An investigation by the International Criminal Court (ICC) to analyze possible crimes against humanity committed in Venezuela was opened in 2021.[1] A preliminary examination was initially opened in 2006, and closed after concluding that the requirements to start an investigation had not been met.[2] In February 2018, the ICC announced that it would open preliminary probes into alleged crimes against humanity performed by Venezuelan authorities since at least April 2017.[3] In 2020, the Office of the Prosecutor of the ICC stated that it believed there was a "reasonable basis" to believe that "since at least April 2017, civilian authorities, members of the armed forces and pro-government individuals have committed the crimes against humanity",[4] and on 2021 ICC Prosecutor Karim Khan announced the opening of an investigation regarding the situation in the country.[1]
 The seal of the International Criminal Court | |
| File no. | 02/18 |
|---|---|
| Referred by | Argentina, Canada, Colombia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru |
| Date referred | 27 September 2018 |
| Date opened | 3 November 2021 |
| Crimes | Crimes against humanity: |
| Status of suspect | |
Background
editBy 2006, the Office of the Prosecutor received twelve communications concerning the situation in Venezuela, most of them related to crimes allegedly committed by the Venezuelan government and associated forces and one to crimes alleged to have been committed by opposition groups. The examination was closed on 9 February 2006 because events related to the 2002 Venezuelan coup attempt in April 2002 were out of the jurisdiction of the Rome Statute, since jurisdiction for Venezuela started on 1 July 2002; while the submitted information on events taking place after 1 July 2002 lacked precision, had internal and external inconsistencies, and was considered by the ICC to be insufficient to justify opening an investigation.[2]
Preliminary examination
edit2018
editIn February 2018, the International Criminal Court (ICC) announced that it would open preliminary probes into alleged crimes against humanity performed by Venezuelan authorities.[5]
In May 2018, a Panel of Independent International Experts appointed by the Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS) concluded that reasonable grounds existed to believe that crimes against humanity had been committed in Venezuela dating back to at least 12 February 2014 and recommended that the Secretary General of the OAS, Luis Almagro, should submit the report and the evidence collected by the General Secretariat of the OAS to the Office of the Prosecutor of the ICC, that he should invite States Parties to the Rome Statute to refer the situation of Venezuela to the Office of the Prosecutor and to call for the opening of an investigation into the facts set forth in the report, in accordance with Article 14 of the Rome Statute.[6]
On 27 September 2018, six states parties to the Rome Statute: Argentina, Canada, Colombia, Chile, Paraguay and Peru, referred the situation in Venezuela since 12 February 2014 to the ICC, requesting the Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda to initiate an investigation on crimes against humanity allegedly committed in the territory. On 28 September, the Presidency assigned the situation to Pre-Trial Chamber I.[7] This was the first time that member States had sought an investigation of potential crimes that took place entirely on the territory of another country.[8]
2020
editNicolás Maduro's Foreign Minister, Jorge Arreaza, filed a complaint in the ICC against the United States on 13 February 2020, arguing that policy of sanctions has resulted in crimes against humanity.[9] Prosecutor Bensouda stated that she informed the ICC Presidency of the referral pursuant to the regulations of the court to enable the assignment of the situation to a Pre-Trial Chamber, noting that the two referrals "appear to overlap geographically and temporally and may therefore warrant assignment to the same Pre-Trial Chamber", but "that this should not prejudice a later determination on whether the referred scope of the two situations is sufficiently linked to constitute a single situation".[10]
In September 2020, the United Nations Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Venezuela published their findings and cited evidence of unlawful executions, enforced disappearances, arbitrary detentions and torture in the country since 2014. The authors called for further action by the International Criminal Court, along with justice and reparations for the victims and their families.[11]
On 2 December 2020, the Organization of American States General Secretariat released a 145-page report expanding on the 2018 report by the Panel of Independent Experts that concluded there was a reasonable basis to believe crimes against humanity were being committed in Venezuela, noting that since 2018 the crimes against humanity in Venezuela had increased in scale, scope, and severity, while criticizing the failure of the Prosecutor of the ICC to conduct her preliminary examination expeditiously and to open an investigation "despite overwhelming evidence of crimes within the Court’s jurisdiction".[12] Two days afterwards, the Office of the Prosecutor responded that it was aware and that it would study the Organisation of American States report and assuring the Office that it sought to "complete preliminary examinations within the shortest time possible", but regretting "the tone and manner of the report" and that Prosecutor and the Office "would not allow external attempts" to interfere with the process. OAS Secretary General Luis Almagro replied shortly after, declaring that the OAS understood due process and that they had "the utmost respect" for the International Criminal Court, but that three years was far too long "not for the OAS", but for the victims in Venezuela.[13]
On 14 December, the Office of the Prosecutor released a report on the office's year activities, stating that it believed there was a "reasonable basis" to believe that "since at least April 2017, civilian authorities, members of the armed forces and pro-government individuals have committed the crimes against humanity" and that it expected to decide in 2021 whether to open an investigation or not.[4]
2021
editIn May 2021, Maduro's Attorney General, Tarek William Saab, admitted that Fernando Albán, Caracas councilman who died in 2018 while he was detained in the headquarters of the Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN), did not commit suicide as initially reported by government officials, but was killed, and that during the 2017 Venezuelan protests student Juan Pablo Pernalete was killed with a tear gas canister by security forces, something initially denied by senior officials.[14] William Saab would also accuse the ICC "process of lacking transparency".[15] Maduro's vice president, Delcy Rodríguez, described the case against Venezuela in the ICC as a "great farce".[16] The opposition National Assembly headed by Juan Guaidó declared that William Saab sought to prevent the ICC from acting and condemned that command chain was not being investigated.[17]
On July 2, the Pre-Trial Chamber dismissed a request for "judicial control" filed by William Saab, who alleged a lack of complementarity and collaboration of the ICC Office of the Prosecutor with Venezuela. The Chamber dismissed the appeal for its inadmissibility and for being clearly premature.[18]
On 4 November 2021, prosecutor Karim Khan announced the opening of an investigation regarding the situation in Venezuela.[1]
Investigation
edit2022
editOn 17 January 2022, the Prosecutor's Office indicated that under Article 18 (2) of the Rome Statute, the administration of Nicolás Maduro had three months to submit its report on investigations by Venezuelan courts into crimes against humanity committed in Venezuela.[19] On 7 April, Tarek William Saab stated that "there is no need" for an investigation by the ICC.[20]
After failing to provide information about investigations by Venezuelan courts, Venezuela asked Karim Khan on 15 April that his office defer the investigation into possible crimes against humanity, claiming that state institutions were investigating or had investigated such crimes. On 20 April, Khan briefed a panel of ICC judges on Venezuela's request, stating that his office would ask the judges to reject the request.[21][22][23]
On 1 November, Khan requested the reopening of the Venezuela investigation, just over six months after Venezuela asked the ICC to defer its investigation, stating that "the deferral requested by Venezuela, at this stage, is not justified, and that the resumption of the investigation should be authorized."[24][25]
In response to the prosecutor's request, the Venezuelan State sent a document on 10 November, opposing the direct participation of victims and their representatives and requesting that the investigation be limited to summaries prepared by the ICC's Office of Public Counsel for Victims and only to cases presented by the Office of the Prosecutor. In the document, Venezuela also asks the ICC judges not to allow the participation in the proceedings of Canada, Colombia, Chile, Paraguay and Peru, the member states that referred the situation of Venezuela to the Court. The NGO PROVEA warned that the communiqué was part of the Maduro government's dilatory strategy to paralyze the ICC prosecutor's investigation for as long as possible, expressing: "This communication ratifies the Venezuelan authorities' contempt for the victims and their claims for justice, as well as their unwillingness to genuinely comply with the principle of complementarity".[26]
2023
editOn 28 February, the Venezuelan government issued a statement in which it described the accusations against it as "fallacies" and denied that crimes against humanity had occurred in the country, arguing that the investigation had a "political character".[27][28][29] The NGO Control Ciudadano warned that such actions by the Maduro government sought to discredit the ICC Prosecutor's Office and that it was evidence that the international court should exercise its jurisdiction over the cases under its investigation.[30] Prosecutor Karim Khan responded to the allegations on 1 March, stating in a statement that the government's claim that no crimes against humanity had been committed was unsubstantiated and without sufficient evidence and that the Venezuelan authorities had not demonstrated that investigations or trials had been conducted at the domestic level that reflected the scope of the Court's ongoing investigation. The Pre-Trial Chamber asked Venezuela to submit a response of no more than ten pages, with a deadline of 20 April.[27][28][29] On 3 April, Maduro's government accused Khan of "instrumentalizing" justice "for political purposes".[31]
On 13 March, the International Criminal Court announced that it had received more than 2,000 forms from victims regarding the consultation on whether or not to continue the investigation. In view of the large number of testimonies received, the Court extended the deadline for receiving forms from 21 March to 20 April.[32][33][34] On 20 April, the Court announced that the consultation process was "broadly participatory" and that applications included 8,900 victims, 630 families and two organizations. The Victims Participation and Reparations Section received 1,875 applications with their views and concerns, including 1,746 forms, 5 videos and 124 emails or other written documents.[35][36][37][38] The information shared by the victims was compiled by the Section in a 57-page report and published the following day. The report describes that the victims "overwhelmingly" requested that the Court continue with the investigation,[39] that the Venezuelan justice system was unwilling to genuinely investigate human rights violations,[40] and describes testimonies of arbitrary detentions, torture, rape and persecution. Venezuelan Foreign Minister Yván Gil Pinto asked the Pre-Trial Chamber for time until 30 May to respond to the requests. The Chamber rejected the request on 8 May, ruling that it was not the procedural moment to do so and that at the current stage of the investigation no victim had yet been admitted to participate in the case.[39]
On 24 April, the head of the pro-government delegation to the negotiations in Mexico, Jorge Rodríguez, called for a halt to the investigation at the International Criminal Court, stating that one of the objectives of the dialogue with the opposition was to request a halt to the judicial proceedings against the country.[41]
On 8 June, Karim Khan made a third visit to Venezuela, where he met with Maduro's attorney general, Tarek William Saab. The meeting was held at the headquarters of the Public Prosecutor's Office in Caracas and the local press did not have access to it.[42] Khan also met with Gladys Gutiérrez, president of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela,[43] and privately with Nicolás Maduro at the Miraflores presidential palace. Human rights organizations questioned the opacity surrounding the visit.[44] During the visit, the agreement to open an ICC office in Caracas was also confirmed, although without a specific public date.[45] Ali Daniels, co-director of the NGO Acceso a la Justicia, argued that the installation of the office would not affect the course of the Court's investigation.[46] Non-governmental organizations requested that the facility agreement be made public.[47]
On 27 June, the Pre-Trial Chamber authorized Prosecutor Khan to continue investigations into crimes against humanity in Venezuela. The Chamber found that the domestic investigations in Venezuela did not adequately address the magnitude of the case and had unwarranted periods of inactivity.[48][49] Maduro's government appealed the decision on 5 July, an appeal that was rejected by the Court on 21 July.[50][51][52]
2024
editOn 1 March 2024, the Appeals Chamber denied the Venezuelan government's appeal against resuming the investigation into crimes against humanity.[53][54]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c "Venezuela faces landmark ICC investigation over alleged crimes against humanity". Associated Press. The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
- ^ a b "OTP letter to senders re Venezuela 9 February 2006" (PDF). International Criminal Court. 9 February 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
- ^ "Situations & Cases - Overview". International Criminal Court Project. 22 March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
- ^ a b "ICC prosecutor sees 'reasonable basis' to believe Venezuela committed crimes against humanity". Reuters. 14 December 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ^ "ICC to open preliminary probes in Philippines, Venezuela". ABC News. 8 February 2018. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
- ^ OAS (1 August 2009). "OAS - Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development". OAS - Organization of American States. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
- ^ "Venezuela". International Criminal Court. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
- ^ "Venezuela: Six States Request ICC Investigation". Human Rights Watch. 26 September 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
- ^ "Venezuela asks ICC prosecutor to investigate U.S. officials". Reuters. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
- ^ "Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Mrs Fatou Bensouda, on the referral by Venezuela regarding the situation in its own territory". Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court. 17 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
- ^ "Venezuela abuses amounted to crimes against humanity: UN-appointed panel". UN News. 16 September 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
- ^ "OAS General Secretariat Report Reaffirms Crimes against Humanity in Venezuela". Organization of American States. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ^ "Fiscal de la CPI y Almagro se enfrentan en Twitter por caso venezolano". Crónica Uno (in Spanish). 5 December 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ^ "Justicia maniobra en casos de Albán y Pernalete para esquivar actuación de la CPI". Suprema Injusticia (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ^ "Tarek Saab asegura que hay "falta de transparencia" en proceso de CPI". Analítica (in Spanish). 1 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ^ "Gobierno de Maduro tilda de "gran farsa" caso contra Venezuela en la CPI". France24 (in Spanish). 7 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ^ "AN de Guaidó asegura que Tarek William Saab intenta eludir a la CPI". Runrunes (in Spanish). 4 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ^ "CPI desestimó "solicitud de control judicial" presentada por Tarek William Saab". Runrunes. 5 July 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
- ^ "La CPI extiende el plazo para que Venezuela informe sobre casos de DD.HH". Agencia EFE. 20 January 2022. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
- ^ "En Venezuela "no hace falta" una investigación de CPI, dice el fiscal general". SWI swissinfo.ch. 7 April 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
- ^ "ICC prosecutor rejects Venezuela delay request, will seek investigation". 21 April 2022.
- ^ "Venezuela: El gobierno de Maduro busca retrasar la investigación de la CPI". Human Rights Watch. 22 April 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
- ^ "Oposición aplaude que la Fiscalía de la CPI pida seguir investigación a Venezuela". Agencia EFE. 21 April 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
Al finalizar el lapso de dicho aplazamiento sin que el Ejecutivo brindase a la CPI la documentación exigida, el Gobierno solicitó al alto tribunal, mediante una carta con fecha 15 de abril y que trascendió hoy, "abstenerse formalmente de la investigación en favor de las actuaciones realizadas por las autoridades nacionales competentes de Venezuela", para que sean estas las que continúen con el proceso de manera interna.
- ^ "Fiscal de CPI busca reanudar investigación sobre Venezuela". Associated Press (in Spanish). 1 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
- ^ "El fiscal de la Corte Penal Internacional pidió reanudar la investigación por los crímenes de lesa humanidad del chavismo". Infobae (in Spanish). 1 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
- ^ "Gobierno de Maduro busca impedir participación de víctimas en investigación de la CPI" [Maduro's government seeks to prevent victims' participation in ICC investigation]. El Nacional (in Spanish). 16 November 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
- ^ a b "La CPI desestima argumentos del Gobierno de Venezuela y anuncia que sigue la investigación por presuntos crímenes de lesa humanidad". CNN en Español. 1 April 2023.
- ^ a b "La CPI pide a Venezuela responder al fiscal «a más tardar el 20 de abril»". El Nacional. 4 April 2023.
- ^ a b "La CPI pide a Venezuela responder al fiscal "a más tardar el 20 de abril"". Swissinfo. 4 April 2023.
- ^ "Control Ciudadano dice que el gobierno de Maduro intenta desacreditar a la Fiscalía de la CPI". El Nacional. Agencia EFE. 28 February 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
- ^ "Venezuela acusa al fiscal de la CPI de usar la justicia "con fines políticos". Swissinfo. 3 April 2023.
- ^ "La masiva participación de las víctimas y las peticiones del Estado venezolano obligan a la CPI a tomarse más tiempo │ Acceso a la Justicia". Acceso a la Justicia. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
- ^ "Más de 2.000 formularios y vídeos de víctimas fueron enviados a la Corte Penal Internacional sobre caso Venezuela (Detalles)". Alberto News. 13 March 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
- ^ "CPI recibió más de 2.000 formularios de víctimas venezolanas". Noticiero Digital (in Spanish). 13 March 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
- ^ "La Corte Penal Internacional informó que 8.900 víctimas apoyaron el avance de la investigación por crímenes de lesa humanidad en Venezuela". Infobae. 21 April 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ "Víctimas de presuntos crímenes de lesa humanidad en Venezuela apoyan investigación de la CPI". Voz de América. 21 April 2023.
- ^ Calles, Óscar. "8900 víctimas envían sus opiniones a la Corte Penal Internacional sobre Venezuela". PROVEA (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 July 2023.
- ^ "Información para las víctimas, Situación en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela I". Corte Penal Internacional. 20 April 2023.
- ^ a b "CPI rechazó petición del Gobierno venezolano para responderle a las víctimas de crímenes de lesa humanidad". Crónica Uno. 8 May 2023.
- ^ "La justicia venezolana solo obedece al Gobierno dicen las víctimas a la CPI". Acceso a la Justicia. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
- ^ "El chavismo busca detener procesos en CPI a través de diálogo con oposición". Swissinfo. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
- ^ "Fiscal de la CPI llega a Venezuela y se reúne con Tarek William Saab en medio de hermetismos". La República. 8 June 2023.
- ^ "Fiscal Khan se reunió con la presidenta del TSJ". Efecto Cocuyo. 8 June 2023.
- ^ "Fiscal jefe de la CPI se reúne con Maduro en Venezuela". Deutsche Welle. 8 June 2023.
- ^ "Corte Penal Internacional confirma apertura de oficina en Venezuela". France 24. 10 June 2023.
- ^ "Oficina de la CPI no afectará la investigación por violaciones de los DD HH en Venezuela". El Nacional. 12 June 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
- ^ "ONG piden que se haga público acuerdo de instalación de la oficina de la CPI en Venezuela". El Nacional. Agencia EFE. 10 June 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
- ^ "La CPI autoriza investigación de crímenes de lesa humanidad en Venezuela y desestima las investigaciones internas del régimen de Maduro". El Mundo. 27 June 2023.
- ^ "Situation in Venezuela: ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I authorizes the resumption of the investigation". Corte Penal Internacional. La Haya. 27 June 2023.
- ^ "Nuevo revés para el régimen de Maduro: rechazaron su pedido para suspender las investigaciones de la CPI en Venezuela". Infobae. 21 July 2023.
- ^ "La Corte Penal Internacional rechazó la impugnación del régimen de Maduro y avanza la investigación por violación a los derechos humanos en Venezuela". Infobae. 5 July 2023.
- ^ "La CPI negó la solicitud del gobierno de Maduro para suspender las facultades del fiscal Karim Khan". El Nacional. 21 July 2023.
- ^ "ICC decision: a crucial step in the fight against impunity in Venezuela". International Federation for Human Rights. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
- ^ "Venezuela: la Corte Penal Internacional decide proseguir sus investigaciones contra el gobierno de Maduro por posibles crímenes de lesa humanidad". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). 1 March 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
