ENGLISH BOOK TO REINFORCE YOUR KNOWLEDGE

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CHIMBORAZO

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN HUMANAS Y TECNOLOGÍAS
LICENCIATURA EN IDIOMAS INGLÉS

TITULO:
“DESARROLLO DE ACTIVIDADES PARA FORTALECER LOS
CONOCIMIENTOS EN INGLÉS BÁSICO DE LOS ESTUDIANTES DE SEXTO
Y SÉPTIMO AÑO DE EDUCACIÓN BÁSICA, PARA MEJORAR SU
ADAPTACIÓN ACADÉMICA EN LOS COLEGIOS DE LA ZONA
INTERVENIDA”
AUTORES:
ASIMBAYA GUERRERO JONATHAN ANDRÉS

CABRERA RIVADENEYRA KATHERYN JHOMIRA

GUEVARA SÁNCHEZ JESUS ALBERTO

MORAN LLANOS ALLYSON ANABELL

NAULA LEMA MYRIAM GABRIELA

PIZANÁN ORTIZ CARLA GABRIELA

SAGÑAY CUJILEMA JOHANA CATHERINE

TOALOMBO LLAMBO TANNIA SELENA

TUTOR:

MCS. MIGUEL PAREDES

 Fundamentación Legal

El currículo es la expresión del proyecto educativo que los integrantes de un país o de una
nación elaboran con el fin de promover el desarrollo y la socialización de las nuevas
generaciones y en general de todos sus miembros; en el currículo se plasman en mayor o
menor medida las intenciones educativas del país, se señalan las pautas de acción u
orientaciones sobre cómo proceder para hacer realidad estas intenciones y comprobar que
efectivamente se han alcanzado.
Un currículo sólido, bien fundamentado, técnico, coherente y ajustado a las necesidades
de aprendizaje de la sociedad de referencia, junto con recursos que aseguren las
condiciones mínimas necesarias para el mantenimiento de la continuidad y la coherencia
en la concreción de las intenciones educativas garantizan procesos de enseñanza y
aprendizaje de calidad.
Las funciones del currículo son, por una parte, informar a los docentes sobre qué se
quiere conseguir y proporcionarles pautas de acción y orientaciones sobre cómo
conseguirlo y, por otra, constituir un referente para la rendición de cuentas del sistema
educativo y para las evaluaciones de la calidad del sistema, entendidas como su capacidad
para alcanzar efectivamente las intenciones educativas fijadas.

Lengua Extranjera

Queridos y queridas docentes el Ministerio de Educación, desde la Dirección Nacional de

Currículo como parte de la política educativa ha diseñado un nuevo currículo de lengua
extranjera Inglés que responde a las necesidades de la realidad ecuatoriana. La propuesta
curricular está diseñada para los alumnos de 2° a 10° grado de Educación General Básica
y de 1° a 3° de Bachillerato General Unificado, cuya lengua materna no es el Inglés. Dado
que la población ecuatoriana se compone de grupos de diferentes orígenes culturales y
lingüísticos, este plan de estudios reconoce que no todos los alumnos en el Ecuador son
L1 hispanohablantes y hay diversos grados de bilingüismo en las comunidades. En
consonancia con las necesidades de una población lingüísticamente y culturalmente
diversa, esta propuesta presenta una justificación y un marco para el aprendizaje de inglés
al tiempo que reconoce y facilita la inclusión educativa de los alumnos,
independientemente de su Lengua materna (L1). La propuesta curricular es flexible,
trabajada por subniveles, desarrollada en cinco (5) bloques curriculares alineados con el
perfil de salida y los valores de justicia, innovación y solidaridad que promueve, así como
con el Marco Común de Referencia para las Lenguas (MCER).

Los principios básicos de la propuesta curricular se pueden resumir en:

 El enfoque de lenguaje comunicativo: el lenguaje se aprende mejor como un

medio para interactuar y comunicarse y no como un conjunto de conocimientos
que se memoriza.
 Enfoque centrado en el estudiante: metodologías de enseñanza que reflejan y
responden a las fortalezas y desafíos de los educandos, facilitando su proceso de
aprendizaje.
 Habilidades de pensamiento: aprender una lengua extranjera impulsa el desarrollo
del pensamiento, así como las habilidades sociales y creativas necesarias para el
aprendizaje permanente y el ejercicio de la ciudadanía.
 Aprendizaje Integrado de Contenido para las Lenguas Extranjeras (AICLE): un
modelo utilizado para integrar el aprendizaje de la lengua con aspectos culturales
y cognitivos, de modo que la adquisición de este lenguaje sirve como motor para
el desarrollo de los alumnos.
 Estándares internacionales: el plan de estudios se basa en los niveles y procesos
de enseñanza reconocidos internacionalmente para el aprendizaje de idiomas.
(MCER)

Los objetivos principales del currículo de inglés como lengua extranjera son:

 Desarrollar la comprensión que los estudiantes tienen del mundo, de otras culturas
y de la suya propia y su capacidad de comunicar sus puntos de vista a través de la
Lengua extranjera.
 Desarrollar las habilidades personales, sociales e intelectuales necesarias para
alcanzar su potencial y participar productivamente en un mundo cada vez más
globalizado que opera en otras lenguas.
 Crear un amor por el aprendizaje de idiomas a partir de una edad temprana, a
través de experiencias de aprendizaje interesantes y positivas, con el fin de
fomentar la motivación del alumnado para seguir aprendiendo.
 Alcanzar el perfil de salida propuesto en el currículo nacional para EGB y BGU.
 FUNDAMENTACION TEORICA
Los principios básicos de la propuesta curricular:

 El enfoque de lenguaje comunicativo: el lenguaje se aprende mejor como un

medio para interactuar y comunicarse y no como un conjunto de conocimientos
que se memoriza.
 Enfoque centrado en el estudiante: metodologías de enseñanza que reflejan y
responden a las fortalezas y desafíos de los educandos, facilitando su proceso de
aprendizaje.
 Habilidades de pensamiento: aprender una lengua extranjera impulsa el
desarrollo del pensamiento, así como las habilidades sociales y creativas
necesarias para el aprendizaje permanente y el ejercicio de la ciudadanía.
 Aprendizaje Integrado de Contenido para las Lenguas Extranjeras (AICLE): un
modelo utilizado para integrar el aprendizaje de la lengua con aspectos
culturales y cognitivos, de modo que la adquisición de este lenguaje sirve como
motor para el desarrollo de los alumnos.
 Estándares internacionales: el plan de estudios se basa en los niveles y procesos
de enseñanza reconocidos internacionalmente para el aprendizaje de idiomas.
(MCER)
Los objetivos principales del currículo de inglés como lengua extranjera son:

 Desarrollar la comprensión que los estudiantes tienen del mundo, de otras

culturas y de la suya propia y su capacidad de comunicar sus puntos de vista a
través de la Lengua extranjera.
 Desarrollar las habilidades personales, sociales e intelectuales necesarias para
alcanzar su potencial y participar productivamente en un mundo cada vez más
globalizado que opera en otras lenguas.
 Crear un amor por el aprendizaje de idiomas a partir de una edad temprana, a
través de experiencias de aprendizaje interesantes y positivas, con el fin de
fomentar la motivación del alumnado para seguir aprendiendo.
 Alcanzar el perfil de salida propuesto en el currículo nacional para EGB y BGU.

Las actividades de la lengua

La competencia lingüística comunicativa que tiene el alumno o usuario de la lengua se
pone en funcionamiento con la realización de distintas actividades de la lengua que
comprenden la comprensión, la expresión, la interacción o la mediación (en concreto,
interpretando o traduciendo). Cada uno de estos tipos de actividades se hace posible en
relación con textos en forma oral o escrita, o en ambas.

Tareas, estrategias y textos

La comunicación y el aprendizaje suponen la realización de tareas que no son sólo de

carácter lingüístico, aunque conlleven actividades de lengua y requieran de la
competencia comunicativa del individuo; en la medida en que estas tareas no sean ni
rutinarias ni automáticas, requieren del uso de estrategias en la comunicación y en el
aprendizaje. Mientras la realización de estas tareas suponga llevar a cabo actividades de
lengua, necesitan el desarrollo (mediante la comprensión, la expresión, la interacción o
la mediación) de textos orales o escritos.
La relación entre estrategias, tarea y texto depende del carácter de la tarea. Esto puede
estar principalmente relacionado con la lengua, es decir, puede que requiera en gran
medida actividades de lengua, y las estrategias aplicadas se relacionan principalmente
con estas actividades (por ejemplo, leer y comentar un texto, completar un ejercicio de
«rellenar huecos», dar una charla, tomar notas durante una presentación). Puede,
asimismo, incluir un componente lingüístico; es decir, las actividades de lengua son sólo
una parte de lo que se requiere y las estrategias aplicadas se relacionan también, o
principalmente, con otras actividades (por ejemplo, cocinar siguiendo una receta).

Temas de comunicación
Dentro de los distintos ámbitos podemos considerar los temas, que son los asuntos del
discurso, de la conversación, de la reflexión o de la redacción, como centro de atención
de los actos comunicativos concretos.
 identificación personal;
 vivienda, hogar y entorno;
 vida cotidiana;
 tiempo libre y ocio;
 viajes;
 relaciones con otras personas;
 salud y cuidado corporal;
 educación;
 compras;
 comidas y bebidas;
 servicios públicos;
 lugares;
 lengua extranjera;
 condiciones atmosféricas.
 Tareas y propósitos comunicativos
Los actos de comunicación con uno o más interlocutores los realiza generalmente el usuario de la
lengua con el fin de satisfacer sus necesidades en una situación dada. En el ámbito personal, la
intención puede ser la de entretener a un visitante mediante el intercambio de información relativa
a la familia, los amigos, lo que le gusta o no le gusta, la comparación de experiencias y
actitudes, etc. En el ámbito público, la intención suele ser la de realizar transacciones tales como
comprar ropa de buena calidad a un precio razonable. En el ámbito profesional, la intención puede
ser la de comprender nuevas regulaciones y sus consecuencias para los clientes. En el ámbito
educativo, la de contribuir a un juego de roles o a un seminario, o la de escribir un artículo sobe un
tema especializado para un congreso o una publicación, etc.

Actividades comunicativas de la lengua y estrategias

Para llevar a cabo tareas comunicativas, los usuarios tienen que realizar actividades de lengua de
carácter comunicativo y poner en funcionamiento estrategias de comunicación.

Muchas actividades comunicativas, tales como la conversación y la correspondencia,

son interactivas, es decir, los participantes alternan como productores y receptores, a menudo con
varios turnos.

Las estrategias son un medio que utiliza el usuario de la lengua para movilizar y equilibrar sus
recursos, poner en funcionamiento destrezas y procedimientos con el fin de satisfacer las demandas
de comunicación que hay en el contexto y completar con éxito la tarea en cuestión de la forma más
completa o más económica posible, dependiendo de su finalidad concreta.

Actividades de expresión oral

En las actividades de expresión oral (hablar), el usuario de la lengua produce un texto oral que es
recibido por uno o más oyentes. Algunos ejemplos de actividades de expresión oral son los siguientes:
 realizar comunicados públicos (información, instrucciones, etc.);
 dirigirse a un público (discursos en reuniones públicas, conferencias universitarias, sermones,
espectáculos, comentarios deportivos, presentaciones de ventas, etc.)
Actividades de expresión escrita
En las actividades de expresión escrita (escribir) el usuario de la lengua produce, como autor, un
texto escrito que es leído por uno o más lectores.

Textos
El término «texto» se utiliza para referirse a cualquier fragmento de lengua, ya sea un enunciado o
una pieza escrita, que los usuarios o alumnos reciben, producen o intercambian. Por tanto, no puede
haber un acto de comunicación por medio de la lengua sin un texto; las actividades y los procesos se
analizan y se clasifican en función de la relación existente entre, por un lado, el usuario o alumno y
cualquier interlocutor o interlocutores y, por otro lado, el texto, ya sea visto como un producto
acabado, como un artefacto, como un objetivo o como un producto en proceso de elaboración. Los
textos tienen muchas funciones diferentes en la vida social, lo que conlleva las diferencias
correspondientes en forma y sustancia. Los diferentes canales se utilizan para distintos fines.
Texto y canal de comunicación
Todo texto se transmite en un medio concreto, normalmente ondas de sonido o soportes escritos.
Se pueden establecer subcategorías según las propiedades físicas del medio o canal de comunicación
que inciden en los procesos de expresión y de comprensión; por ejemplo, en cuanto al habla, un
discurso directo y físicamente cercano opuesto a un discurso público o por teléfono; o en cuanto a la
escritura, la escritura impresa opuesta a la escritura a mano, o a diferentes tipos de escritura.

Textos y actividades
El resultado del proceso de producción lingüística es un texto que, una vez pronunciado o escrito, se
convierte en un «mensaje» transmitido por un medio o canal concreto e independiente de su
creador. El texto entonces funciona como material de entrada del proceso de comprensión de la
lengua. Los «mensajes» escritos son objetos concretos, ya estén tallados en piedra, escritos a mano,
mecanografiados, impresos o generados electrónicamente. Permiten que se produzca la
comunicación a pesar de la total separación de emisor y receptor en el espacio y en el tiempo,
propiedad de la que en gran medida depende la sociedad humana. En la interacción oral cara a cara
el canal es acústico: ondas de sonido que suelen ser efímeras e irrecuperables.

1
 TO THE STUDENT

This module is designed to help you to become a better user of grammatical rules according to the
function in American English. It will teach the function of grammar structure that will be needed to
communicate.
Grammar is the system that structures a language. Every language has its own guidelines. But
grammar isn’t so much about rules as it is the conventions that determine how we speak and write.
It includes things like spelling, inflecting words for different purposes, and the way words are
arranged to form sentences. While it’s good to remember that languages are living things that
constantly change, it’s also important to know that proper grammar is still necessary for
communication. Luckily, there are plenty of resources available to help people who want to improve
their grammar.
Functional grammar is based on systemic linguistics, emphasizes how spoken and written language
operates in different social situations. In particular, it is very useful to show how texts work beyond
the level Prayer, how the different texts are structured and how the language varies according to the
purpose of the users. Assume a descriptive approach and focuses on groups of words that work to
make meanings.
in addition, you are going to learn the different functions of the rules according to the context, we
hope you will have a bit of fun with the activities and task that you and your teacher are going to
develop in order to improve the use of grammar, they are designed to help you to change the way of
thinking and to get better knowledge.

2
 TO THE TEACHER

The module has been written for EFL students in the level of 7th and 8th of EGB. These students who
according to the EFL curriculum must have at least A2.2 level of English are going to be taught for
being in this level such as grammar structures, linguistic skills, etc. In order to promote communication
in the classroom.
The transition from having been expected to produce writing which only showed evidence of some
thinking ability and reasonable grammatical structured sentences and paragraphs is a very difficult one
for the students. For this reason, communicative and cooperative tasks have been included. Introducing
new grammatical structures, listening activities, short literature texts in order to make students reflect
and develop their critical thinking skills.
To complete all of the exercises, tasks, readings, and group Project in this book, a minimum of two
hours per day during the school year was estimated. Some of the activities can be developed while
others are complements that according to the students’ needs are adaptable. Depending on the level
this book includes some links where you will find different types of reading and listening activities
that will involve better to the students into an English environment. The text is designed in such a way
the teacher can select those exercises that are most relevant for his or her class. However, the teacher
should be aware that the models are structured so as to be progressively more complicated
linguistically and grammatically through the book.
The structure planning and curriculum of this book has a lot to do with skills speech production of
EFL students and promote their critical thinking that´s why this module was created; In addition, with
the support of a glossary containing the key words for each unit, which must be used for the teacher in
the best way and, for covering student´s needs and guide they through a meaningful learning.

INDEX
Unit 1 ………..………………………………………………………………………………………….pg. 3/21
Numbers .……………………………………………………………………………………….………….pg. 4/13

3
Months ………………………………………………………………………………………………….…pg. 14/20
Unit 2 …………………………………………………………………………………………………...pg. 21/56
Seasons ……………………………………………………………………………………………………pg. 22/29
Festivals …………………………………………………………………………………………………..pg. 30/56
Unit 3 ……….……………………………………………………………………………………………pg. 57/69
Sports ………………………………………………………………………………………………………pg. 58/69
Unit 4 …….………………………………………………………………………………………………pg. 70/84
Pronouns ………………………………………………………………………………………………….pg. 71/95
Demonstratives ………………………………………………………………………………………….pg. 76/77
Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………pg. 78/84
Unit 5 ……….…………………………………………………………………………………………..pg 85/110
Useful grammatical points…………………………………………………………………………..pg 86/110

4
 An Ordinal Number
tells the POSITION of
somebody or
something in a place
is.

Rule: root numbers + th example: fourth

Exceptions:

5
Numbers 1, 2, 3: (First (st), Second (nd), Third (rd))
Numbers ending in “Y” -> “ie” + th example: Twenty - Twentieth
Numbers ending in “ve” -> “f” + th example: Twelve - Twelfth

6
 ZOE

JOHN

EDD

John, Zoe, and Edd are running in a race competition. John is the winner because he arrived in the
First position, then Zoe in the Second position and Edd in the Third position

KEY TO REMEMBER: ORDINAL SAYS WHAT ORDER SOMEBODY

OR SOMETHING IS IN.

LET’S PRACTICE
TASK 1

7
Complete the blanks with ordinal numbers.

JAMES IS SELLING LEMON AID. IT IS A HOT DAY SO EVERYONE IS IN THE ROW!

WHO IS FIRST, SECOND…?

Lucy is________ in the Karen is_______in the row. Tim is ________ in the row.
row.

John is _______ in the row. Alex is _______ in the row. Amy is ________ in the row.

TASK 2
Fill the gaps according to their POSITION.

8
TASK 3
Complete the gaps according to their position.

TASK 4
Look at the numbers and fill the crossword puzzle.

9
Or counting numbers tell the
QUANTITY, are numbers
which say HOW MANY
of something/body there are

10
Children are first introduced to cardinal numbers when they begin counting objects.

 Cardinal numbers answer "how many…?" They express an amount.

 Cardinal numbers are used to count people or things.
 They indicate a quantity of people or objects.
 Cardinal numbers are whole numbers. They do not contain fractions or decimals.

Example:

I bought two bananas at the store.

11
GRAMMATICAL POINT
A Cardinal Number works with the question "How Many?" that means quantity, you can answer with
There is or There are, depending on the number of the objects.

12
 HOW MANY GIRLS ARE
THERE HERE?
THERE ARE FOUR GIRLS.
HOW MANY BOYS ARE
THERE HERE?
THERE ARE FOUR BOYS.

KEY TO REMEMBER: “CARDINAL IS COUNTING TO DETERMINE

QUANTITY”

LET’S PRACTICE
TASK 1
Write down the corresponding number.

TASK 2
Count and write down the corresponding number of each fish group.

13
 _________ _________ _________ ________ _________ __________

TASK 3

Answer the questions using There is or There are.

14
How many windows are there?
How many pillows are there on the bed?
How many books are there on the floor?
How many stars are there?
How many chairs are there?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

TASK 4
Look at the numbers and fill the crossword puzzle.

15
A Nominal Number is used
only as a name, or to
identify somebody or
something (not as an actual
value or position)

16
A telephone number, a player on a team. Nominal numbers do not show quantity or rank. They are
used only to identify something.

Nominal numbers or categorical numbers are numeric codes, meaning numerals used for labelling or
identification only.
EXAMPLES:

Taylor 12, twelve is the number which identifies him in a soccer team.

In this racing, the red car is identified with number 5, the Green one with number 12, the blue car
with number 13, and the yellow car with number 6.
POSTAL CODES/ZIP IN ECUADOR AND POSTAL CODES/ ZIP IN USA

What does zip or postal code mean?

17
They are series of letters or digits or both, sometimes including spaces
or punctuation, included in a postal address for the purpose of
sorting mail.
EXAMPLES:
POSTAL CODES/ZIP IN ECUADOR

POSTAL CODES/ ZIP IN USA

18
 KEY TO REMEMBER: “A NOMINAL NUMBER IS A NAME TO
IDENTIFY SOMETHING”

LET’S PRACTICE

19
TASK 1
Identify the Ordinal, Cardinal, or Nominal number of the following pictures.

ORDINAL _____ ORDINAL________

CARDINAL _____ CARDINAL_______
NOMINAL _____ NOMINAL_______

TASK 2
Rewrite the Ordinal, Cardinal, and Nominal numbers in the corresponding group

20
 Cardinal
12 20
1st 75882
3rd 76445 Ordinal

100 74th
33
Nominal
78893 65
74331
2nd

21
 MONTHS OF THE YEAR

January is the first (1st) month of the year, there are 31 days, the name of the month refers to the
Roman God Janus, God of doorways, beginnings and endings; January is the 'door' to the year, it´s
beginning.

22
February is the second (2nd) month of the year, and is named after the Latin word Februum. "Day of
purification". Is the year's shortest month with only 28 days in common years and 29 days in LEAP
YEARS.

LEAP YEARS: In a common year there are 365 days and in a leap year there are 366 days. A leap
year occurs every four years to help synchronize the calendar year with the solar year, or the length of
time it takes the earth to complete its orbit about the sun, which is about 365¼ days. Julius Cesar
introduced the Julian calendar in 46 BC, which consists of 365 days with 366 in every fourth year.

March is the third (3rd) month of the year, there are 31 days, and is named after Mars, the Roman God
of war

April is the fourth (4th) month of the year, there are 30 days, and it is named after the Greek goddess
of love “Aphrodite”. It is commonly associated with the season of spring in the Northern Hemisphere
and fall (autumn) in the Southern hemisphere.

23
May is the fifth (5th) month of the year; there are 31 days, and is named after the Greek goodness Maia
of fertility.

June is the sixth (6th) month of the year, there are 30 days, and is named after the Roman goddess Juno
who is the wife of Jupiter and is also the Latin word iuniores which means “younger ones”.

July is the seventh (7th) month of the year; there are 31 days, previously called Quintilis a Latin word.
The name of the month was changed to July in honor of the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar.

August is the eighth (8th) month of the year; there are 31 days, previously called Sextilis a Latin word.
The name of the month was changed to August in honor of the Roman Emperor Augustus Caesar.

24
September is the ninth (9th) month of the year and there are 30 day. The month kept its original name
septem means “seven” in Latin.

October is the tenth (10th) month of the year and there are 31 days. The month kept its original name
octo means “eight” in Latin.

November is the eleventh (11th) month of the year and there are 30 days. The month kept its original
name novem that means “nine” in Latin.

25
December is the twelfth (12th) month of the year and there are 31 days. The month kept its original
name decem that means "ten” in Latin.

READING COMPRENHENSION

PAINT THE CORRECT ANSWER:

TASK1
How many days are there in ?

a) 28 days

b) 30 days

c) 31 days

TASK2

CHOOSE THE CORRRECT ONE AND REWRITE THE WORD:

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The name of refers to the Roman God ………………….……

a.- Mars

b.- Aphrodite

c.- Janus

TASK3
PAINT THE CORRECT ANSWER:

How many days are there in ?

31 days

28 days

30 days
TASK4

CHOOSE THE CORRRECT NAME AND REWRITE THE WORD:

The name of the month refers to the Roman Emperor …………..…………

a. Augusto César,
b. Marco Aurelio
c. Julio César.

TASK5

COMPLETE:

In a ……………. year there are 365 days and in a leap year there are ……… days.

TASK6

MATCH EACH MONTH WITH THE CORRECT CARDINAL NUMBER.

27
28
 What’s the Weather Like in other countries?
Read the following text to know about the different seasons of the year in other countries

The four seasons are spring, summer, fall (sometimes called autumn) and winter. Spring includes
March, April and May. The months of June, July and August are summer months. The months of
September, October and November are usually considered fall months. December, January and
February are considered winter months.

Spring brings warmer temperatures and new growth on trees and plants. Beautiful flowers bloom. Sap
runs in the maple trees, and maple farmers collect the sap to boil into maple syrup. Farmers plant seeds
so that crops can be harvested in the fall. People like to go for hikes in the warmer weather or play
sports. Usually the spring brings rain and wind also. The rain helps the new plants grow. Children have
Easter egg hunts and fly kites.

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Temperatures in summer can be very hot. Thunderstorms occur frequently. Crops grow tall. People
like to go fishing, swimming and camping. Independence Day is celebrated on July 4 th with parades
and fireworks. Children are out of school for a vacation. Many families travel.

In the fall, the weather is cold, crops are harvested, and ripe apples are picked. Leaves turn red, yellow
and brown and then drop to the ground. School begins. Piles of raked leaves can be found in many
places throughout regions with fall season.

Halloween is celebrated this time of the year, and pumpkins can be seen in some parts of the country.
Animals begin to store up food for the winter. Some get ready to hibernate during the long, cold
months of the winter.

30
The winter months bring frost, very cold temperatures, snow and freezing rain. People like to ski, go
snowmobiling, ice skate, go for sleigh or sled rides or build snowmen. Others like to sit inside in front
of a warm fire. Usually, driving can be dangerous due to icy roads. Plants either are dead or not
blooming again until spring. Some animals have trouble finding food. Many people celebrate
Christmas by bringing an evergreen tree into their houses to decorate. The New Year begins during
the winter on January 1st.

In summary, the four seasons are created because the Earth is tilted on its axis as it rotates around the
sun. During one half of the year, the Northern Hemisphere, the part of the earth north of the Equator,
is tilted toward the sun and experiences warmer temperatures. During the other half of the year, the
Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun and temperatures are much colder.

TASK 1
Answer the questions based on the readings above.

31
1. When does the school begin?
 In summer
 In spring
 In fall

2. What are the activities people like to do during the winter?

 Go to the beach
 Ice skate or build snowmen.
 fly kites

3. How is the weather like in spring?

 Cold
 Hot
 Warm

4. What do the people do in summer?

 Go skiing
 Go swimming
 Play with the fallen leaves

TASK 2
Choose the answer
Read the sentence. Choose the correct answer.
a. The snow has gone.
 It’s summer.
 It’s spring.
 It’s autumn.

b. Leaves are growing and the animals are waking up.

 It’s winter.
 It’s autumn.
 It’s spring.
c. The animals are getting ready for winter.
 It’s autumn.
 It’s summer.
 It’s spring.
d. It’s warm and the animals are having lots of fun.

32
  It’s summer.
 It’s spring.
 It’s winter.
e. All the animals are asleep.
 It’s autumn.
 It’s summer.
 It’s winter.
f. The leaves are turning red, yellow and orange.
 It’s spring.
 It’s autumn.
 It’s winter.

TASK 3
Work in teams and see how many words you can write to connect the four seasons.
SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

33
 How to ask about the seasons of the year:
TASK 4
Question: What is your favorite season?
What’s your favorite season?
Answer: My favorite season is
Choose four classmates that you know well. ________________.

Which do you think are their favorite seasons and why? Question: What is the weather like?

Answer: It is _________.
Write your guesses in the second column.
Now ask them which their favorite season is and why and write the answer in the third column.

NAME MY GUESS REAL ANSWER

TASK 5
READ THE SUMMER PARTY AND COMPLETE THE TABLE WITH THE CORRECT
INFORMATION.
(ADD THE READING)

34
 DATE PLACE KIND OF ENTERTAINMENT DRINKS CLOTHING
FOOD

TASK 6
Your Summer party
You and your classmates are going to organize a party to celebrate the arrival of summer. You
will need to think about the following points and then explain your ideas to the rest of the class.
 Where will you have the party?
 What day and time?
 What kind of music will you listen to?
 What activities will you do?
 What kind of food will you eat?
 What kind of drinks will you have?
 How will you invite the guests?
 Who will serve the food?

35
 SEASONS IN ECUADOR

DRY AND RAINY

Ecuador has four different geographical regions and each region has a different environment and
weather patterns. Ecuador has two seasons: a dry season and a rainy one

DRY

SUNNY

In the mountainous parts of the country, the dry season lasts from June to September. The wettest
month is April. The dry season is a yearly period of low rainfall, and days are typically sunny
throughout.
The dry season has low humidity, and some watering holes and rivers dry up. This lack of water (and
hence of food) may force many grazing animals to migrate to more fertile spots.

36
RAINY

The rainy season is April-August. Rainy season is the favorite season of almost everyone as it comes
after the very hot dry season. The rainy season, is the time of year when most of a region's average
annual rainfall occurs. The term "green season" is also sometimes used, rivers overflow their banks,
and some animals retreat to higher ground

cloudy rainy windy foggy

What is the weather

It is rainy and cold.
like now?

37
 My favorite season is
What is your favorite summer because I like to
season? play outside in the park with
my friends,

TASK 1
How are the seasons like in your country? Write and draw pictures

SUMMER WINTER

Dry season is Rainy season is

________________________________________ ___________________________________________
________________________________________ ___________________________________________
________________________________________ ___________________________________________
________________________________________ ___________________________________________
________________ ________________

38
IT IS GOOD TO KNOW…

What is the difference among holiday, festival and vacation?

The words holiday or vacation have related meanings in different English-speaking countries
and continents, but will usually refer to one of the following activities or events:

 A general leave of absence from a regular occupation for rest or recreation

 A specific trip or journey for the purposes of recreation / tourism

Official or unofficial observances of religious/national/cultural/significance, often

accompanied by celebrations or festivities (public/religious holidays)

So what is the difference between holiday, vacation and festival?

Holiday

Holiday is a contraction of holy and day, holidays originally represented special religious
days. This word has evolved in general usage to mean any extra special day of rest (as
opposed to regular days of rest such as the weekend).

39
Festival

A festival is an event, usually staged by a local community, which centers on some unique
aspect of that community. There are numerous types of festivals in the world. Though many
have religious origins, others involve seasonal change or have some cultural significance.

Vacation

In the United Kingdom the word "vacation" referred specifically to the long summer break.
The French term is similar to the American English: "Les Vacances." The term derives from
the fact that, in the past, upper-class families would literally move to a summer home for part
of the year, leaving their usual family home vacant for countrywide holidays.

40
 New Year's Eve

New Year's Eve, also called Old Year's Night, is celebrated on December 31st, the final day
of the year. It is celebrated all over the world with parties and social gathering with usually a
lot of fireworks and noise.

In the United States of America, New York is the place where this celebration is associated
with. People gather in the Time Square

TASK 1

41
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER

When is New Year’s Eve celebrated?

a) On December 30th
b) On January 1st
c) On December 31st

How is New Year’s Eve celebrated all over the world?

a) People sleep all day long
b) Parties and social gathering
c) People stay quiet during 2 hours
In which city of U.S.A. is New Year’s Eve celebrated in United States?
a) Washington
b) New York
c) Chicago

TASK 2
MATCH THE PICTURE WITH THE CORRECT NEW YEAR’S RESOLUTION.

42
TASK 3

43
CHOOSE THE ANSWER FOR THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
What is a New Year Resolution?
a) An old tradition in which a person makes a promise
b) An old tradition in which a person prays
c) A new tradition in which a person makes a promise
What will be your New Year Resolution for the next year?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

VALENTINE’S DAY
CUPID
On Valentine’s Day, you may see Cupid. He is a boy from old Roman

44
stories. He has wings and can fly. He has a bow. He shoots arrows
from the bow. If an arrow hits you, you will be in love!

TASK 1
CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER ACCORDING TO THE READING
What may you see on Valentin’s Day?
a) A unicorn
b) A magic rabbit
c) Cupid

Cupid can ______.

a) Swim
b) Fly
c) Drive a car

He has a _______.
a) Bow
b) Hat
c) Car

The arrow will make you _____.

a) Hungry
b) Sleepy
c) Be in love

EASTER
“OUR EASTER”
Hello Friends! My name is Jack. I’m 12 years old and I live in a small town in the south of U.S.A with
my mom, dad and my sister, Emily.
Spring is here now and I’m very happy because of it. But now, I would like to tell you what we do in
U.S.A at Easter.

45
Easter is in spring and people celebrate the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Easter starts on Good Friday.
My mom makes hot cross buns and we eat them for breakfast. We usually have Easter projects at
school. Last year we made colorful hats, called Easter bonnets. This year we are going to design a
basket full of painted Easter eggs. It will be a great fun! On Easter Sunday morning we have a big
breakfast. After breakfast we all go to church. When we get home, we give each other chocolate eggs
(children get the biggest ones!) Then we play ‘Easter egg hunt’. My parents hide some Easter eggs in
the garden and Emily and I look for them. We love playing it.
We have roasted lamb with veggies for lunch. In the afternoon my cousins, aunts and uncles come
over. We have Easter cupcakes, cakes and delicious juice. After that we usually go for a walk together.
I like Easter because it is a great family festival and there is no school for two weeks.

TASK 1
MATCH THE WORDS WITH THE PICTURES.

TASK 2
CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER
1. Easter takes place during…
6. At Easter children…
a) Summer
a) Have to go to school
b) Spring
c) Fall b) Don’t have to go to school
d) Winter c) Have to go to the beach
d) have to go to parties
2. Easter starts…
a) The first day of summer
b) On Good Friday 7. Who gets chocolate eggs? (The biggest
ones)
46
a) Parents
b) Grandparents
c) Uncles
 c) Two days before Sunday
d) The last Monday of spring

3. What do people celebrate at Easter?

a) The birthday of Jesus Christ
b) The birthday of rabbits
c) The resurrection of Jesus Christ

4. What does Jack eat for breakfast?

a) Fried chicken
b) Cakes
c) Hot cross buns
d) Soup

5. Jack’s cousins, aunts and uncles

come over…
a) At night
b) At midnight
c) In the morning
d) In the afternoon

MOTHER'S DAY

Mother's Day in the United States is annually held on the second Sunday of May. It celebrates
motherhood and it is a time to appreciate mothers and mother figures. Many people give gifts, cards,
flowers, candy, a meal in a restaurant or other treats to their mother and mother figures, including
grandmothers, great-grandmothers, stepmothers, and foster mothers.

47
Many people send cards or gifts to their mother or mother figure or make a special effort to visit her.
Common Mother's Day gifts are flowers, chocolate, candy, clothing, jewelry and treats, such as a
beauty treatment or trip to a spa. Some families organize an outing for all of their members or hold a
special meal at home or in a restaurant. In the days and weeks before Mother's Day, many schools help
their pupils to prepare a handmade card or small gift for their mothers.
TASK 1
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
When is mother’s day usually held?
a) On the second Sunday of March
b) On the second month of the year
c) On the second Sunday of May
d) On the second Sunday of July

People give gifts to…

a) Fathers, daughters, stepfathers, foster fathers…
b) Grandfathers, aunts, mothers, grandmothers…
c) Sons, uncles, fathers, grandfathers…
d) Mothers, grandmothers, stepmothers, foster mothers…

What do some families organize?

a) A long trip around the country
b) A meeting with the president
c) An outing for all of their members
d) A big party in a disco

Which are the most common gifts?

a) Flowers, chocolate, candy, clothing, etc.
b) Pets, trips, very expensive jewelry, etc.
c) Tons of food, tons of makeup, tons of art supply

48
 FATHER'S DAY

Father's Day was created to complement Mother's Day. Like Mother's Day which honors mothers and
motherhood, Father's Day celebrates fatherhood and paternal bonds; it highlights the influence of
fathers in society. Many countries celebrate it on the third Sunday of June, but it is also celebrated
widely on other days.

Historically, Sonora Smart Dodd was the woman behind the celebration of male parenting. Her father,
the Civil War veteran William Jackson Smart, was a single parent who raised his six children there.
After hearing a sermon about Jarvis' Mother's Day in 1909, she told her pastor that fathers should have
a similar holiday honoring them. Although she initially suggested June 5, her father's birthday, the
pastors did not have enough time to prepare their sermons, and the celebration was deferred to the third
Sunday of June. The first celebration was in Spokane, Washington at the YMCA (Young Men's
Christian Association) on June 19, 1910.

In recognition of what fathers do for their families, on this day people may have a party celebrating
male parenting or simply make a phone call or send a greeting card. Besides, schools help children
prepare handmade gifts for their fathers many days before the celebration.

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER

When is father’s day celebrated?

a) Third Sunday of December

b) Third Sunday of may

49
 c) Third Sunday of august
d) Third Sunday of June

When was the first celebration of father’s day?

a) On June 17, 1910

b) On June 18, 1910
c) On June 19, 1910
d) On June 20, 1910

Which are the most common gifts?

a) A phone call or send a greeting card

b) Cars, pets, houses, furniture
c) Tools, computers, etc

WHERE DOES HALLOWEEN COME FROM?

We celebrate Halloween every year on October 31st. The holiday originally comes from a people called
the Celts. The Celts lived in Europe more than 2000 years ago. On November 1 st they celebrated the

50
end of summer. They thought ghost visited living on October 31st. They dressed up lie ghosts so the
spirits would not harm them.

Today many countries still remember the dead on November 1st. It is called All Saints Day. Another
name for it is All Hallow’s Day. The day before October 31st, is called All Hallow’s Ever, or Halloween
for short.

TASK 1

What did people celebrate on November 1st 2000 years ago?

a) The end on spring

b) The end of summer
c) The end of fall
d) The end of winter
People thought ghosts visited living on …

a) October 29th
b) October 30th
c) October 31st
d) November 1st
What other way is Halloween called?

a) All Saint’s Day

b) All Dead’s Day
c) All living’s Day

51
For the Next Activity you will need a dice so now we are going to build our own ones!
Follow your teacher’s instructions and build your own dice.

52
 LET’S PLAY

For this activity you will need the dice you build with the previous page.

53
With a classmate take a turn and move along the board and answer the questions. The first who
finishes is the winner!

54
 CHRISTMAS TRADITIONS

Most people who observe Christmas in the United States follow some of the same traditions.

We decorate the insides and outsides of our houses with lights. We use evergreen trees for various
several decorations, including wreaths and Christmas trees with special ornaments. We assemble
nativity scenes and put on plays to retell the stories of Christmas. Outside, we sing special Christmas
songs in front of homes and churches. Inside, we watch movies and read books that celebrate the
Christmas spirit. We spend time finding or making the perfect gift for our loved ones. We hang
stocking by the fireplace and put presents under the Christmas tree.

TASK 1

CHOOSE THE CORRECT AND COMPLETE ACCORDING TO THE READING.

People in the United States…

a) Follow some of the same traditions

b) Follow their own traditions
c) Don’t follow any traditions

They use ___ trees for several___

a) Ever blue, decorations

b) Ever yellow, traditions
c) Evergreen, festivals
d) Evergreen decorations

55
 HOLIDAYS IN ECUADOR

Reading comprehension.

JANUARY 1ST (NEW YEAR'S DAY)

The burning of MONIGOTES is originally from Guayaquil. It began in the 1890s in the neighborhood
of the Shipyard, where young people filled their old clothes with sawdust to burn them at midnight on
December 31, over time, this tradition evolved to make up little politicians and characters.

LET´S PRACTICE

56
TASK 1

Choose the correct answer according to the reading.

1. What do people celebrate on January 1st?

a. Halloween
b. Valentine's Day
c. Christmas
d. New Year's Day
2. Where did begin of Monigotes burn?

a. In Quito
b. In Guayaquil
c. In Cuenca
d. In Riobamba

FEBRUARY 12th (CELEBRATES THE AMAZON RIVER DISCOVERY AND

THE DAY OF THE GALÁPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO)

It is an important date in Ecuadorian history for two historical facts; after having
wandered the green eastern regions, Captain Francisco de Orellana, on February 12,
1542, culminated one of the greatest epics recorded in the history of the conquest (the
discovery of the Amazon River).

57
Many years later, Colonel Ignacio Hernández, commissioned by the Government of
President Juan Jose Flores, on February 12, 1832, with the crew of the Goleta
"Mercedes", the chaplain of the Colony and the first inhabitants; Took possession of the
Galapagos Islands in the name of the Ecuadorian State.

TASK 1

1. What did Ecuadorians celebrate on February 12th, 1542?

a. Mother’s Day
b. Discovery of the Amazon River
c. Discovery of the Goleta
d. Ecuadorian Shield Day.
2. Who did take possession of Galapagos Islands on February 12, 1832?

a. Juan Jose Flores

b. Colonel Ignacio Hernández
c. Captain Francisco de Orellana
d. Francisco Pizarro

FEBRUARY 14th (VALENTINE´S DAY)

This day is common for lovers to celebrate the union of one with the other and give flowers, letters or
chocolates, among others.

In Ecuador, in addition to roses and cards, many lovers choose the serenades to accompany the dinner
between married couples, boyfriends or friends.

58
TASK 1

What do people celebrate on February 14th?

a. Race´s Day
b. Children's Day
c. Valentine's Day
d. Mother's day

What do people get for Valentine’s Day?

a. Letters, flowers, chocolates, serenades, dinners.

b. Books, notebooks, pencils
c. Flowers, letters, computers, clothing
d. Ice cream, letters, books, machines

FEBRUARY 27th (ECUADORIAN CITIZENSHIP DAY)

On February 27th of each year, commemorates Civic Day, the Battle of Tarqui and the Day of the
Ecuadorian Army. On this day, we remember the patriotic feat, between Peruvian troops commanded
by Jose de La Mar and those of Great Colombia commanded by Antonio Jose de Sucre and Juan Jose
Flores. This battle was the culmination of a war between Peru and Great Colombia between 1828 and
1829, when our country formed part of the aforementioned confederation along with New Granada

59
and Venezuela. The origin of the problem was the boundaries between Ecuador and Peru, object of
discord between both nations by more than 165 years.

TASK 1

1. What do Ecuadorians celebrate on February 27th?

a. Father's Day
b. Christmas
c. Tarqui´s Battle
d. Festivals

2. Who participated in Tarqui’s Battle on February 27th?

a. Carlos Julio Arosemena

b. Pedro Vicente Maldonado
c. Antonio José de Sucre
d. Eloy Alfaro

FEBRUARY / MARCH (CARNAVAL)

Celebrated just before Easter, CARNAVAL is the maximum feast of Catholic nations in Latin
America. Although its celebrations include games with water and ostentatious parades, Ambato is a
recommended destination for its famous parade of fruits and flowers. Another significant place is
Guaranda. Although the dates do not always coincide every year, Carnival is always celebrated before
Ash Wednesday.

60
TASK 1

1. How do Ecuadorians celebrate Carnaval?

a. With parades
b. Preparing fanesca
c. With water and ostentatious parades
d. Preparing colada morada.
2. When do people celebrate Carnaval?

a. In Easter
b. Before Ash Wednesday.
c. On Ash Wednesday
d. After Ash Wednesday

MARCH 22th AND APRIL 25th (PASCUA)

"Easter Sunday" is a mobile holiday, the day varies each year, and happens after the first full moon at
the beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere

Religious processions and lots of FANESCA (delicious typical stew) abound from Palm Sunday to
Easter Sunday.

The term of Easter refers mainly to the feast of the Resurrection.

61
TASK 1

1. What does Pascua refer to?

a. Discovery of America
b. Feast of the Resurrection
c. Mother's Day
d. Easter Day

2. How is Pascua celebrated?

a. With parades
b. With lots of food
c. With religious processions and preparation of Fanesca.
d. With traditional music

APRIL 13th (TEACHER'S DAY)

62
The Teacher's Day in Ecuador was set in 1920, under the government of Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno,
and he was instituted in honor of Juan Montalvo Fiallos who was an Ecuadorian teacher and novelist
born on April 13th, 1832, Ambato city.

TASK 1

1. When was Teacher’s day created?

a. 1945
b. 1920
c. 1930
d. 1922
2. When was born Juan Montalvo?

a. On April 13th, 1832.

b. On June 1st, 1832
c. On February 2nd, 1832
d. On January 13th, 1832

MAY 1st (LABOR DAY)

In Ecuador, as in many other countries, political movements and workers make peaceful marches on
May 1st carrying banners alluding to the date.

On this date, not everyone is resting or attending marches, since many jobs cannot be suspended
because they are vital to the functioning of society, others prefer not to rest since the sustenance is
earned day by day one day without work would affect their Fragile economy.

63
TASK 1

1. What do people celebrate on May 1st?

a. Mother´s Day
b. Children´s Day
c. New Year´s Day
d. Christmas
2. How is May 1st celebrated?

a. With Peaceful marches with banners

b. Resting
c. Working
d. With parties

(MOTHER’S DAY) IN ECUADOR IS CELEBRATED EVERY YEAR ON THE SECOND

SUNDAY OF MAY

This day was created with the purpose of paying homage to this woman so special and valuable in our
lives, which helps us day by day without expecting anything in return and always giving all her love.

TASK 1

64
1. What do people celebrate each 2nd Sunday of May?

a. Valentine´s Day
b. Carnaval
c. Father´s Day
d. Mother´s Day

2. When is Mother’s day celebrated?

a. On January 1st
b. On February 13th
c. On March 1st
d. 2nd Sunday of May

MAY 24th, 1822 (BATALLA DE PICHINCHA)

May 24th is considered a civic date of the heroes who offered their lives for the liberation of the Spanish
yoke, with the Battle of Pichincha, sealed the political independence of Ecuador that marked the
beginning of the republican and autonomous life of Ecuador.

TASK 1

65
Why is May 24th a civic date?

a. Because of the slavery liberation

b. Because of the Possession of republic´s president
c. Because of the German yoke release us
d. Because of the Spanish yoke release us

JUNE 1st (CHILDREN'S DAY)

Every June 1st is celebrated the day of the child in Ecuador, all Ecuadorians celebrate children with
public and private activities.

On this date, one more year is celebrated for the rights of children and adolescents; therefore, they are
honored, some infants are being abused, abused by adults, for which the General Assembly of the

66
United Nations, Year of 1956, legislated one day to recapitulate the rights and to carry out works in
benefit of them.

TASK 1

1. What do people celebrate on June 1st?

a. Amazon´s Day
b. Children’s rights Day
c. Father's day
d. Toy´s day
2. How is celebrated on June 1st?

a. With water
b. With public and private activities.
c. Preparing Colada Morada
d. With parades

(FATHER'S DAY) IS CELEBRATED EVERY THIRD SUNDAY OF JUNE

It is a commemorative day that is celebrated to honor all those men who correctly fulfill their role of
father of family.

TASK 1

1. When is Father´s day celebrated?

67
a. On February 1st
b. On February 13th
c. On March 1st
d. 3rd Sunday of May

2. What is father's day?

a. A parade
b. A day
c. A Commemorative Day
d. A Civic Day

AUGUST 10th OF 1809 (INDEPENDENCE DAY)

August 10th, 1809 is a memorable date for the Ecuadorians when remembering the First Independence
Scream. This Declaration marked a milestone in the history of American freedom. Today, we pay
tribute to the courage and dedication of those who founded that nation and celebrate the values of
freedom and equality that strengthen that country.

August 10th, 1809 is considered like the one of beginning of the independence of what today is
Ecuador.

TASK 1

1. What do people celebrate on August 10th?

68
a. Father´s Day
b. Christmas
c. Carnaval
d. The First Independence Scream

2. Why is August 10th, 1809 a memorable date for Ecuadorians?

a. Remembering the First Independence Scream

b. Pichincha’s Battle Day
c. Celebrating Shield’s Day
d. Liberating the Spanish yoke

OCTOBER 31th (SHIELD´S DAY)

The National Coat of Ecuador is a symbol of civility and patriotic identity that reflects the past glories
and illuminates the path to the renewed conquests that the new generations owe to history.

Congress officially adopted the National Shield of Ecuador on October 31st, 1900 (This date was
formalized as its national day).

TASK 1

1. What does National Ecuadorian Coat represent?

69
a. People beliefs
b. Civic symbol and patriotic identity
c. Bravery of our warriors
d. People thoughts.
2. When was officialized the shield´s day?

a. On October 1st, 1900

b. On October 31st, 1900
c. On November 31st, 1900
d. On October 31st, 1901

NOVEMBER 2nd (MEMORIAL DAY)

Ecuadorians visit cemeteries, prepare meals as the exquisite bread people call them Guaguas De Pan,
which comes from Quichua. Also a typical drink like Colada Morada, it is a hot drink made of black
or purple cornmeal.

TASK 1

70
1. What do Ecuadorians prepare on November 2nd?

a. Guaguas de pan, colada morada, fanesca

b. Colada morada, fanesca, stuffed turkey
c. Ice cream, hot chocolate, guaguas
d. Guaguas de pan, Colada morada.
2. Where does the word Guagua de pan come from?

a. From Quichua
b. From German
c. From Latin
d. From Guarani

DECEMBER 25th (CHRISTMAS)

The Christian religion has its own history, for them Jesus was born in Belen, in a manger of grass and
straw adapted in a stable where there were several types of animals. Due to this history is that at the
moment it is customary to arm the cradle with figures of winged animals of the Christmas tree
Christmas is a time of peace, love, happiness that must be shared by the family on this date is given
gifts especially to children.

TASK 1

71
1. What does Christmas mean?

a. Time for peace, love and happiness with the family

b. Moment to rest
c. Valentine's Day
d. Closing of the year

2. Who was born in Christmas?

a. Moisés
b. Rafael Correa
c. Juan de Velasco
d. Jesus.

DECEMBER 31st (END OF YEAR)

It begins with the Day of the Innocents, and extends until New Year's Eve. In all the streets, families
burn humanoid puppets with faces of famous people, which symbolize the old year that ends. Also
many men disguise themselves as "widows of the old year" and dance and wander in front of passenger
cars making them pay a "toll" that immediately turns into more alcohol to continue the party.

TASK 1

1. How Ecuadorians celebrate on December 31th?

72
a. With civic parades
b. Burning of humanoid puppets
c. With food festivals
d. With wine
2. What do men disguise on December 31st?

a. Widows of the old year

b. Of monkeys
c. Of dogs
d. Of devils

73
TASK 2

Look at the pictures and match with the corresponding festival.

MOTHER'S DAY

MEMORIALS DAY

CARNAVAL

SHIELD’S DAY

TEACHER’S DAY

74
TASK 3

Match the characteristics with the corresponding festival, according to the reading

Characteristics Festivals

1. Families celebrate Jesus’ birthday a. New Year

2. The first day of the year b. Labor Day
3. Workers participate in peacefully protests c. Carnaval
4. People prepare guaguas de pan and colada morada d. Children's day
5. Ecuadorians play with water, eggs, and flour e. Memorial Day
6. Every year the children’s rights are celebrated f. Christmas

TASK 4

Unscramble the words.

Dya ´eTahcrse
__________________________________

hSiled Dya
___________________________________

Ywr Naee
___________________________________

nIdpeenecd yDa
___________________________________

Dya´Clhirdens
___________________________________

75
76
 What is your favorite sport?

RAFTING

Rafting is a competitive sport in which the objective is to navigate downstream on river rapids using
an inflated raft. It is considered as an extreme sport which is highly challenging and risky, and requires
a great deal of teamwork. Rafting is also an extremely popular recreational activity practiced in most
countries around the world.
All rafting races are team races in which 2 - 8 riders take part. Regardless of the type of race, the
objective is to complete the course in the fastest time possible.
Multiple choice questions:
 What is the rafting objective?

a. Navigate through a lake

b. Navigate downstream on river rapids
c. Navigate upstream on river rapids

 What do we use to do rafting?

a. An inflated raft
b. A boat
c. A tire tube
 How many people rafting team needs?
a. 2-6
b. 2-8
c. 3-6

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 SOCCER

The sport of soccer (called football in most of the world) is considered to be the world's most popular
sport. In soccer there are two teams of eleven players. Soccer is played on a large grass field with a
goal at each end. The object of the game is to get the soccer ball into the opposing team's goal. The
key to soccer is that, with the exception of the goalkeeper, players cannot touch the ball with their
hands, they can only kick, knee, or head the ball to advance it or score a goal.

Multiple choice questions:

 How is also soccer called?

a. Baseball
b. Football
c. Softball

 How many players are there in a soccer team?

a. 12
b. 11
c. 10

 Who is the only person who can touch the ball with his hands?

a. Defender
b. Goalkeeper
c. Midfielders
AMERICAN FOOTBALL

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American football, referred to as football in the United States and Canada, and also known as "gridiron
football" or simply "gridiron", is a sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field
with goalposts at each end. The offense, the team with control of the oval-shaped football, attempts to
advance down the field by running with or passing the ball, while the team without control of the ball,
the defense, aims to stop their advance and take control of the ball for themselves. The offense must
advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing
team; if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs.
Multiple choice questions:
 How many teams in American football are there?

a. 3 teams
b. 2 teams
c. 1 team

 What kind of ball is in American football used?

a. Oval-shaped ball
b. Round ball
c. Small ball

 Which is the defense role?

a. Advance at least ten yards

b. Back at least ten yards
c. Stop the offense advance

ICE HOCKEY

79
Ice hockey is played between two teams of skaters on a large flat area of ice, using a three-inch-
diameter (76.2 mm) vulcanized rubber disc called a puck. This puck is often frozen before high-level
games to decrease the amount of bouncing and friction on the ice. The game is played all over North
America, Europe and to varying extents in many other countries around the world. It is the most
popular sport in Canada, Finland, Latvia, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Ice hockey is the national
sport of Latvia and the national winter sport of Canada. Ice hockey is played at a number of levels, by
all ages.
Multiple choice questions:
 How are the ice hockey players called?

a. Riders
b. Skaters
c. Bikers

 What kind of disc is in ice hockey used?

a. Rubber disc
b. Puck
c. Ceramic disc

 Why is the disc frozen before the game?

a. To keep the amount of bouncing

b. To increase the friction on the ice
c. To decrease the friction on the ice

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It is important to rescue the traditional games of our country, since they have been transmitted from
generation to generation.
RAYUELA

81
It consists in draw with a chalk on the floor a board which will be made on a cat shape, placing the
numbers in each of the boxes and then proceed to throw chips, stones or seeds in sequence and children
should Jump with one or two feet according to the figure and step on the lockers but without touching
the place where the chip is.
When the girl or boy who is on the turn treads the streak of one of the lockers this loses its turn and
continues its companion. The interesting thing about this game is
Multiple choice questions:
 What is used to draw a board on the floor?

a. Marker
b. Chalk
c. Stone

 Which is the board shape?

a. Dog
b. Rabbit
c. Cat

 Which locker you can´t jump in?

a. Where the chip is

b. Where the chip is not
c. Next to where the chip is

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 COMETA

This game is made at a certain time of the year in summer vacation for the children of the Highland
region, the reed is the indispensable material to make the famous cometas. The game consists of going
to a clear place, to fly the kite.
Multiple choice questions:
 When this game is played?

a. In winter
b. In fall
c. In summer

 Which is the indispensable material to make cometas?

a. Reed
b. Seeds
c. Kite

 How this game is played?

a. Pushing a kite
b. Flying a kite

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 c. Pulling a kite

CUERDAS GAMES

At one, two and three, everybody pull.

On this game participate two groups each one is placed to one end of the rope and they begin to pull
with force without yielding a single space. The winner team is the one that can move the other team
beyond the previously stated limit.
Multiple choice questions:
 How many teams are there in this game?

a. 2 groups each one at the end of the rope

b. 3 groups two at the right and one at the left
c. Just one group pulling the rope

 What do the participants have to do?

a. To push the rope

b. To pull the rope
c. To take the rope

 Who will be the winner?

a. The team that can move the other team beyond the previously stated limit
b. The team that can push the other team beyond the previously stated limit
c. The team that hit the other team out of the previously stated limit

LA CUERDA

84
Game consists of two people grabbing the ends of the rope to make it spin, while the rest, in turns and
neatly jump over it.
It was accompanied with the rhythm of shouting "Nun, widow, single and married, nun, widow, single
and married. If the person who jumped the rope lost the next participant passed, but when they started
the game again, they asked questions like who they married. Where will you live? etc.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

 What do you need to play this game?

a. A rope
b. A thread
c. A table

 What this game consist in?

a. In make the rope spin, while someone walk over it

b. In make the rope spin, while someone jump over it
c. In make the rope spin, while someone run outside it

 Does the cuerda game have a song?

a. Yes
b. No
ENSACADOS

85
It is a fun game that is practiced outdoors, it is a competition.
Groups are formed and canvas sacks are given to each of the group leaders, when the order is placed
these should be placed inside the sacks and jump to the point of arrival, there, leave the sack to another
participant of his team and he have to go to the opposite side, the one who finishes the journey from
one place to another wins.
It is a game where we exercise a lot of motor skill coordination and agility.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

 Are there more than two groups for this competition?

a. Yes
b. No

 What do you use to jump to the next point?

a. Plastic bag
b. Canvas sacks
c. A box

 Does the leader have to jump with the canvas sack?

a. Yes
b. No

CANICAS

86
Children should make a circle on the floor, put each small ball inside the circle and draw a line a few
meters away from the circle. At this distance a ball is thrown in order to approach the line of the circle.
The player closest to the line will be the first in his turn to play and the shifts will be according to the
distance in which they are, he must dye the marble.
The object of the game is to remove the little balls from the circle, the person who dyeing the ball stays
inside the circle loses, the balls that are removed from the circle will be from the people who do it, and
if you hit the ball with the partner, It is declared dead.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

 Where do you have to put the balls?

a. Next to the line

b. On the floor
c. Inside the circle

 Who will be the first to play?

a. The player closest to the line

b. The player closest to the circle
c. The player farthest to the line

 What is the main objective in this game?

a. To push the little balls

b. To remove the little balls from the circle
c. To remove the little balls from the line

87
ESCONDIDAS

88
It is played in a group of friends, one of them goes to a place and covers his eyes and begins to count
aloud a certain amount of numbers according to the rules that are given to say count from 5 to 50.
Others hide.
When he has finished counting, he shouts: ready or not, I go and he goes looking for his little friends
who are hided. And the first be found will be the next person to count and so the game.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

 Why has one of them to cover his eyes?

a. Because he can´t see where his friends are hiding

b. Because he has to count aloud
c. Because he has to looking for his friends

 What have to do the others while one of them is counting?

a. Jump
b. Hide
c. Run

 Who will be the next person to count?

a. The last person who was found

b. The person who was found second
c. The person who was found first
LET´S PRACTICE
TASK 1.- Make sentences according to the tick and cross.

WHICH SPORT DO YOU LIKE?

american football, rafting, soccer, ice hockey, rayuela, cometa, cuerda,

ensacados, canicas, escondidad
I don´t like rafting

I like soccer.

X
X

89
I like _____. I don’t like_____.
X
Task 2.- Make sentences using the information given on the picture.

What’s your favourite sport?

I hate sports

Bob

John
Antony

I love

Beth
Mike Mary

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 She/he likes – she/he doesn’t like

soccer – ice hockey – American football – rafting – ensacados – canicas – cometa – cuerda -
escondidas

Mike ___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Mary ___________________________________________________________________
Antony __________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
John_________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Beth ____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Bob__________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Task 3.- Ask to a partner about sports he/she plays. Use the scheme given.

Interview Game

Q: Do you play _______? A: Yes I do.

No I don't. I play ______.

91
 Name Yes/No Sport

1 Yes No

2 Yes No

Q: Do you go _______? A: Yes I do.

No I don't. I go ______.

Name Yes/No Sport

1 Yes No

2 Yes No

92
Task 4.- Write about your favourite sports and the sports you don´t like!

My favourite sport is .................. . I think it´s ...................................... . I also like

....................... and ............................ . I´m good at .....................At school I
........................................................... .
I don´t like .............................. and ................................ . I think they´re ................ .
I´m not good at .................................................. .
.....................................................................................................................................
...................................

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POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND POSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Definition

Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns show ownership, they show who or what something
belongs to.

LIST OF POSSESSIVES

Subject Pronouns Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns

I my mine
you your yours
he his his
she her hers

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 it its its
we our ours
you your yours
they their theirs

Examples

I have a pen. My pen is red. We have a car. Our car is fast.

She has a cat. Her cat is nice.

Be careful!

The possessive adjective goes before the noun or before the noun and adjective.
I lost my pen.
She played football with her brother.
We met our new teacher.

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 Grammar Exercises - Possessive Pronouns.

TASK 1:

Underline the correct possessive pronouns in the following sentences:

1. Is this (your, yours) coat?
2. You can’t have (my, mine) cookie.
3. It is (our, ours) turn.
4. Look at (her, hers) funny hat.
5. That ring has lost (its, it’s) shine.
6. This car is (my, mine).
7. Dogs love to play so it is a favorite activity of (their, theirs).
8. Are you sure this is (your, yours)?
9. Do you know (whose, who) book this is?
10. (Ones, One’s) opinion is welcome here.

TASK 2:

Find the right possessive pronoun:

Personal Pronoun Possessive Pronoun

1. I
.

2. you
.

3. he
.

4. she
.

5. it
.

6. we
.

7. you
.

8. they
.

96
97
98
99
 YES / NO QUESTIONS

(Closed questions)

Yes / No questions are also called closed questions because there are only two possible
responses: Yes or No

Examples

Question Response
Am I at the correct location? No. / No, you aren’t.
Are the keys under the books? No. / No, they are not.
Was his house on an island? Yes. / Yes, it was.
Were the demonstrations in the center of town? No. / No, they weren’t.

THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: BE + (VERB+ING).

Question Response
Am I going with you and Tom? Yes. / Yes, you are.
Is she working today? No. / No, she isn’t.
Are we seeing a play tomorrow? Yes. / Yes, we are.

THE PAST PROGRESSIVE: WAS / WERE + (VERB+ING).

Question Response
Was it raining? Yes. / Yes, it was.
Were they playing? No. / No, they weren’t.

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 WH- QUESTIONS

(Opened questions)

Wh questions are also called opened questions Because it is not possible to answer them with a simple
"yes" or "no" - require more information.

“WH” WORDS

Examples

Who and whom

Are used to obtain information about a person or persons.

Question
Response

Who is at the door? Tom is at the door.

101
 Who wants an apple? I want an apple.

Whom* is he dating? He is dating Anna.

(Who is he dating?)

WHAT is used to obtain information about a person or a thing.

Question Response
What is this? This is a bird.

What did she say? She said to be quiet.

When ask for time.

Question Response
When does Anna arrive? She arrives at 10:30.

When can I see you again? I don’t know.

When was the race? It was yesterday.

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Where ask for a place

Question Response
Where does Natasha live? She lives in Miami.

Where were the keys? They were in the car.

Where have you been?

We have been at the bank.

Why ask for a reason.

Question Response
Why is the street closed?
They are repairing it..

Why did Alex leave? He had a meeting.

Why haven’t you called?

I lost my cell phone.

HOW
You ask how something has happened, happens or will happen.

Question Response

How does this work? Push the red button.

How was your mother? She was much better.

How has the weather been? It’s been very rainy.

Which

103
Used in questions and structures in which there is a fixed or limited set of answers or possibilities)
what one or ones

Which of these pens is the best? The black one is the best.

Which author do you enjoy? I enjoy reading Borges.

Which river is longer, the Nile or the Amazon? The Nile is longer.

Which street leads downtown? The street on the left.

Whose looking for information about possession of a thing.

Whose book is on the table? That’s Tom’s book.

Whose idea was that? It was her idea.

Whose child has a cough? He is my child.

TASK 1

104
Task 2

TASK 3

105
106
 USING TO BE VERB
SINGULAR PLURAL
SINGULAR = one
PLURAL = more than
one (two, three, four or
more)

107
 SUBJECT + BE + NOUN SUBJECT + BE + NOUN I
You
a) I am a student (i) We are students
He
(j) You are students She Pronouns
It
b) you are a student
We
(k) John and Mary are students They
c) John is a student (l) They are students
John
d) He is a student Mary
Rose nouns
Student
e) Mary is a student (m) Roses are flowers Flower
A student = singular
f) She is a student (n) They are flowers
noun
Students = plural noun
g) A rose is a flower
NOTE: to make a noun
h) It is a flower
plural, add –s to the
noun. Do not use a with
a plural noun
Be = verb
Am
Is = forms of be
Are

Complete the sentences. Use a verb: am, is, or are. Use a noun: a student or students.
1. We ....................................................................
2. I .........................................................................
3. John .................................................................
4. He ......................................................................
5. Mary ................................................................
6. She ....................................................................
7. John and Mary .......................................................
8. They .......................................................................
9. We ..........................................................................
10. You (one person) ..............................................................
11. You ( two persons) ...........................................................
12. You and I ...........................................................................

108
CONTRACTIONS WITH BE

PRONOUN – BE = CONTRACTION
AM I + am = I’m a) I’m a student
He + is = he’s b) he’s a student When people speak, they
IS She + is = she’s c) she’s a student often push two words
It + is = it’s d) it’s a flower together.
You + are = you’re e) you’re a students Contraction of a subject
ARE You’re students pronoun + be are used in
both speaking and writing
We + are = we’re f) we’re students
They + are = they’re g) they’re students

Complete the sentences. Use contractions (pronoun + be)

1) Mary is a student. .............................................. in my class
2) John is a student. .............................................. in my class
3) I have one brother. ........................................... twenty years old
4) I have two sisters. ........................................... students at the University
5) I have a dictionary . ........................................... on my desk
6) I like my classmates. ........................................... friendly
7) I have three books. ........................................... on my desk
8) My brother is twenty six years old . ........................................... married
9) My sister is twenty one years old . ........................................... single
10) Mary and John are students. ........................................... in my class
11) I like my books. ........................................... interesting
12) I like grammar. ........................................... easy
13) My brother and my sister live at home. .................................... students in high school
14) My brother and I live in an apartment. ................................. students at the university
15) Bob and I live in a dormitory. ........................................... students
16) I know Mr. Smith. ........................................... a teacher
17) I know Mrs. Smith. ........................................... a teacher

USING HAVE AND HAS

109
 SINGULAR PLURAL I
I have a pen We have pens You + have
You have a pen You have pens We
He has a pen They have pens They
She has a pen He
It has blue ink She + has
It

Complete the sentences. Use have or has

1. I ..................................................... a dictionary
2. We..................................................... grammar books
3. Mary .............................. a blue pen. She .....................................a blue notebook too
4. You .................................................... a pen in your pocket
5. Bob ..................................................... a notebook on his desk
6. Mary and Bob .................................. note books. They ..................................pens too
7. John is a student in our class. He ................................................. a red grammar book
8. I ................................ a grammar book. It .......................................... twelve chapters
9. You and I are students. We ..................................................... books on our desks

USING MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, OUR, THEIR

SINGULAR PLURAL

110
 a) I have a book. My book is red e) We have books. Our books are red
f) You have books. Your books are red
b) You have a book. Your book is red
g) They have books. Their books are red
c) He has a book. His book is red
Subject – possessive
d) She has a book. Her book is red
I my
You your
He his
She her
We our
They their

Complete the sentences. Use my, your, his, her, our, their
1. I have a pen. ..................................................... pen is blue
2. You have a pen. ..................................................... pen is black
3. Mary has a pen. ..................................................... pen is green
4. John has a pen. ..................................................... pen is yellow
5. John and I have pens. ..................................................... pens are gray
6. John and you have pens. ..................................................... pens are red
7. John and Mary have pens. ..................................................... pens are orange
8. I have a sister. ..................................................... sister is 21 years old
9. Mary has a car. ..................................................... car is a ford
10. You have a pen. ..................................................... pen is ball point
11. Jean and you have mustaches. ...................................... mustaches are dark
12. Ann and Bob have a baby. ....................................... baby is 8 months old
13. Alice and I have notebooks. ..................................... notebooks are green
Complete the sentences. Use have or has. Use my, your, his, her, our, or their
1. I ......................................... a book. .............................................. book is interesting
2. Bob ................................... a bookbag. ......................................... bookbag is green
3. You ..................................... a raincoat. ................................... raincoat is brown
4. She ....................................... a raincoat. .............................................. raincoat is red
5. Ann and Bob are married. ................................... they ......................................a baby.
.............................................. baby is 6 months old
6. Dick and Sue ............................ a daughter. .......................... daughter is ten years old
7. Bob and I ............................... a son. ........................................ son is seven years old
8. I .............................. a brother. .............................................. brother is sixteen
9. We .................................. grammar books. .............................. grammar books are red

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10. Tom and you ......................... bookbags. ...................................... bookbags are green
Write a composition by completing the sentence.
My name ...................... . I ...................... from. ...................... . ...................... a student.
......................years old.
My family lives in ...................... . ...................... father ...................... . ...................... years old.
...................... mother ...................... . ...................... old
I have .................... sister(s) my sister’s name .................. .................... . She ............ ....................
old.

USING THIS AND THAT

a) I have a book in my hand. This book is red This book = the book is near me
b) I see a book on your desk. That book is blue That book = the book is not near me
c) This is my book
d) That is your book

Use this and that

Example: book
Response: This is my book. That is your book
1. Book ....................................................... ..............................................................
2. Pen ....................................................... ..............................................................
3. Notebook .................................................... ...........................................................
4. Purse ....................................................... ..............................................................
5. Dictionary ....................................................... ......................................................
6. Bookbag ....................................................... ........................................................
7. Coat ....................................................... ..............................................................
8. Hot ....................................................... ..............................................................
9. Pencil ....................................................... ..............................................................
10. Nose ....................................................... ..............................................................

USING THESE AND THOSE

112
 a) My books are on my desk. These are my books SINGULAR - PLURAL
b) Your books are on your desk. Those are your books This these
That those
Use these and those
Example: books
Response: these are my books. Those are your books
1. Books . ....................................................... ..............................................................
2. Pens ....................................................... ..............................................................
3. Shoes ....................................................... ..............................................................
4. Earrings ....................................................... ............................................................
5. Jeans ....................................................... .............................................................

BE + ADJECTIVE

SUBJECT + BE + ADJECTIVE Round and intelligent = adjectives

a) A ball is round
b) Balls are round Note: There is never a final –s on an
c) Mary is intelligent adjective
d) Mary and John are intelligent An adjective does not have a plural form

Use adjectives to describe objects

1. Round ( a ball, a dime) ................................................................................
2. Square ( a box) ................................................................................
3. Flat ( a dime) ................................................................................
4. Sweet ( a candy bar) ................................................................................
5. Sour ( a lemon ) ................................................................................
6. Soft ( a pillow ) ................................................................................
7. Hard ( a rock ) ................................................................................
8. Sharp ( a knife, a razor blade) ................................................................................
9. Heavy ( a rock) ................................................................................
10. Light ( a feather ) ................................................................................
11. Full ( a glass with water) ................................................................................
12. Empty ( a glass) ................................................................................

113
13. Long ( a string ) ................................................................................
14. Short ( a string) ................................................................................
15. Loud ( a tape recorder with volume turn up) ..............................................................
...........................................................
Make sentences by using is or are and add an adjective from the following list. Use each
adjective only one time
Bright hot small / light cold
Important soft flat large/ big
Sour funny round square
Hard sharp sweet

1. Fire .........................................................................
2. Balls and oranges ..........................................................................
3. A box ................................................................................
4. Sugar ................................................................................
5. A lemon ................................................................................
6. Ice and snow ................................................................................
7. Rocks and metal ................................................................................
8. A pillow................................................................................
9. A joke ................................................................................
10. Razor blades ................................................................................
11. The sun ................................................................................
12. Good health ................................................................................
13. A dime........................................... small, round and ..........................................
14. An elephant ..........................................., but a mouse .......................................

NEGATIVE WITH BE
114
 IS + NOT a) A ball is not square CONTRACTIONS: is + not = isn’t
A ball isn’t square

ARE + NOT b) Balls are not square CONTRACTIONS: are + not = aren’t
Balls aren’t square

AM + NOT c) I am not hungry Am and not are not contracted

Complete the sentences. Use is, isn’t, are or aren’t.

1. A ball .................................................................. square
2. Balls .................................................................. round
3. A mouse .................................................................. big
4. Lemons ..................................... yellow. Bananas .................................... yellow too
5. A lemon ...................................... sweet. It ............................................... sour
6. A diamond .................................................................. cheap
7. Diamonds .................................................................. expensive
8. Apples .................................................................. expensive
9. The earth ........................................................... flat. It .................................... round
10. My pen ............................................................ heavy. It ..................................... light
11. This room .......................................................... dark. It ....................................... light
12. A rock ....................................................... hard. It ............................................. soft
13. English grammar ........................................hard. It .......................................... easy
14. This exercise ............................................. difficult. It ..................................... easy
15. My classmates ............................................... friendly
16. A turtle ............................................. slow
17. Airplanes .............................................. slow. They ........................................ fast

YES / NO QUESTIONS WITH BE

115
 QUESTION STATEMENTS
BE + SUBJECT SUBJECT + BE In questions be comes in
a) Is she a student? She is a student front of the subject.
b) Are they students? They are students
SHORT ANSWER + LONG After yes, be is not
QUESTION ANSWER contracted with the
c) Is she a student? Yes, she is ( she’s a student) pronoun subject.
No, she’s not (She’s not a student
After no, two
No, she isn’t (She isn’t a student)
contractions are possible
Yes, they are ( They’re students)
d) Are they at home? with no difference in
No, they’re not. ( they’re not at home)
No, they aren’t. ( they aren’t at home) meaning

Make questions and give short answers.

1. ..............................................................................................................................
.................................................. ( I’m not tired )
2. ..............................................................................................................................
..................................................(Mary is in my class)
3. ..............................................................................................................................
..................................................( I’m not homesick)
4. ..............................................................................................................................
..................................................( Bob is homesick )
5. ..............................................................................................................................
.................................................. ( My sister is an student )
6. ..............................................................................................................................
.................................................. ( My pen is in my pocket)
7. ..............................................................................................................................
..................................................( Sue isn’t here today )
8. ..............................................................................................................................
..................................................( My brother isn’t in the United States )
9. ..............................................................................................................................
.................................................. (I’m from Canada )

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10. ..............................................................................................................................
..................................................( The students in this class are intelligent )
11. ..............................................................................................................................
..................................................( The chairs in this room aren’t comfortable)
12. ..............................................................................................................................
..................................................( I’m not married )
13. ..............................................................................................................................
................................................... ( Peter is a very good person )
14. ..............................................................................................................................
.................................................. ( Peter and his wife are good people)
15. ..............................................................................................................................
Of course not! Elephants aren’t pink. Are you crazy?

QUESTIONS WITH BE: USING WHERE

QUESTIONS
a) Is the book on the table? Yes, it is (the book is on the table) Where
b) Where is the book? On the table, (the book is on the table) asks
c) Are the books on the table? Yes, they are. (the book are on the table) about
d) Where are the books? On the table. (the books are on the table) place

Make questions
1. ..............................................................................................................................
Yes, she is. (Mary is at home)
2. ..............................................................................................................................
At home. (Mary is at home)
3. ..............................................................................................................................
On the desk. (Your book is on the desk)
4. ..............................................................................................................................
Yes, it is. (Your book is on the desk)
5. ..............................................................................................................................
On the desk. (Your dictionary is on the desk)

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6. ..............................................................................................................................
In my pocket. (My wallet is in my pocket)
7. ..............................................................................................................................
On main street. (The post office is on main street)
8. ..............................................................................................................................
Yes, it is (The train station is on grand avenue)
9. ..............................................................................................................................
Over there. (The bus stop is over there)
10. ..............................................................................................................................
At the library. (Tom is at the library)
11. ..............................................................................................................................
Yes, she is (Ann is in class today)
12. ..............................................................................................................................
Yes, they are. (The students are in class today)

USING BE: PAST TIME

PRESENT TIME PAST TIME

a) I am in class today I was in class yesterday Past forms of
b) Alice is at the library today Alice was at the library yesterday be = was
c) My friends are at home today My friends were at home yesterday were
SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF BE: I
I was we were He
You were you were She + was
He was they were It
She was
It was We
You + were
They

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Change the sentences to the past
1. Bob is in class today
..........................................................................................................
2. I’m in class today
..........................................................................................................
3. Mary is at the library today
..........................................................................................................
4. We are in class today
..........................................................................................................
5. Jim and Ann are at home today
..........................................................................................................
6. You’re busy today
..........................................................................................................
7. I’m tired today
..........................................................................................................

VOCABULARY CHECKLIST: SOME PREPOSITIONAL EXPRESIONS OF PLACE

Above In Inside
Against In back of Next to
Around In the back of On
Behind In front of On top of
Beside In the front of Outside
Between In the middle of Under

PAST OF BE: NEGATIVE

a) I was not in class yesterday Negative contractions
b) I wasn’t in class yesterday
Was + not = wasn’t
c) They were not at home last night Were + not = weren’t
d) They weren’t at home last night I we
He + wasn’t you + weren’t
She they
It

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PAST TIME EXPRESSIONS
PRESENT PAST
Today Yesterday
This morning Yesterday morning
This afternoon Yesterday afternoon
Tonight Last night
This week Last week

Complete the sentences. Use wasn’t or weren’t. Use past time expressions
1. Bob is here today, but ....................................................................................................
2. I’m at home tonight, but ................................................................................................
3. Alice is busy today, but ..................................................................................................
4. We’re in class this morning, but
.........................................................................................................................................
5. Tom is at the library tonight, but
.........................................................................................................................................
6. It’s cold this week, but
.........................................................................................................................................
7. Dick and Janet are at work this morning, but
.........................................................................................................................................
8. Tom is absent from class today, but
.........................................................................................................................................
9. I’m busy this week, but
.........................................................................................................................................
10. Mr. And Mrs. Jones are at home tonight, but
........................................................................................................................................
11. Miss Kelly is at home this morning, but
.........................................................................................................................................
12. Mrs. Anderson is downtown this afternoon, but
.........................................................................................................................................
13. Dr. Ruckman is in her office this afternoon, but
.........................................................................................................................................

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14. The dentist is in his office this afternoon, but
.........................................................................................................................................

PAST OF BE: YES/NO QUESTIONS

BE + SUBJECT SHORT ANSWER (+ LONG ANSWER)
a) Were you in class yesterday? Yes, I was ( I was in class yesterday)
No, I wasn’t (I wasn’t in class yesterday)

b) Was Bob at home last night? Yes, He was ( He was at home last night)
No, He wasn’t ( He wasn’t at home last night)

Make questions and give short answers

1. ( you / at home / last night )
.........................................................................................................................................
Yes, .............................................
2. ( Dick / in / class / yesterday )
.........................................................................................................................................
No, .............................................
3. ( Dick / absent from class / yesterday )
.........................................................................................................................................
Yes, .............................................
4. ( Dick and Sue / at home / last night)
.........................................................................................................................................
Yes, .............................................
5. ( You / nervous / the first day of class)
.........................................................................................................................................
No, .............................................
6. ( Ann / at the library / last night )
.........................................................................................................................................
Yes, .............................................

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7. ( You / in the United States / last year )
.........................................................................................................................................
No, .............................................
8. ( You an your wife / in Canada / last year )
.........................................................................................................................................
No, .............................................
9. ( You and your husband / at home/ yesterday morning )
.........................................................................................................................................
Yes, .............................................
10. ( The weather in Chicago / good / last winter )
.........................................................................................................................................
Yes, .............................................

Make questions and give short answers

1. You / in class / yesterday
.........................................................................................................................................
Yes, .............................................
2. Ann / in class / today
.........................................................................................................................................
No, ............................................. . She’s absent
3. Sue and Bob / here / yesterday afternoon
.........................................................................................................................................
Yes, ............................................. .
4. Dick / at the party / last night
.........................................................................................................................................
No, ............................................. . He was at the library
5. Mary / absent / today
.........................................................................................................................................
Yes, ............................................. . She’s at home. She has a cold
6. You / tired / last night
.........................................................................................................................................
Yes, ............................................. . He went to bed early

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7. You / hungry / last night
.........................................................................................................................................
No, ............................................., but I’m thirsty
8. Jason and Marcus / late for class / yesterday morning
.........................................................................................................................................
Yes, ............................................. . They are always late for class
9. Mr. Johnson / at meeting / last night
.........................................................................................................................................
Yes, .............................................
10. Mr. Robertson / in her office / this week
.........................................................................................................................................
No, ............................................. . She’s out of the town

USING IT TO TALK ABOUT THE WEATHER

a) It’s cold today
b) It’s sunny today In English people usually use IT when they
c) It was cloudy yesterday talk about the weather
d) It’s hot and humid today
e) It’s raining today
f) It’s snowing today

How’s the weather today? Use these words to talk about the weather today
1 hot 6 sunny 11 gloomy
2 warm 7 cloudy 12 humid
3 cool 8 partly cloudy 13 muggy
4 chilly 9 windy 14 raining
5 cold 10 foggy 15 snowing
Make sentences from the information. Use but in your sentences
1. Today: warm - yesterday: cold
.......................................................................................................................................
2. Today: not cold - yesterday: cold
.......................................................................................................................................
3. Today: not hot - yesterday: hot
.......................................................................................................................................
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4. Today: hot - yesterday: cold
.......................................................................................................................................
5. Today: hot - yesterday: not hot
.......................................................................................................................................
6. Today: sunny - yesterday: cloudy
.......................................................................................................................................
7. Today: not sunny - yesterday: sunny
.......................................................................................................................................
8. Today: foggy - yesterday: sunny
.......................................................................................................................................
9. Today: windy - yesterday: not windy
.......................................................................................................................................
USING IT TO TALK ABOUT TIME
QUESTION ANSWER
a) What day is it? It’s Monday
b) What month is it? It’s September In English people use IT to
c) What year is it? It’s 2003 talk about time
d) What’s the date today? It’s September 15th
e) What time is it? It’s 9:00 o’clock

Make questions. Use What in your questions

1. ......................................................................................................................................
It’s Tuesday
2. ......................................................................................................................................
It’s March 14th
3. ......................................................................................................................................
Ten – thirty
4. ......................................................................................................................................
March
5. ......................................................................................................................................
It’s six – fifteen
6. ......................................................................................................................................
It’s 1st of April

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7. ......................................................................................................................................
Wednesday
8. ......................................................................................................................................
July 3rd
9. ......................................................................................................................................
It’s 6:05

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

At a) We have class at one o’clock At + a specific time on

b) I have an appointment with the doctor at 3:00 the clock
c) We sleep at night At + night
In d) My birthday is in October In + month
e) I was born in 1960 In + year
f) We have class in the morning In + the morning
g) Bob has class in the afternoon In +the afternoon
h) I study in the evening In + the evening
On i) I have class on Monday On + day of the week
j) I was born on October 31, 1960. On + date
From ...to k) We have class from 1:00 to 3:00 From (specific time) to
(specific time)

Complete the sentences with prepositions of time

1. We have class ....................................................... ten o’clock
2. We have class ................................... ten ......................................... eleven
3. I have class .......................................................... the morning
4. I work ....................................................... the afternoon
5. I study ..................................................... the evening
6. I sleep ....................................................... night
7. I was born ................................................. May
8. I was born ................................................. 1960
9. I was born ................................................. May 25
10. I was born ................................................. May 25, 1960

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11. The post office isn’t open .................................................. Sunday
12. The post office is open ..................................... 8:00 a.m. ..............................5:00 p.m.
.............................................. Monday
13. The post office closes .............................................. 5:00 p.m.
14. Jane has an appointment with the dentist ............................ ten-thirty
15. I watch television ................................. the evening
16. I study at the library ............................ the afternoon

BE + -ING: USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

a) Am + -ing I am sitting in class right now In (a): when I say this sentence, I am
in class. I am sitting; I am not
b) Is + -ing Mary is sitting in class right now
standing. The action (sitting) is
c) Are + -ing you are sitting in class right now happening right now, and I am saying
the sentence at the same time
Am, is, are = helping verbs
Sitting = the main verb
Am, is, are + -ing = present
progressive tense

Change the sentences to present progressive

1. Stand in the middle of the room
Charles ............................................................................................................................
2. Sit in the middle of the room
Joshed and Ann ..............................................................................................................
3. Stand in the back of the room
My sister ........................................................................................................................
4. Smile
We............................................................................................................................
5. Stand between Peter and Ross.
Carlos and his girlfriend ...............................................................................................
6. Touch the floor
My cousin .......................................................................................................................
7. Touch his toes
.........................................................................................................................................

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8. Touch their toes
.......................................................................................................................................
9. Shake hands with her aunt
............................................................................................................................
10. Hold your book above your head
............................................................................................................................
11. Hold up your hand
............................................................................................................................

THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: YES/NO QUESTIONS

QUESTION SHORT ANSWER (+ LONG ANSWER)
BE + SUBJECT + -ING
Yes, she is. (She’s sleeping)
a) Is Mary sleeping?
No, she’s not (She’s not sleeping)
No, she isn’t (she isn’t sleeping)

b) Are you watching TV? Yes, I am. (I’m watching TV)

No, I’m not. (I’m not watching TV)

Make questions. Give short answers

1. .........................................................................................................................................
........................................................ (Mary isn’t reading a book )
2. .........................................................................................................................................
........................................................ (I’m writing a letter)
3. .........................................................................................................................................
........................................................ (Dick is drinking a cup of coffee)
4. .........................................................................................................................................
........................................................ (Mary isn’t eating lunch)
5. .........................................................................................................................................
........................................................ (The baby is crying)
6. .........................................................................................................................................
........................................................ (I’m not studying)
7. .........................................................................................................................................
........................................................ (Liz and Jack are dancing)

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8. .........................................................................................................................................
........................................................ (The girls aren’t playing in the street)
9. .........................................................................................................................................
........................................................ (The airplane is flying to Chicago)
10. .........................................................................................................................................
........................................................ (The students are writing in their books)
11. .........................................................................................................................................
.................................................... (My brother is talking to his girlfriend on the phone)

THE PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE Right now a) It’s 10:00 I’m sitting in class

PAST PROGRESSIVE Yesterday b) It was 10:00. I was sitting in class

Complete the sentences. Use a form of be + sitting

1. I ................................................. in class right now
2. I ................................................. in class yesterday too
3. You ............................................ in class right now
4. You ............................................ in class yesterday too
5. John ............................................ in class right now
6. He ............................................ in class yesterday too
7. We ............................................ in class today
8. We ............................................ in class yesterday too
9. Mary ............................................ in class now
10. She ............................................ in class yesterday too
11. John and Mary ............................................ in class today
12. They ............................................ in class yesterday too

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SPELLING OF –ING
END OF VERB - ING FORM Vowels = a, e, i, o, u
Rule 1: A consonant + -E Drop the – E. Add –ing Consonants = b, c, d, f, g, h,
Smile Smiling j, k, l, m, n. P, q, r, s, t, v, w,
Write Writing x, y, z
Rule 2: One vowel + one Double the consonant, add – Exception to rule 2:
ing do not double w, x and y
consonant
Snow –snowing
Sit Sitting Fix – fixing
Run Running Say – saying
Rule 3: Two vowels + one Add – ing; do not double the
consonant consonant
Read Reading
Rain Raining
Rule 4: two consonants Add –ing; do not double the
consonant
Stand Studying
Push Pushing

Write the –ing forms for the following words

1. Stand ...................................................
2. Smile ...................................................
3. Run ...................................................
4. Rain ...................................................
5. Sleep ...................................................
6. Steep ...................................................
7. Eat ...................................................
8. Count ...................................................
9. Sit ...................................................
10. Wear ...................................................
11. Dream ...................................................
12. Shine ...................................................
13. Clap ...................................................
14. Bite ...................................................
15. Hit ...................................................
16. Throw ...................................................
17. Cut ...................................................
18. Break ...................................................

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19. Study ...................................................
20. Fly ...................................................
21. Get ...................................................
22. Sing ...................................................
23. Cough ...................................................
24. Erase ...................................................
25. Drop...................................................
26. Cry ...................................................
27. Say ...................................................
28. Look ...................................................
29. Cut .....................................................
30. Dance ...................................................
31. Put ...................................................

THERE + BE
THERE + BE + SUBJECT + (PLACE)
a) There is a bird in the tree
There + be is used to say that
b) There are four birds in the tree something exists in a particular
place

There + is + singular noun

There + are + plural noun
c) There’s a bird in the tree Contractions:
There + is = There’s
d) There’re four birds in the tree
There + are = there’re

Make sentences with there is or there are

1. On my desk a book. ...................................................................................................
2. Some books on john’s desk. .........................................................................................
3. On the wall a map. ........................................................................................................
4. Some pictures on the wall. .............................................................................................
5. In this room three windows. ..........................................................................................
6. Fifteen students in this room. .........................................................................................
7. In the refrigerator some milk. .........................................................................................
8. A bus stop at the corner of Main Street and 2nd Avenue.
.......................................................................................................................................

130
9. In Canada ten provinces. ................................................................................................
10. On television tonight a good program.
........................................................................................................................................

THERE + BE: YES/NO QUESTIONS

QUESTION ANSWER
BE + THERE + SUBJECT
a) Is there any milk in the refrigerator? Yes, there is
No, there isn’t

b) Are there any eggs in the refrigerator? Yes, there are

No, there aren’t

Make questions and give short answers

Example: Milk
Is there any (some) milk in the refrigerator?
Yes, there is
Are there any (some) onions in the refrigerator?
No, there aren’t
1. .........................................................................................................................................
Yes, ........................................................ (cheese)
2. .........................................................................................................................................
No, ........................................................ (butter)
3. .........................................................................................................................................
Yes, ........................................................ (eggs)
4. .........................................................................................................................................
No, ........................................................ (bread)
5. .........................................................................................................................................
Yes, ........................................................ (apples)
6. .........................................................................................................................................
No, ........................................................ (potatoes)
7. .........................................................................................................................................
Yes, ........................................................ (orange juice)
8. .........................................................................................................................................
No, ........................................................ (oranges)

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9. .........................................................................................................................................
Yes, ........................................................ (fruit)
10. .........................................................................................................................................
No, ........................................................ (hamburger)

THERE + BE: ASKING QUESTIONS WITH HOW MANY

QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
(LONG ANSWERS)
HOW MANY + SUBJECT + ARE + THERE + PLACE
a) How many chapters are there in this book? Twelve. (There are twelve
chapters in this book

b) How many provinces are there in Ecuador? Ten. (There are 21

provinces in Ecuador)

Make questions and give short and long answers

1. Chapters in this book
............................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
2. Pages in this book
............................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
3. States in the United States
............................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
4. Windows in this room
............................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
5. People in this room
............................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
6. Women in this room
............................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................

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7. Men in this room
............................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
8. Floors in this building
............................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
9. Countries in North America
............................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
10. People in your family
............................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................

GLOSSARY

133
UNIT 1

Numbers and Mounths

Number Cardinal There is:

Ordinal Quantity: There are:

Order Determine: Nominal:

Sequence Value: Identify:

Hierarchy Unit Categorical:

Position Dozen Nomination:

Beginning Hundreds Numerals:

Middle Thousands Name:

Last Count Recognize:

Start Non count: Signal

End Equivalent:

Place Amount:

Fisrt Whole:

Second Many

Third How many

Too many

So many

There:

134
TIME
When = On – at – in

YEAR = 365 DAYS

Months = 4 WEEKS

= 31 DAYS
= 30 DAYS
= 29 DAYS = LEAP YEAR = 366 DAYS (Each 4 years)
= 28 DAYS

WEEK = 7 days

WEEKDAYS = FROM Monday – Tuesday – Wednesday – Thursday – TO Friday

In Weekdays = School
= Classmates
= Homework
= Parents work
= Sleep early
WEEKEND= FROM Friday – Saturday – TO Sunday
In Weekend = No School
= Family - Friends
= Free time
=Rest time
= Play time - Lazy time
= Sleep later

DAY= 24 hours
HOUR = 60 Minutes
Half Hour = 30 Minutes
A quarter = 15 Minutes
1 Minute = 30 Seconds

DAY= Morning – Afternoon – Night

MORNING = FROM 6h00 am TO 12h00 pm

HALF DAY = 12h00 pm
AFTERNOON = FROM 12h00 pm TO 18H00pm
NIGHT = FROM 18H00pm TO 00h00 am
HALF NIGHT = 00h00 am
DAYBREAK= FROM 01h00 am TO 05h00 am

135
 GREETING S

IN MORNING = GOOD MORNING

IN AFTERNOON = GOOD AFTERNOON
IN NIGHT = GOOD EVENING
BE CAREFUL!

GOOD NIGHT = FARAWAY

Unit 2

Seasons and festivals

Summer
 Hot
 Sun shines a lot
 Pool
 beach
 vacations
 Trees have lots of leaves
 June, July and August

Winter
 Cold
 Snow
 Christmas
 Trees don’t have leaves
 December, January and February

Fall
 weather is cool
 School begins
 Leaves turn red, yellow and brown
 Leaves fall
 It rains sometimes
 pick the vegetables
 September, October and November

Spring
 warm
 green

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  flowers
 birds come back
 trees get new leaves
 it rains a lot
 March, April and May

HOLIDAY
 Special
 Religious
 Extra
 Weekend

FESTIVAL
 Event
 Tradition
 Season
 Culture

VACATION
 Summer
 Break
 Move
 Parties
 Rest
 Fun

NEW YEAR'S EVE

 Old
 New
 January
 December
 End
 Party
 Fireworks
 Noise
 Celebration
 Fun
 Friends
 Cheers
 Resolution

137
VALENTINES DAY
 Cupid
 Heart
 Love
 Bow
 Arrows
 Magic
 Kiss
 Cuddle
 Couple
 Friends
 Gifts
 Flowers
 Chocolate

EASTER
 Eggs
 Games
 Church
 Celebration
 Resurrection
 Jesus Christ
 Bonnets
 Chocolate eggs
 Easter Egg hunt
 Festival
MOTHER’S DAY
 Mom
 Love
 Gift
 Flowers
 Candy
 Women
 Cards
 Clothing
 Jewelry
 Makeup
 Picnic
 Motherhood

138
FATHER’S DAY
 Parenthood
 Male
 Men
 Parents
 Gifts
 Party
 Celebration
 Cards
 Phone call

HALLOWEEN
 Ghosts
 Candy
 Chocolate
 Costumes
 Death
 Bats
 Black
 Cats
 Party
 Celebration
 Tricks
 Surprise
 Monsters
 Witches

CHRISTMAS
 Cold
 December
 Snow
 Gifts
 Chores
 Poems
 Jesus Christ

Festivals in Ecuador
January 1 (NEW YEAR'S DAY)
 Beginning of the year
 Universal party
 Holiday

139
  No classes
 No work
 Rest
 Parades
 Happiness
 Dance
 Music
 Food
 Liqueur
 Cold
 Warm clothing

February 12th (CELEBRATES THE DISCOVERY OF THE AMAZON AND THE DAY OF
THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO)
 Civic moment
 Historical landmark
 National celebration

February 14th (VALENTINE'S DAY)

 Special day
 Couples in love
 Kisses
 Serenade
 Romantic dinners
 Heart symbol
 Red color
 Friendship
 Friends
 Hugs
 Increase sales
 Gifts
 Chocolates
 Flowers
 Ice cream
 Balloons
February 27th (ECUADORIAN CITIZENSHIP DAY)
 Civic day
 Day of citizenship
 National celebration
 Tarqui Battle
February / March (CARNAVAL)
 Cultural tradition
 Before Ash Wednesday
 Holiday
 Parades

140
  Water games
 Dances
 Music
 Food
 Liqueur
 Travels
 Beach

MARCH 22th AND APRIL 25TH (EASTER DAY)

 Religious tradition
 Feast of the Resurrection
 Happens after the first full moon
 Does not have a fixed day
 Religious processions
 Fasting, does not eat red meat
 Typical food Fanesca

MARCH 22th AND APRIL 25TH (EASTER DAY)

 Religious tradition
 Feast of the Resurrection
 Happens after the first full moon
 Does not have a fixed day
 Religious processions
 Fasting, does not eat red meat
 Typical food Fanesca

APRIL 13th (TEACHER'S DAY)

 National homage
 Emotional speech to date
 Gifts
 Souvenir cards
 Food

MAY 1st (LABOR DAY)

 Peaceful marches
 Meeting of workers' guilds
 Retagging banners
 Protest against the government

(MOTHER'S DAY) IN ECUADOR IS CELEBRATED EVERY YEAR ON THE SECOND

SUNDAY OF MAY
 Special day
 World homage
 Family reunions
 Holiday

141
  Weekend

(MOTHER'S DAY) IN ECUADOR IS CELEBRATED EVERY YEAR ON THE SECOND

SUNDAY OF MAY
 Special day
 World homage
 Family reunions
 Holiday
 Weekend
 Sunday
 Serenades
 Gifts
 Chocolates
 Flowers
 New clothes

 Food
 Ice creams
 Travels

(MOTHER'S DAY) IN ECUADOR IS CELEBRATED EVERY YEAR ON THE SECOND

SUNDAY OF MAY
 Special day
 World homage
 Family reunions
 Holiday
 Weekend
 Sunday
 Serenades
 Gifts
 Chocolates
 Flowers
 New clothes

 Food
 Ice creams
 Travels
MAY 24TH. (THE BATTLE OF PICHINCHA)
 Civic date
 Liberation of the Spanish yoke
 Hero fight
 Beginning of the republican and autonomous life of Ecuador

JUNE 1st (CHILDREN'S DAY)

 Celebration of the rights of children and adolescents

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  Celebration with public and private activities
 Child parties
 Gifts
 Chocolates
 Clothes
 Ice creams
 Toys

JUNE 1st (CHILDREN'S DAY)

 Celebration of the rights of children and adolescents
 Celebration with public and private activities
 Child parties
 Gifts
 Chocolates
 Clothes
 Ice creams
 Toys

(FATHER'S DAY) IS CELEBRATED EVERY THIRD SUNDAY OF JUNE

 Homage to the family axis
 Holiday
 Weekend
 Sunday
 Gifts
 Clothes
 Perfumes
 Travels
 Food

AUGUST 10th OF 1809 (INDEPENDENCE´S DAY)

 Memorable date
 National holiday
 First Cry of the Independence
Celebration of the values of freedom and equality
OCTOBER 31st (SHIELD'S DAY)
 Civic meeting
 National holiday
 Symbol of civility and patriotic

NOVEMBER 2nd (MEMORIAL DAY)

 Cultural tradition
 Religious tradition
 We remember our dead
 Visit to the cemetery

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  Family reunion
 Flower crown
 Preparation of the colada morada and bread guaguas

DECEMBER 25th (CHRISTMAS)

 Birth of Jesus in Belen
 Religious tradition
 Family reunion
 Moments of joy
 Construction of the manger
 Figures and animals for the manger
 Christmas decorations
 Christmas lights
 Christmas tree
 Gifts especially to children
 Candy wrappers
 Christmas dinner
 Fritters with honey
 Wine or champagne
 cold

DECEMBER 31 (END OF YEAR)

 Family meeting
 It begins with the Day of the Innocents
 Families burn humanoid puppets with faces of famous people
 Many men disguise themselves as "widows of the old year"
 New Year's Eve dinner
 Wine
 Turkey
 Artificial lights and pyrotechnic games
 Alcohol
 Music
 Dance

SPORTS
KEY WORDS:

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RAFTING
 Lifejacket
 Helmet
 Boat
 Oars
 River
 Flow
 Decline

SOCCER
 Glove
 Ball
 Shoes Soccer
 Cones
 Shirts
 Average
 Soccer Bag
 Shinguards
 Time: 90 min
 Two team
 Eleven players
 Soccer bown

AMERICAN FOOTBALL
 Helmet
 Shoulder Pads
 Gloves
 Jersey
 Thigh pads
 Pants
 Cleats
 Socks
 Elbow pads
 Time: 60 min.
 22 players
 Ruby ball
ICE HOCKEY
 Helmet
 Neck guard
 Shoulder pads
 Elbow pads
 Hockey jersey
 Hockey gloves
 Hockey pants
 Garter

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  Shin guards
 Hockey socks
 Mouthguard
 Ice skates
 Hockey puck
 Hockey stick
 Six players
 over ice
ECUADORIAN SPORTS
RAYUELA
 Chalk
 Floor
 Board
 Like a cat
 Put numbers
 Jump
COMETA
 Highland Region
 Reed
 Summer vacations
 Wind
 Kite string

COMETA
 Highland Region
 Reed
 Summer vacations
 Wind
 Kite string

CUERDA
 Force
 Two teams
 Placed to one end
 Pull with force
 Move the other team

ENSACADO
 Sacks
 Jump

ENSACADO
 Sacks
 Jump

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CALIENTE CALIENTE
 Hide
 Object
 Bread
 Burned
 Hot
 Cold
 Finds the bread

CANICAS
 Circle
 Line of the circle
 Remove the balls
 Bowls
ESCONDIDAS
 Hide
 Covers the eyes
 Count of 5 to 50
 Group of friends
 Look for
Units 4 and 5 contain the same vocabulary of the previous units.

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