Class - 4-GAS TURBINES

GAS TURBINES
TURBINES:
Machines to extract fluid power
from flowing fluids
Steam Water Wind Gas

Turbine Turbines Turbines Turbines
•High Pressure, High Temperature gas

•Generated inside the engine Aircraft Engines
•Expands through a specially designed TURBINE Power Generation
Introduction
Three main components of the Gas Turbine:

1.Compressor (Gas Producer)
2.Combustor
3.Power turbine
Fundamentals
Brayton Cycle
Compressor
Centrifugal Compressors
Axial flow compressors

Combustion chamber
(Combustor)
Turbines
Radial flow turbine Axial flow turbine

Approximated fuel energy distribution in Gas
turbine:
In the Gas turbine cycle:
30%- available power output
30%- to drive the air compressor
30%- hot exhaust gases
10%- radiation and lube oil

Simple gas turbines burn more fuel than
comparable reciprocating machines.
Some of the methods for improving the
performance:
1. Regeneration
2. Reheating
3. Intercooling
4. Regeneration with reheating and Intercooling
5. Waste heat recovery (Process heat/

combined cycle operation)
Regeneration
 A Brayton Cycle with Regeneration uses a heat exchanger
called a regenerator to preheat the air-fuel mixture before it is
fed to the combustion chamber using the turbine effluent as
the heat source.
 A regenerator reduces QC and QH for the cycle by the same
amount. This has no effect on the power produced, but
increases the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
 Capital cost and fuel prices determine whether a regenerator
is justifiable.
Reheat
 A high pressure and a low pressure turbine are used in a
Reheat Brayton Cycle
 A reheater is a heat exchanger that increases the power output
without increasing the maximum operating temperature but it
does not increase the efficiency of the cycle
 The capital cost to build a reheater alone cannot be justified
because the thermal efficiency does not increase.
Intercooling
 Multistage compression with Intercooling improves the
efficiency of a compression process.
 A Brayton Cycle with Intercooling uses two or more
compression stages with one or more intercoolers, as shown
below. The power requirement for compression is reduced, but
QH also increases.
 Again, the capital cost to build an intercooled compressor
alone cannot be justified because the thermal efficiency
does not increase.
Regeneration with reheating
 The combination of reheat , and Intercooling with
regeneration provides a large increase in the thermal
efficiency
 With an infinite number of reheaters and intercoolers, this
cycle becomes a Carnot Cycle because the heat transfer
processes become isothermal.
Waste heat recovery
Cogeneration plant
___________________________________________________________
Combined cycle power plant

Type of fuel
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
Kerosene
Refinery Gas
Crude
Methanol
Ethanol
Naptha
Propane
Butane
Hydrogen
Biodiesel
Applications
Exploration and Production,
Floating Production Units
Pipeline Transportation
Refinery and Petrochemicals
◦ Process air centrifugal compressor drive in
ammonia synthesis plants
◦ High power centrifugal or axial compressor drive in

Gas to Liquids plants
Open cycle single shaft arrangement
 No need of heat exchanger to cool
the exhaust gases.
 Suitable for fixed load condition.
 Narrow operating speed range due
to surge limit in compressor and
inlet temperature limit to the
turbine.
 More Starting power requirements
(Electrical motor, hydraulic motor,
diesel engine, etc. can be used as
starter)
Open cycle twin shaft arrangement
 No need of heat exchanger to
cool the exhaust gases.
 Suitable for driving variable
speed load (i.e. compressor,
pumps etc.)
 Wider operating speed range,
limited by only inlet temperature
to the turbine.
 Starter unit is sized to turn over
the gas generator only.

Closed cycle arrangement
 Could be operated at high
pressure and hence reduced
size.
 The internal components are not
contaminated by dirty gas.
 Can use gas other than air
having better thermal properties.
 It needs separate HX for heating
and cooling a gas.

Effect of Ambient Conditions
Ambient temperature
The performance of gas

turbine is always rated
to ISA (International
Standard Ambient)
condition of 15oC and
relative humidity (RH) of
60%.
Inlet Air Cooling Methods for Gas
Turbine Based Power Plants
Reference:
E. Kakaras & et.al, Inlet Air Cooling Methods for Gas Turbine Based
Power Plants, Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power,
American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Vol. 128, April
2006, pp: 312-317
Gas Turbine Inlet air cooling Methods:
Evaporative cooling
Gas Turbine Inlet air cooling Methods:
Refrigeration cooling
Gus Turbine Inlet air cooling
Methods:
Evaporative cooling of Pre-compressed
air

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GAS TURBINES

Steam Water Wind Gas

•High Pressure, High Temperature gas

Three main components of the Gas Turbine:

Axial flow compressors

Radial flow turbine Axial flow turbine

In the Gas turbine cycle:

30%- available power output

30%- to drive the air compressor

30%- hot exhaust gases

10%- radiation and lube oil

4. Regeneration with reheating and Intercooling

5. Waste heat recovery (Process heat/

Combined cycle power plant

◦ High power centrifugal or axial compressor drive in

 No need of heat exchanger to cool

the exhaust gases.

 Suitable for fixed load condition.

 Narrow operating speed range due

to surge limit in compressor and

inlet temperature limit to the

 More Starting power requirements

(Electrical motor, hydraulic motor,

diesel engine, etc. can be used as

 No need of heat exchanger to

cool the exhaust gases.

 Suitable for driving variable

speed load (i.e. compressor,

 Wider operating speed range,

limited by only inlet temperature

 Starter unit is sized to turn over

the gas generator only.

 Could be operated at high

pressure and hence reduced

 The internal components are not

contaminated by dirty gas.

 Can use gas other than air

having better thermal properties.

 It needs separate HX for heating

and cooling a gas.

The performance of gas

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