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Textual variants in the Epistle to the Romans are the subject of the study called textual criticism of the New Testament. Textual variants in manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to a text that is being reproduced. An abbreviated list of textual variants in this particular book is given in this article below.
Most of the variations are not significant and some common alterations include the deletion, rearrangement, repetition, or replacement of one or more words when the copyist's eye returns to a similar word in the wrong location of the original text. If their eye skips to an earlier word, they may create a repetition (error of dittography). If their eye skips to a later word, they may create an omission. They may resort to performing a rearranging of words to retain the overall meaning without compromising the context. In other instances, the copyist may add text from memory from a similar or parallel text in another location. Otherwise, they may also replace some text of the original with an alternative reading. Spellings occasionally change. Synonyms may be substituted. A pronoun may be changed into a proper noun (such as "he said" becoming "Jesus said"). John Mill's 1707 Greek New Testament was estimated to contain some 30,000 variants in its accompanying textual apparatus[1] which was based on "nearly 100 [Greek] manuscripts."[2] Peter J. Gurry puts the number of non-spelling variants among New Testament manuscripts around 500,000, though he acknowledges his estimate is higher than all previous ones.[3]
Legend
editA guide to the sigla (symbols and abbreviations) most frequently used in the body of this article.[4][5]
- General sigla
- # beginning with 0: uncial
- # not beginning with 0: minuscule
- * superscript: original reading
- c superscript: scribal correction
- ms superscript: individual manuscript
- mss superscript: multiple manuscripts
- pt superscript: partial attestation
- vid superscript: uncertain reading
- arab: Arabic versions
- arm: Armenian versions
- 𝔐 or Byz: Byzantine text-type
- cop: Coptic versions
- sa: Sahidic version
- bo: Boharic version
- eth: Ethiopic versions
- ƒ: Greek manuscripts family
- geo: Georgian versions
- goth: Gothic versions
- it: Italic/Vetus Latina
- lat: most Italic and Vulgate
- latt: all Italic and Vulgate
- 𝔓: papyrus
- 𝑙: individually numbered lectionary
- Lect: most or all numbered lectionaries
- parenthesized (): approximate reading
- rell: all other extant manuscripts
- slav: Slavic versions
- syr: Syriac versions
- vg: Latin Vulgate
- ς: Textus Receptus
- Uncial sigla
- א: Codex Sinaiticus (01)
- A: Codex Alexandrinus (02)
- B: Codex Vaticanus (03)
- C: Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (04)
- Dea: Codex Bezae (05)
- Dp: Codex Claromontanus (06)
- Ke: Codex Cyprius (017)
- Kap: Codex Mosquensis I (018)
- Le: Codex Regius (New Testament) (019)
- Lap: Codex Angelicus (020)
- Papr: Codex Porphyrianus (025)
- S: Codex Vaticanus 354 (028)
- V: Codex Mosquensis II (031)
- W: Codex Washingtonianus (032)
- Z: Codex Dublinensis (035)
- Γ: Codex Tischendorfianus IV (036)
- Δ: Codex Sangallensis 48 (037)
- Θ: Codex Koridethi (038)
- Ξ: Codex Zacynthius (040)
- Π: Codex Petropolitanus (New Testament) (041)
- Φ: Codex Beratinus (043)
- Ψ: Codex Athous Lavrensis (044)
- Ω: Codex Athous Dionysiou (045)
- ff1: Codex Corbeiensis I
- ff2: Codex Corbeiensis II
- g1: Codex Sangermanensis I
- k: Codex Bobiensis
- Critical editions
- T8th: Tischendorf's 8th Edition of Editio Octava Critica Maior
- WH: Westcott and Hort (1881)
- NA: Novum Testamentum Graece (Nestle–Aland)
- UBS: United Bible Societies
- ECM: Editio Critica Maior
Textual variants
edit
- ἐν Ῥώμῃ (in Rome) – א A B C D K P Ψ 33 81 88 104 181 330 436 451 614 629 630 1241 1739txt 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syr cop arm Origen Ambst. Augustine
- ἐν ἀγάπῃ θεοῦ (in love of God) – Codex Boernerianus
- omitted by 1739mg 1908 Origen
Romans 1:8
Romans 1:15
- ἐν Ῥώμῃ – omitted by Ga
Romans 1:29
- πονηρια πλεονεξια κακια – B 0172vid 1739 1881 Origen Basil
- πονηρια κακια πλεονεξια – א A copbomss
- κακια πονηρια πλεονεξια – C Dsupp.c 33 81 copsa, bo eth
- κακια πορνεια πλεονεξια – Dsupp.* G (629 add πονηρια) itd, e, g
- πορνεια πονηρια πλεονεξια κακια – L Ψ (88 add και after each word) 326 330 436 451 614 630 1241 1877 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect syrh arm
- πορνεια αδικια πλεονεξια κακια – 181
- πονηρια πορνεια πλεονεξια κακια – 104 vg?
- και πορνεια πλεονεξια κακια – P
- πλεονεξια κακια – K
Romans 2:1
Romans 4:1
Romans 5:1
Romans 6:11
- ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ – 𝔓46, A, B, D, G, Ψ, 629, 630, 1739, it, vg
- ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ τῷ κυριῷ ἡμῶν – א, C, K, P, 33, 81, 88, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 1241, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect
- ἐν Χριστῷ τῷ κυριῷ ἡμῶν – 104
- omit itr
Romans 6:16
- εἰς θάνατον (for death) – omitted by D, 1739*, d, r, am, pesh, sa, armmss, Ambrosiaster
Romans 6:17
- καρδιας – majority of mss
- καθαρας – A
Romans 7
Romans 8:1
- Ιησου – א, B, D, G, 1739, 1881, itd, g, copsa, bo, eth
- Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν – A, Db, Ψ, 81, 629, 2127, vg
- Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα – אc, Dc, K, P, 33, 88, 104, 181, 326, 330, (436 omit μη), 456, 614, 630, 1241, 1877, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect
Romans 10:21
- καὶ ἀντιλέγοντα (and contrary) – omitted by F, G, g, Ambrosiaster, Hilary
Romans 11:1
- τὸν λαόν – א, A, Β, C, D, K, P, Ψ, 33, 81, 88, 181, 330, 436, 451, 614, 629, 630, 1241, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect, itar, d, dem, e, z, vg, syrp, h, copsa, bo, arm, Origen, Eusebius, Chryzostom, Augustine, Theodoret
- τὴν κληρονομίαν – 𝔓46, G, it, goth, Ambrosiaster, Ambrose, Pelagius
Romans 13:1
- υπο θεου – א Α Β D2 Ψ Byz
- απο θεου – D* F G 629 945
Romans 13:9
- ου ψευδομαρτυρησεις, ουκ επιθυμησεις – 01 048 81 88 104 326 330 365 436 451 629 1506 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byzpt ℓ 597 ℓ 598 ℓ 599 a b vgcl (syrh) copbo
- ου ψευδομαρτυρησης, ουκ επιθυμησης – P
- ουκ επιθυμησεις – 𝔓46 Α Β D F G L Ψ 6 33 181 614 630 1175 1241 1739 1877 1881 vgst syrp copsa
- ουκ επιθυμησεις, ου ψευδομαρτυρησεις – 2495
Romans 14:1
Romans 15:19
- πνευματος θεου – 𝔓46 א D P Ψ 88 181 326 436 614 629 1241
- πνευματος αγιου – A D G 33 81 104 630 1739
- πνευματος θεου αγιου – 330 451
Romans 15:29
- Χριστου – 𝔓46 א Α Β C D G P 81 629 630 1739 1881 ar d e f g x z vgww cop arm
- του ευαγγελιου του Χριστου – אc Ψ 33 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 1241 1877 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect vgcl syrp,h
- της διδαχης του Χριστου – ethro
Romans 15:31
- διακονια – 𝔓46 א Α C Dc P Ψ 33 81 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect
- δωροφορια – B D Ggr
Romans 16:15
- Ιουλιαν, Νηρεα – א Α Β C2 D P Ψ 33 81 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syr cop arm
- Βηρεα και Αουλιαν – 𝔓46
- Ιουνιαν, Νηρεα – C Ggr
Romans 16:20
- ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ (Χριστου) μεθ' ὑμῶν (The grace of our Lord Jesus (Christ) with you) – mss of the Alexandrian, Caesarean, and Byzantine text-types
- omitted by D*vid, Fp, G, d, f, g, m, bodl Ambrosiaster Pelagiusms
Romans 16:24
- Verse omitted by Codex Sinaiticus A B C 5 81 263 623 1739 1838 1962 2127 itz vgww copsa,bo ethro Origenlat)
- Verse included by D G Ψ 88 181 326 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1877 1881 1984 1985 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vgcl syrh
- Verse included but following 16:27 P 33 104 256 436 1319 1837 syrp arm
Romans 16:25-27
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Adam Fox, John Mill and Richard Bentley: A Study of the Textual Criticism of the New Testament 1675–1729 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954), pp. 105–115; John Mill, Novum Testamentum Graecum, cum lectionibus variantibus MSS (Oxford 1707)
- ^ Metzger and Ehrman (2005), p.154
- ^ Peter J. Gurry, "The Number of Variants in the Greek New Testament: A Proposed Estimate" New Testament Studies 62.1 (2016), p. 113
- ^ Metzger, Bruce Manning; Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 54, 62–86, 102–103. ISBN 0-19-516667-1.
- ^ J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Legenda tekstkritische notities". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 May 2022.
Further reading
edit- Novum Testamentum Graece et Latine, ed. E. Nestle, K. Aland, Stuttgart 1981.
- Bruce M. Metzger & Bart D. Ehrman, "The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration", OUP New York, Oxford, 4 edition, 2005
- Bart D. Ehrman, "The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture. The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament", Oxford University Press, New York - Oxford, 1996, pp. 223–227.
- Bruce M. Metzger, "A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament", 1994, United Bible Societies, London & New York.