. a - May
b - Might c
- May be
40) It........rain
tomorrow. a - May
b - Must
c - Can
41) We........some money to buy a new fridge. Can we
borrow from you? a - Need
291
 b - Must
c - May
42) You .......speak like this to your
parents. a - Shalls
b - Shouldn't
c - Shall
43) I would........to have a
better bike. a - Like
b - To
like c -
Liking
44) Elda Shoes, .......I
help you? a - Need
b - Can
c - Must
45) I .....................buy the bread if you don't give
me the money. a - Must
b - Can't
c - Can
46) You ........teach me how to prepare a
paella. a - Ought
b - Must
c - Need
47) Your aunt is ill.
We ........visit her. a - Can
b - Should
to c -
Should
48) You ......go to bed. You look
very tired. a - Should
b - Should
to c - Ought
49) We ought not to visit her.
She........study. a - Has
b - Must
c - Have
50) “Thou........not kill” is one of the ten commandments that
God gave us. a - Will
b - Shall
c - Shan't
51) ........we go to
Panoramis? a - Able to
b - Sahll
292
 c - Shall
52) I promise that you ........have a motorbike if you pass all
your exams. a - Shall
b - Would
c - Wont
53) Students .........not use mobile phones during
the lessons. a - Will
b - Shall
c - Wont
54) No smoking.........be allowed in all the
premises. a - Will
b - Shall
c - Is
55) He ...........to have gone to Menorca
instead of Ibiza. a - Ought
b - Ouhgt
c - Outhgt
56) You.........to visit your grandmother
more often. a - Shall
b - Should
c - Ought
57) ........you like to come with us to the
cinema? a - Will
b - Shall
c - Would
58) When my mother was young my grandmother
........look after her. a - Used
b - Would
c - To
59) You........treat everybody with
respect. a - Has
b - Should
c - Will
60) If you.......see her tell her to
phone me. a - Should
b - Will
c - Would
61) You ........visit the dentist
twice a year. a - Would
b - Should
c - Shall
293
62) Why......you want to buy this? if it is of no use.
a - Shall
b - Will
c - Should
63) The man with the moustache and the golden watch........be his
father.
a - Must
b - Can
c - Need
64) You ..................smoke in the classes, it is forbidden.
a - Must not
b - Must
c - Can
65) It .................rain tonight. It is very dark.
a - May
b - Mays
c - Mights
66) I .................................not go because I have not been
invited.
a - May
b - Mei
c - Can
294
Soluciones

1. B 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. B
11. B 12. B 13. A 14. A 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. B
21. A 22. C 23. B 24. A 25. A 26. B 27. B 28. A 29. B 30. C
31. C 32. A 33. A 34. B 35. A 36. A 37. A 38. A 39. B 40. A
41. A 42. B 43. A 44. B 45. B 46. B 47. C 48. A 49. B 50. B
51. C 52. A 53. B 54. B 55. A 56. C 57. C 58. B 59. B 60. A
61. B 62. C 63. A 64. A 65. A 66. A
295
TABLA RESUMEN DE LOS VERBOS
MODALES
Can. Habilidades. I can swim.
Petición de permiso. Can I come in?
Imposibilidad. He can’t go now.
Could. Habilidad en el He could read Russian.
pasado. They could be in Tokyo.
Posibilidad. I couldn’t buy the car.
Imposibilidad. You could try next year.
Sugerencias.
May. Posibilidad. It may rain tomorrow.
Permiso. May I come in?
Prohibición You may not smoke here.
Might. Posibilidad remota. It might snow.
Will. Predicciones. They will come.
Decisiones. I will buy a Harley.
Would. Peticiones formales. Would you marry me?
Acciones pasadas. I would play tennis when I was
10.
Preferencias. I would rather go to the
cinema.
Shall. Peticiones formales. Shall I open the window?
Acciones futuras. I shall visit her.
Should Consejos. You should buy her a diamond.
Ought to.
Must. Obligación. I must study.
Prohibiciones. You must not go with that boy.
Have to. Obligaciones You have to drive on the right.
impuestas.
Be able to. Habilidades. He is able to make a cake.
Must, can’t have Deducciones. They must have bought a new
+
PP. house.
They can’t have come here this
morning.
May, might Deducciones donde They may have gone.
Could, no tenemos mucha She could have seen her.
+ Have + seguridad.
Participio
Pasado.
Need. Necesidad. You are going to need a lot of
help.
Needn’t. Ausencia de You needn’t come tomorrow.
necesidad.
QUESTION TAGS (COLETILLAS)
296
· Son preguntas que sirven para confirmar una suposición. Tienen dos
partes, si la primera es afirmativa, la segunda será negativa. Si la
primera es negativa, la segunda será afirmativa. Las frases con
verbos auxiliares o defectivos forman la coletilla con el mismo verbo.

You are from Petrel, aren't you?

Tú eres de Petrel, ¿no es cierto?

You aren’t from Petrel, are you?

Tú no eres de Petrel, ¿verdad?

She isn’t from Sax, is she?

Ella no es de Sax, ¿verdad?

He has a Harley, hasn't he?

El tiene una Harley, ¿no es cierto?

You can swim, can't you?

Tú sabes nadar, ¿verdad?

She couldn't run fast, could she?

Ella no podía correr deprisa, ¿no es cierto?

· Con los demás verbos se usan las partículas do, does, en presente.

You study every day, don't you?

Tú estudias todos los días, ¿no?

She plays golf, doesn't she?

Ella juega al golf ¿verdad?

You don't speak Chinese, do you?

Tú no sabes hablar chino ¿verdad?

She doesn't write very well, does she?

Ella no escribe muy bien. ¿verdad?

· En pasado se usa did.

You went to Milan, didn't you?

Fuiste a Milán, ¿no es verdad?

She prepared a paella, didn't she?

297
Ella hizo la paella, ¿verdad?

· En futuro se usa will y won't.

They will come tomorrow, won't they?

Vendrán mañana, ¿no es cierto?

They won't come tomorrow, will they?

No vendrán mañana, ¿verdad?

· En condicional se usa would.

They would buy it if they could,

wouldn't they?
Ellos lo comprarían si pudieran, ¿verdad?

She wouldn't buy it, would she?

Ella no lo compraría, ¿verdad?
298
SAY Y TELL
· Tienen el mismo siginificado, decir y contar. To tell debe ir acompañado
de un complemento indirecto, mientras que to say tan solo necesita un
complemento directo.

I told her your story

Le conté a ella tu historia.

I told your story to her.

Le conté tu historia a ella.

I said that I was going to move to Sax.

Dije que me iba a ir a vivir a Sax.

299
1) What did the teacher ........yesterday?
a - Say
b - Tell
c - Said
2) What did your mother .......to you?
a - Say
b - Tell
c - Speak
3) Please ...............what happened?
a - Say
b - Tell
c - Speak
4) I will never....................a lie.
a - Say
b - Tell
c - Count
5) Will you please ................us all the truth?
a - Say
b - Tell
c - Speak
6) He didn't ...................anything.
a - Say
b - Tell
c - Count
7) Yesterday Mr García .......it was going to rain.
a - Say
b - Said
c - Tells
8) .........a
joke.
a - Say
b - Tell
c - Count
9) You've ........me that at least six times today.
a - Tell
b - Tollen
c - Told
10) She is always asking you to .........her words in
Italian.
a - Say
b - Tell
c - Speak
11) My mother wants to see Sarah.................to come
her at once.
300
 a - Tell
her b -
Let her c
- Let she

12) Did Pedro Civera ........anything about

the exams? a - Tell
b - Speak
c - Say
13) ........me what happened
yesterday. a - Say
b - Tell
c - Speak
14) Don't..........you don't like
good wine. a - Say
b - Tell
c - Speak
15) I........my mother I wanted to be
an artist. a - Said
b - Told
c - Spoke
16) What did
she........? a - Say
b - Tell
c - Speak
17) He.........that he wants to go to
Alicante. a - Tells
b - Says
c - Speaks
18) Don't ........it to your
friends. a - Say
b - Tell
c - Speak
19) I.........my daughter a story
every night. a - Speak
b - Say
c - Tell
20) She
never..........lies. a
- Says
b - Tells
c - Speaks
21) We always...............the truth.
301
 a - Tell
b - Speak
c - Say
22) I ...............them I was going to Australia.
a - Told
b - Tell
c – Said

23) He........his wife he had had an affair with her

best friend. a - Said
b - Told
c - Spoke
24) .......me the truth
please. a - Say
b - Speak
c - Tell
25) They.......................that it was very cold in
Disneyland Paris. a - Said
b - Sayd
c - Told
26) He ...........to the waiter that the wine was
not very good. a - Told
b - Said
c - Sayd
27) He......so.
a - Said
b - Say
c - Told
28) She always......us the story of her childhood
in Salinas. a - Tell
b - Tells
c - Says
29) It is not easy to.........how it
all began. a - Say
b - Count
c - Speak
30) He ...........the secretary to send
the faxes. a - Told
b - Said
c - Order
31) My mother ....... "Let's visit the cousins "
302
 a - Said
b - Told
c - Sayd
32) I know two twin sisters in the Plaza Mayor who are
very difficult to...................one from the other.
a - Tell
b - Say
c - Mutter

33) Life is not easy. You can never..........what is going

to happen. a - Say
b - Tell
c - Knows
34) When I went to England, a friend
.....................me my fortune. a - Said
b - Told
c - Explaind
35) "It has been the best day of my life
"......my sister. a - Told
b - Said
c - Gueses
36) The teacher......to the class that they should
work more. a - Said
b - Told
c - Manded
37) It goes without........
a - Telling
b - Saying
c - Explainig
303
Soluciones

1. A 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. B 9. C 10. B
11. A 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. B 16. A 17. B 18. B 19. C 20. B
21. A 22. A 23. B 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. A 28. B 29. A 30. A
31. A 32. A 33. B 34. B 35. B 36. A 37. B
304
MAKE Y DO
· Estos dos verbos comparten el significado de hacer y para cuyo uso no
existen reglas aunque to make tiene el matiz de fabricar, construir y to
do se emplea con un sentido más general. Por lo tanto se deben
aprender ciertas expresiones.

MAKE DO

Everybody makes mistakes. I always do the ironing.

Todo el mundo comete errores. Siempre plancho.

He is always making friends. How do you do?

Siempre está haciendo amigos. ¿Cómo estás?

He makes a lot of noise. I do the cooking.

Hace mucho ruido. Cocino.

I´m going to make you my last We do business with Japan.

offer.
Te voy a hacer mi última oferta. Hacemos negocios con Japón.

I make many telephone calls. His son is doing badly at

university.
Yo hago muchas llamadas. A su hijo le va mal en la universidad.

I make the beds in the morning. He does well in his job.

Hago las camas por la mañana. Lo hace bien en su trabajo.

Make me a promise. I do the dusting on Tuesday.

Prométemelo. Quito el polvo los martes.

She is making coffee. My sister does the washing up.

Está preparando café Mi hermana lava los platos.

She made a fortune in Cuba. She did her hair yesterday.

Hizo una fortuna en Cuba. Se arregló el pelo ayer.

These shoes are made in Elda. She does the housework.

Estos zapatos están hechos en Elda. Ella hace las tareas del hogar.

They have made a lot of money. We do the shopping on Saturday.

Han hecho mucho dinero. Hacemos la compra el sábado.

They made a good choice. They did me a favour.

Hicieron una buena elección. Me hicieron un favor.
305
They made fun of the new pupil. This will do you good.
Se rieron del nuevo alumno. Esto te sentará bien.

They made us wait. This pill won’t do you any harm.

Nos hicieron esperar. Esta pastilla no te hará mal.

We made a complaint yesterday. I will do the cleaning.

Nos quejamos ayer. Haré la limpieza.

We made sure everything was Everyday I do the washing.

OK.
Nos aseguramos de que todo estaba Cada día hago la colada.
bien.

You have to make a decision. Englishmen do the gardening on

Tienes que decidirte. Sunday
Los ingleses arreglan el jardín los
domingos.
You will have to make an effort. He doesn’t do any exercise.
Tendrás que hacer un esfuerzo. No hace nada de ejercicio.

Make arrangements, we are She is doing up the house.

going to
Paris. Está decorando la casa.
Haz los preparativos, nos vamos a
Paris.

The Mayor made a good speech.

El alcalde hizo un buen discurso.

Make up your mind and buy the

house.
Decídete y cómprate el piso.

They made love.

Hicieron el amor.

They made war.

Hicieron la guerra.
306
1) What is she.....................in summer?
a - Making
b - Does
c - Doing
2) Is there anyhing to.....................here in this
city?
a - Do
b - Make
c - Making
3) I hate ........................the housework.
a - Doing
b - Making
c - Do
4) I am .........................my exercises now.
a - Doing
b - Making
c - Does
5) I always.....................my bed.
a - Make
b - Do
c - Doing
6) They were....................a fire yesterday.
a – Made
b - Making
c - Doing
7) If you want to................progress you have to
study a lot.
a - Made
b - Make
c - Do
8) The first thing that you must.....................is
your homework.
a - Do
b - Make
c - Does
9) I never..................coffee.
a - Do
b - Make
c - Does
10) I prefer...................the shopping.
a - Doing
b - Making
c - Diding
11) Elena always.....................the ironing.
307
 a - Does
b - Makes
c - To make
12) You have to......................room for another
desk.
a - Do
b - Make
c - Does
13) They always...................so much noise!!!
a - Make
b - Do
c - Does
14) He ............a very good speech in Novelda
about Gaudí.
a - Made
b - Did
c - Do
15) Why don't we.....................a cake?
a - Do
b - Make
c - Does
16) They..................friends very soon.
a - Do
b - Make
c - Does
17) Hippies said. "...............love not war "
a - Do
b - Make
c - Does
18) I was................the washing up when my boss
phoned me.
a - Doing
b - Making
c - Diding
19) It will ............you good to go to the beach.
a - Do
b - Make
c - Does
20) You must .........it for us.
a - Make
b - Makes
c - Made
21) I'm ..............the Christmas cake.
a - Making
308
 b - Doing
c - Madeing
22) .................sure you have everything you need.
a - Is
b - Make
c - Do

23) All right, sure you put plenty of suncream on or you will
but ......... get burnt.
a - Do
b - Are
c - Make
24 I'm going coffee.
to ....................
)
a - Made
b - Do
c - Make
25 You an effort now.
) should ......
a - Make
b - Do
c - Made
26 Peopl ........a lot of money selling shoes to The USA in the
) e ...60s.
a - Made
b - Make
c - Did
27 ......sure everything is in order.
)
a - Make
b - Do
c - Is
28 Ihave............. the decision of going back to teaching again.
) ...

a - Do
b - Done
c - Made
29 She is
always........................
friends.
)
a - Doing
b - Made
c - Making
30 My so much noise!
daughters................
) ..
a - Do
b - Make
c - Making
31 I........ some cakes for my guests.
) ....
a - Did
309
 b - Made
c - Maded
32) What are you..................? -Just reading
the paper.
a - Making
b - Doing
c - Make
33) The doctor always .................wait a lot.
a - Does
b – Makes
c - Making
310
Soluciones

1. C 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. A
11. A 12. B 13. A 14. A 15. B 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. A
21. A 22. B 23. C 24. C 25. A 26. A 27. A 28. C 29. C 30. B
31. B 32. B 33. B
311
EXCLAMACIONES
· Las oraciones exclamativas pueden tener alguna de las siguientes
estructuras.

What a. What a yacht.

Se usa con sustantivos. Qué yate.

También con adjetivos What a pretty girl.

Qué chica tan guapa.

What. What pretty girls.

Se usa con plurales e incontables. Qué chicas tan guapas.
What horribe films.

Qué películas más malas.

What weather.

Qué tiempo.

How. How beautiful.

Se usa con adjetivos y adverbios. Qué guapa.
How fast.

Qué rápido.

Oraciones interrogativas Isn’t he the perfect

negativas.
football player?
¿No es él el perfecto
jugador de fútbol?

312
ORACIONES CONDICIONALES
· Describen situaciones hipotéticas. Podemos distinguir básicamente tres
tipos de oraciones condicionales: el primer tipo plantea situciones
reales. El segundo, indica hipótesis, deseos difíciles de conseguir pero
posibles. El tercer tipo, hace referencia a situaciones e hipótesis irreales
e imposibles en el pasado, imposibles de conseguir.

PRIMER TIPO SEGUNDO TIPO TERCER TIPO

Acciones probables que Acciones improbables y Acciones imposibles.

se refieren al presente o situaciones hipotéticas.
al futuro.
Si llueve me mojo. Si lloviera me mojaría. Si hubiera llovido me
habría mojado.

· No importa qué oración se pone primero, pero sí la condición es la

primera se deben separar entre comas.

If you play tennis, buy good tennis shoes.

Si juegas al tenis, cómprate una buenas zapatillas.

Primer tipo: If + presente + If I eat chocolate, I get fat.

presente.
También podemos tener: Si como chocolate engordo.
If + presente + futuro. If I eat chocolate, I will get fat.

Si como chocolate engordaré.

Segundo tipo: If + pasado simple If I ate chocolate, I would get fat.

+
conditional simple. Si comiera chocolate engordaría.

Tercer tipo: If + pasado perfecto If I had eaten chocolate, I would

+ have
condicional perfecto. get fat.
Si hubiera comido chocolate habría
engordado.
313
· En el primer tipo se trata de una referencia al futuro donde cualquiera
de las dos acciones puede ir en primer lugar. Indica verdades
universales y consecuciones lógicas de acontecimietos. Son acciones
que pueden ocurrir.

If he doesn’t pay, he’ll have to face the music.

Si no paga, tendrá que afrontar las consecuencias.

Existen otras posibles combinaciones:

If + presente + modal. If I finish early I can go.

Si acabo pronto podré ir.

should + imperativo. Should you see her give her

my
regards.
Si la ves, dale recuerdos.

Imperativo + conjunction + clause Stop shouting or I will get angry.

Para de gritar o me enfadaré.

Unless se suele emplear en lugar de We won’t go out unless you pay.

if
not. No nos iremos a menos de que
pagues.

Con imperativo. If you are hungry, eat

something !
Si tienes hambre, come.
Travel the world if you want to
be wise.
Si quieres ser sabio, viaja.

· Cualquiera de las dos oraciones puede ir colocada en primer lugar, pero

si la subordinada que empieza con if va la primera, debe ir seguida de
coma.

Las oraciones del segundo tipo expresan acciones que pueden ocurrir.
Expresan deseos y anhelos.

If el Fari came here, I would ask for an autograph.

Si el Fari viniera le pediría un autográfo.

· También se usan para dar consejos.

314
 If I were you, I wouldn’t go out with him.
Yo de tí no iría con él.

· Were se puede usar en lugar de was. No hay diferencia en el significado,

pero were es más formal, y se usa para posibilidades remotas:

If I were rich, I would not buy a yacht.

Si fuera rico no me compraría un yate.

· También expresan esperanzas y deseos.

If I could, I would go to Mexico.

Si pudiera, iría a Méjico.

· Este tipo suele referirse al presente.

· Could y might se pueden usar en lugar de would.

· Las oraciones del tercer tipo hacen referencia a acciones imposibles de

realizar, pues son hipótesis en el pasado, lamentos, etc.

If I had met her, I would have told you.

Si la hubiera visto, te lo habría dicho.

OTRAS FORMAS DE CONDICIONALES:

Suppose. Suppose you are rich, would you
live
in a big house?
Suponiendo que fueras rico, ¿Vivirías
en una casa grande?
Suppose he comes, would you
visit
him?
Supón que viene, ¿le visitarías?

Supposing. Supposing you find a wallet

with
money, what will you do?
Suponiendo que encuentras una
cartera con dinero, ¿Qué harías?

As long as. You could go as long as you pay

your
part.
Podrás ir mientras pagues tu parte.
315
On the condition that. On the condition that you pay
you can
be with us.
Con la condición de que pagues
puedes estar con nosotros.

Provided. Provided you want it I will give it

to you.
Si lo quieres te lo daré.
316
1) If you eat all these cakes
you...............................................ill.
a - Are
b - Will be
c - Is
2) If I want to go with you I ...............................................you
tonight.
a - Would telephone
b - Will telephone
c - Had telephoned
3) If you had read Mortadelo you.........a good time.
a - Would have had
b - Will have had
c - Will had have
4) If you clean my bike I .............................you to go to the
cinema.
a - Invites
b - Invite
c - Invited
5) I .........................you my car if you pay the petrol.
a - Would lend
b - Will lending
c - Lend
6) If you say that again she...........................................crossed
with you.
a - Is
b - Will be
c - Would be
7) Unless you study everyday you ....................................able to
pass the exam.
a - Would not be
b - Will not be
c - Shall be not
8) If you put ice in the sun it..............................................to
water.
a - Turn
b - Turns
c - Turning
9) If the house...........................................on fire call the
firemen.
a - Go
b - Going
c - Goes
10) If you...........................................this one I'll bring you
another.
a - Doesn't like
 b - Didn't like
c - Don't like
11) British people .....................................to Alicante because
of the climate.
317
 a - Come
b - Comes
c – Coming

12) If I had money I.........................................a new

computer and a Harley.
a - Will buy
b - Would buy
c - Would bought
13) If he ...............................................eating chocolates he
will get fat.
a - Don't stop
b - Doesn't stop
c - Didn't stop
14) If I ................................................studied I would get a
better job.
a - Has
b - Have
c - Had
15) If it ............more we could grow more trees.
a - Rain
b - Rained
c - Raining
16) If I had known that you wanted to eat out I ......to book a
table in a
restaurant.
a - Will has telephoned
b - Would have telephoned
c - Will have telephone
17) I.............................you something if I had known that you
wanted a drink.
a - Would have brought
b - Had brought
c - Will bring
18) If I had known that you had a new house
I..............................to visit you.
a - Will have gone
b - Would have gone
c - Would have went
19) If the boss had been a good one, this
shop.................................
a - Wouldn't have closed
b - Would has closed
c - Will have close
20) If you had studied more you.......................................your
degree last year.
a - Would have got
b - Would has got
c - Will had got
318
21) If you...........................here this morning you would have seen
my new car.
a - Had been
b - Had being
c - Had be
22) If I had bought lottery yesterday, today
I..............................................rich.
a - Would have being
b - Will have been
c - Would have been
23) If they had offered him to be the President of the club
he...............................
a - Would have accepted
b - Will have accepted
c - Had accepted
24) If I had known that they were in Elda l...............them to
have lunch in La
Sirena.
a - Willl have invited
b - Would have invited
c - Had invited
25) If I had known that Penelope Cruz was invited to this party I
..........................earlier.
a - Would have come
b – Have tohave came
c - Will had come
26) If I had know that Benidorm had so many discoes
I.......................
a - Would has gone
b - Would have went
c - Would have gone
27) If you ........the bean, it means you are going to pay "the
roscón ".
a - Find
b - Found
c - Had found
28) Well, you have to study a lot, if you ...........to get into a
good university.
a - Want
b - Wanted
c - Wants
29) Don't ring ...........................there is anything you need.
a - Unless
b - Or
c - Both
30) If I could, I ......................go to Continente with you,
darling.
a - Went
b - Must
319
 c - Would
31) What ....................if you won
the lottery? a - You do
b - Would you do
c - Had you done
32) If I were you, I .............work in that
bank anymore. a - Would
b - Wouldn't
c - Can
33) If I were you I ........buy the
house today. a - Will
b - Would
c - Must

34) If you study, you...............pass all the subjects with

flying colours. a - Will
b - Can
c - Would
35) If you ...............worried, tell your
mother about it. a - Were
b - Are
c - Had been
36) If you................earlier tonight, we could go to
the cinema. a - Come
b - Came
c - Comes
37) If I ............too much chocolate
I get fat. a - Eat
b - Ate
c - Would eat
38) ......he rich he would buy a
Mercedes. a - Was
b - Were
c - Is
39) ......you tell me the truth you will be
punished. a - As long as
b - Unless
c - In order to
40) I paid a lot of money......that you
repaired my car. a - On condition that
b - With the condition that
320
 c - At the condition of
41) ......you pay there is no
problem. a - As long as
b - So
long c -
With as
42) .........Antonio had won the elections what would have
happened? a - Suppose
b - Supponing
c - Supposing
43) ........that Pepe were rich he would
not be here. a - Provides
b - Provided
c - Providind
44) ..........Manolo the Mayor, nothing of this kind
would happen. a - Is
b - Are
c - Were

Soluciones

1. B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. B 8. B 9. C 10. C
11. A 12. B 13. B 14. C 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. A 20. A
21. A 22. C 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. C 27. A 28. A 29. B 30. C
31. B 32. B 33. B 34. A 35. B 36. B 37. A 38. B 39. B 40. A
41. A 42. C 43. B 44. C
321
LA VOZ PASIVA
· Se usa para resaltar más la acción que el sujeto. Puede que
desconozcamos al autor de la acción o que no nos interese.

· La voz pasiva en inglés se usa mucho más que en castellano. Se forma

con el auxiliar to be en el mismo timepo que el verbo de la forma activa
y el participio pasado del verbo que se conjuga.

· En la transformación a pasiva se produce un cambio de sujeto, que

lógicamente, debemos hacer concordar con el verbo.

ACTIVA PASIVA
Presente Simple

I eat bread with olive oil. Bread with olive oil is eaten.
El pan con aceite es
comido.

Pasado Simple

I ate bread with olive oil. Bread with olive oil was
eaten.
El pan con aceite fue
comido.

Futuro Simple

I will buy a car. A car will be

bought.
Un coche será comprado.

Condicional Simple

I would eat a sandwich. A sandwich would be eaten.

Un bocadillo será comido.

Presente Perfecto

I have made a photograph. A photograph has been

made.
Una fotografía ha sido
hecha.
322
 Pasado
Perfecto

I had found a wallet. A wallet had been found.

Se había encontrado una
cartera.

Futuro Perfecto

I will have seen the sea. The sea will have been seen.
El mar habrá sido visto.

Condicional Perfecto

I would have bought a A Cadillac would have been

bought.
Cadillac. Un Cadillac habrá sido comprado.

· Usamos la preposición by para indicar el complemento agente

It was done by my mother.

Fue hecho por mi madre.

· Los siguientes verbos llevan complemento directo e indirecto. Con estos

verbos se puede usar el complemento indirecto como sujeto al
transformar las oraciones a pasiva. Esto no ocurre en español.

Give. Lend. Offer. Pay.

Dar. Prestar. Ofrecer. Pagar.

Promise. Refuse. Send. Show.

Prometer. Negarse a. Enviar. Mostrar.

I gave Mary a kiss. Mary was given a kiss.

Le dieron un beso a María.

I showed my friend my house. My friend was shown my house.

A mi amiga le fue enseñada la casa.

· Si el complemento es un pronombre complemento. Him, them, her,

etc., en la oración pasiva, éste complemento pasará a la forma de
sujeto.
323
He gave her a She was given a
rose. rose.
Se le dio una rosa.
· También se suelen usar los siguientes verbos en estructuras pasivas:

To know. To believe. To think. To consider. To say.

Saber. Creer. Pensar. Considerar. Decir.

It is said that he is going to be promoted.

Se dice que le van a ascender.
1) The book ..........by Emilio
Maestre. a - Was write
b - Was written
c - Was to written
2) Those pictures .....................by
my mother. a - Were taken
b - Took
c - Tooks
3) The streets
...........decorated. a - Are
b - Is
c - Will
4) Shoes are traditionally
.............with leather. a - Made
b - Makes
c - Mades
5) Ham in Spain is .......as a
starter. a - Eat
b - Eaten
c - Ate
6) I was........a very nice present in my
last birthday. a - Gave
b - Given
c - To
give
7) The boy is .........Pepet and his
sister María. a - Calles
b - Called
c - Calling
8) "The Roscón " has things ..........in it.
324
 a - Hide
b - Hid
c - Hidden
9) It's very difficult to get ...............in a
school like that. a - Accept
b - Accepted
c - Accpeting
10) When we stay up late studying we phone and have one
pizza ..........
a - Delivered
b - Deliveres
c - Delivering
11) My brother-in-law Jesus wrote this article.
It ...................by him. a - Is witten
b - Was wrlte c
- Was written

12) Plaza Mayor .......in 1996.

a - Was built
b - Will be
built c - Built
13) Barcelona scored seven goals yesterday. All
........by Ronaldo. a - Were scored
b - Scored
c - Will be scored
14) She's .........to watch TV
on Friday. a - Allowed
b - Alloweed
c - Alowed
15) All the shoes were........during the shoe
fair in Milan. a - Sell
b - Sold
c - Selling
16) Many boxes are..........due to bad
handling. a - Damaged
b - Damage
c - Damaging
17) People from Elda are........to be very
hardworking. a - Say
b - Says
c - Said
18) The best shoes are......here in Elda.
325
 a - Make
b - Making
c - Made
19) The fire was......by an
electrical fault. a - Causing
b - Causes
c - Caused
20) The leathers were.........from Italy
as usual. a - Import
b - Importted
c - Imported
21) Hotels for the shoe fairs must be......well
in advance. a - Book
b - Booked
c - Boked
22) Someone has......................the book
from the library. a - Steal
b - Stole
c - Stolen
326
Soluciones

1. B 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. A
11. C 12. A 13. A 14. A 15. B 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. C 20. C
21. B 22. C
327
EL ESTILO INDIRECTO
· Para contar lo que dijo alguien, podemos hacerlo de dos maneras,
repitiendo las palabras exactas, o usando el estilo indirecto.

· Como se utiliza para contar lo que sucedió, los verbos suelen ir en

pasado.

· En estilo indirecto la frase suele empezar con un verbo como:

Say. Tell. Ask. Inquire. Think.

Decir Contar. Preguntar. Solicitar. Pensar.

Explain. Complain. Warn. Point out. Remark.

Explicar. Quejarse. Advertir. Señalar. Remarcar.

Declare. State. Announce. Protest. Claim.

Declarar. Afirmar. Anunciar. Protestar. Reclamar.

· El tiempo de lo narrado da un salto hacia atrás y las preguntas dejan de

serlo. También debemos de tener en cuenta una serie de cambios: en
expresiones temporales, en los tiempos verbales y en los pronombres.

Presente Simple. Pasado Simple.

I live in Elda. He said he lived in Elda.

Presente Continuo. Pasado Continuo.

I am reading a book. He said he was reading a book.

Presente Perfecto Simple. Pasado Perfecto Simple.

I have bought a car. He said he had bought a car.

Presente Perfecto Continuo. Pasado Perfecto Continuo.

I have been working with him. He said he had been working

with
him.
Pasado Simple. Pasado Perfecto.
328
I went to London. He said he had gone to London.

Pasado Continuo. Pasado Perfecto Continuo.

I was writing a letter. He said he had been writing a

letter.

Pasado Perfecto. Pasado Perfecto.

I had been there. He said he had been there.

Pasado Perfecto Continuo. Pasado Perfecto Continuo.

I had been waiting for you. He said he had been waiting for
him.

Futuro Simple. Condicional Simple.

I will live in Alicante. He said he would live in

Alicante.

Futuro Continuo. Condicional Continuo.

I will be singing in a karaoke. He said he would be singing

in a
karaoke.

Can. Could.

I can swim. He said he could swim.

Shall. Should.

I shall do it. He said he should do it.

May. Might.

It may rain today. He said it might rain that day.

Must. Have To. Had To.

I must study. He said he had to study.

Now. Then.
I am happy now. He said he was happy then.
329
Today. That day.

I am sad today. He said he was sad that day.

Yesterday. The day before, The previous day.

Yesterday I went to Madrid. He said he had gone to Madrid

the
previous day.

Tomorrow. The next day.

The following day.
The day after.

I will go to Valencia tomorrow. He said he would go to Valencia

the
day after.

Next week. The following week.

Next week I will be in Milan. He said he would be in Milan

the
following week.

Last week. The previous week.

I cooked paella last week. He said he had cooked paella

the
previous week.

A Week Ago. The Week Before.

A week ago I played tennis in He said he had tennis

Almeria. played in
Almería the week
before.

This. That.

I am going to buy this. He said he was going to buy

that.

These. Those.

These are my friends. He said that those were his

friends.
Here. There.

I live here. He said he lived there.

330
Now. Then.

Now I want a coffee. He said that then he wanted a

coffee.

· Las ordenes tambien sufren modificaciones: Debemos cambiar el

imperativo por infinitivo

Go out. He told us to go out.

Nos dijo que nos fueramos.

Drink the mik. He ordered me to drink the milk.

Me ordenó que me bebiera la leche.

Go out. He invited me to go out.

Me invitó a que saliera.

· Las órdenes negativas generalmente se expresan con not + infinitive.

Don’t smoke in the corridor. He ordered us not to smoke

in the
corridor.
Nos ordenó que no fumaramos en el
pasillo.

· Las sugerencias con let’s se intoducen con el verbo suggest que

puede tener dos construcciones. Seguido de gerundio o con una oración
subordinada introducida por that.

Let’s take a taxi. He suggested taking a taxi.

Él sugirió coger un taxi.
He suggested that we should
take a
taxi.
Sugirió que deberíamos coger un
taxi.

· En las preguntas, además de cambiar los tiempos se omite el signo de

interrogación y se usa el orden de la afirmativa.

What does she do? He asked what she did.

331
 El preguntó qué hacía.

When did you go to Petrel? He asked me when I had

gone to
Petrel.
Me preguntó cuándo había ido yo a
Petrel.

· Cuando en el estilo directo se hagan preguntas, en el indirecto debemos

utilizar inquire, wonder, want to know, etc.

Where's Mary? He asked where Mary was.

Me preguntó dónde estaba María.

How can I go to Elche? He asked me how he could go

to
Elche?
Me preguntó cómo podría ir a Elche.

Why do you smoke? He wanted to know why I

smoked.
El quería saber por qué fumaba yo.

· Cuando no empleemos un pronombre interrogativo usaremos if o

whether.

Is anyone interested in coming?

¿Está alguien interesado en venir?

He asked whether anyone was interested in going.

El preguntó si alguien estaba interesado en ir.
332
EL GERUNDIO
· En inglés se puede usar como

Sujeto de una oración. Swimming is very good.

La natación es muy buena.

Complemento directo. I like reading the paper.

Me gusta leer el periódico.

Con ciertos verbos. I avoid going out at night alone.

Evito salir solo por la noche.
I keep on dancing on Saturday.

Sigo bailando el sábado.

En prohibiciones. No cycling.
Prohibido ir en bicicleta.

Detrás de las preposiciones. I gave up smoking in 1998.

Dejé de fumar en 1998.

Detrás de after, before, since, when, Before eating I have a coke.

while. Antes de comer tomo una coca-cola.
After eating I sleep siesta.

Después de comer duermo la siesta.

333
1) There's sure ................a long line for the
concert.
a - To be
b - To have
c - There is
2) Wasn't it worth .................all those cars?
a - Washing
b - Wash
c - Washed
3) ...............in a pub or a pizzeria is good
for me.
a - Work
b - Working
c - Works
4) It was difficult at first..........to live alone in
England.
a - Have
b - Has
c - Having
5) I don't mind ............the same clothes everyday.
a - Wearing
b - Wear
c - Weared
6) I hate going ............on Saturday.
a - Shops
b - Shopping
c - Shopper
7) I will get ............to living in Alicante very soon.
a - Use
b - Used
c - Uses
8) I just love ..............all the people and listening to
the music.
a - Watching
b - Watch
c - Watched
9) I will not get ...........to living in England in
winter.
a - Use
b - Using
c - Used
10) Imagine .........to work in the Sahara.
a - Have
b - Having
c - Has
11) I've got ...........to it.
334
 a - Used
b - Use
c - Using

12) I am going to get ............to getting up

early willy nilly. a - Used
b - Use
c - Using
13) I like........in the
kitchen. a - Help
b - Helping
c - To helping
14) My wife has never liked .........to
the opera. a - Gone
b - Going
c - Went
15) I like........
a - Read b
- To read c
- Reading
16) She hates.......
a - Wash
b - Washing
c - Washed
17) I prefer......
a-
Swimming b
- Swim
c - Going swim
18) I went to
England.............English. a -
To learn
b - Learn
c - Learning
19) My sister wants......a
cottage. a - To buy
b - Buy
c - Buying
20) They have nowhere........
a - To go
b - Go
c - Going
21) My sister is not easy .......
335
 a - Convincing
b - To convince
c - Convince
22) May I.......
a - To go
b - Go
c - Went
23) Does she
......chocolate? a - To
like
b - Likeing
c - Like
24) Do........home now it's
very late! a - Go
b - To go
c - Goed
25) Paco Claros ........me
laugh. a - Makes
b - To make
c - To made
26) We'd
rather.........home. a -
To stay
b - Stay
c - Staying
27) Why .......him about the
accident? a - To tell
b - Tell
c - Telling
28) My keys are
........found. a - Be
b - To be
c-
Beeing
29) There are many
letters........written. a - Be
b - To be
c-
Being
30) I went to the disco.......
a - To dance
b - Dance
c - Dancing
31) My family couldn't...................to
buy a car. a - Afford
336
 b - To afford
c - Affording
32) I ...............................to buy the house for a
cuartelillo.
a - Agree
b - To agree
c - Agreeing
33) You ..................to go tomorrow to the meeting.
a - Are
b - Be
c – Was

34) I have decided .................a new bike.

a - Buying
b - Buy
c - To buy
35) They deserve.......................treated better.
a - Be
b - To be
c - Being
36) My brother happened .......................Paloma in
the cinema.
a - Meet
b - To meet
c - Meeting
37) I have planned....................on holidays to Menorca
In spring.
a - Go
b - To go
c - Going
38) She pretended not ........................them in the
street.
a - To see
b - See
c - Seeing
39) I refused.............the bill because it was very
expensive.
a - Paying
b - Pay
c - To pay
40) In court you must ........................the truth.
a - Swear
b - Swearing
c - To swear
41) Please remind me...................the new
customers.
a - Call
337
 b - Calling
c - To call
42) You had better...........................the car now. Next year the
prices will go up.
a - To buy
b - Buy
c - Buying
43) She can ............better than last year.
a - Swim
b - To swim
c - Swimming
44) He must......................hard if he wants o pass the exams.
a - To study
b - Study
c - Studying
45) She would rather........................the night in Alicante than in
London.
a - Spent
b - Spend
c - Soending
46) Yo must avoid........................to him.
a - Speaking
b - To speak
c - Speak
47) He admitted.......................the jewels.
a - Stealing
b - Steal
c - To steal
48) We can't help.....................chocolate after lunch.
a - Eat
b - To eat
c - Eating
49) My sister hates..........................to the beach.
a - To go
b - Go
c - Going
50) I finished................the novel last summer.
a - Writing
b - To write
c - Write
51) I don't mind..........................to wait.
a - To have
b - Having
338
 c - Have
52) She misses..........................to the mountains now that
she is 89.
a - Go
b - Goes
c - Going
53) I suggest.............................to a good restaurant.
a - To go
b - Going
c - Go
54) I am used to............................at night.
a - Drive
b - Driving
c - To drive
55) They boast of.............................the best beaches in the
province.
a - Have
b - To have
c - Having
56) It consists of.............................many problems.
a - Solve
b - Solving
c - To solve
57) She dreams of.................................an actress.
a - Becoming
b - Become
c - To become
58) I gave up......................last year.
a - Smoking
b - To smoke
c - Smoke
59) They ended by...........that the goal was scored when the
match had
finished.
a - Say
b - Saying
c - To say
60) We are looking forward to........................to Madrid.
a - Going
b - To go
c - Go
61) Refrain from...........................
a - Smoke
b - Smoking
339
 c - To smoke
62) We are thinking of...........................a
bigger flat.
a - Buy
b - To buy
c - Buying
63) I will never forget........................in
London.
a - Walk
b - Walking
c - To walk
340
Soluciones

1. A 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. B
11. A 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. C 16. B 17. A 18. A 19. A 20. A
21. B 22. B 23. C 24. A 25. A 26. B 27. B 28. B 29. B 30. A
31. A 32. A 33. A 34. C 35. B 36. B 37. B 38. A 39. C 40. C
41. C 42. B 43. A 44. B 45. B 46. A 47. A 48. C 49. C 50. A
51. B 52. C 53. B 54. B 55. C 56. B 57. A 58. A 59. B 60. A
61. B 62. C 63. B
341
EL INFINITIVO
· Se emplea

Detrás de algunos verbos: afford I learnt to drive in 1977.

(permitirse), agree (estar de Aprendí a conducir en 1977.
acuerdo),
learn (aprender), want (querer), wish
(desear), prepare (preparar).

Detrás de adjetivos como: sad, It is difficult to translate Latin.

ready,
easy. Es difícill traducir Latín.
It is sad to say

Es triste decirlo.
It is easy to memorize.

Es fácil de memorizar.

Detrás de “enough”. He has enough to live on his

own.
Tiene suficiente para vivir por su
cuenta.

Con: order, invite, tell, etc They invited me to parade

inVillena.
Me invitaron a desfilar en Villena.

Con los verbos modales. I can swim.

Sé nadar.
I must go.

Debo ir.

Como sujeto. To walk is good.

Andar es bueno.

VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE GERUNDIO O

INFINITIVO
· Algunos verbos siempre van en gerundio y otros siempre van en
infinitivo.
Otros como: advise (aconsejar), allow (permitir), permit
(permitir), begin (empezar), continue (continuar), intend (tener
la intención de), love
342
 (amar), prefer (preferir), hate (odiar) etc, pueden ir seguidos de
gerundio o de infinitivo sin cambiar el significado.

I started smoking at 17.

Empecé a fumar a los 17.

I started to smoke at 17.

Empecé a fumar a los 17.

· Otros, como: stop (parar), remember (recordar), forget (olvidar),

regret
(lamentar), pueden ir seguidos tanto por un gerundio como por un
infinitivo, pero con sentidos diferentes.

Stop. I stopped to smoke.

Paré para fumar.
I stopped smoking.

Dejé de fumar.

Forget. I forgot to post the letter.

Olvidé echar la carta.
I will never forget visiting my
uncle.
Nunca olvidaré visitar a mi tío.

Regret. I regret doing this.

Lamento hacer esto.
I regret to tell you this.

Lamento tener que decirte esto.

Remember. I remember swimming in the

lake.
Recuerdo cuando nadaba en el lago.
Remember to buy bread.

No te olvides de comprar el pan.

Try. I tried to buy it.

Intenté comprarlo.
I tried working as a lawyer but I
didn’t
like it.
Intenté trabajar de abogado pero no
me gustaba.
343
VERBOS SEGUIDOS POR INFINITIVO

Afford. Arrange. Care. Decide. Forget.

Permitirse. Preparar. Cuidar. Decidir. Olvidar.

Agree. Ask. Claim. Deserve. Hope.

Estar de Pedir. Reclamar. Merecer. Desear.
acuerdo.
Appear. Beg. Consent. Expect. Manage.
Aparecer. Suplicar. Consentir. Esperar. Arreglarselas.

Mean. Offer. Pretend. Refuse. Remember.

Querer decir. Ofrecer. Fingir. Negar. Recordar.

Need. Stop. Swear. Wait. Want.

Necesitar Parar. Jurar. Esperar. Querer.

Seem. Wish.
Parecer. Desear.

VERBOS SEGUIDOS POR GERUNDIO

Admit. Avoid. Dislike. Enjoy. Finish.

Admitir. Evitar. Disgustar. Disfrutar. Acabar.

Advise. Complete. Forget. Miss. Quit.

Aconsejar. Completar. Olvidar. Echar de Abandonar.
menos.
Anticipate. Delay. Regret. Resist. Understand.
Anticiparse. Retrasar. Lamentar. Resistir. Comprender.

344
ESTRUCTURAS DE INTERES
WHAT IS LIKE?
· Se utiliza para recabar información sobre el aspecto físico de alguien
pues para saber cómo es alguien de carácter usamos how.

What is your girlfriend like?

¿Cómo es físicamente tu chica?

She is very pretty.

Ella es muy guapa.

How is she?
¿Cómo está ella?

Very well, thank you.

Muy bien gracias.

· Las siguientes estructuras nos serán de utilidad a la hora de formular

deseos, quejas etc.

Wish. I wish I had lived in America.

Expresa deseos, para su traducción Ojalá hubiera vivido en América.
se
debe usar el subjuntivo.
I wish you would be rich.
Ojalá fueras rico.
I wish you were quiet.

Ojalá te estuvieras quieto.

Would like. I would like to go to Paris.
Me gustaría ir a Paris.
I would like you to come with
me.
Me gustaría que vinieras conmigo.
I would like a sandwich.

Me gustaría comerme un bocadillo.

345
Would prefer. I’d prefer a coffee.
Preferiría un café.
I would prefer to go with you.

Preferiría ir contigo.

Prefer. I prefer tea to coffee.

Prefiero el té al café.
I prefer swimming to running.

Prefiero nadar a correr.

I prefer to stay at home.

Prefiero quedarme en casa.

If only. If only she would stop

complaining.
Con tan sólo que dejara de quejarse.
If only he would do what he has
to do.
Con tan sólo que hiciera lo que tiene
que hacer.

Would rather. I’d rather not go.

Preferiría no ir.
I’d rather not go now.

Preferiría no ir ahora.

Had better. I had better go to have a drink.

Preferiría ir a tomar una copa.

It's time. It's time to eat.

Es hora de comer.
It's time for us to eat.

Es hora de que comamos.

It's time we ate.

Es hora de que comamos.

It's about time. It’s about time he came.

Ya es hora de que venga.

Used to. He used to drink quite a lot.

Él solía beber mucho.
346
 I used to wear glasses, but now I
use
contact lenses.
Yo solía llevar gafas pero ahora uso
lentillas.

To be used to. I am used to reading the paper.

Estoy acostumbrado a leer el
periódico.

Enough. I have enough money.

Tengo suficiente dinero.
I am rich enough.

Soy lo suficientemente rico.

Too. She is too old to climb the

mountain.
Es demasido vieja para subir las
montañas.

Fairly. He speaks English fairly well.

Él habla inglés bastante bien.

Quite. He speaks English quite well.

Él habla inglés muy bien.

Rather. He speaks English rather well.

Él habla inglés muy bien.

Pretty. He speaks English pretty well.

Él habla inglés muy bien.
347
EL CAUSATIVO HAVE
· Esta estructutura se usa para indicar que el que realiza la acción no es
el sujeto sino otra persona. Se usan los verbos causativos have y get .
Indica acciones como cortarse el pelo, hacerse un empaste donde
lógicamente el sujeto no se hace un empaste ni se corta el pelo, sino
que contrata un servicio.

I have my hair cut every month.

Me corto el pelo cada mes.

I have my car repaired when it breaks down.

Me reparan el coche cuando se estropea.

· Esta estructura se puede usar en todos los tiempos.

· En la interrogrativa y negativa utilizan los auxiliares, do, does, did.

Did you have your tooth fill?

¿Te hicieron un empaste?

Do you have your carpets cleaned every year?

¿Te limpian las alfombras cada año?
348
VERBOS CON PREPOSICÓN
· Muchos verbos ingleses van acompañados de preposiciones o
adverbios. Si observamos por ejemplo el verbo look y sus posibles
combinaciones nos daremos cuenta de que en muchos casos nos sería
difícil averiguar el significado.

I'm looking for a new job.

Estoy buscando empleo.

I am going to look up a word in the dictionary.

Voy a buscar una palabra en el diccionario.

We are looking forward to the festivities.

Estamos esperando con deseo que lleguen las fiestas.

· Los verbos con preposición se pueden dividir en: separables e

inseparables. Serán separables si podemos colocar los complementos
entre el verbo y la preposición.

I am going to put my coat on.

Me voy a poner la chaqueta.

I am going to put on my coat.

Me voy a poner la chaqueta.

· Algunos ejemplos con el verbo to come.

Come Come along. Come off. Come out.

across.

Encontrarse. Venir. Desprenderse. Publicar.

· Algunos ejemplos con to get .

Get on. Get up. Get over. Get into. Get at.

Llevarse bien. Levantarse. Recuperarse. Entrar. Llegar.

Look up. Look after. Look forward Look for. Look into.
to.
349
Mirar el Cuidar. Esperar con Buscar. Investigar.
significado de deseo.
una palabra
en el
diccionario.
350
VERBOS Y ADJETIVOS CON
PREPOSICIONES

· Muchos verbos y adjetivos van siempre seguidos por una preposición:

About. He is always dreaming about

being
rich.
Siempre sueña con ser rico.
He is worried about the future.

Está preocupado por el futuro.

After. He is always looking after his

daughter.
Siempre cuida a su hija.

At. He is good at Maths.

Es bueno en matemáticas.
He is bad at History.

Es malo en historia.
Look at me please.

Mírame por favor.

Don’t shout at me.

No me chilles.

For. I am ready for the party.

Estoy listo para la fiesta.
He is responsible for the
damages.
Es responsable de los daños.

In. I believe in God.

Creo en Dios.

Of. He is fond of running.

Le gusta correr.
She is afraid of spiders.

Le asustan las arañas.

She is proud of her daughter.
351
 Está orgullosa de su hija.
This consists of three parts.

Tiene tres partes.

I will remind him of his duties.

Le recordaré sus obligaciones.

On. That depends on you.

Eso depende de ti.
He insisted on going.

Insistió en ir.

To. He was married to Helen.

Estaba casado con Helen.
He was polite to the old man.

Fue educado con el viejo.

You must listen to me.

Debes escucharme.

With. He was angry with me.

Estaba enfadado conmigo.
I was satisfied with the work.

Estaba satisfecho con el trabajo.

I agree with you.

Estoy de acuerdo contigo.

352
CONTRACCIONES
· Normalmente se usan en el lenguaje hablado. Recuerda que “-s” puede
corresponder a to be o to have pero sólo seguido de got o participio.

He’s a boy. He is a boy

Él es un chico

He’s got a car. He has got a car.

Él tiene un coche.

Del mismo modo “-d” puede ser la contracción de had o would.

I’d gone there. I had gone there.

Yo había ido.

I’d like to go. I would like to go.

Me gustaría ir.

I’m. I am.

I’ve. I have.

I’ll. I will.

I’d. I had o I would.

You’re. You are.

You’ve. You have.

You’ll. You will.

You’d. You had o you would.

He’s. He is o he has.

He’ll. He will.

He’d . He had o he would.

She’s. She is o she has.

353
She’ll. She will.

She’d . She had o she would.

It’s. It is o it has.

It’ll. It will.

It’d. It had o it would.

We’re. We are.

We’ve. We have.

We’ll. We will.

We’d. We had o we would.

They’re. They are.

They’ve They have.

They’ll. They will.

They’d. They had o they would.

Let’s. Let us.

Isn’t. Is not.

Aren’t. Are not.

Wasn’t. Was not.

Weren’t. Were not.

Don’t. Do not.

Doesn’t. Does not.

354
Didn’t. Did not.

Haven’t. Have not.

Hasn’t. Has not.

Hadn’t. Had not.

Can’t. Can not.

Couldn’t. Could not.

Won’t. Will not.

Wouldn’t. Would not.

Shan’t. Shall not.

Shouldn’t. Should not.

Oughtn’t. Ought not.

Mustn’t. Must not.

Needn’t. Need not.

Mightn’t. Might not.

Daren’t. Dare not.

355
CAMBIOS ORTOGRÁFICOS
· El plural de las palabras que terminan en “-y” se forma cambiando la "-
y" por "-ies" cuando va precedida de consonante.

Lady. Ladies.
Señora.

City. Cities.
Ciudad.

· Si la “-y” va precedida de vocal no se producen cambios.

Boy. Boys.
Chico.

Day. Days.
Día

· Lo mismo sucede a los verbos que acaban en “-y” al formar la tercera

persona del singular del presente de indicativo.

Carry. He carries.
Llevar.

Study. She studies.

Estudiar.

Play. Mary plays.

Jugar.

Annoy. John annoys.

Molestar.

· Las palabras que terminan en “-s”, “-ss”, “-zz”, “-sh”, “-x” añaden “-es”
para formar el plural si son nombres o la tercera persona del singular si
son verbos.

NOMBRES

Bus. Buses.
356
Autobús.

Glass. Glasses.
Vaso.

Dish. Dishes.
Plato.

Church. Churches.
Iglesia.

VERBOS

Pass. Passes.
Pasar.

Buzz. Buzzes.
Zumbar.

Wash. Washes.
Lavar.

Fix. Fixes.
Fijar.

Algunos nombres acabados en “-o” añaden “-es” para formar el plural.

Potato. Potatoes.
Patata.

Tomato. Tomatoes.
Tomate.

Piano. Pianos.
Piano.

Biro. Biros.
Bolígrafo.

· El pasado y el Participio Pasado de los verbos regulares se froman

añadiendo “-ed” al infinitivo. Solo se añade “-d” si el verbo acaba en “-
e”.
357
Answer. Answered.
Contestar.

Listen. Listened.
Escuchar.

Ask. Asked.
Pedir.

Live. Lived.
Pedir.

Practise. Practised.
Practicar.

Love. Loved.
Amar.

· Si el verbo acaba en “-y” precedido de consonante se cambia por “-

ied”. Si acaba en vocal se añade “-ed”.

Carry. Carried.
Llevar.

Study. Studied.
Estudiar.

Play. Played.
Jugar.

Die. Died.
Morir

Dye. Dyed.
Teñir.

· Al añadir “-ing” al infinitivo la “-e” desaparece excepto en dye.

Live. Living.
Vivir.

Practise. Practising.

358
Practicar.

Dye. Dyein
g.
Teñir

· Cuando el verbo acaba en “-ie” la “-i” se convierte en “-y”.

Die. Dying.
Morir.

Lie. Lying.
Mentir.

· Cuando los verbos acaban en “-y” se añade “-ing”.

Try. Trying.
Intentar.

Study. Studying.
Estudiar.

Play. Playing.
Jugar.

Buy. Buying.
Comprar.

· Al añadir cualquier sufijo “-ful”, “-ness”, “-er”, “-est”, la “-y” se

convierte en “-i”.

Beauty. Beatiful.
Guapa.

Steady. Steadily.
Listo.

Happy. Happiness.
Feliz.

Pretty. Prettier, Prettiest.

359
Guapa.

Sly. Slyl
y.
Astuto.

· Los adjetivos acabados en “-al”, doblan la “-l” al formar los adverbios.

Practical. Practicall
y.
Práctico.

Economical. Economically.
Económico.

Historical. Historical
ly.
Histórico.

· Lo mismo sucede con los acabados en “-ful”.

Beautiful. Beautifully.
Bonito.

Faithful. Faithfully.
Fiable.

· Las siguientes palabras pierden una “-l” al tomar un sufijo

Skill. Skilful.
Destreza.

Well. Welcome.
Bien.

Will. Wilful.
Deseo.

· La terminación “-re” pertenece al inglés británico y “-er” al americano

BRITÁNICO AMERICANO

Centre. Center.
360
Centro.

Theatre. Theate
r.
Teatro.

· La terminación “-our” pertenece al inglés británico y “-or” al

americano

BRITÁNICO AMERICANO

Favour. Favor.
Sabor.

Honour. Honor.
Honor.

Colour. Color.
Color.

· Algunas palabras cambian.

Británico Americano

Aerial. Antenna.
Antena.

Angry. Mad.
Enfadado.

Anywhere. Anyplace.
Cualquier parte.

Autumn. Fall.
Otoño.

Bill. Check.
Cuenta del restaurante.

Car park. Parking lot.

Aparcamiento.

Chemist’s. Drugstore.
Farmacia.
361
Film. Movie.
Película.

Holiday. Vacation.
Vacaciones.

Label. Tag.
Etiqueta.

Lorry. Truck.
Camión.

Mad. Crazy.
Loco.

Motorway. Freeway.
Autopista.

Nappy. Diaper.
Pañal.

Petrol. Gas.
Gasolina.

Queue. Line.
Cola.

Rubber. Eraser.
Borrador.

Shop. Store.
Tienda.

Single ticket. One way ticket.

Billete de ida.

Sunglasses. Shades.
Gafas de sol.

Sweets. Candy.
Caramelos.

Taxi. Cab.
Taxi.
362
Tin. Can.
Lata.

Trousers. Pants.
Pantalones.

Underground. Subway.
Metro.

Wire. Telegram.
Telegrama.

· Algunas palabras usan “-c” en el nombre y “-s” en el verbo

NOMBRE VERBO

Advice. Advise.
Consejo.

Practice. Practise.
Practicar.

Licence. License.
Permiso.

· Los monosilabos acabados en una sola consonante y precedidos de una

sola vocal, doblan la consonante final al añadir un sufijo.

Plan. Planning.
Planear.

Dad. Daddy.
Papa.

Let. Letting.
Permitir.

Beg. Beggar.
Suplicar.

Sit. Sitting.
363
Sentarse.

Put. Putting.
Poner.

Fat. Fatter.
Gordo.

Star. Starring.
Estrella.

Stir. Stirring.
Remover.

Fur. Furry.
Piel.
364
VERBOS IRREGULARES

Infinitivo Pasado Participio Traducción

Pasado
Arise Arose Arisen Surgir, presentarse
Be Was Were, Been Ser, estar
Bear Bore Borne Llevar, soportar
Beat Beat Beaten Batir, golpear, latir
Become Became Become Llegar a, ser, hacerse
Begin Began Begun Empezar
Bend Bent Bent Doblar
Bet Bet Bet Apostar
Bid Bade Bidden Mandar, ordenar
Bind Bound Bound Atar, encuadernar
Bite Bit Bitten Morder
Bleed Bled Bled Sangrar
Blow Blew Blown Soplar
Break Broke Broken Romper
Bring Brought Brought Traer
Build Built Built Edificar
Burn Burnt Burnt Arder, quemar
Burst Burst Burst Estallar
Buy Bought Bought Comprar
Catch Caught Caught Atrapar
Choose Chose Chosen Escoger
Come Came Come Venir
Cost Cost Cost Costar
Creep Crept Crept Arrrastrarse
Cut Cut Cut Cortar
Deal Dealt Dealt Tratar
Dig Dug Dug Cavar
Do Did Done Hacer
Draw Drew Drawn Dibujar, sacar, tirar
Dream Dreamt Dreamt Soñar
Drink Drank Drunk Beber
Drive Drove Driven Conducir
Eat Ate Eaten Comer
Fall Fell Fallen Caer
Feed Fed Fed Alimentar,
Feel Felt Felt Sentir, palpar, tocar
365
Fight Fought Fought Luchar
Find Found Found Encontrar
Fling Flung Flung Lanzar
Fly Flew Flown Volar
Forbid Forbade Forbidden Prohibir
Forget Forgot Forgotten Olvidar
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Perdonar
Freeze Froze Frozen Helar
Get Got Got Conseguir, obtener
Give Gave Given Dar
Go Went Gone Ir
Grow Grew Grown Crecer, cultivar
Hang Hung Hung Colgar
Have Had Had Haber, tener
Hear Heard Heard Oir
Hide Hid Hid Esconder
Hit Hit Hit Golpear
Hold Held Held Sostener, agarrar
Hurt Hurt Hurt Hacer daño, doler
Keep Kept Kept Guardar, conseguir
Kneel Knelt Knelt Arrodillarse
Know Knew Known Saber, conocer
Lay Laid Laid Poner
Lead Led Led Guiar
Leap Leapt Leapt Saltar
Learn Learnt Learnt Aprender
Leave Left Left Dejar, salir
Lend Lent Lent Prestar
Let Let Let Dejar, permitir
Lie Lay Lain Tumbarse
Light Lit Lit Iluminar
Lose Lost Lost Perder
Make Made Made Hacer
Mean Meant Meant Querer decir,
significar
Meet Met Met Encontrar
Mow Mowed Mown Segar
Pay Paid Paid Pagar
Put Put Put Poner
Quit Quit Quit Abandonar
366
Read Read Read Leer
Ride Rode Ridden Montar, cabalgar
Ring Rang Rung Sonar, tocar el timbre
Rise Rose Risen Levantarse
Run Ran Run Correr, dirigir un
negocio
Say Said Said Decir
See Saw Seen Ver
Sell Sold Sold Vender
Send Sent Sent Enviar
Set Set Set Poner, establecer
Sew Sewed Sewn Coser
Shake Shook Shaken Agitar
Shine Shone Shone Brillar
Shoot Shot Shot Disparar
Show Showed Shown Mostrar
Shrink Shrank Shrunk Encogerse
Shut Shut Shut Cerrar
Sing Sang Sung Cantar
Sink Sank Sunk Hundir, sumergirse
Sit Sat Sat Sentarse
Sleep Slept Slept Dormir
Sling Slung Slunk Lanzar, tirar
Smell Smelt Smelt Oler
Speak Spoke Spoken Hablar
Spell Spelt Spelt Deletrear, hechizar
Spend Spent Spent Pasar el tiempo,
gastar
Spill Spilt Spilt Derramar
Spoil Spoilt Spoilt Estropear
Spread Spread Spread Extender
Stand Stood Stood Ponerse de pie
Steal Stole Stolen Robar
Stick Stuck Stuck Pegar
Sting Stung Stung Picar
Strike Struck Struck Golpear
Swear Swore Sworn Jurar
Swim Swam Swum Nadar
Take Took Taken Tomar, llevar
Teach Taught Taught Enseñar
367
Tear Tore Torn Rasgar
Tell Told Told Decir, contar
Think Thought Thought Pensar, creer
Throw Threw Thrown Arrojar
Understand Understood Understood Comprender
Wake Woke Woken Despertar
Wear Wore Worn Llevar puesto, usar
Win Won Won Ganar un premio
Wind Wound Wound Dar cuerda al reloj
Write Wrote Written Escribir
368
CONECTORES

· A la hora de redactar un texto necesitarás usar palabras o expresiones

que te permitan unir ideas en forma de frases y organizar el texto.

· Primero debes tener claro qué te piden y haz un esquema donde

aparezcan las ideas que quieres desarrollar. Usa un papel y anótalo
todo. Luego tacha las ideas que no te gusten y ordenalas y
clasifícalas.

· Recuerda que puede ser una buena idea que la composición tenga
tres partes diferenciadas: introducción, desarrollo y conclusión.

· A continuación encontrarás algunas expresiones que te pueden

servir para organizar tus ideas.

Para introducir.

In the first place. En primer lugar.

To begin. Para empezar.

First of all. Lo primero de todo.

It is obvious. Es óbvio que.

It is certain that. Es cierto que.

It is a commonly held belief Es una creencia bastante extendida

among
people that. entre la gente que.

It goes without saying that. Ni que decir tiene que.

A controversial question facing Un asunto controvertido que afecta

our
society is. a nuestra sociedad es.

Whether we like it or not. Nos guste o no.

As regards. Por lo que respecta.

369
Expresar opinión.
In my opinion. En mi opinion.

In my view. Tal y como yo lo veo.

Personally. Personalmente.

As far as I’m concerned. Por lo que a mí respecta.

From my point of view. Desde mi punto de vista.

I would like to point out a couple Me gustaría puntuaalizar un par de

of
things. aspectos.

I believe/consider/think. Creo que.

I feel very strongly that. Estoy convencido de.

I’m absolutely convinced that. Estoy absolutamente convencido de.

I’m inclined to believe that. Tiendo a pensar que.

I am totally opposed to. Estoy totalmente en desacuerdo con.

I am in favour of. Estoy a favor de.

I strongly disagree with. No estoy nada de acuerdo con.

It seems/ appears to me that. Me parece que.

There is no doubt that. No hay duda de que.

One thing that is sure is. Algo que es seguro es.

It is true that. Es cierto que.

I very much doubt that. Dudo mucho de que.

We should all have to take into Deberíamos tener en cuenta que.

account that.

Every now and then. De vez en cuando.

370
A favor y en contra.
One of the strongest arguments Uno de los argumentos mas sólidos a
in
favour of... Is that. favor de ...

On the other hand. Por otra parte.

There are several arguments Hay varios argumentos en contra

against... de...

Yet there is another side to the Aunque hay otros aspectos que se
picture.
deben tener en cuenta.

There is bitter controversy over. Existe gran controversia por lo que

respecta a.

On the one hand. Por una parte.

On the other hand. Por otra parte.

While there are many supporters Mientras que hay mucha gente que
of the
idea, there are also people who apoya esta idea, hay otros que
have tienen
reservations about it. ciertas reservas.

There are valid arguments for... Hay argumentos muy validos a favor
de.

There are also other good Aunque también existen buenas

reasons
against. razones en contra de.

...has both advantages and ...tiene tanto ventajas como

disadvantages. desventajas.

Para expresar la opinión de otros.

An increasing number of people Un gran número de personas cree
believe that. que.

Today many people are worried Hoy en día mucha gente está
about. preocupada con.
371
Half the population are in favour/ La mitad de la población está a
against of... favor/en contra de...

These people firmly believe Estas personas creen firmemente

that... en...

Para continuar.
In the second place. En segundo lugar.

Secondly. En segundo lugar.

Next. Después.

Besides. Además.

In addition. Además.

Apart from that. Además de.

Moreover. Y además.

What is more. Además.

Futhermore. Además.

Another aspect to be considered Otro aspecto para tener en cuanta

can
be. es.

Para expresar contraste.

On the one hand. Por una parte.

On the other. Por otra parte.

While. Mientras que.

Whereas. Mientras.
372
In spite of the fact that. A pesar de.

Although. Aunque.

In spite of. A pesar de.

However. Sin embargo.

Given the differences between. Teniendo en cuenta las diferencias

entre.

At the same time Al mismo tiempo

Para comparar.
At the same time. Al mismo tiempo.

Similarly. Del mismo modo.

Likewise. Del mismo modo.

Para expresar causa.

Because. Porque.

Because of. A causa de.

The main purpose of...is... El propósito principal es.

The reason is very simple. La razón es bien sencilla.

For this reason. Por esta razón.

Para expresar resultado.

Therefore. Por lo tanto.
373
As a result. Como resultado.

Consequently. Como consecuencia.

In consequence. En consecuencia.

Thus. Por lo tanto.

So. Así.

Para ejemplificar.
A good ilustration of this is. Un buen ejemplo de esto es.

Nothing could better demostrate Nada podría demostra esto mejor.

this
that.

We have an obvious proof of this Tenemos una prueba clara de esto

in...
en.
This is best exemplified by. Esto está muy bien explicado con.

This is best shown in the Esto se puede apreciar mucho mejor

following
example. con el siguiente ejemplo.

In other words. En otras palabras.

That is to say. Es decir.

For instance. Por ejemplo.

For example. Por ejemplo.

Para incluir datos y estadísticas.

Recent studies have found that. Estudios recientes han demostrado
que.
Researches claim that. Los investigadores afirman que.

According to recent studies. Según estudios recientes

374
Para narrar.
When. Cuando.

While. Mientras que.

Before. Antes.

After. Después.

By the time. Por esas fechas.

During. Durante.

It all began when. Todo empezó cuando.

It all happened. Todo ocurrió.

Once upon a time. Érase una vez.

Suddenly. De repente

All of a sudden. De repente.

First. Al principio.

At first. Al principio.

Later. Más tarde.

Afterwards. Depués de todo.

Meanwhile. Mientras tanto.

In the meantime. Mientras.

Finally. Finalmente.

In the end. Al final.

Para concluir.
The conclusion to be drawn from this is La conclusión que podemos
sacar es. that.
375
We can conclude by saying that. Podemos concluir afirmando que.

To sum up. Para resumir.

Summing up. Resumiendo.

In brief. En breve.

In conclusion. Como conclusión.

In short. En breve.

Finally. Finalmente.

All this suggests that. Todo esto nos sugiere que.

We should all work elbow to Creo que todos deberíamos trabajar

elbow in
this respect. de forma conjunta en la misma
dirección.
In conclusion. Como conclusión.

Although there are two sides to Aunque hay dos caras de la moneda
a
picture I believe that. yo tiendo a creer que.

All things considered, I am in Teniendo en cuenta todos los

favour
of/against... aspectos, estoy a favor/en contra de.

Lastly. Por último.

As was previously stated. Como ya se ha dicho.

376
FALSOS AMIGOS
Son palabras que pueden fácilmente inducir a error. Muchas son de origen
latino y han cambiado el significado. Un buen consejo es no dejarse llevar
por las apariencias y comprobar siempre el significado en el diccionario.
Pues en la lengua inglesa las apariencias engañan.

Abuse. Insultar.

Actually. En realidad.

Advertise. Anunciar.

To advise. Aconsejar.

Agenda. Orden del día.

Anxious. Nervioso. Deseoso.

Apology. Disculpa.

Apparent. Evidente.

Application. Solicitud.

Argument. Discusión.

To assist. Ayudar.

To assume. Asumir.

Avocado. Aguacate.

Cabinet. Gabinete de ministros, vitrina.

Career. Carrera.

Carpet. Alfombra.

Cartoon. Dibujos animados.

Casual. Informal.

Casualty. Baja militar.

377
Character. Personaje.

Collar. Cuello.

Collector. Coleccionista.

Complexion. Color de la piel.

Conductor. Cobrador de autobús. Director de

orquesta.
Conference. Congreso.

Conservatory. Invernadero.

Constipated. Estreñido.

Disgust. Asco.

Embarrassed. Avergonzado.

Eventually. Finalmente.

Exit. Salida.

Fabric. Tejido.

Firm. Empresa.

Idiom. Expresión idiomática.

Insane. Loco

Intoxicated. Borracho.

Large. Grande.

Parents. Padres.

Physician. Médico

Policy. Política

To presume. Suponer.

To pretend. Fingir.

Quiet. Callado.
378
Rare. Poco frecuente.

To remove. Quitar.

Sensible. Sensato.

Signature. Firma.

Spectacles. Gafas.

Suburb. Barrio residencial.

Success. Éxito.

Sympathy. Compasión.

To pretend. Fingir.

Tramp. Vagabundo.

Vicious. Malvado.
379
EXPRESIONES PARA LA COMUNICACIÓN
ORAL
Saludos y Felicitaciones.

How do you do? How are you?

¿Cómo estás? ¿Cómo estás?

Very well thank you. Fine thanks, and you?

Muy bien gracias. Bien y tú?

Good morning. Hi.

Buenos días. Hola.

Good afternoon. Congratulations.

Buenas tardes. Enhorabuena.

Good evening. So long.

Buenas tardes- noches. Hasta luego.

Good night. See you.

Buenas noches. Nos vemos.

Hello. Happy birthday.

Hola. Feliz cumpleaños.

Good bye. Happy Christmas.

Adiós. Feliz Navidad.

How are things? Well.

¿Cómo te van las cosas? Bien.

See you tomorrow. So long.

Hasta mañana. Hasta luego.

Happy anniversary. How is it going?

Feliz aniversario. ¿Cómo te va?

Up and down.
Así así.
380
Para dirigirse a un desconocido.

Excuse me. I beg your pardon.

Disculpe. Disculpe.

Presentaciones

Peter, this is Mary. Mary, do you know Michael?

Pedro esta es María. ¿María, conoces a Miguel?

Let me introduce my friend Paul.

Permíteme que te presente a mi
amigo Pablo.

Cuando no entendemos algo bien

Can you repeat it please? Can you speak more slowly?

¿Puede repetirlo por favor? ¿Puede hablar más despacio?

I’m sorry I don’t understand

Lo siento, pero no lo entiendo.

Para preguntar la hora

Would you mind telling me the What’s the time please?

time?
Me dice la hora por favor? ¿Qué hora lleva?

Hablando por teléfono

Hello, could I speak to Manuel?

¿Hola, podría hablar con Manuel?

Para agradecer algo

Thank you. Thank you very much.

381
Gracias. Muchas gracias.

That’s very kind of you. Thanks.

Es muy amable por su parte. Gracias.

You’re welcome. Don’t mention it.

De nada. No hay de qué.
Expresiones de cortesía

Excuse me. Sorry

Disculpe. Lo siento

I beg your pardon.

Perdón.
382
DÍAS DE LA SEMANA
A diferencia de en español en inglés se escriben en mayúsculas.

Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday Thursda Friday. Saturday. Sunday.

. y.
Lunes. Martes. Miércoles. Jueves. Viernes. Sábado. Domingo.

Día de la Tiw era un Día de Día de Frig era la Día de Día del
sol.
luna. dios de la Odín. Thor. esposa de Saturno.
guerra. Odín.

DÍAS DE FIESTA
Easter. Whitsun. Halloween. Christmas day.
Pascua. Pentecostes. Día de navidad.

Boxing day. New year’s day. New year’s eve. Midsummer’s

eve.
26 de diciembre. Día de año nuevo. Nochevieja. Noche de san
Juan.

MESES DEL AÑO

Al igual que los días también se escriben en mayúsculas.

January. February. March. April.

Enero. Febrero. Marzo. Abril.

May. June. July. August.

Mayo. Junio. Julio. Agosto.

September. October. November. December.

Septiembre. Octubre. Noviembre. Diciembre.

ESTACIONES
Spring. Summer. Autumm. Fall Winter
(USA)
383
Primavera. Verano. Otoño. Invierno.

PUNTOS CARDINALES
North. South. East. West.
Norte. Sur. Este. Oeste.

LOS COLORES
White. Black. Pink. Green
Blanco. Negro. Rosa. Verde.

Orange. Purple. Yellow. Red.

Naranja. Morado. Amarillo. Rojo.

Brown. Blue. Navy blue. Beige.

Marrón. Azul. Azul marino. Beige.

Chestnut. Colored. Grey. Lilac.

Castaño. Coloreado. Gris. Lila.

Blond. Dark.
Rubio. Oscuro.
384
ADJETIVOS
Big. Cheap. Clean. Easy.
Grande. Barato. Límpio. Fácil.

Good. Long. Nice. Fair.

Bueno. Largo. Agradable. Justo.

Fat. Hot. Cold. Short.

Gordo. Caliente. Frio. Corto.

Angry. Happy. Ill. Thirsty.

Enfadado. Feliz. Enfermo. Sediento.

SIGNOS DEL ZODIACO

Aquarius. Pisces. Aries. Taurus.
Acuario. Piscis. Aries. Tauro.

Gemini. Cancer. Leo. Virgo.

Geminis. Cancer. Leo. Virgo.

Libra. Scorpio. Sagittarius. Capricorn.

Libra. Escorpio. Sagitario. Capricornio.
385
LA HORA
Usamos el verbo to be para indicar las horas junto a las siguientes
estructuras:

Para preguntar la hora usamos

What’s the time?

What time is it?
Could you tell me the time please?

O’clock. En punto. Proviene de la It is 8 o’clock.

expresión of the clock.

Half past. Y media. It is half past 9.

A quarter to. Menos cuarto. It is a quarter to 6.

A quarter past. Y cuarto It is a quarter past 7.

To. Menos It is twenty to 4.

Past. Y It is twenty past 4.

Usamos a.m y p.m para indicar antes del mediodía y después del
mediodía. También podemos usar

In the morning.
In the afternoon.
At night.
Midday= 12.00 am
Midnight= 24.00

Los horarios de los medios de transporte se rigen por el sistema de 24

horas.

I took the 18.30 plane to London.

386
NÚMEROS CARDINALES
One. Eleven.
Uno. Once.

Two. Twelve.
Dos. Doce.

Three. Thirteen.
Tres. Trece.

Four. Fourteen.
Cuatro. Catorce.

Five. Fifteen.
Cinco. Quince.

Six. Sixteen.
Seis. Dieciséis.

Seven. Seventeen.
Siete. Diecisiete.

Eight. Eighteen.
Ocho. Dieciocho.

Nine. Nineteen.
Nueve. Diecinueve.

Ten. Twenty.
Diez. Veinte.

Thirty. Eighty.
Treinta. Ochenta.

Forty. Ninety.
Cuarenta. Noventa.

Fifty. A hundred.
Cincuenta. Cien.

Sixty. A thousand.
Sesenta. Mil.
387
Seventy. A milion.
Setenta. Un millón.

· Se usa un guión entre los números comprendidos entre el 21 y 99. A

partir del 100 se usará and.

Twenty-one.
Veintiuno.

One hundred and three.

Ciento tres.

En Estados Unidos 1 billón equivale a 1,000,000,000.

En Europa 1 billón equivale a 1,000,000,000,000.

· Hundred, thousand, million y billion como son adjetivos no añaden “-s”

I paid three million pesetas in 2001 for a car.

Pagué tres millones de pesetas en el año 2001 por un coche.

· Las fechas se indican de dos en dos

I was born in 1962.

Nací en en el año 1962.

My grandmother Berta was born in 1900.

Mi abuela Berta nació en (nineteen hundred). El 00 es hundred.

· Los números de teléfono de uno en uno

My phone number is 965436789.

Mi número de teléfono es...

· Se usa coma con los números: 1,000.

· Se usa el punto con los decimales: 4.5.

· En las horas se pueden usar uno o dos puntos: 3.45 o 3:45.

· El 0 se pronncia /ou/
388
LOS NÚMEROS ORDINALES
· Con la excepción de first , second y third, los números ordinales se
forman añadiendo “-th” a los ordinales.

· Existen algunos que sí que se ven modificados:

12th 20th
5th 8th 9th
Fifth. Eighth. Ninth. Twelfth. Twentieth.

First. Eleventh.
Primero. Undécimo.

Second. Twelfth.
Segundo. Duodécimo.

Third. Thirteenth.
Tercero. Decimotercero.

Fourth. Fourteenth.
Cuarto. Decimocuarto.

Fifth. Fiftteenth.
Quinto. Decimoquinto

Sixth. Sixteenth.
Sexto. Decimosexto.

Seventh. Seventeenth.
Séptimo. Decimoséptimo.

Eighth. Eighteenth.
Octavo. Decimoctavo.

Ninth. Nineteenth.
Noveno. Decimonoveno.

Tenth. Twentieth.
Décimo. Vigésimo.
389
· En las decenas “y” cambia por “-ie”. Hundred, thousand y million
añaden “-th”

Twenty. Thirty. Forty. Fifty. Sixty. Seventy.

Twentieth. Thirtieth. Fortieth. Fiftieth. Sixtieth. Seventieth

.

USOS

En fechas. November 30th.

Capítulos. Chapter III.

Monarcas. Juan Carlos I. ( The first)

EQUIVALENCIA DE PESOS Y MEDIDAS

1 ounce. 28,35 gramos.

1 pound. 454 gramos.

1 inch. 2,45 centímetros.

1 foot. 30 centímetros.

1 mile. 1.610 metros. Milla terrestre.

1 mile. 1.852 metros. Milla marina.

1 pint. 0,57 litros.

1 gallon. 4,54 litros.

1 stone 6’356 kilos.

12 inches = 1 foot. 30,48 centimetros.

3 feet = 1 yard. 91,44 centimetros.

390
1760 yards= 1 mile=. 1,61 kilometres.

16 ounces= 1 pound 0,454 kilos.

PAISES NACIONALIDADE
Y S

Brazil. Brazilian.
Brasil.

Britain. British.
Gran Bretaña.

Canada. Canadian.
Canadá.

China. Chinese.
China.

Denmark. Danish.
Dinamarca.

Egypt. Egyptian.
Egipto.

Europe. European.
Europa.

Finland. Finnish.
Finlandia.

France. French.
Francia.

Germany. German.
Alemania.

Greece. Greek.
Grecia.

391
Holland. Dutch.
Holanda.

Ireland. Irish.
Irlanda.

Italy. Italian.
Italia.

Japan. Japanese.
Japón.

Mexico. Mexican.
Méjico.

Norway. Norwegian.
Noruega.

Poland. Polish.
Polonia.

Scotland. Scottish.
Escocia.

Spain. Spanish
España. Spaniard.

Portugal. Portuguese.
Portugal.

Sweden. Swedish.
Suecia.

Switzerland. Swiss.
Suiza.

Turkey. Turkish.
Turquía.

Wales. Welsh.
Gales.
392
LA FAMILIA
Ancestor. Grandfather. Grandmother.
Antepasado. Abuelo. Abuela.

Relative. Father. Mother.

Pariente. Padre Madre.
Twin. Son. Daughter.
Gemelo. Hijo. Hija.

Mum. Brother. Sister.

Mamá. Hermano. Hermana.

Dad. Husband. Wife.

Papá. Esposo Esposa.

Cousin. Uncle. Aunt.

Primo. Tio. Tia.

Nephew. Grandson. Granddaughter.

Sobrino. Nieto. Nieta.

Niece. Brother-in-law. Sister-in-law.

Sobrina. Cuñado. Cuñada.

Widow. Father-in-law. Mother-in-law.

Viuda. Suegro. Suegra.

Widower. Son-in-law. Daughter-in-law.

Viudo. Yerno. Nuera.
393
PROFESIONES
Lawyer. Teacher. Actor. Farmer.
Abogado. Profesor. Actor. Agricultor.

Bricklayer. Mayor. Artist. Housewife.

Albañil. Alcalde. Artista. Ama de casa.

Barber. Librarian. Waiter. Singer.

Barbero. Bibliotecario. Camarero. Cantante.

Butcher. Carpenter. Surgeon. Conductor.

Carnicero. Carpintero. Cirujano. Cobrador de
autobus.
Driver. Janitor. Accountant. Priest.
Conductor. Conserje. Contable. Sacerdote.

Headmaster. Economist. Nurse. Chemist.

Director de un Economista. Enfermera. Farmacéutico.
colegio.
Manager. Blacksmith. Researcher. Jeweller.
Gerente. Herrero. Investigador. Joyero.

Judge. Cleaner. Sailor. Typist.

Juez. Limpiador. Marinero. Mecanógrafo.

Dressmaker. Baker. Hairdresser. Painter.

Modista. Panadero. Peluquero. Pintor.

Secretary. Soldier. Grocer. Shoemaker.

Secretario. Militar. Tendero. Zapatero.

Salesman.
Vendedor.
394
LA CASA
Bedroom. Hall. Door. Bathroom.
Dormitorio. Entrada. Puerta. Cuarto de baño.

Kitchen. Corridor. Air Lift.

conditioning.
Cocina. Pasillo. Aire Ascensor.
acondicionado.

Central heating. Water heater. Diningroom. Garage.

Calefacción Calentador de Comedor. Garaje.
central. agua.

Curtains. Study. Loft. Attic.

Cortinas. Despacho. Desván Ático.

Stairs. Doorbell. Letterbox. Aerial.

Escaleras. Timbre. Buzón. Antena.

Garden. Roof. Window. Chair.

Jardín. Tejado. Ventana. Silla.

Shelf. Wall. Light. Toilet.

Estantería. Pared. Luz. Aseo.

Heating. Corridor. Basement. Ceiling.

Calefacción. Pasillo. Sótano. Techo.
395
LA COCINA
Tin opener. Refrigerator. Microwave Sink.
oven.
Abrelatas. Nevera. Horno Fregadero.
microondas.
Spoon. Knife. Fork. Toaster.
Cuchara. Cuchillo. Tenedor. Tostadora.

Saucepan. Freezer. Pantry. Broom

Cacerola. Congelador. Despensa. Escoba.

Oven. Tap. Washing Washing up

Horno. Grifo. machine. liquid.
Lavadora. Liquido para
fregar los platos.

Dishwasher. Iron. Saucer. Corkscrew.

Fregaplatos. Plancha. Platillo. Sacacorchos.

Ironing board. Cup. Mug. Telephone.

Tabla de Taza. Tazón. Teléfono.
planchar.

Teapot. Cloth. Glass. Dishes.

Tetera. Trapo. Vaso. Platos.

Litter. Coffe pot. Pan.

Basura. Cafetera. Sartén.

396
EL CUARTO DE BAÑO
Toilet. Towel. Mirror. Washbasin.
Taza del WC. Toalla. Espejo. Lavabo.

Bath. Bidet. Shower. Plug.

Bañera. Bidé. Ducha. Enchufe.

Soap. Towel. Toothbrush. Razor.

Jabón Toalla. Cepillo de Maquinilla de
dientes. afeitar.

Toothpaste. Comb. Shower. Emergency kit.

Pasta dentífrica. Peine. Ducha. Botiquín.

Brush. Shampoo. Hairspray. Comb.

Cepillo. Champú. Laca. Peine.

Dryer. Cologne. Compresses. Makeup.

Secador. Colonia. Compresas. Maquillaje.

Sponge. Lipstick. Tissue. Nail polish.

Esponja. Lapiz de labios. Papel higiénico. Laca de uñas.

Eyeliner. Eyeshadow. Comb. Eye-shadow.

Rímmel. Sombra de ojos. Peine. Sombra de ojos.

Lipstick. Mirror. Nail varnish. Perfume.

Barra de labios. Espejo. Esmalte de uñas. Perfume.

Aftershave. Hairbrush. Deodorant. To shave.

Loción. Cepillo. Desodorante. Afeitarse.

To have a bath. To have a To dry. Showergel.

shower.
Bañarse. Ducharse. Secar. Gel.

397
Sanitary towel.
Compresa.

El DORMITORIO
Alarm clock. Bed. Duvet. Bedclothes.
Despertador. Cama. Edredón. Ropa de cama.

Sheet. Dressing table. Alarm clock.

Sábana. Tocador. Despertador.

EL SALON
Television. Telephone. Lamp. Sofa.
Television. Teléfono. Lampara Sofa.

Bokcase. Window. Ashtray. Fireplace.

Librería. Ventana. Cenicero. Chimenea.

Cushion Picture. Rocking chair. Table.

Cojín. Cuadro Mecedora. Mesa

Carpet. Wallpaper. Lampshade. Clock.

Alfombra. Papel pintado. Pantalla. Reloj.

Chair. Sofa.
Silla. Sofá.

MUEBLES
Wardrobe. Sideboard. Chest of Bed.
drawers.
Armario. Aparador. Cómoda. Cama.

Table.
Mesa.
398
LA CIUDAD
Airport. Bus station. Car park. Cinema.
Aeropuerto. Estación de Parking. Cine.
autobuses.

Hospital. Hotel. Market. Police station.

Hospital. Hotel. Mercado. Comisaría.

Post office. Toilets. Restaurant. Station.

Oficina de Aseos. Restaurant. Estación
Correos.

Bank. Beach. Book shop. Library.

Banco. Playa. Libreria. Biblioteca.

Chemist. Church. Petrol station. Phone box.

Farmacia. Iglesia. Gasolinera. Cabina de
teléfono.

Sea. River. Supermarket. Street.

Mar. Río. Supermercado. Calle.

Cathedral Cementery. Building. School.

Catedral. Cementerio. Edificio. Escuela.

Sculpture. Stadium. Statue. Fair.

Escultura. Estadio Estatua. Feria.

Art gallery Hospital. Garden. Monastery.

Galería de arte. Hospital. Jardín. Monasterio.

Museum. Pavilion. Palace. Park.

Museo. Pabellón. Palacio. Parque.

399
Square. Bridge. River. Ruins.
Plaza. Puente. Río. Ruinas.

Theater. Zoo. Cinema. Baker.

Teatro. Zoológico. Cine. Panadería.

Butcher. Drugstore. Delicatessen. Fishmonger.

Carnicería. Droguería. Pescadería.

Greengrocer. Grocer. Hardware Newsagent.

store.
Verdulería. Ultramarinos. Ferretería. Prensa.

Off-licence. Post office.

Bodega. Oficina postal.

TIENDAS
400
PARTES DEL CUERPO
Eye. Mouth. Nose. Hair.
Ojo. Boca. Nariz Pelo.

Chest. Leg. Elbow. Knee.

Pecho. Pierna. Codo. Rodilla.

Stomach. Head. Ear. Chin.

Estómago. Cabeza. Oreja. Barbilla.

Foot. Arm. Hand. Throat.

Pie. Brazo. Mano. Garganta.

Fist. Thumb. Finger. Mouth.

Puño. Dedo pulgar. Dedo. Boca.

Moustache. Tongue. Brain. Heart.

Bigote. Lengua. Cerebro. Corazón.

Lung. Kidney. Muscle. Neck.

Pulmón. Riñon. Músculo. Cuello.

COMIDA
Biscuits. Cakes. Chewing gum. Sweets.
Galletas. Pasteles. Chicle. Golosinas.

Fruit juice. Milk. Sugar. Tea.

Zumo. Leche. Azúcar. Té.

Eggs. Butter. Bread. Cheese.

Huevos. Mantequilla. Pan. Queso.

Rice. Spaghetti. Chips. Meat.

Arroz. Espaguetis. Patatas fritas. Carne.

Fish. Chicken. Sandwich. Meatballs.

Pescado. Pollo. Bocadillo. Albóndigas.

Lambchops. Fillet. Hamburguer.

401
Chuletas de Filete. Hamburguesa.
cordero.

EN LA MESA
Sugar caddy. Bottle. Cafetera. Glass.
Azucarero. Botella. Coffepot . Vaso.

Tablecloth. Bread. Salt. Napkin.

Mantel. Pan. Sal. Servilleta.

Cup. Fork. Teapot. Vinager.

Taza. Tenedor. Tetera. Vinagre.

Oil. Garlic. Cinnamon. Hot pepper.

Aceite. Ajo. Canela. Guindilla.

Butter. Mustard. Parsley. Pepper.

Mantequilla. Mostaza Perejil. Pimienta.

Salt. Vinegar. Smoked. Grilled.

Sal. Vinagre. Ahumado. Asado.

Breaded. Fried. Boiled. Rare.

Empanado. Frito. Hervido. Poco hecho.

Well done. Medium. Baked. Roasted.

Bien pasado. Al punto. Cocinado. Asado.

SABORES
Acid. Bitter. Hot. Sweet.
Ácido. Amargo. Caliente. Dulce.

Fresh. Cold. Tasty. Spicy.

Fresco. Frío. Sabroso. Picante.
402
BEBIDAS
Water. Tap water. Mineral water. Sparkling water.
Agua. Agua del grifo Agua mineral. Agua con gas.

Tonic water. Black coffee. Short coffee. Decaffeinated

Tónica. Café solo. Cortado. coffee.
Descafeinado.

Espresso. Long coffee. Coffee with Tea.

milk.
Café exprés. Café largo. Café con leche. Té.

Beer. White wine. Rose wine. Red wine.

Cerveza. Vino blanco. Vino rosado. Vino tinto.

Orange juice. Hot chocolate. Soda. Gin.

Zumo de naranja. Chocolate. Gaseosa. Ginebra.

Whisky. Rum. Draft beer. Soft drink.

Whisky. Ron. Caña. Refresco.

Coke. Juice.
Coca cola. Zumo.

FRUTAS Y VERDURAS
Apple. Musrhroom. Broccoli. Asparagus.
Manzana. Champiñón. Brécol. Espárragos.

Tomato. Artichokes. Escarole. Cucumber.

Tomate. Alcachofas. Escarola. Pepino.

Cabbage. Endives. Lettuce. Avocado.

Repollo. Endivias. Lechuga. Aguacate.

Brussels Peas. Carrot. Apricots.

sprouts.
Coles de Guisante. Zanahoria. Albaricoques.
Bruselas.

Spinachs. Radishes. Potato. Plums.

Espinaca. Rábanos. Patata. Ciruelas.
403
Leeks. Onion. Banana. Coconut.
Puerros. Cebolla. Plátano. Coco.

Carrot. Orange. Zucchinni. Date.

Zanahoria. Naranja. Calabacín. Dátil.

Raspberries. Strawberries. Lemon. Mandarin.

Frambuesas. Fresas. Limón. Mandarina.

Mango. Peaches. Quince. Orange.

Mango. Melocotones. Membrillo. Naranja.

Pear. Pineapple. Watermelon. Melon.

Pera. Piña. Sandía. Melón.

Raisin. Aubergine. Celery.

Pasa. Berengena. Apio.

POSTRES
Pudding Icecream Custard. Marmalade.
Pudin. Helado. Natillas Mermelada.

Honey. Honey. Cake. Yogurt.

Miel. Miel. Tarta Yogur.

Chocolate. Cookies.
Chocolate. Galletas.

PESCADOS
Anchovy. Elver. Octopus. Shrimps.
Anchoa. Angula. Pulpo. Gambas.

Angler. Hake. Oysters. Sole.

Rape. Merluza. Ostras. Lenguado.

Clams. Herring. Prawn. Squids.

404
Almejas. Arenque. Langostino. Calamares.

Cockle. Lobster. Razor clam. Sword fish.

Berberecho. Langosta. Navajas. Pez espada.

Cod. Mackerel. Salmon. Turbot.

Bacalao. Caballa. Salmón. Rodaballo.

Crab. Mussels. Sardine.

Cangrejo. Mejillones. Sardina.

Cuttlefish. Norway lobster. Sea bream.

Sepia. Cigala. Besugo.

CARNES
Bacon. Deer. Hen. Partridge.
Tocino. Ciervo. Gallina. Codorniz.

Chicken. Goose. Lamb. Pork.

Pollo. Ganso. Cordero. Cerdo.

Cow. Hare. Ox. Rabbit.

Vaca. Liebre. Buey. Conejo.

Turkey.
Pavo.

FRUTOS SECOS
Almonds. Hazelnuts. Chestnuts. Pinenuts.
Almendras. Avellanas. Castañas. Piñones.

Sunflowerseeds Pistachios.
.
Pipas. Pistachos.
405
MEDIOS DE TRANSPORTE
Car. Bus. Taxi. Ship.
Coche. Autobús. Taxi. Barco.

On foot. Plane.
A pie. Avión.

ACTIVIDADES DIARIAS
Wake up. Get up. Have a shower. Get dressed.
Despertarse. Levantarse. Ducharse. Vestirse.

Have breakfast. Go to work. Have lunch. Watch TV.

Desayunar. Ir al trabajo. Comer. Ver la TV.

Buy the Go for a walk. Have dinner. Go to bed.

newspaper. Dar un paseo. Cenar. Irse a la cama.
Comprar el
periódico.

ACTIVIDADES DE TIEMPO LIBRE

Meet friends. Go to the Go to the Go shopping.
cinema.
Reunirse con Ir al cine. mountains. Ir de compras.
amigos. Ir al campo.

Go to the pub. Go to the disco.

Ir al pub. Ir a la discoteca.

ROPA
Coat. Cap. Pocket. Skirt.
406
Abrigo. Gorra. Bolsillo Falda.

Belt. Clogs. Purse. Sleeve.

Cinturón Zuecos. Monedero. Manga

Bikini. Dress. Pyjamas. Stockings.

Bikini. Vestido Pijama. Medias.

Blouse. Dressing gown. Ring. Tie.

Blusa. Bata. Swimming trunks. Corbata.

Boots. Handbag. Sandals. Trainers.

Botas. Bolso. Sandalias. Zapatillas de
deporte.

Bow. Hat. Shirt. Trousers.

Lazo. Sombrero. Camisa. Pantalones.

Bra. Jacket. Shoes. T-shirt.

Sujetador. Chaqueta Zapatos. Camiseta

Bracelet. Jeans. Shorts. Umbrella.

Pulsera Vaquero. Pantalón corto. Paraguas.

Braces. Knickers. Size. Underpants.

Tirantes. Bragas. Talla. Calzoncillos.

Vest. Slippers. Jacket. Wellingtons.

Camiseta. Zapatillas de ir Chaqueta. Botas de agua.
por casa.

Socks. Cap. Raincoat. Zipper.

Calcetines. Gorra. Gabardina. Cremallera.

Scarf. Glasses. Gloves. Watch.

Bufanda. Gafas. Guantes. Reloj de pulsera.

Ear-rings. Bracelet. Necklace. Handkerchief.

Pendientes. Pulsera. Collar. Pañuelo.

Jacket. Scarf. Socks. Vest.

Chaqueta. Bufanda. Calcetines. Chaleco.
407
Belt. Zipper. Slip. Gloves.
Cinturón. Cremallera. Enagua. Guantes.

COMPLEMENTOS Y JOYERIA
Bracelet. Brooch. Earring. Necklace.
Pulsera. Broche. Pendiente. Collar.

Watch. Ring. Chain. Pendant.

Reloj. Sortija. Cadena. Colgante.

TEJIDOS Y MATERIALES
Acrylic. Cotton. Leather. Knitted.
Acrílico. Algodón. Piel. De punto.

Wool. Corduroy. Silk. Velvet.

Lana. Pana. Seda. Terciopelo.

Cloth. Fur. Glass. Leather.

Tela. Piel. Cristal. Cuero.

Oil. Silver. Stone. Wire.

Aceite. Plata. Piedra. Alambre.

Bronze. Canvas. China. Corduroy.

Bronce. Lona. Porcelana. Pana.

Iron. Linen. Porcelain. Steel.

Hierro. Lino. Porcelana. Acero.

Vervet. Aluminium. Brass. Clay.

Terciopelo. Aluminio. Latón. Arcilla.

Clay. Denim. Marble. Plaster.

Arcilla. Tela vaquera. Mármol. Yeso.

408
Suede. Tinfoil. Wax.
Ante. Papel de Cera.
aluminio.

409
ADJECTIVOS PARA LA DESCRIPCION

FIGURE FACE NOSE HAIR EYES SKIN CHARACTER

Tall. Round. Long. Straight. Bright. Pale. Humble.

Alto. Redonda. Larga. Liso. Brillantes. Pálido. Humilde.

Short. Oval. Flat. Wavy. Large. Tanned. Proud.

Bajo. Ovalada. Chata. Rizado. Grandes. Bronceado Orgulloso.
.

Stout. Long. Promine Tangled. Small. Flecked Greedy.

nt .
Robusto. Larga. . Enredado Pequeños Con Avaricioso.
Prominente . pecas
Thin. Small. Brown. Blue. Selfish.
Delgado. Pequeña. Marrón Azules. Egoista.

Athletic. Wrinkled Auburn. Grey. Miserable.

.
Atlético. Arrugada. Castaño. Grises. Triste.

Muscular Golden. Merry. Honest.

.
Musculoso. Rubio. Alegres. Honrado.

Silky. Mean.
Sedoso. Tacaño.

Blonde. Stubborn.
Rubio. Cabezota.

Enthusiasti
c.
Entusiasta.
410
ADJETIVOS PARA DESCRIBIR EL
CARACTER
Boring. Pleasant. Cheerful. Ambitious.
Aburrido. Agradable. Alegre. Ambicioso.

Adventurous. Greedy. Bright. Loving.

Audaz. Avaricioso. Brillante. Cariñoso.

Gossipy. Sympathetic. Polite. Careful.

Chismoso. Compasivo. Cortés. Cuidadoso.

Determined. Amusing. Boastful. Childish.

Decidido. Divertido. Fanfarrón Infantil.

Clever. Crazy. Proud. Vain.

Listo Loco. Orgulloso. Presumido.

Wise. Stubborn.
Sabio. Testarudo.
411
LA ESCUELA
Book. Desk. Blackboard. Paper.
Libro. Pupitre. Pizarra. Papel.

Teacher. Bulletin board. School. University.

Profesor. Tablón de Colegio. Universidad.
anuncios.

Pen. Notepad. Notebook. Sheet of paper.

Bolígrafo. Bloc de notas. Cuaderno. Hoja de papel.

Pencil. Eraser. Paste. Ruler.

Lapicero. Borrador. Pegamento. Regla.

Sharpener. Chalk. College. Essay.

Sacapuntas. Tiza. Universidad. Trabajo.

Exam. Fountain pen. Holidays. Lecture.

Examen. Pluma Vacaciones. Conferencia.
estilográfica.

Homework. Lesson. Map. Mistake.

Deberes. Lección. Mapa. Error.

Question. Reading. Rubber. Schoolbag.

Pregunta. Lectura. Borrador. Cartera.

Timetable. Break Dictation Janitor.

Horario. Recreo. Dictado. Conserje.

To pass. To fail. Term. Blot.

Aprobar. Suspender. Trimestre. Borrón.

Canteen Calculator. Spelling. Nursery school.

Cantina. Calculadora. Ortografía. Parvulario.

Primary school. Infants school. Junior school. High school.

Escuela primaria. Escuela (5-7 (7-11 años) Instituto.
años)

Grammar Secondary University. Polythecnic.

school.
Instituto de modern school. Universidad. Universidad
bach. Formación prof. politécnica.
412
Playground. Geography. Chemistry. Mathematics.
Patio. Geografía. Química. Matemáticas.

Physics. Exam. Degree. Teacher.

Física. Examen. Licenciatura. Profesor.

Principal. To revise. Subject.

Director. Repasar. Asignatura.

LA OFICINA
Letter. Envelope. Computer. Label.
Carta. Sobre. Ordenador. Etiqueta.

Printer. Keyboard.
Impresora. Teclado.

INSTRUMENTOS

DEPORTES
Tennis. Football. Handball. Basketball.
Tenis. Fútbol. Balonmano. Baloncesto

Swimming. Ice hockey. Billiards.

Natación. Jockey sobre Billar.
hielo.

DOLENCIAS
Headache. Toothache. Backache. Sore throat.
Dolor de cabeza. Dolor de muelas Dolor de espalda. Dolor de
413
 garganta.
Break a leg. Temperature. Stomachache. Measles.
Romperse una Fiebre. Dolor de barriga. Sarampión.
pierna.

TAREAS DOMESTICAS
To do the To do the To do the To do the
washing ironing.
washing. up. Planchar. cleaning.
Lavar la ropa. Lavar los platos. Limpiar.

To make the To do the To do the To tidy.

dusting.
beds. Quitar el polvo. gardening. Ordenar.
Hacer las camas. Arreglar el jardín.

TIEMPO ATMOSFERICO
Fine. Sunny. Hot. Wet.
Bueno. Soleado. Caluroso. Humedo

Warm. Windy. Swony. Frosty.

Templado. Ventoso. Nevado. Helado.

Freezing. Centigrades. Sunny. Degree.

Mucho frio. Centígrados. Soleado. Grados

Foggy. Hot. Cold. Cloudy.

Con niebla. Caluroso. Frio. Nublado.

Rainy. Windy
Lluvioso. Ventoso.

EL DOCTOR
414
ANIMALES
Cow. Calf. Horse. Duck.
Vaca. Ternero. Caballo. Pato

Bull. Pig. Goat. Chicken.

Toro. Cerdo. Cabra. Pollo.

Dog. Bitch. Hen. Tortoise.

Perro. Perra. Gallina. Tortuga.

Goldfish. Pelican. Swan. Seagull.

Pez de colores. Pelícano Cisne. Gaviota.

Cod. Herring. Shark. Sole.

Bacalao. Arenque. Tiburón. Lenguado.

Trout. Hake. Crab. Mussel.

Trucha. Merluza. Cangrejo. Mejillón.

Prawn. Squid.
Gamba. Calamar.

MEDIOS DE TRANSPORTE

ARBOLES, FLORES Y PLANTAS

Daisy. Tulip. Carnation Thistle.
Margarita. Tulipán. Clavel. Cardo.

Oak. Elm. Ash. Pine.

Roble. Olmo. Fresno. Pino.

Palm. Cedar. Geranium. Jasmine.

Palmera. Cedro. Geranio. Jazmín.

Orchid. Rose. Violet.

415
Orquídea. Rosa. Violeta.

HERRAMIENTAS

POLITICA
Prime minister. MP. Parliament. Cabinet.
Primer ministro. Diputado. Parlamaento. Gobierno.

House of House of lords. President. Governor.

commons. Cámara de los Presidente. Gobernador.
Cámara de los lores.
comunes.

Congress. Senate. Mayor. Council.

Congreso. Senado. Alcalde. Ayuntamiento.

Councillor. To vote. Conservative Liberal.

Concejal. Votar. party. Liberal.
Partido
conservador.

Democracy.
Democracia.

RELIGION
Faith. God. Virgin Mary. Angel.
Fe. Dios. Virgen María. Ángel.

Devil. Saint. Priest. Vicar.

Demonio. Santo. Sacerdote. Vicario.

Bishop. Monk. Nun. Heaven.

Obispo. Monje. Monja. Cielo.
416
Abbey. Cathedral. Monastery. Church.
Abadía. Catedral. Monasterio. Iglesia.

Temple. Synagogue. Mosque. To pray.

Templo. sinagoga Mezquita. Rezar.

Prayer. Holy.
Oración. Sagrado.

BANCO
Bank. Account. Withdraw. Savings.
Banco. Cuenta. Reintegro. Ahorros.

Cash. Profit. Loss. Loan.

Dinero en Beneficio. Perdida. Préstamo.
metálico.
417
SIMILES
As agile as a monkey. Muy ágil.

As bitter as gall. Más amargo que la retama.

As black as coal. Más negro que el carbón.

As blind as a bat. Más ciego que un topo.

As brave as a lion. Más valiente que un león.

As brown as a berry. Muy moreno.

As busy as a bee. Ocupadísimo.

As clean as a new pin. Más limpio que el jaspe.

As clear as crystal. Más claro que el agua.

As cool as a cucumber. Más fresco que una lechuga.

As cunning as a fox. Más astuto que una zorra.

As dead as a doornail. Completamente muerto.

As deaf as a doorpost. Más sordo que una tapia.

As different as chalk to cheese. Diferente como de la noche al día.

As dry as a bone. Más seco que la mojama.

As easy as ABC. Muy fácil.

As fit as a fiddle. En forma.

As flat as a pancake. Liso como una tabla.

As fresh as a daisy. Más fresco que una lechuga.

As good as gold. Muy bueno.

As green as grass. Verde como la hierba.

As happy as a king. Más alegre que unas Pascuas.

418
As hot as fire. Muy caliente.

As light as a feather. Ligero como una pluma.

As like as two peas. Como dos gotas de agua.

As mad as a hatter. Más loco que una cabra.

As old as the hills. Más viejo que Matusalén.

As pale as death. Más blanco que la pared.

As patient as Job. Más paciente que el santo Job.

As poor as a church mouse. Más pobre que una rata.

As proud as a peacock. Más orgulloso que un pavo real.

As quiet as a mouse. Más callado que nunca.

As red as betroot. Más rojo que un pimiento.

As right as rain. Más derecho que una vela.

As round as a barrel. Más gordo que un barril.

As sharp as a razor. Muy ingenioso.

As silent as the grave. Más callado que una tumba.

As slippery as an eel. Escurridizo como una anguila.

As slow as a tortoise. Más lento que una tortuga.

As smooth as velvet. Más suave que un guante.

As sweet as honey. Más dulce que la miel.

As thin as a rake. Más delgado que un palo.

As timid as a mouse. Más tímido que nadie.

As white as snow. Más blanco que la nieve.

As wise as an owl. Muy sabio.

419
REFRANES
A bird in the hand is worth two Más vale pájaro en mano que ciento
in the
bush. volando.

A cat may look at a king. Nada es imposible.

A friend in need is a friend Un amigo en la necesidad es un

indeed.
amigo de verdad.

A man is known by his friends. Dime con quién andas y te diré quién
eres.
A stich in time saves nine. Quien no arregla la gotera, arregla la
casa entera.

Actions speak louder than words. Obras son amores y no buenas

razones.
All roads lead to Rome. Todos los caminos conducen a Roma.

All that glitters is not gold. No es oro todo lo que reluce.

All work and no play makes Jack Debe de haber tiempo para todo.
a
dull boy.
Among the blind the one-eyed is En el país de los ciegos el tuerto es
king. el
rey.
An apple a day keeps the doctor Una manzana al día, mantiene al
away. doctor en la lejanía.
Barking dogs seldom bite. Perro ladrador, poco mordedor.

Better be alone than in ill Más vale solo que mal acompañado.
company.

Better late than never. Más vale tarde que nunca.

Birds of a feather flock together. Dios los cría y ellos se juntan.

Blood is thicker than water. La familia es lo que más tira.

Constant dripping wears the La constancia lo puede todo.

stone.

Courtesy cost nothing. La amabiliad no cuesta nada.

Cut your coat according to your Amóldate a tu presupuesto.
cloth.

420
Don’t count your chickens until No hagas como en el cuento de la
they
are hatched. lechera.

Early to bed, early to rise makes Acostarse pronto y levantarse

a man
healthy, wealthy and wise. temprano hacen al hombre sano, rico
y sabio.
Example is better than precept. El ejemplo es el mejor precepto.

God helps those who help Dios ayuda a los que se ayudan a sí
themselves.
mismos.
He who laughs last laughs El que ríe el último, ríe mejor.
longer.

He who pays the piper calls the El que paga manda.

tune.

It’s no use crying over spilt milk. Agua pasada no mueve molino.

Look after the pence and the Cuida de los peniques y las libras se
pounds
will look after themselves. cuidarán solas.

Make hay while the sun shines. Disfruta mientras puedas.

Never look a gift horse in the A caballo regalado no le mires el

mouth.
diente.
One good turn deserves another. Un buen favor se paga con otro.

Out of sight, out of mind. Ojos que no ven, corazón que no

siente.
Practice makes perfect. La práctica hace maestros.

Such a father, such a son. De tal palo, tal astilla.

The early bird catches the worm. A quien madruga Dios le ayuda.

Too many cooks spoil the broth. Demasiados cocineros echan a

perder el caldo.
Two heads are better than one. Cuatro ojos ven más que dos.

What’s worth doing is worth Lo que vale la pena hacer, vale la

doing well.
pena hacerlo bien.

When the cat is away the mice Cuando el gato está ausente, los
will
play. ratones se divierten.

Where there is a will, there is a Querer es poder.

way.
421
You can not have your cake and No puedes tenerlo todo.
have it.

EXPRESIONES IDIOMATICAS
A close shave. Por los pelos.

A crying shame. Una vergüenza.

A day off. Un día libre.

A dish. Estar como un tren.

A slip of the tongue. Un lapsus.

All alone. Más solo que la una.

All in all. En resumidas cuentas.

All over the world. Por todo el mundo.

All the same. A pesar de todo.

April fool. Inocente.

As a matter of fact. De hecho.

As good as done. Dar algo por hecho.

Be in a hurry. Tener prisa.

Be in the red. Estar en números rojos.

Be moody. Estar de mal humor.

Be the talk of the town. Ser la comidilla del pueblo.

Be your age. No seas niño. Compórtate.

Brand new Nuevo.

By heart. De memoria.
422
By the way. A propósito.

Call a spade a spade. Al pan pan y al vino vino.

Crack a joke. Contar un chiste.

Every now and then. De vez en cuando.

Feel homesick. Sentir morriña.

First things first. Lo primero es lo primero.

Follow suit. Seguir el ejemplo.

Get rid of. Librarse de.

Give someone a cold shoulder. Dar de lado a alguien.

Give someone the sack. Despedir a alguien del trabajo.

Go out on a spree. Irse de marcha.

Go to hell. Irse a la porra.

Goodness. Cielos.

Have a good time. Pasarlo bien.

Have a sweet tooth. Ser goloso.

Have forty winks. Dar una cabezadita.

Have fun. Pasarlo bien.

Have the knack of. Tener habilidad para algo.

Hit the jackpot. Tocarle a uno el gordo.

I don’t give a damn. Me importa un bledo.

If the cap fits wear it. Si te pica, te aguantas.

In black and white. Por escrito.

In the twinkling of an eye. En un abrir y cerrar de ojos.

423
In time. A tiempo.

Inside out. Al revés.

It goes without saying. Ni que decir tiene.

It’s up to you. Depende de ti.

Jump to conclusions. Sacar conclusiones.

Keep one’s fingers crossed. Tocar madera.

Last but no least. El último pero no por eso menos

importante.
Love at first sight. Amor a primera vista.

Many happy returns of the day. Que cumplas muchos más.

Mind your own business. Métete en tus asuntos.

Off the beaten track. Fuera de lo común.

On leave. De permiso.

On second thoughts. Pensándolo mejor.

On time. Puntual.

Once and for all. De una vez por todas.

Once in a blue moon. De uvas a peras.

Once upon a time. Érase una vez.

One’s cup of tea. Santo de devoción.

Out of the blue. De repente.

Over and over again. Una y otra vez.

Owe someone a grudge. Tenérsela jurada a alguien.

Play host. Hacer los honores.

Rack one’s brains. Devanarse los sesos.

Ring a bell. Ser familiar.

424
Show off. Presumir, ostentar.

Sleep on it. Consultarlo con la almohada.

Talk shop. Hablar del trabajo fuera de horas.

The coast is clear. No hay moros en la costa.

The last but one. El penúltimo.

There’s no accounting for taste. Sobre gustos no hay nada escrito.

Third time lucky. A la tercera va la vencida.

Time is money. El tiempo es oro.

Time is up. Ser la hora.

To be like a bull in a china shop. Ser un desmañado.

Turn over a new leaf. Borrón y cuenta nueva.

Two heads are better than one. Cuatro ojos ven más que dos.
425
TRABALENGUAS
· She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore, and the shells she sells are
sea-shells, I’m sure.

· What kind of noise annoys an oyster?. A noisy noise annoys an oyster

most.

· When a doctor gets sick, and another doctor doctors him, does the
doctor doing the doctoring have to doctor the doctor the way the
doctor being doctored wants to be doctored, or does the doctor doing
the doctoring of the doctor, doctor as he wants to doctor?

· Work while you work, play while you play. That is the way to be
cheerful and gay

· Whether the weather is cold, or whether the weather is hot, we have

to put up with the weather, wether we like it or not

CITAS
Even God can not change the past. Agathon.

Eureka. Archimedes.

Man is by nature a political animal. Aristotle.

The price of wisdom is above rubies. The Bible.

A living dog is better than a dead lion. The Bible.

There is no new thing under the sun. The Bible.

When thou doest alms, let not thy left hand know The Bible.
what thy
right hand doeth.

Where your treasure is, there will your heart be The Bible.
also.

Veni, vidi, vici. Julius Caesar.

Cogito, ergo sum. Descartes.

It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has Sir Arthur Conan

data.
426
 Doyle.

Good fences make good neighbours. Robert Frost.

It is better to die on your feet than to live on your La Pasionaria.

knees.

When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life; for Samuel Johnson.

there is in
London all that life can afford.

One should eat to live, and not live to eat. Moliere.

All animals are equal but some are more equal than George Orwell.
others.

Brevity is the soul of wit. Shakespeare.

Neither a borrower or a lender be. Shakespeare.

427
ABREVIATURAS
a.m. Before noon.

A/c. Account.

AD. Anno Domini.

B.A. Bachelor of Arts.

B.C. Before Christ.

B/E. Bill of exchange.

B.B.C. British Broadcasting Corporation.

Bros. Brothers.

c.a.d. Cash againts documents.

C.O.D. Cash on delivery.

C.W.O. Cash with order.

Cfm. Confirm.

CIA. Central Intelligence Agency.

Co. Company.

Dept. Department.

e.g. For example.

FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigation.

G.M.T. Greenwich Mean Time.

GCE. General Certificate of Education.

H.M. Her Majesty.

H.R.H. His or Her Royal Highness.

I.O.U. I owe you.

428
IBM. International Business Machine.

IRA. Irish Republican Army.

ISBN. International Standard Book Number.

K. A thousand.

K.O. Knock-out.

L/C. Letter of credit.

Ltd. Limited.

m.p.h. Miles per hour.

MP. Member of Parliament.

NASA. National Astronautic and Space

Administration.

NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

NHS. National Health Service.

o.n.o. Or nearest offer.

P. Pence.

p.a. Per annum.

P.T.O. Please turn over.

Pls. Please.

POB. Post Office Box.

R&D. Research and development.

R.S.V.P. Répondez s’il vous pliat.

Rgds. Regards.

SOS. Save our souls.

Thx. Thanks.
429
U.N.O. United Nations Organization.

U.S.A. United States of America.

U.S.S.R. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

UFO. Unidentified Flying Object.

V.A.T. Value Added Tax.

V.I.P. Very Important Person.

Y.M.C.A. Young Men’s Christian Association.

430
ORACIONES y
VILLANCICOS

EL PADRE NUESTRO

Our father, who art in

Heaven Hallowed be thy
name
Thy kingdom come
Thy will be done on earth as it is in
heaven Give us this day our daily bread
And forgive us our trespasses
As we forgive those who trepass againts
us And lead us not into tempation
But deliver us from evil

AVE MARÍA

Hail. Mary, full of

grace The Lord is with
Thee
Blessed art thou among women
And blessed is the fruit of thy womb,
Jesus. Holy Mary. Mother of God
Pray for us sinners
Now and at the hour of our death. Amen

HAPPY BIRTHDAY

Happy birthday to you

Happy birthday to you
Happy birthday, dear….
Happy birthday to you

For he’s a jolly good fellow

For he’s a jolly good fellow
For he’s a jolly good fellow
And so say all of us
And so say all of us
And so say all of us
For he’s a jolly good fellow
And so say all of us
431
HOLY NIGHT

Silent night, holy night

All is calm, all is bright
Round you Virgin mother and child
Holy infant so tender and mild
Sleep in heavenly peace
Sleep in heavenly peace

Silent night, holy night

Son of God, oh how bright
Love is smiling from thy face
Peals for us the our of grace
Christ ous Saviour is born
Christ ous Saviour is born

JINGLE BELLS

Jingle bells, jingle bells

Jingle all the way
Oh what fun is to ride
In a one-horse open sleigh

Dashing through the snow

In a one-horse open sleigh
Over the fields we go
Laughing all the way
Bells on bob-tail ring
Making spirits bright
What fun it is to ride and sing
A sleighing song tonight. Oh

Jingle bells, jingle bells

Jingle all the way
Oh what fun is to ride
In a one-horse open sleigh

432
433
1) Mary.........a German boyfriend.
a - Has
b - Have
c - Are
2) We .....................a nice park near Sagasta
Sqaure.
a - Has
b - Have
c - Is
3) Yesterday Mr García .......it was going to
rain.
a - Say
b - Said
c - Tells
4) They were....................a fire yesterday.
a - Made
b - Making
c - Doing
5) My grandmother was
always.................home.
a - At
b - In
c - On
6) Monforte is .................the road to
Alicante.
a - On
b - In
c - At
7) He is very good .............music.
a - In
b - On
c - At
8) He is always ......a bad mood.
a - In
b - On
c - At
9) ......the moment things are very
different.
a - In
b - At
c - On
10) He was ........the Navy.
a - In
b - On
c - At
11) She drives ........full speed
434
 a - At
b - In
c - On
12) I am .............working there but I will change very soon.
a - Still
b - Yet
c - Already
13) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente?
a - Three
b - Sheep
c - Ship
14) El verbo "to be " significa .......
a - Tener
b - Ser o
estar c -
Parecer
15) Si hablamos de un perro usaremos el pronombre........
a - It
b - He
c - She
16) ¿A qué categoría gramatical pertenece: " My, your, his, her,
its, our, your y their "?
a - Pronombres
personales b -
Pronombres posesivos c -
Adjetivos posesivos
17) ¿Qué preposición debemos usar cuando hablamos de los
dias de la semana?
a - On
b - In
c - At
18) El verbo to have se usa para formar los tiempos.........
a - Simples
b - Continuos
c - Perfectos
19)
How.............you
do? a - Do
b - Am
c - Is
20) Let me introduce..........
a - Me
b - Myself
c - Mine
435
21) I hope you
enjoy..........stay. a - You
b - Your
c - Yourself
22) Here you..........
a - Are
b - Is
c - Am
23) He.........a
boy. a - Am
b - Is
c - Are
24) Isabel...............a
chocolate cake. a - Is eating
b - Is
eat c -
Is ate
25) You..................too
much. a - Are work
b - Are
working c - Are
worked
26) María Teresa................a
new book. a - Are writing
b - Is
writeing c -
Is writing
27) My sister
is ..........doctor. a -
An
b-A
c - Something
28) Is
Salinas............big
city? a - A
b - An
c - These
29) I went to the swimming
pool.......hour ago. a - An
b-Ac
- The
30) He
has ........cat.
a - An
b-A
c - Many

436
31 I don't Sunday.
) work............
a - In
b - On
c - At
32 I wake 8.00.
) up.........
a - At
b - In
c - On
33 I look at the night
) stars.................. .
a - At
b - In
c - On
34 I ................ like
) ...... liver.
a - Does
b - Doing
c - Do not
35 Where...... you
) ..... from?
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
36 What.... your brother
) .... do?
a - Do
b - Does
c - Is
37 How you?
) old ........
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
38 What you
) languages ........ speak?
a - Does
b - Are
c - Do
39 ........were you
) born?
a - Where
b - Which
c - What
40 He........ to the
) .... University.
a - Goes
 b - Go
c - Is go
41 My at a High
) wife............. School.
437
 a - Teaches
b - Teach
c - Is tiching
42) In summer, my daughter ...........her friend Marta.
a - Miss
b - Misses
c - Is missed
43) He............the best player in Elda.
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
44) I ..................................a shower.
a - Am having
b - Has
c - Has having
45) I ................................at the moment.
a - Am smoking
b - Smokeing
c - Smoking
46) He .....................................fat.
a - Get
b - Is getting
c - Gets
47) My sister ............................................a chocolate cake for
my birthday.
a - Has been making
b - Has be made
c - Has been makeing
48) They are.....................playing football.
a - Yet
b - Still
c - Already
49) He has.....................come back from school.
a - Already
b - Yet
c - Still
50) She ..................................with us next April in
Cazorla.
a - Will fish
b - Would fishing
c - Would been fishing
51) They ................................her at the airport tomorrow
morning.
a - Meet
438
 b - Are meeting
c - Meets
52) I ...................................a Harley in November.
a - Am driving
b - Is driving
c - Driving
53) I ..............................him a María Callas CD for
his birthday.
a - Give
b - Giving
c - Am giving
54) The new teacher.................................at
seven.
a - Come
b - Is comeing
c - Is coming
55) We ...........................some money to charities.
a - Gives
b - Are giveing
c - Are giving
56) They ...........................to Majorca with all
their friends.
a - Are going
b - Goes
c - Are go
57) He ...............smoking next year.
a - Give
b - Is giveing up
c - Is giving up
58) I ..........................her a new Polo for her
birthday.
a - Buys
b - Am buying
c - Buy
59) The sun ...............................................this
afternoon.
a - Shine
b - Is shineing
c - Is shining
60) The waiter ..............................................a bottle
of Rioja wine.
a - Bring
b - Bringed
c - Is bringing
61) Barcelona............against Manchester United
in June
a - Will be playing
b - Will play be
439
 c - Will be played
62) Alejandro Sanz ...............................................a new
album in March.
a - Release
b - Is releaseing
c - Is releasing
63) What .................................................for a living?
a - Does you do
b - Do you do
c - Do you does
64) I ...............................that this President will win
again.
a - Does not think
b - Do not thinks
c - Do not think
65) He .............most of the homework with his mother.
a - Does
b - Doing
c - Do
66) I have ..................................................paella every
Saturday for years.
a - Ate
b - Eat
c - Eaten
67) They have just ............................................around
Spain.
a - Travel
b - Traveled
c - Travelled
68) Flavio has ............................................his girlfriend.
a - Forgave
b - Forgive
c - Forgiven
69) Toni has ...............................................fireworks for
the summer party.
a - Buyed
b - Bought
c - Boughting
70) Cayetano has ..........................................a new house
for his family.
a - Build
b - Built
c - Boughts
71) Mario has ........................................................the
beers in the bar.
a - Paid
b - Payed
c - Paying
440
72 My her new portrait next week.
) mother............
a - Will have paint
b - Will be paint
c - Will have painted
73 We
........
....................
in this house since 1997.
)
a - Lived
b - Have being living
c - Have been living
74 He ................ a book for a long time.
......
)
a - Writes
b - Is wrote
c - Has been writing
75 ........these books interesting?
)
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
76) The eating the food.
baby.......
a - Am
b - Is
c - Are
77 Cats...... black or
) ... white.
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
78 Pepita .... three daughtres.
) ....
a - Has
b - Haave
c - Having
79 Carlos is in works there in a shoe
) Elche. ............. factory.
a - Him
b - He
c - His
80 ............. says that Isabel is her best friend.
) .....
a - She
b - Her
c - Hers
81 haven't
I

..........
............................ money.
)
a - Some
b - Any
c - Something

441
82 Would you .........................chocolates?
) like
a - Any
b - Will
c - Some
83 Have you ................love film lately?
) seen
a - Some
b - Any
c - No
84 There
are................................... boys playing football
..
) outside.
a - These
b - Some
c - Any
85 Isthere................................ cinema in town?
) .........
a - Any
b - Some
c - Six
86 I've
got ................................ books on computers.
) ....
a - Any
b - Some
c - Me
87 ................... there a bus from Alicante at 7.00?
) .......
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
88 There...... two trains to Madrid every day.
) .....
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
89 ................there a supermarket near here?
)
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
90 There........... a parade next Saturday.
) ......
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
91) many restaurants in Benidorm.
There..............
.
 a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
92 There........ a concert next June in Santa Pola.
) .....
442
 a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
93) swim very fast..
Pepi..........................
....
a - Do
b - Does
not
c - Do
94) ................. you like football?
........
a - Does
b - Do
c - Are
95) ............. Pepe read the paper?
......
a - Do
b - Does
c - Is
96) eat meat.
I .........................
...
a - Do not
b - Does
not
c - Will do
97) I want of Fanta.
two ......................
a - Glass
b-
Glassves
c - Glasses
98) This tree has
many ..................................................
a - Leafs
b - Leaves
c - Leafss
99) In the zoo I saw four .....
a - Sheep
b - Sheeps
c-
Sheppes
100) She has many .............................
a - Worries
b - Worrys
c - Worryes
101) There ........schools in Salinas. Only
are two.
 a - Little
b - Few
c - Much
102) I money left.
have .........................
a - Little
443
 b - Few
c - Many
103) We have to study.........................books.
a - Much
b - Many
c - Any
104) Not ...................people smoke in this University.
a - Manys
b - Many
c - Fews
105) They pay Zidane .......................money.
a - Much
b - Many
c - Few
106) There aren't ..............................towns in Teruel.
a - Many
b - Much
c - Little
107) They asked me ...........................questions.
a - Many
b - Little
c - Much
108) I don't have ................................time.
a - Much
b - Many
c - Little
109) Everybody says that Jorge is ..............................than his
brother.
a - More clever
b - The more clever
c - The most clever
110) I am .............................teacher here.
a - The oldest
b - Older
c - Olderest
111) This exercise is .......................................than the previous
one.
a - Easier
b - Easyer
c - Easiest
112) When I was young Agustina was the
.......................................swimmer in Elda.
a - Fastest
b - Fatesr
444
 c - The ffasterest
113) This book I have ever
is ........................................ read.
a - The goodest
b - The bester
c - The best
114) You should chocolate.
eat ....................................
a - Littler
b - Less
c - Littlest
115) The picture the wall.
is .......................
a - At
b - In
c - On
116) We go to Sundays.
church ......................
a - At
b - In
c - On
117) The the fridge.
milk's ......................................
.
a - In
b - At
c - On
118) They the wall.
sat ...........................
a - On
b - At
c - In
119) They made the Petrel.
film ....................
a - In
b - At
c - On
120) Mary's not here - the office.
she's....................
a - On
b - In
c - At
121) The ham the shelf in the
is................................... kitchen.
a - On
b - In
c - At
122) They are the garden.
all......................................
a - At
b - In
c - On
445
123) The papers are................................my desk.
a - In
b - At
c - On
124) He's not..........................................work today.
a - On
b - In
c - At
125) I'll see you ........................................Monday.
a - In
b - At
c - On
126) They came to visit us ....................my birthday.
a - In
b - At
c - On
127) Did you have a good time ......................Christmas?
a - In
b - At
c - On
128) School finishes ..................................three o'clock.
a - On
b - In
c - At
129) I'll meet you............................the station.
a - At
b - In
c - On
130) He's still..........................................school.
a - At
b - In
c - On
131) That picture....................the wall was painted by Vladi
Monzó.
a - In
b - At
c - On
132) We're meeting...............................7.00 on Tuesday.
a - At
b - On
c - In

446
133) to the swimming pool every day at 5.00.
I ..........................
..
a - Going
b - Goes
c - Go
134) ................... what he's saying?
.........
a - Do you understand
b - Does you understand
c - Did you understand
135) a shower at the moment.
Horatio ....................................
......
a - Is has
b - Is having
c - Has
136) to us.
Somebody............................
...
a - Is listens
b - Listens
c - Is listening
137) to go home now.
She........................
..
a - Is wants
b - Is wanted
c - Wants
138) How a magazine?
often ........................................
a - Do you read
b - Does you read
c - Did you reads
139) The Town
Hall ...........................................
a new street to Alberto
Navarro.
a - Should dedicate
b - Shall dedicating
c - Should to dedicate
140) in Aspe tomorrow.
I ...............................................
........
a - Will be
b - Will is
c - Will am
141) my cousin in Madrid next week.
I ....................................
.....
a - Visited
b - Will visit
c - Visit
142) a new road in 2007.
They .........................
..
a - Build
b - Will build
c - Builded
143) to the Yelmo Cineplex cinemas
I ................................... tomorrow.
.....
447
 a - Went
b - Go
c - Will go
144) They ...........................in La Sirena next
Saturday.
a - Will be having dinner
b - Will dinner have
c - Will be dinner
145) I..........to Berlín in August.
a - Will flying
b - Will flying be
c - Will be flying
146) They .............................a lot with that teacher.
a - Will learnt have
b - Will have learnt
c - Will have learn
147) He ...............................many countries in April.
a - Will have seen
b - Will seen
c - Will be seen
148) I .............................everything before 12:00.
a - Will eaten
b - Will have eaten
c - Will be ate
149) Next summer he ............................................a
new car.
a - Will bought
b - Will buying
c - Will have been driving
150) In May he .......................................with a new
team in France.
a - Will played
b - Will have been playing
c - Will playing be
151) We.........................................many good films but
this is the best.
a - Has see
b - Has seen
c - Have seen
152) He ...............................some shoes to his
brother.
a - Has bought
b - Has buy
c - Have bought
153) The food ............................................horrible.
a - Am
448
 b - Was
c - Are
154) The French ...........................Spanish very bad in the past.
a - Speaks
b - Spoke
c - Speaking
155) Inmita .......to a swimming pool in the evenings when she was 3
years old.
a - Went
b - Go
c - Went
156) When we lived in Alicante my wife ....................her mother
every night.
a - Phone
b - Phoned
c - Phones will
157) My aunt ............................gazpachos in the Culebrón.
a - Ate
b - Eat
c - Will eats
158) We.....................................a lot in England last summer.
a - Enjoying
b - Enjoys
c - Enjoyed
159) Lady Hernández...............................her old boyfriend in a
restaurant.
a - Met
b - Meeting
c - Meets
160) I ...............................more than ever last summer.
a - Swim
b - Swimming
c - Swam
161) They .................................to Alicante when they were
young.
a - Will go
b - Goes
c - Went
162) The doctor .......................us hat it was nothing important.
a - Tolds
b - Telling
c - Told
163) The bus ...........................................in every city.
a - Stopped
449
 b - Stopping
c - Stop
164) It ..........................................during the festivies.
a - Rained
b - Raining
c - Raineing
165) The alarm clock...............................................but I
couldn't stop it.
a - Ringing
b - Rings
c - Was ringing
166) He has............................................on weight since he
got married.
a - Puts
b - Put
c - Putting
167) Pepe has...................................a new apartment in
Santa Pola.
a - Buying
b - Boughted
c - Bought
168) My brother-in-law has...................................football
in Alicante.
a - Plays
b - Played
c - Playeding
169) Manuela ..........................................................aspirins
for a long time.
a - Is takes
b - Is took
c - Has been taking
170) Alberto Navarro ...........................his last book for over
fifteen years.
a - Has been writing
b - Has be writing
c - Has being writing
171) There's nothing in the fridge. They..............all.
a - Must have eaten
b - Must has ate
c - Must had eaten
172) My parents .............................me some money when I
got married.
a - Giving
b - Gaven
c - Gave
173) I ............................................that she had won the
lottery.
a - Have knew
b - Have known
450
 c - Has know
174) Last summer they .......................................siesta
before six.
a - Was sleeping
b - Sleep
c - Were sleeping
175) I .........................................................how to get to
Alicante.
a - Am explaining
b - Explains
c - Does explain
176) I' ve worked in Elche ...................six years.
a - Since
b - For
c - Ago
177) I've lived in Elda ...................I was a child.
a - Since
b - For
c - Ago
178) We have not been in Rome ...........we were married.
a - For
b - Since
c - Ago
179) I've known them ................years.
a - Ago
b - For
c - Since
180) She has been working here ...................she left
school.
a - For
b - Since
c - Ago
181) He has been in prison..................nine years.
a - Ago
b - Since
c - For
182) Pepica has lived in Salinas.............................she was
ten years old.
a - For
b - Since
c - Ago
183) He has been ill .........a long time.
a - For
b - Since
c - Ago
451
184) Pili is in her office. She's been there ..............7 o'clock.
a - Ago
b - For
c - Since
185) The bus is late. We've been waiting .........................20
minutes.
a - Since
b - For
c - Ago
186) Laura is studying Medicine ............................1987.
a - Ago
b - For
c - Since
187) I've been learning English.............................January.
a - For
b - Ago
c - Since
188) I've only been cycling to work......................two months.
a - For
b - Since
c - Ago
189) If you put ice in the sun it..............................................to
water.
a - Turn
b - Turns
c - Turning
190) If you...........................................this one I'll bring you
another.
a - Doesn't like
b - Didn't like
c - Don't like
191) If I ................................................studied I would get a
better job.
a - Has
b - Have
c - Had
192) If it ............more we could grow more trees.
a - Rain
b - Rained
c - Raining
193) If I had bought lottery yesterday, today
I..............................................rich.
a - Would have being
b - Will have been
c - Would have been
452
194) If I had known that they were in Elda
l............................................ them to
have lunch in La Sirena.
a - Willl have invited
b - Would have
invited c - Had
invited
195) Indicativo, Subjuntivo e Imperativo son:
a - Modos verbales
b - Formas del
adjetivo c - Tipos de
adverbios
196) ¿Qué nombre reciben los siguientes verbos: "to be, to have
y to do "?.
a - Auxiliares
b - Modales
c - Ordinarios
197) My wife the kitchen.
is........
a - In
b - On
c - At
198) I the station.
was .......
a - In
b - On
c - At
199) The water the fridge.
is..........
a - On
b - In
c - At
200) The book the table.
is ..........
a - In
b - On
c - At
201) My mother home.
is.........
a - On
b - In
c - At
202) My house the road to
is.............. Sax.
a - In
b - On
c - At
203) The football at
match ................................ 6:00.
a - Starts
b - Are starting
c - Is starting
453
204) We ....................................some books to the
Public Library.
a - Are giving
b - Gives
c - Giving
205) He................................................smoking
next year.
a - Is give up
b - Is giveing up
c - Is giving up
206) They ............................... "the cuartelillo ".
a - Are clean
b - Are cleanig
c - Are cleaned
207) I like ..........................................fresh air in
the mountains.
a - Breathes
b - Breathing
c - Breathed
208) Pleased to meet ............
a - Yours
b - Us
c - You
209) I'll try .............English tea.
a - Some
b - Many
c - Any
210) Don't ...............to him.
a - Listened
b - Listen
c - Listening
211) You must .........it for us.
a - Make
b - Makes
c - Made
212) How long have you ....................learning
English?
a - Be
b - Being
c - Been
213) That's .............
a - Enough
b - Enougher
c - Enoughing
214) Teresa's ...........the phone.
454
 a - In
b - On
c - At
215) Please hurry .............
a - Down
b - In
c - Up
216) How ..............shirts are you
going to buy? a - Many
b - Much
c - Often
217)
.........cash.
a - In
b - On
c - At
218) ..............credit
card. a - By
b - With
c - In
219) Shut up and mind your
........business. a - Our
b - Ours
c - Own
220) The streets
...........decorated. a - Are
b - Is
c - Will
221) Come ..............about ten
o'clock. a - At
b - In
c - On
222) Let's ..............a good restaurant, I am
very hungry. a - Finding
b - Found
c - Find
223) There has ........a car crash in Juan
Carlos I. a - Be
b - Was
c - Been
224) What ................happened to him, he
is very sad. a - Is
455
 b - Has
c - Have
225) A little boy called Jaime ......been knocked off
by a bike. a - Is
b - Have
c - Has
226) That ........be
enough. a - Should
b - Can
c - Must
227) Thank ......very
much. a - You
b - Yours
c - Youm
228) You'll need it when it gets ..........
a - Coldest
b - Colder
c - Colding
229) I ..........hope you've got everything
now, Pepe. a - Did
b - Do
c - Does
230) I'm really looking ...............to
the concert! a - For
b - Forward
c - Up
231) Wasn't it worth .................all
those cars? a - Washing
b - Wash
c - Washed
232) I intend to get a job
........weekends. a - In
b - On
c - At
233) I don't mind, .......................the hours are reasonable and
the pay is good. a - Long so
b - So long
as c - As
long as
234) It was difficult at first..........to live
alone in England. a - Have
b - Has
456
 c - Having
235) ............all cars here are
automatic. a - Nearly
b - Near
c - Close
236) This is celebrated ......the fourth Thursday
of November. a - On
b - In
c - At
237) Give.............regards to
your family. a - Me
b-
My c -
I
238) Everyone ...........paella and ham
in Spain. a - Loves
b - Love
c - Loving
239) It says
.......diving! a -
Not
b - No
c - Any
240) I don't mind ............the same clothes
everyday. a - Wearing
b - Wear
c - Weared
241) I'll bring you a present
........the journey. a - In
b - Up
c - On
242) I suppose .......
a - As
b - So
c - So as so
243) That is the ............compliment you can pay to a
girl like her. a - Great
b - Greater
c - Greatest
244) José Luis says you are a very good .........
a - Cooker
b - Cooking
c - Cook
457
245) 5.900 ...............insurance and unlimited mileage.
a - Including
b - Includes
c - Include
246) ...............interesting!
a - What
b - What an
c - How
247) I was .................sorry that I felt ashamed.
a - So
b - As
c - So as
248) You can ..............a taxi and go sightseeing.
a - Spend
b - Hire
c - Look up for
249) Can I .........a bike?
a - Hire
b - Spend
c - Renting
250) Imagine .........to work in the Sahara.
a - Have
b - Having
c - Has
251) People of your age ............not drink beer.
a - Shall
b - Will
c - Should
252) The place I enjoyed .............was the museum of Moder Art.
a - Most
b - More
c - Little
253) At what time did you .......................to the cinema last
night?
a - Go
b - Went
c - Going
254) I play football with.........
a - He
b - Him
c - His

458
255) She is ..................secretary.
a - Me
b - My
c - Mine
256) My wife eats ..................oranges.
a - Many
b - Little
c - So
257) The umbrella is..........
a - He
b - Her
c - Hers
258) If I could, I ......................go to the cinema with you, darling.
a - Went
b - Must
c - Would
259) Girls, you ......................say those things about your friends.
a - Haven't to
b - Mustn't
c - Mustn
260) Have another chocolate. No, thank you very much
indeed, ....................too much.
a - I've eaten
b - I eaten
c - I at e
261) I think my brother ..................to come next month.
a - Cans
b - Could
c - Will be able
262) Mr. Martínez ......................for a loan, but then, he won the
lottery.
a - Was asking
b - Asking
c - Askeing
263) That girl is ............................pretty.
a - As
b - So many
c - So
264) How .......................you go to Sax tomorrow?
a - Does
b - Shall
c - Will
459
265) My daughter hasn't ....................from school yet.
a - Comed
b - Coming
c - Come
266) Haven't you done it ....................?
a - Ago
b - Yet
c - For
267) Manolo, .................go to the disco tonight.
a - Let us
b - We let's
c - We let
268) You have to be much .....................when you use
this.
a - More careful
b - Carefuler
c - Carefulest
269) It was nice to see him again. I .........him for ages.
a - Haven't seen
b - Haven t see
c - Saw
270) Those are the ones .................came yesterday.
a - Who
b - Whom
c - Whose
271) It ...........for ages in Almeria. Said the weather
forecast yesterday.
a - Doesn't rain
b - Did rain
c - Hasn't rained
272) I was going to write but the computer
...............down.
a - Break
b - Breaks
c - Broke
273) Oscar always ...................tennis
a - Play
b - Plays
c - Is play
274) ......you born in Elda ?
a - Had
b - Are
c - Were
275) Jesús you'd like to go to buy a new
computer, .............you?
460
 a - Would
b - Wouldn't
c - May
276) My grandmother died at the .......of 89.
a – Age
b - Years
c - Years of
277) Hey...........a look, Rocio Jurado is there with her
husband.
a - Have
b - Take
c - Put
278) Plaza Mayor .......in 1996.
a - Was built
b - Will be built
c - Built
279) What ....................happen if we didn't go to
work?
a - Will
b - Would
c - Must
280) The local Council ...........do something about
those houses!
a - Must to
b - Have to
c - Must
281) All these children are nice, but ours
are ................
a - Niecerest
b - Nicer
c - Nicest
282) The shop was open this morning. It ...at 4:45.
a - Open
b - Was open
c - Opened
283) It ..............a lot in winter in Bocairente.
a - Snows
b - Is snowed
c - Is
snowing
284) We haven't seen the new Harry Potter film ...
a - Yet
b - Already
c - Still
285) It's late and Juan is ...........in bed.
a - Already
461
 b - Still
c - Yet
286) I think that "The Pillars of the Earth " is .........book I
have read in my life. a - The best
b - Best than
c - The
better
287) If I were you, I .............work in that
bank anymore. a - Would
b - Wouldn't
c - Can
288) Come on, boys. We .........win them
this time. a - Must
b - Have
to c - Have
289) She is very pretty but my girlfriend is ........
a - Prettier
b - Prettiest
c - The pretty
290) I was listening to the news ...........TV when the baby
began to scream. a - On
b - In
c - At
291) This is the boy........father is the President of "The
Moros Musulmanes ". a - Whose
b - What
c - Which
292) I ..........to London since 1993.
a - Haven't
been b -
Haven't gone c
- Haven't go
293) She doesn't live in Novelda, ...she?
a - Do
b - Does
c - Doesn't
294) It........rain tomorrow.
a - May
b - Must
c - Can
295) I am .............tall as Paco Cabrera.
a - As
b - So
462
 c - So as
296) This is the restaurant.........we celebrate our
anniversary every year. a - Where
b - Which
c - What
297) We........some money to buy a new fridge. Can we
borrow from you? a - Need
b - Must
c - May
298) What's your new girlfriend like ?
a - Very nice
b - Very
pretty c -
Demanding
299) It's very late and your brother is......
a - Still in bed
b - Still in the
bed c - Already in
bed
300) There is......milk in the
fridge. a - No
b - Some
c - Many
301) .........very nice car is a
Mercedes. a - What a
b - How
c - How a
302) I want you to .................to
my party. a - Came
b - Coming
c - Come
303) She gave him four .........of
bread. a - Loafs
b - Loaves
c - Loavings
304) She had .......money that she didn't know
what to do. a - So much
b - So
many c -
So
305) He got married on the ...........of May.
a - 3rd
b -
3nd c -
3st
463
306) My uncle has never been to Jamaica.
a - Neither has
mine b - Neither
has me c - Neither
has I
307) I never listen to...radio at night.
a-Ab
- The
c--
308) Why don't you
eat..........breakfast? a - A
b-
The c
--
309) Before......lunch we played
ATAJOS. a - The
b--
c-A
310) ...........Vinalopó is the only river
we have. a - -
b-
The c
-A
311) .......wine is good if you drink
properly. a - -
b-
The c
-A
312) ........wine from Rioja is my
favourite. a - -
b-
The c
-A
313) I went to.......hospital to visit my friend Enrique who had
a heart attack. a - The
b--
c-A
314) Sarah goes to......church every Sunday
with my wife. a - -
b-
The c
-A
315) There is .......which is not very
clear in this. a - Something
b - Anything
c - Nothing

464
316) The indians had many.......
a - Chiefs
b - Chieves
c - Cifs
317) My favourite.........were a ball and the
Scalextrix. a - Toys
b - Toyes
c - Tois
318) A famous English king had six........
a - Wifes
b - Wives
c - Wivess
319) The plural of goose is...
a - Gooses
b - Geese
c - Gees
320) .........live in Elda.
a - Us
b - We
c - Our
321) La casa de Manoli.
a - House's
Manoli b -
Manoli's house
c - The manoli's house
322) El coche de mi amigo.
a - The my friend's
car b - My friend's
car
c - Car's my friend
323) La casa de los Torres.
a - The Torres'
house b - Torres'ss
house
c - The house of Torres'
324) We were.......the theatre
last night. a - In
b - On
c - At
325) I studied ........don Emilio's school from
1968 to 1975. a - In
b - On
c - At
326) I met her ..........a lecture.
465
 a - On
b - In
c - At
327) She
studied........Oxford. a
- On
b - At
c - Of
328) She
lives.....Oxford. a
- In
b - On
c - At
329) Elda is ......the road to
Albacete. a - In
b - On
c - At
330) I live ......the
second floor. a - In
b - At
c - On
331) I was
born......Elda. a -
On
b - In
c - At
332) We have a house......the
coast. a - In
b - On
c - At
333) I met her..........the
croosroads. a - At
b - In
c - On
334) We arrived .......France
in 1990. a - At
b - In
c - On
335) We arrived ........Paris
in 1991. a - At
b - On
c - In
336) ......lunch time we drink
coke. a - In
466
 b - On
c - At
337) ......the beginning of the book I didn't like
very much. a - In
b - On
c - At
338) ........first sight I fell in
love with her. a - At
b - In
c - On
339) We became
friends.......last. a - In
b - On
c - At
340) ........Christmas day my family
come home. a - In
b - On
c - At
341) You must be ......time for
the plane. a - In
b - On
c - At
342) Holidays in Spain are.......July to
September. a - For
b - From
c - At
343) All the trains
come......Alicante. a - From
b - For
c - Up
344) We are going .................the
cinema tonight. a - At
b - To
c - In
345) The safest way to travel
is.......road. a - On
b - In
c - By
346) We got.......the bus
at 8.00. a - In
b - On
467
 c - By
347) I go to work........foot.
a - In
b - On
c - By
348) ¿Qué forma verbal expresa intención?
a - Going
to b - Must
c - Need
349) Let.................come.
a - Her
b - She
c - Hers
350)Los advervios de frecuencia se colocan .......del
verbo to be. a - Detrás
b -
Delante c -
Cerca
351)The thief........he had robbed all the jewels.
a - Adnited
b - Admitted
c - Admitedd
352) I ................to London in 1987.
a - Go
b - Went
c - Gone
353) She hates.......
a - Wash
b - Washing
c - Washed
354) She
never..........lies. a
- Says
b - Tells
c - Speaks
355) ........long have you been studying
English? a - Where
b - How
c - What
356) Novelda is.......than
Monóvar. a - Far
b - Further
468
 c - Furthest
357) Pepe is .......rich as
Manolo. a - So
b - As
c - Than
358) ..........does she
want? a - Where
b - What
c - Who
359) .......is this
old car? a -
Whose
b - Who
c - Whom
360) .........was that pretty girl who was with you in the
Plaza Mayor? a - Who
b - Whose
c - Whom
361) She play tennis.
a - So do she
b - So does
she c - Does
she so
362) Are they.........waiting for the
doctor? a - Still
b - Yet
c - Already
363) I haven't read the book about Garzon......
a - Yet
b - Still
c - Already
364) I haven't written my Christmas cards......
a - Still
b - Yet
c - Already
365) How much is two + three?
a - Five
b - Six
c - Seven
366) We have.................magazines and books about
Elda.
a - A lot
b - A lot
of c - Lots
469
367) Good.......
a - Ivining
b - Evening
c - Evenning
368) Thank you very much indeed. -You're.......
a - Welcome
b - Welcomed
c - Welcame
369) .......Christmas Eve we have dinner
together. a - In
b - At
c - On
370) .........way, how is your
family? a - In
b - By
c - Upon
371) You never know........he is happy
or sad. a - Whenever
b - Wheather
c - Whether
372) My factory passed ........the hands of
my uncle. a - In
b - Into
c - To
373) If you ...............worried, tell your
mother about it. a - Were
b - Are
c - Had been
374) If you................earlier tonight, we could go to
the cinema. a - Come
b - Came
c - Comes
375) We never understood......he
wanted to say. a - Who
b - Which
c - What
376) ......mind, I have another one. I will
repair it. a - Never
b - All
c - Both

470
377) If you work for......you will not have to
suffer a boss. a - You
b - Yours
c - Yourself
378) Many people nowadays live by.......
a - Them
b - Themselves
c - Their
379) We enjoyed ..........in our
honeymoon. a - Us
b - Ours
c - Ourselves
380) My friend Tomás is
a .........driver. a - Carefully
b - Care
c - Careful
381) He is always very......and sends me a Jabugo ham on
November the 30th. a - Kindly
b - Kaind
c - Kind
382) We never speak..........about
our friends. a - Badder
b - Badly
c - Worse
383) ......Lent people many people don't
eat meat. a - At
b - On
c - In
384) In the middle ....................August we
organise many BBQs. a - From
b - Of
c - On
385) People .......the beach should drink water
all the time. a - In
b - On
c - At
386) We ought not to visit her.
She........study. a - Has
b - Must
c - Have
387) I went for a walk........Castelar Square.
471
 a - About
b - Afloat
c - Around
388) ......your mouth close all the time, only answer if the
teacher asks you. a - Keep
b - To keep
c - Keeps
389) My father-in-law arrived...........Alicante airport from Italy
yesterday. He went to Lineapelle.
a - In
b - At
c - On
390) I haven't finished........
a - Yet
b - Already
c - Still
391) If you can't water the plants, I
........do it for you. a - Would
b - Will
c - Won't
392) All the shoes were........during the shoe
fair in Milan. a - Sell
b - Sold
c - Selling
393) Hallowen is......
a - October
31st b -
October 1rd c -
October 1nd
394)
........faithfull
y. a - Your
b - Yours
c - Yourself
395) Everybody..........to make
the beds. a - Has
b - Have
c - To have
396) There are.......good and bad methods of learning a
language. a - All
b - Neither
c - Both
397) No smoking.........be allowed in all the premises.
472
 a - Will
b-
Shall c
- Is to
398) When my mother was young my grandmother
........look after her. a - Used
b - Would
c - To
399) Why......you want to buy this? if it
is of no use. a - Shall
b - Will
c - Should
400) He........his wife he had had an affair with her
best friend. a - Said
b - Told
c - Spoke
401) He ...........to the waiter that the wine was
not very good. a - Told
b - Said
c - Sayd
402) Life is not easy. You can never..........what is going
to happen. a - Say
b - Tell
c - Knows
403) "It has been the best day of my life
"......my sister. a - Told
b - Said
c - Gueses
404) It goes without........
a - Telling
b - Saying
c - Explainig
405) ........stupid
of him! a - What
b - How
c - What a
406) I like swimming.
-.......too. a - I
b - My
c - Me
407) ........that Pepe were rich he would
not be here. a - Provides
473
 b - Provided
c - Providing
408) It was.............understood by all
the students. a - Easy
b - Easily
c - Easier that
409) The party
was.........planned. a -
Wonderfully
b - Wonder
c - Wonderful
410) I don't think so......
a - Personally
b - Personal
c - Personaly
411) The man with the moustache and the golden
watch........be his father. a - Must
b - Can
c - Need
412) Do........home now it's
very late! a - Go
b - To go
c - Goed
413) Why .......him about the
accident? a - To tell
b - Tell
c - Telling
414) I went to the disco.......
a - To dance
b - Dance
c - Dancing
415) Is Real Madrid going to win the league?- I think.......
a - Such
b - So
c - Some
416) .......to
speak. a - So
b - Such
c - As
417) She lives ........
a - The fifth floor
b - On the fifth floor
474
 c - On the fivefth floor
418) English people celebrate ..........................twelve days after
Christmas' day.
a - Twelfth's night
b - Twelve night
c - Twelves nights
419) He ...................arrive late yesterday.
a - Do
b - Does
c - Did
420) He has...................away because he was a little bit tired.
a - Go
b - Went
c - Gone
421) Before my daughters were born I visited
many....................with my wife.
a - Countries
b - Countryes
c - Cauntries
422) Please.......................on the lights.
a - To switch
b - Switch
c - Switching
423) Don't forget ...............the letters.
a - Posted
b - To post
c - Posts
424) The park is......................the hospital.
a - Next
b - Next to
c - Next about
425) Someone has......................the book from the library.
a - Steal
b - Stole
c - Stolen
426) She is always........................friends.
a - Doing
b - Made
c - Making
427) My daughters..................so much noise!
a - Do
b - Make
c - Making
475
428) What are you..................? -Just reading the paper.
a - Making
b - Doing
c - Make
429) I have finished the book.- He said .................finished the
book.
a - He has
b - He had
c - He having
430) We always arrive...............
a - Early
b - Earliest
c - The earlier
431) My parents work..............
a - Hard
b - Harder than
c - The hard
432) It .................rain tonight. It is very dark.
a - May
b - Mays
c - Mights
433) At 9.00 am you must say good...................
a - Night
b - Afternoon
c - Morning
434) American people often say..................instead of bye
a - So long
b - So long as
c - As by
435) We eat ...............fish.
a - Many
b - Much
c - Few
436) I smoke..........................cigarettes than before.
a - Few
b - Fewerst
c - Fewer
437) ....................wife's name is Inma.
a-I
b - Me
c - My

476
438) They said he was a ...................teacher.
a - Bored
b - Boring
c - Borerst
439) I was .....................because the film was boring.
a - Boring
b - Borest
c - Bored
440) In a couple of hours the factory was.........
a - Ablaze
b - Ablase
c - Ablasing
441) He always says that ll the Chinese look..................
a - Like
b - Alike
c - Likes
442) His .....................brother works in Perú.
a - Elder
b - Old
c - Older
443) Sometimes she drives me.............
a - Madder
b - Mad
c - Madest
444) Many peole are....................during the Moors and Christians
Festivities.
a - Drink
b - Drank
c - Drunk
445) The....................age of pop was the 60s.
a - Gold
b - Golgind
c - Golden
446) I have decided .................a new bike.
a - Buying
b - Buy
c - To buy
447) They deserve.......................treated better.
a - Be
b - To be
c - Being
448) You had better...........................the car now. Next year the
prices will go up.
477
 a - To buy
b - Buy
c - Buying
449) Yo must avoid........................to him.
a - Speaking
b - To speak
c - Speak
450) I don't mind..........................to wait.
a - To have
b - Having
c - Have
451)¿Qué clase de conjunción es
"so "? a - Consecutiva
b - Copulativa
c - Adversativa
452)¿Qué clase de conjunciónes son "if, unless, as long as,
provided that "? a - Condicionales
b -
Causales c -
Finales
453)¿Cómo se llaman las palabrass que llevan acento?
a - Átonas
b - Tónicas
c - Agudas
454) ¿Cómo se llaman las palabras que no llevan acento?
a-
Átonas b
- Llanas
c - Esdrújulas
455) ¿Cómo se llaman las palabras que llevan el acento en la
última silaba?
a - Agúda
b - Llana
c - Esdrújula
456)¿Cómo se denominan a los verbos ser y
estar? a - Transitivos
b - Copulativos
c - Modales
457)¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente?
a - Paul
b - John
c - Four
458) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente?
478
 a - Had
b - Head
c - Said
459) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - Pen
b - Bed
c - Pan
460) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - At
b - Art
c - Hat
461) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - Pat
b - Match
c - Part
462) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - Shop
b - Sport
c - Fox
463) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - Full
b - Fool
c - Pull
464) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - Bat
b - But
c - Cup
465) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - Run
b - Rung
c - Sank
466) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - Heard
b - Turn
c - Debt
467) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - Place
 b - Plays
c - Prize
468) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - Bus
479
 b - Once
c - Buzz
469) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - Seat
b - Sell
c - Shell
470) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - Thin
b - Sin
c - Thing
471) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - Ham
b - Hum
c - Bun
472) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - Was
b - Wash
c - Ship
473) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - Swan
b - Bald
c - Ball
474) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - Want
b - Wallet
c - Salt
475) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - Scar
b - Party
c - Dollar
476) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - Daughter
b - Fault
c - Because
477) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - Beans
b - Bread
 c - Dead
478) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - Dry
b - Big
480
 c - City
479) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido
diferente?
a - Bore
b - Canoe
c - Shoe
480) Yes, they........interesting books.
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
481) I...........a teacher.
a - Is
b - Am
c - Are
482) You.........the limit.
a - Are
b - Is
c - Am
483) I ....................tall.
a - Is
b - Am
c - Are
484) Horacio ......in Elche.
a - Am
b - Is
c - Are
485) I.........in the classroom.
a - Am
b - Is
c - Are
486) You.....................tall.
a - Is
b - Are
c - Am
487) Tres.
a - Zrui
b - Tree
c - Three
488) Cinco.
a - Faif
b - Five
c - Fife
481
489) Diez.
a - Tenn
b - Tent
c - Ten
490) Trece.
a - Thirten
b - Therteen
c - Thirteen
491) Dieciséis.
a - Sixten
b - Sisteen
c - Sixteen
492) Diecisiete.
a - Seventeen
b - Seventen
c - Seveteen
493) Madre.
a - Sister
b - Daugher
c - Mother
494) Abuelo.
a - Father in law
b - Grandfather c
- Granparentes
495) Abuela.
a - Motherold
b - Grandmother
c - Mother inlaw
496) Hija.
a - Daughter
b - Sister
c - Mother
497) Pariente.
a - Relative
b - Parent
c - Parenting
498) Chaleco.
a - Coat
b - Waistcoat
c - Tie

482
499) Vaqueros.
a - Jins
b - Jeans
c - Troussers
500) Macarena
lives........Ronda.
a - In
b - On
c - At
483
Soluciones

1. A 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. A 11. A 12. A 13. C

14. B 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. C 19. A 20. B 21. B 22. A 23. B 24. A 25. B 26. C
27. B 28. A 29. A 30. B 31. B 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. B 36. B 37. B 38. C 39. A
40. A 41. A 42. B 43. A 44. A 45. A 46. B 47. A 48. B 49. A 50. A 51. B 52. A
53. C 54. C 55. C 56. A 57. C 58. B 59. C 60. A 61. A 62. C 63. B 64. C 65. A
66. C 67. C 68. C 69. B 70. B 71. B 72. C 73. C 74. C 75. B 76. B 77. B 78. A
79. B 80. A 81. B 82. A 83. B 84. B 85. A 86. B 87. A 88. B 89. A 90. A 91. B
92. A 93. B 94. B 95. B 96. A 97. C 98. B 99. A 100 A 101 B 102 A 103 B 104 B
. . . . .
105 A 106 A 107 A 108 A 109 A 110 A 111 A 112 A 113 A 114 B 115 C 116 C 117 A
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
118 A 119 A 120 C 121 B 122 B 123 C 124 C 125 C 126 C 127 B 128 C 129 A 130 B
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
131 C 132 A 133 C 134 A 135 B 136 C 137 C 138 A 139 A 140 A 141 B 142 B 143 C
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
144 A 145 C 146 B 147 A 148 B 149 C 150 B 151 C 152 A 153 B 154 B 155 A 156 B
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
157 A 158 C 159 A 160 C 161 C 162 C 163 A 164 A 165 C 166 B 167 C 168 B 169 C
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
170 A 171 A 172 C 173 B 174 C 175 A 176 B 177 A 178 B 179 B 180 B 181 C 182 B
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
183 A 184 C 185 B 186 C 187 C 188 A 189 B 190 C 191 C 192 B 193 C 194 B 195 A
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
196 A 197 A 198 C 199 B 200 B 201 C 202 B 203 A 204 A 205 C 206 B 207 B 208 C
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
209 A 210 B 211 A 212 C 213 A 214 B 215 C 216 A 217 A 218 A 219 C 220 A 221 A
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
222 C 223 C 224 B 225 C 226 A 227 A 228 B 229 B 230 B 231 A 232 B 233 B 234 C
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
235 A 236 A 237 B 238 A 239 B 240 A 241 C 242 B 243 C 244 C 245 A 246 C 247 A
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
248 B 249 A 250 B 251 C 252 A 253 A 254 B 255 B 256 A 257 C 258 C 259 B 260 A
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
261 C 262 A 263 C 264 C 265 C 266 B 267 A 268 A 269 A 270 A 271 C 272 C 273 B
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
274 C 275 B 276 A 277 A 278 A 279 B 280 C 281 B 282 C 283 A 284 A 285 B 286 A
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
287 B 288 A 289 A 290 A 291 A 292 A 293 B 294 A 295 A 296 A 297 A 298 B 299 A
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
300 A 301 A 302 C 303 A 304 A 305 A 306 A 307 B 308 C 309 B 310 B 311 A 312 B
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
313 A 314 A 315 A 316 A 317 A 318 B 319 B 320 B 321 B 322 B 323 A 324 C 325 C
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
326 C 327 B 328 A 329 B 330 C 331 B 332 B 333 A 334 B 335 C 336 C 337 C 338 A
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
339 C 340 B 341 A 342 B 343 A 344 B 345 C 346 B 347 B 348 A 349 A 350 A 351 B
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
352 B 353 B 354 B 355 B 356 B 357 B 358 B 359 A 360 A 361 B 362 A 363 A 364 B
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
365 A 366 B 367 B 368 A 369 C 370 B 371 C 372 B 373 B 374 B 375 C 376 A 377 C
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
378 B 379 C 380 C 381 C 382 B 383 A 384 B 385 B 386 B 387 C 388 A 389 B 390 A
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
391 B 392 B 393 A 394 B 395 A 396 C 397 B 398 B 399 C 400 B 401 B 402 B 403 B
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
404 B 405 B 406 C 407 B 408 B 409 A 410 A 411 A 412 A 413 B 414 A 415 B 416 A
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
417 B 418 A 419 C 420 C 421 A 422 B 423 B 424 B 425 C 426 C 427 B 428 B 429 B
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
430 A 431 A 432 A 433 C 434 A 435 B 436 C 437 C 438 B 439 C 440 A 441 B 442 A
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
443 B 444 C 445 C 446 C 447 B 448 B 449 A 450 B 451 A 452 A 453 B 454 455 A
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
456 B 457 B 458 A 459 C 460 B 461 C 462 B 463 B 464 A 465 C 466 C 467 A 468 C
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
469 C 470 C 471 A 472 A 473 A 474 C 475 C 476 C 477 A 478 A 479 A 480 B 481 B
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
482 A 483 B 484 B 485 A 486 B 487 C 488 B 489 C 490 C 491 C 492 A 493 C 494 B
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
495 B 496 A 497 A 498 B 499 B 500 A
. . . . . .

484