Papers by Jose Cristina M Parina
3L Language Linguistics Literature, 2010
The present paper used the modal framework of Simpson in doing a stylistic analysis of the story ... more The present paper used the modal framework of Simpson in doing a stylistic analysis of the story "Things You Don't Know" by Ian Rosales, a highly-acclaimed Filipino writer. Since stylistics has always been concerned with how readers interpret the texts by focusing on linguistic choices, the modal choices of the writer based on Simpson's modal framework would allow the readers to identify the attitude of the narrator. Indeed, results show that the epistemic type of modal was preponderant -this type apparently allows the readers to feel the narrator's uncertainty in situations or events. In addition, this modal framework also enables the readers to further identify the shade of a text, since the choice of modals highlights either a positive, negative, or neutral shade of a story. Since the epistemic modal was the most pronounced, the story is definitely negative in shade, and this can be inferred in the short story where the narrator is uncertain what was going o...
3L Language Linguistics Literature, 2011
Research suggests that cognitive characteristics, aside from L2-specific knowledge, contribute to... more Research suggests that cognitive characteristics, aside from L2-specific knowledge, contribute to variation in language performance. Reading, for instance includes attitude as a very important factor and not L2-specific knowledge when determining reading ability. Research has shown that how readers extract information from the text is also proven to involve features that are not based on L2 knowledge. This paper explores how poor performance on a L2 task may be due to general language skills and other non-language specific variables. The present study employed a cross-linguistic, within-subject design that dealt with individual differences in L2 speaking via reading aloud. Results show that the highest-ranking student/s on the ITEO exam and diagnostic essay and the highest performing student based on the previous GPA were not the fastest readers, had more disfluencies, and were not able to supply all the correct words in both in L1 and L2. This shows that there are variables that affect L2 performance. This further proves that performances on L2 tasks may be more than just language concerns.
The Asian ESP Journal
Gender is viewed as a system of meaning that affects access to power, status, and material resour... more Gender is viewed as a system of meaning that affects access to power, status, and material resources, while humor, as a discourse mode, is considered a strategy for social interaction. It is within this theoretical underpinning that women and men use humor in same-gender and mixed-gender settings as a means of gender construction. Though humor style between male and female has been extensively investigated in the foreign context, it has been remained unexplored in the Philippine setting. Likewise, even in the Western context there is a scanty research that looked into perceived offensiveness of the different humor types. It is also interesting to find out how other genders, beyond the male and female dichotomy such as the members of the gay and lesbian community perceived the offensiveness of the different humor types and to determine their humor style as well. Hence, this quantitative study offers initial findings as regards gender divide in humor styles and perception among 120 university students in Central Luzon.
In order to document Filipino use of complaints in both English and Tagalog, the study sought to ... more In order to document Filipino use of complaints in both English and Tagalog, the study sought to analyze their occurrence and relationship between likelihood to complain with regard to gender, perceived level of language proficiency, and status. The study then proceeded with the identification of the semantic formulae of the complaints, and the differences of formulae between females and males when complaining in English and Filipino. The qualitative method revealed that there is no relationship between likelihood to complain and gender and likelihood to complain and self-perceived language proficiency, and that the level of status— superior, equal and inferior does not affect the likelihood of the Filipinos to complain. In addition, this study showed that Filipinos complained in a different manner depending on the language that they used. Filipino males are assertive in complaining in English language while females choose indirect strategies. Both, however, use different semantic formulae in complaining in English and Filipino.
Schneider (2003, 2007), theorizing on the development of new Englishes, has proposed that transpl... more Schneider (2003, 2007), theorizing on the development of new Englishes, has proposed that transplanted Englishes in colonial societies go through several phases in their evolution. Consequently, each phase in their evolution impacts the new English, most especially in terms of linguistic structure. This paper builds on the hypothesis that placement in Schneider's dynamic model affects the linguistic development of new Englishes. More specifically, it tests the hypothesis on the complexity of verb phrases in Hong Kong, New Zealand, the Philippines, and Singapore Englishes with reference to their placement in the dynamic model. The study that was reported in this paper is a corpus-based one and the dataset was the national components of Hong Kong, New Zealand, the Philippines, and Singapore in the International Corpus of English. The focal structure in this corpus-based study is the central and most important constituent in the sentence – the verb phrase. Kortmann and Szmrescanyi (2009), and also Schneider (2003, 2007) and other studies that have invoked his developmental theory, have put forward that Englishes that have reached more advanced developmental stages have more complex linguistic structure. This hypothesis-testing should be able to see how these claims take place in the verb phrases of new Englishes.
In order to document Filipino use of complaints in both English and Tagalog, the study sought to ... more In order to document Filipino use of complaints in both English and Tagalog, the study sought to analyze their occurrence and relationship between likelihood to complain with regard to gender, perceived level of language proficiency, and status. The study then proceeded with the identification of the semantic formulae of the complaints, and the differences of formulae between females and males when complaining in English and Filipino. The qualitative method revealed that there is no relationship between likelihood to complain and gender and likelihood to complain and self-perceived language proficiency, and that the level of status— superior, equal and inferior does not affect the likelihood of the Filipinos to complain. In addition, this study showed that Filipinos complained in a different manner depending on the language that they used. Filipino males are assertive in complaining in English language while females choose indirect strategies. Both, however, use different semantic formulae in complaining in English and Filipino.
The complexity of anaphoric expressions has led to different theories in anaphoric repairs – all ... more The complexity of anaphoric expressions has led to different theories in anaphoric repairs – all of which has the goal of explaining anaphoric distribution in discourse. This paper has then tested one prominent theory in the field of Pragmatics which has been proven true in several settings such as the Philippines and China. In order to determine its universality, the Neo-Gricean anaphoric repair was tested on five Korean students during their conversations with their Filipino teachers in order to determine the most common anaphoric repair made by Korean students and Filipino-teachers during teacher-student conversations and the most preponderant type of repair for each type of interlocutor. In doing so, a descriptive method was exhausted and results of the analysis show that the most common of all is the “other-initiated self-repair” which also happens to be the most common in the studies that Yan Huang has conducted using the Neo-Gricean framework. This only demonstrates that culture and language may vary, but a discourse will still have a resemblance as shown in the occurrences of each type of anaphoric repair. The current study can then be a substantial contribution in pragmatics and semantics with regard to human action and interaction. Pedagogically, this systematic analysis of conversations of Philippine English and Korean English may enable researchers to identify basic patterns that could help language teachers to understand how Filipinos and Koreans converse using English which happens to be their second language.
The study is a conversational analysis of conversations inside
of busy beauty salons, in order to... more The study is a conversational analysis of conversations inside
of busy beauty salons, in order to unfold the phases or rituals
that are embedded within. The study sought to answer the
following questions: 1. What are the phases or stages that are
embedded in beauty salon conversations?; 2. How does the
setting affect the conversation in beauty salons?; and 3. Does
the length of the conversation dictate the topic or context that
occurs in relation to phases? In conducting the study, the
descriptive-correlational method was used. Results show that
firstly, there are three phases that are apparently always
present. The phases are the following: The Acknowledgement
Phase - when the attendant acknowledges something, whether
positive or negative, about the customer; The Suggestion
Phase - when the attendant gives a suggestion which could
enhance the physical aspect of the customer; and The
Commercial Phase – the selling of products or other services
of the salon to the customer. Secondly, the setting dictate the
kind of topic in a conversation. It determines what is
appropriate and what is not. And lastly, the length of the
conversation between Attendants and Customers does not
dictate a particular phase in beauty salon conversations as long as the phases are fulfilled.
Huang’s (1999) Neo-Gricean pragmatic model talks about the
basic distributional pattern of anapho... more Huang’s (1999) Neo-Gricean pragmatic model talks about the
basic distributional pattern of anaphora in conversation and
anaphoric repairs. This article used the Huang’s model in
analyzing ten telephone conversations from the International
Corpus of English – Philippines (ICE-Phi). Analysis was
done using the grounded theory and the relational theory and
correlational research. Results show that the four anaphoric
repairs formulated by Huang are involved in all the chosen
conversations, which illustrate that Philippine English also
adheres to the structure and pattern formulated by Huang in
his pragmatic model. Although different types of anaphoric
repairs occur for each conversation, the study proves that
though discourse is a very complex phenomenon, there will
still be a similarity to how participants continuously assess
referents pertained in conversations.
Research suggests that cognitive characteristics, aside from L2-specific knowledge, contribute to... more Research suggests that cognitive characteristics, aside from L2-specific knowledge, contribute to variation in language performance. Reading, for instance includes attitude as a very important factor and not L2-specific knowledge when determining reading ability. Research has shown that how readers extract information from the text is also proven to involve features that are not based on L2 knowledge. This paper explores how poor performance on a L2 task may be due to general language skills and other non-language specific variables. The present study employed a cross-linguistic, within-subject design that dealt with individual differences in L2 speaking via reading aloud. Results show that the highest-ranking student/s on the ITEO exam and diagnostic essay and the highest performing student based on the previous GPA were not the fastest readers, had more disfluencies, and were not able to supply all the correct words in both in L1 and L2. This shows that there are variables that affect L2 performance. This further proves that performances on L2 tasks may be more than just language concerns.
Philippine writing classrooms are still generally following the product approach since as a devel... more Philippine writing classrooms are still generally following the product approach since as a developing nation, this approach is still not feasible given the number of students per class, size and poor condition of a classroom, and the nonchanging
tradition of classroom teaching. Thus, the process approach being adopted by DLSU is considered to be a major leap in teaching writing. Yet, due to its novelty, Philippine textbooks on process approach is still scarce, thus making the professors at DLSU adopt a mixture of different approaches and trends. Eventually, this approach has failed to achieve the desired literacy due to improper implementation. Thus, this rote approach became just another uninspiring task to be fulfilled in every writing session by DLSU students. This
paper investigated how a holistic view, emphasizing writing as a recursive process, is ineffective for second language learners, specifically first year college students who are exposed to this approach for the first time. Different stages of
the process were discussed in terms of effectiveness in producing quality works. Substantial evidence from 150 outputs shows that 80% of the stages are done for compliance.
The study examined the emails of a Filipino and a Filipino-American personnel sent to the company... more The study examined the emails of a Filipino and a Filipino-American personnel sent to the company’s email bank in order to see differences in hyper codification and contextual
differences of the text structures. These sample emails were then presented to other Filipino personnel of the company in order to identify their subjective impressions, in terms of effectiveness, appropriateness, and clarity. The result indicated that the Filipino personnel’s emails, which contain the mission/vision of the company, contain more vivacity, dynamism, life, and contextual features. Yet, though these may be taken as wordy or circular by native speakers, other Filipino personnel find the emails and the mission/vision more distinct, more understandable and more direct to the point as compared to the emails and the mission/vision of the Filipino-American personnel.
The present paper used the modal framework of Simpson in doing a stylistic analysis of the story ... more The present paper used the modal framework of Simpson in doing a stylistic analysis of the story “Things You Don’t Know” by Ian Rosales, a highly-acclaimed Filipino writer. Since stylistics has always been concerned with how readers interpret the texts by focusing on linguistic choices, the modal choices of the writer based on Simpson’s modal framework would allow the readers to identify the attitude of the narrator. Indeed, results show that the epistemic type of modal was preponderant –this type apparently allows the readers to feel the narrator’s uncertainty in situations or events. In addition, this modal framework also enables the readers to further identify the shade of a text, since the choice of modals highlights either a positive, negative, or neutral shade of a story. Since the epistemic modal was the most pronounced, the story is definitely negative in shade, and this can be inferred in the short story where the narrator is uncertain what was going on in her everyday affairs. In turn, this uncertainty is emphasised by the narrator’s dependence on his/her perception of external appearances or surroundings.
The study investigated the relationship of English language exposure, writing apprehension and wr... more The study investigated the relationship of English language exposure, writing apprehension and writing self-efficacy of 64 college students taking up academic writing. Instruments used were the language exposure questionnaire, the writing apprehension test or WAT by Daly-Miller, which was used in the study of Erkan and Saban (2011), and the self-efficacy in writing scale questionnaire (SWS) by YaVuz–Erkan (2004, as cited in Erkan & Saban, 2011). Pearson r was utilized
in the analysis of the relationship of the mentioned variables and results of the study show that first, exposure and self-efficacy are moderately correlated, which means that the respondents who have more access or exposure to the target language felt more confident in their writing outputs. Second, the exposure and self-apprehension are not correlated, which means that apprehension is possible despite high exposure to the language. Lastly, writing self-efficacy and writing apprehension are inversely correlated, which means that the
higher the self-efficacy, the lower the apprehension and vice versa.
Conference Presentations by Jose Cristina M Parina
DLSU Research Congress , 2018
This paper investigated female ESL students' preferred language learning strategies in the Philip... more This paper investigated female ESL students' preferred language learning strategies in the Philippine context. In addition, the researchers also identified the most and least preferred language learning strategies and how a) task requirement; b) age; and c) length of time learning English, affect their use of language learning strategies. In doing so, 108 students were asked to answer 50-item questionnaire (SILL) developed by Oxford in the late 90's for students who are studying English as a second language. Descriptive statistics was applied with an addition of t-test (α=0.05) to determine whether the difference between the ages and the length of time the students studied English was significant or not. Results show that female students use all six language learning strategies, and that the most dominant of these strategies was Metacognitive. Also, only the length of time learning English does not directly influence the choice of language learning strategies.
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Papers by Jose Cristina M Parina
of busy beauty salons, in order to unfold the phases or rituals
that are embedded within. The study sought to answer the
following questions: 1. What are the phases or stages that are
embedded in beauty salon conversations?; 2. How does the
setting affect the conversation in beauty salons?; and 3. Does
the length of the conversation dictate the topic or context that
occurs in relation to phases? In conducting the study, the
descriptive-correlational method was used. Results show that
firstly, there are three phases that are apparently always
present. The phases are the following: The Acknowledgement
Phase - when the attendant acknowledges something, whether
positive or negative, about the customer; The Suggestion
Phase - when the attendant gives a suggestion which could
enhance the physical aspect of the customer; and The
Commercial Phase – the selling of products or other services
of the salon to the customer. Secondly, the setting dictate the
kind of topic in a conversation. It determines what is
appropriate and what is not. And lastly, the length of the
conversation between Attendants and Customers does not
dictate a particular phase in beauty salon conversations as long as the phases are fulfilled.
basic distributional pattern of anaphora in conversation and
anaphoric repairs. This article used the Huang’s model in
analyzing ten telephone conversations from the International
Corpus of English – Philippines (ICE-Phi). Analysis was
done using the grounded theory and the relational theory and
correlational research. Results show that the four anaphoric
repairs formulated by Huang are involved in all the chosen
conversations, which illustrate that Philippine English also
adheres to the structure and pattern formulated by Huang in
his pragmatic model. Although different types of anaphoric
repairs occur for each conversation, the study proves that
though discourse is a very complex phenomenon, there will
still be a similarity to how participants continuously assess
referents pertained in conversations.
tradition of classroom teaching. Thus, the process approach being adopted by DLSU is considered to be a major leap in teaching writing. Yet, due to its novelty, Philippine textbooks on process approach is still scarce, thus making the professors at DLSU adopt a mixture of different approaches and trends. Eventually, this approach has failed to achieve the desired literacy due to improper implementation. Thus, this rote approach became just another uninspiring task to be fulfilled in every writing session by DLSU students. This
paper investigated how a holistic view, emphasizing writing as a recursive process, is ineffective for second language learners, specifically first year college students who are exposed to this approach for the first time. Different stages of
the process were discussed in terms of effectiveness in producing quality works. Substantial evidence from 150 outputs shows that 80% of the stages are done for compliance.
differences of the text structures. These sample emails were then presented to other Filipino personnel of the company in order to identify their subjective impressions, in terms of effectiveness, appropriateness, and clarity. The result indicated that the Filipino personnel’s emails, which contain the mission/vision of the company, contain more vivacity, dynamism, life, and contextual features. Yet, though these may be taken as wordy or circular by native speakers, other Filipino personnel find the emails and the mission/vision more distinct, more understandable and more direct to the point as compared to the emails and the mission/vision of the Filipino-American personnel.
in the analysis of the relationship of the mentioned variables and results of the study show that first, exposure and self-efficacy are moderately correlated, which means that the respondents who have more access or exposure to the target language felt more confident in their writing outputs. Second, the exposure and self-apprehension are not correlated, which means that apprehension is possible despite high exposure to the language. Lastly, writing self-efficacy and writing apprehension are inversely correlated, which means that the
higher the self-efficacy, the lower the apprehension and vice versa.
Conference Presentations by Jose Cristina M Parina
of busy beauty salons, in order to unfold the phases or rituals
that are embedded within. The study sought to answer the
following questions: 1. What are the phases or stages that are
embedded in beauty salon conversations?; 2. How does the
setting affect the conversation in beauty salons?; and 3. Does
the length of the conversation dictate the topic or context that
occurs in relation to phases? In conducting the study, the
descriptive-correlational method was used. Results show that
firstly, there are three phases that are apparently always
present. The phases are the following: The Acknowledgement
Phase - when the attendant acknowledges something, whether
positive or negative, about the customer; The Suggestion
Phase - when the attendant gives a suggestion which could
enhance the physical aspect of the customer; and The
Commercial Phase – the selling of products or other services
of the salon to the customer. Secondly, the setting dictate the
kind of topic in a conversation. It determines what is
appropriate and what is not. And lastly, the length of the
conversation between Attendants and Customers does not
dictate a particular phase in beauty salon conversations as long as the phases are fulfilled.
basic distributional pattern of anaphora in conversation and
anaphoric repairs. This article used the Huang’s model in
analyzing ten telephone conversations from the International
Corpus of English – Philippines (ICE-Phi). Analysis was
done using the grounded theory and the relational theory and
correlational research. Results show that the four anaphoric
repairs formulated by Huang are involved in all the chosen
conversations, which illustrate that Philippine English also
adheres to the structure and pattern formulated by Huang in
his pragmatic model. Although different types of anaphoric
repairs occur for each conversation, the study proves that
though discourse is a very complex phenomenon, there will
still be a similarity to how participants continuously assess
referents pertained in conversations.
tradition of classroom teaching. Thus, the process approach being adopted by DLSU is considered to be a major leap in teaching writing. Yet, due to its novelty, Philippine textbooks on process approach is still scarce, thus making the professors at DLSU adopt a mixture of different approaches and trends. Eventually, this approach has failed to achieve the desired literacy due to improper implementation. Thus, this rote approach became just another uninspiring task to be fulfilled in every writing session by DLSU students. This
paper investigated how a holistic view, emphasizing writing as a recursive process, is ineffective for second language learners, specifically first year college students who are exposed to this approach for the first time. Different stages of
the process were discussed in terms of effectiveness in producing quality works. Substantial evidence from 150 outputs shows that 80% of the stages are done for compliance.
differences of the text structures. These sample emails were then presented to other Filipino personnel of the company in order to identify their subjective impressions, in terms of effectiveness, appropriateness, and clarity. The result indicated that the Filipino personnel’s emails, which contain the mission/vision of the company, contain more vivacity, dynamism, life, and contextual features. Yet, though these may be taken as wordy or circular by native speakers, other Filipino personnel find the emails and the mission/vision more distinct, more understandable and more direct to the point as compared to the emails and the mission/vision of the Filipino-American personnel.
in the analysis of the relationship of the mentioned variables and results of the study show that first, exposure and self-efficacy are moderately correlated, which means that the respondents who have more access or exposure to the target language felt more confident in their writing outputs. Second, the exposure and self-apprehension are not correlated, which means that apprehension is possible despite high exposure to the language. Lastly, writing self-efficacy and writing apprehension are inversely correlated, which means that the
higher the self-efficacy, the lower the apprehension and vice versa.