07 Helicopteros Historia - SAR PDF
07 Helicopteros Historia - SAR PDF
07 Helicopteros Historia - SAR PDF
El Bell 47 ha demostrado ser uno de los helicópteros más útiles de todos los
tiempos, permaneciendo su producción durante más de tres décadas. Se
construyeron más de 5.000 naves tanto para uso militar como civil, y
actualmente están en servicio miles de ellos tanto en misiones de observación
como para entrenamiento. Una típica variante, el Modelo 47G-3B-2A, ha sido
equipado con un único motor de pistón Lycoming TVO-435-F1A
proporcionando 280 caballos de potencia (209 kilowatios). Mide 31 pies y 7
pulgadas (9.6 metros) de largo, 9 pies y 3 pulgadas (2.8 metros) de alto, y tiene
un rotor con un diámetro de 37 pies y 1 pulgada (11.3 metros). Su peso en
vacío es de 2,893 libras (1,312 kilogramos), tiene una velocidad máxima de 105
millas por hora (169 kilómetros por hora), y una autonomía de 215 millas
náuticas (398 kilómetros).
Aunque casi nunca iban armadas, los “Dustoff Hueys” algunas veces fueron
utilizados para aportar suministros incluso municiones a las tropas en el
frente—lo que un piloto definió como “medicina preventiva.” Con frecuencia
estuvieron bajo el fuego enemigo y muchos de ellos fueron derribados – la cruz
roja ue llevaban pintada no les proporcionaba inmunidad. Los pilotos de los
“Dustoff” a menudo conseguían reputaciones por su inmensa valentía,
arriesgandose ellos y su aparato para extraer a soldados heridos durante
intensos combates, por lo que se concedieron varias Medallas del Honor tanto
a pilotos como a tripulantes.
En los años 80, el Ejército de los EEUU comenzó a sustituir el “Huey” por el
Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk en misiones de evacuación sanitaria. Los
requerimientos militares son la capacidad para transportar un elevado número
de heridos, y el mayor tamaño y velocidad del Black Hawk (comparado con el
“Huey”) hizo que fuera muy valioso en 1991 durante la Operación Tormenta del
Desierto. Pero el Ejército también cambió tácticas —los helicópteros sanitarios
nunca más entrarían en zonas de fuego para recuperar heridos. En su lugar,
los soldados heridos serían evacuados tanto por los helicópteros que los
llevaron al frente como por aeronaves dedicadas a la búsqueda y rescate,
siendo escudos hacia zonas de espera donde los heridos más graves eran
evacuados por helicópteros sanitarios hacias los hospitales de campaña.
Durante la Guerra del Golfo, un helicóptero en misión de búsqueda y rescate y
que transportaba a un médico fue derribado. Cinco miembros de la tripulación
murieron y tres fueron capturados.
Bibliografía
Ahnstrom, D.N., The Complete Book of Helicopters. New York: The World
Publishing Company, 1971.
Cook, John L. Rescue Under Fire. Atglen, Penn.: Schiffer, 1998.
Manning, Treg. "The Helicopter in Air Medical Service." Bell Aircraft Company.
http://www.bellhelicopter.com/content/encyclopedia/applications/ems/airMedBo
ok/index.html
Tipton, Richard S. "Arthur Young: Maker of the Bell." Bell Aircraft Company.
http://www.arthuryoung.com/maker1.html
Helicópteros
Un helicóptero es una aeronave que puede despegar y aterrizar verticalmente.
También puede mantenerse inmóvil y girar en el aire y puede desplazarse
lateralmente y hacia atrás mientras permanece volando. Puede cambiar de
dirección muy rápidamente y puede detenerse completamente y permanecer
en vuelo estacionario.
El helicópero vuela gracias a la fuerza generada por la rotación de las palas del
motor principal que se monta encima del fuselaje, o cuerpo de la aeronave. La
rotación de las palas crea un flujo de aire sobre ellas que provoca que la
aeronave ascienda. El piloto maniobra el helicóptero modificando el ángulo de
las palas del rotor mientras se desplaza por el aire.
Brehm, Jack, and Nelson, Pete. That Others May Live: The True Story of a PJ,
a Member of America's Most Daring Rescue Force. New York: Crown
Publishers, 2000.
Junger, Sebastian. The Perfect Storm. New York: Harperperrenial, 1999.
Lake, Jon. "Sikorsky S-61/H3 Sea King Variant Briefing." World Airpower
Journal 26 (Autumn/Fall 1996) 116-137.
O'Grady, Scott. Return With Honor. New York: Harper, 1996.
También en los años 50, los rancheros comenzaron a usar los helicópteros
para llegar a zonas distantes de su propiedad y para reunir ganados. Los
granjeros también equiparon algunos helicópteros para la fumigación de
cosechas. El Bell 47 fue modificado por Continental Copters a la versión 47G-2
EL Tomcat que fue equipado con dos grandes tanques externos y con dos
barras para fumigar que se extendían por debajo y a cada lado de la carlinga
del monoplaza. Una ventaja de usar un helicóptero para este propósito frente al
avión era que el aire de los rotores golpeaba la tierra y posteriormente rebotaba
hacia arriba, asegurando que el pesticida alcanzaba las superficies inferiores
de las plantas. Además, el helicóptero no necesitaba una pista para despegar y
aterrizar.
Las plataformas petrolíferas en el Mar del Norte tendían a ser más grandes y
necesitaban a mayores equipos que las del golfo de Méjico o de la costa del
Pacífico. Por lo tanto necesitaban helicópteros más grandes. La British Airway
Helicopters adquirió diversos Boeing-Vertol Modelo 234, variante civil del
Chinook CH-47, helicóptero de transporte militar, equipados con asientos y
lavabos. El "Chinook comercial" tuvo su primer vuelo en el año 1980 y en su
primer año del servicio transportó a 80.000 pasajeros, pero este modelo nunca
fue muy popular y los clientes los substituyeron por otros más pequeños como
el Puma y el Sikorsky S-61N.
El Bell Jet Ranger, que voló por primera vez en enero de 1966 y obtuvo su
certificación de tipo por la FAA en octubre de 1966, fue también un aparato
muy popular para las plataformas petrolíferas y otras actividades. De hecho, el
Jet Ranger y sus variantes ha sido uno de los helicópteros comerciales con
más éxito utilizado para cualquier actividad, desde tareas de agrimensura a
tareas de elevación de cargas y transporte. También han sido muy popular
entre las fuerzas de policía y los servicios de emergencia sanitarios.
Los helicópteros también se han utilizado en un sin fin de tareas comerciales
inusuales e inesperadas. Se han utilizado para arrojar semillas sobre territorios
inaccesibles, por ejemplo colinas y montañas arrasadas tras incendios
forestales o tras operaciones de tala. También se utilizan en la lucha contra
incendios, generalmente bajo contrato estatal o de los gobiernos locales.
Pueden arrojar espuma o agua con precisión sobre el foco del incendio y a
diferencia de los aviones, pueden rellenar sus tanques sin aterrizar.
Ahnstrom, D.N. The Complete Book of Helicopters. New York: The World
Publishing Company, 1971.
Lundh, Lennart. Sikorsky H-34. Atglen, Penn.: Schiffer, 1998.
Manning, Treg. "The Helicopter in Air Medical Service." Bell Aircraft Company.
http://www.bellhelicopter.com/content/encyclopedia/applications/ems/airMedBo
ok/index.html
Bell UH-1 "Huey"
El helicóptero más famoso del mundo es el Bell UH-1 Iroquios, llamado más
comúnmente "Huey. "El Huey, que voló por primera vez en 1956, sirvió al
Ejercito de los EEUU y de otros muchos paises y lo seguirá haciendo durante
muchos años. Ganó su fama durante la guerra de Vietnam y ha aparecido en
muchas películas bélicas, como Apocalypse Now y Platoon, así como en
numerosas películas acción.
This was a revolutionary form of combat that was not without its problems. As
soon as the Viet Cong chose to hold their ground rather than flee at the arrival
of the helicopters, they discovered the helos could be brought down with small
arms fire. The H-21 proved particularly vulnerable. During one disastrous battle
at Ap Bac near Saigon in January 1963, four H-21s and one armed Huey were
lost to enemy fire. Nevertheless, the U.S. Army soon fully embraced air mobility,
but helicopters remained vulnerable to ground fire. By 1973, approximately
2,500 Hueys had been lost in Vietnam, roughly half to combat and the rest to
operational accidents.
Several thousand of the early Huey variants were produced. Beginning in 1963,
the U.S. Army ordered the first of the improved Model 205/UH-1D Hueys. Its
primary modification was the addition of an enlarged and stretched main cabin
and more powerful engine to boost carrying capacity. More than 2,500 of this
model entered service with the U.S. armed forces, culminating in the UH-1H
version. A single Textron Lycoming T53-L-13 turboshaft engine with 1,400 shaft
horsepower (1,044 kilowatts) powered the UH-1H. The craft was 41 feet 9
inches (12.7 meters) long, 14 feet 5 inches (4.4 meters) high, and had a rotor
diameter of 48 feet (14.6 meters). It weighed 5,210 pounds (2,363 kilograms)
empty, had a maximum speed of 127 miles per hour (204 kilometers per hour)
and a range of 276 nautical miles (511 kilometers).
The U.S. Marine Corps wanted a more powerful version of the Huey equipped
with two engines. The Marines were concerned that an engine failure over
water would result in a crash. Helicopters are notoriously difficult aircraft to
escape from, for they immediately turn upside down upon hitting the water. In
1968, Bell proposed the first twin-engine Huey. The U.S. Air Force took delivery
of the first aircraft, designated UH-1N, in 1970, and it soon became the
standard utility helicopter of the Marine Corps. It was also exported in large
numbers and eventually manufactured in Canada. The UH-1N could be easily
distinguished from the earlier models by its slightly pointed nose. Despite its two
engines, the UH-1N was slightly slower than the UH-1H. An armed helicopter
called the HueyCobra (often simply called the Cobra) used the engine, rotors,
and many other systems from the Huey. It had a slender fuselage carrying a
two-person crew, and numerous weapons.
The Huey was enormously successful for three reasons. First, it achieved an
ideal mix of cabin room, speed, and lifting capability. Earlier piston-engine
helicopters simply lacked enough power for many military missions. Second, the
Huey proved to be a rugged and reliable helicopter in service. In addition, large
military orders enabled Bell to offer the Huey both commercially and overseas
at an attractive price.
Bell also built commercial versions of the military Hueys beginning in 1960, and
developed upgraded models such as the 214 and 412 for military export and
civilian use. The Model 412 was equipped with a four-bladed rotor and more
powerful engines and was still being produced at Bell Helicopter Canada in
2000.
Bell and licensed firms like Italy's Agusta (eventually bought by Bell) have built
more than 15,000 Hueys. It is the most numerous helicopter ever built and the
most numerous aircraft built since 1945 except for the Soviet-era Antonov An-2
biplane transport. The Huey is operated by more than 60 air forces throughout
the world in a wide variety of roles, everything from VIP transport to flying
ambulance to attack helicopter. It has continued in service well past the five
decades since the first Huey lifted off the ground.
—Dwayne A. Day
Sources:
Francillon, Ren‚ J. Vietnam: The War in the Air. New York: Arch Cape Press,
1987.
Content of Standard
Standard 3
Students will develop an understanding of the relationships among technologies
and the connections between technology and other fields of study.
Sikorsky UH-60/S-70 Black Hawk
Family
Sikorsky S-70 family of helicopters, designated the H-60 in U.S. military use, is
the most popular U.S. military helicopter next to the Bell UH-1 or Huey and is
gradually replacing it in many military roles. The UH-60 Black Hawk has already
completely replaced the Huey in the U.S. Army as the primary troop transport
and is gradually replacing it in the Reserves and National Guard. Variants of the
S-70, with names like Seahawk, Jayhawk and Pave Hawk, are also used by the
U.S. Navy, Coast Guard and Air Force and are in heavy use around the world.
They serve in a wide range of transport and support roles, including search and
rescue, antisubmarine and maritime surveillance, and special tasks. The
Customs Service and the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) also use the
aircraft. It is the most popular U.S. military helicopter produced in the last two
decades, with more than 2,400 in use.
The Sikorsky Model S-70 was developed in response to the Army's 1972
request for a Utility Tactical Transport System (UTTAS) helicopter. The UTTAS
design criteria were based upon U.S. experience during Vietnam. In particular,
the Army wanted a helicopter with crew survivability features and engines,
rotors, and transmission designed to be better capable of taking damage than
the Huey. Sikorsky equipped the S-70 with a crashworthy cabin "box," an
armor-plated cockpit, self-sealing fuel tanks, and wheeled landing gear that
could absorb heavy vertical impacts. The S-70, unlike most Hueys, has two
engines, either of which can keep the helicopter in the air if the other fails. It
also has widely-separated redundant electronic and hydraulic systems. It has
four main rotor blades and a tail rotor that is tilted at an angle and therefore
provides some additional lift.
Perhaps the most unusual thing about the S-70 is its shape. Unlike the Huey, it
is long and low-set. This design was dictated by the requirement that the
helicopter be able to fit inside a C-130 Hercules cargo plane without removing
the rotors. Two of the craft had to be capable of fitting inside a C-141 and six
within a C-5 Galaxy. The low ceiling of these aircraft required a helicopter that
was wider and squatter than a Huey.
The first S-70, designated the YUH-60A by the Army, competed against the
Boeing Vertol YUH-61A in 1975. It was declared the winner of the UTTAS
competition in December 1976, and entered production soon after. The first
production UH-60A Black Hawk was delivered to the Army in 1979. By the time
production of the A model ended in October 1989, Sikorsky had produced 976
aircraft for the Army. The UH-60A was succeeded by the UH-60L, equipped
with more powerful engines, a system for reducing the heat generated by the
engines, and provision for a stronger external cargo hook. Both versions carry
eleven fully armed troops and a crew of three. A dedicated medevac version
was also developed, equipped like most private medevac helicopters and
capable of carrying six patients.
The UH-60A has a rotor diameter of 53.7 feet (16.4 meters), is 64.8 feet (19.8
meters) long, and 16.8 feet (5.1 meters) high. It weighs 10,649 pounds (4,830
kilograms) when empty, has a maximum weight of 20,250 pounds (9,185
kilograms), and carries a crew of three. Two 1,543-shaft horsepower (1,150.6-
kilowatt) GE T700-GE-700 turboshaft engines provide power. Its maximum
speed is 182 miles per hour (293 kilometers per hour), can reach an altitude of
19,300 feet (5,883 meters), and has a range of 373 miles (600 kilometers).
The UH-60 first saw combat during the 1983 U.S. invasion of the island of
Grenada. According to the Army, it proved it could survive significant damage
and still fly. It also proved quite capable eight years later during the Persian Gulf
War, when nearly half of the Army's total number of Black Hawks participated.
Only two were lost in combat. During the U.S. mission to Somalia in 1993, the
Black Hawk proved vulnerable to rocket-propelled grenades fired from rooftops
and several were lost.
The U.S. Navy also adopted a version of the H-60 named Seahawk as a multi-
role combat helicopter known as Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System (LAMPS)
III. The LAMPS III was intended to perform anti-submarine and surface attack
missions, as well as other utility duties and search and rescue at sea. The SH-
60B Seahawk entered service in 1983. It was soon followed by the SH-60F,
which replaced the Sikorsky SH-3H Sea King in the anti-submarine role. The
SH-60F is equipped with a sonar that it lowers into the water on a cable (known
as a "dipping sonar" or "dunking sonar") to listen for submarines. The Navy also
developed a search and rescue version known as the HH-60H Rescue Hawk.
The Navy plans to modify the SH-60B and SH-60F to a common standard,
known as the SH-60R. It also intends to procure a cargo-carrying version known
as the CH-60S. In addition, a similar version has been proposed for Marine
Corps use.
The U.S. Coast Guard also developed an H-60 version for search and rescue
operations that now is its primary search and rescue aircraft. It is designated the
HH-60J Jayhawk, has a search/weather radar, and can be equipped with a
Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) turret that provides excellent night vision. The
U.S. Air Force operates the MH-60G Pave Hawk special operations aircraft and
the HH-60G rescue aircraft. Although similar to the Army's UH-60L, they are
equipped with a FLIR turret for night operations and an in-flight refueling probe,
allowing the helicopter to refuel in the air during long missions.
Sikorsky has marketed the S-70 to various militaries around the world. Spain,
Japan, Australia, Greece, Taiwan, Thailand and Turkey fly naval variants. Army
variants are flown by the Philippines, China, Taiwan, Jordan, Bahrain, Brunei,
Columbia, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, South Korea, Japan, Egypt, Mexico,
Morocco, Hong Kong, Argentina, Israel, the United Kingdom, Mexico, Malaysia,
Kuwait and Czechoslovakia, and others. Japan produces both versions under
license, and Turkey and South Korea co-produce them as well. Civilian versions
are also in operation, usually for VIP transport or law enforcement purposes.
Donald, David, ed. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. New York:
Barnes and Noble Books, 1997.
Further Reading:
Bowden, Mark. Blackhawk Down, New York: Atlantic Monthly Press: 1999.
Chief Pilot Floyd Carlson demonstrates the stability of the Bell Model 47 on
March 8, 1946, the day that Bell was awarded the first commercial helicopter
license by the Civil Aeronautics Administration.
In addition to its role as a medivac helicopter, the Sioux was selected for use by
President Dwight Eisenhower in 1957.
The U.S. Army "Dustoff" helicopter, the Bell UH-1 Huey, received its nickname
for the dirt that it kicked up as it took off and landed.
This Bell Model 47 has an external litter for transporting wounded
The U.S. Coast Guard has used the Sikorsky H-19 for search and rescue
operations.
This UH-1D was used by the Luftwaffe as a search and rescue aircraft.
The U.S. Navy and Coast Guard and some state national guards have used the
Sikorsky S-70 Black Hawk for search and rescue missions.
The Sikorsky HSS-2 Sea King has been used for search and rescue missions
since the early 1960s.
A modified version of the Sikorsky CH-53 Stallion heavy lift helicopter was used
to rescue downed F-16 pilot Scott O'Grady in Bosnia in 1995.
The U.S. Air Force has used special versions of this Sikorsky CH-53 for search
and rescue operations.
The Sikorsky CH-3E Jolly Green Giant was an updated CH-3C, which first saw
service in Vietnam in 1963.
Carter Harmon (standing, on the left) performed the first helicopter evacuation
in a combat zone on April 25, 1944, in the highlands of Northern Burma.
Sikorsky R-6As attached to the 14th Air Force provided essential search and
rescue services for aircraft crossing the "Hump" into China during the final
months of World War II.
The Bell Huey UH-1H was an improved model that had an enlarged main cabin
and more powerful engine.
The Bell HueyCobra (AH-1S) is an armed helicopter that has used the engine,
rotors, and other systems from the Huey.
U.S. helicopters arriving to air lift Vietnamese government Rangers of the 43rd
battalion into battle against Viet Cong guerrillas, Saigon, 1965.
The famous "Huey" helicopter.
The MH-60 Pave Hawk helicopter a twin-engine, medium lift, utility, and assault
helicopter used by the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard as well as
by many militaries worldwide. The Army's UH-60L Black Hawk can carry 11
soldiers or 2,600 pounds (1,170 kg) of cargo or sling load 9,000 pounds (4,050
kg) of cargo. The Air Force received the MH-60G Pave Hawk in 1982 while the
Coast Guard received the HH-60J Jayhawk in 1992.
The Sikorsky UH 60-L Black Hawk has a stronger external cargo hook than
earlier versions.
The helicopter failed, as did its successor due to a lack of power and
understanding of the aerodynamics of vertical flight. Undeterred, Sikorsky
turned his attention to fixed-wing aircraft.
His first fixed-wing plane, the S-1 failed, because its 15-horsepower (11.2-
kilowatt) engine was inadequate. His second plane, the S-2 was a success. His
fifth plane, the S-5, won him national recognition. With its 50-horsepower (37.3-
kilowatt) engine, he could stay aloft for more than an hour, reach heights of
1,500 feet (457 meters), and make short trips. He also earned license number
64 from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. His S-6-A received the
highest award at the 1912 Moscow Aviation Exhibition, and later that year, won
first prize in the military competition at Petrograd. Sikorsky also began supplying
aircraft to the Russian army.
His next step, which came about as a result of a mosquito-clogged carburetor
and subsequent engine failure, was to design and build the world's first four-
engine plane. "Le Grand," featured innovations such as an enclosed cabin, a
lavatory, upholstered chairs, and an exterior catwalk atop the fuselage where
passengers could get some fresh air. His next plane was the even larger Ilia
Mourometz, which was used as a bomber during World War I.
After a few years in the United States, Sikorsky established his own company,
the Sikorsky Aero Engineering Corporation. By 1929, the company was
producing the S-38 twin-engine amphibians. In 1931, the first S-40, the
'American Clipper,' rolled off the assembly line. In the following years, his
planes set new records for altitude, speed, and payload.