Leitlinienreports

Leitlinienreport
der S3 Leitlinie „Prävention und Therapie der

Adipositas“
AWMF-Register-Nummer (050-001)
Version 1.0 (April 2014)
1. Aktualisierung 2011-2014
Impressum | 2
Impressum
Autoren des Leitlinienreports
Ärztliches Zentrum für Qualität in der Medizin (ÄZQ), Gemeinsame Einrichtung von
Bundesärztekammer und Kassenärztlicher Bundesvereinigung (Dr. med. Julia Köpp
Leitlinienbeauftragter der Deutschen Adipositas-Gesellschaft (DAG) (Prof. Dr. med. Alfred
Wirth)
AWMF-Leitlinienberaterin, ständige Kommission zur Pflege und Aktualisierung der DAG-
Leitlinien (Dr. biol. hum. Anja Moss)
Herausgeber
Deutsche Adipositas Gesellschaft e. V. (DAG)
(Präsident: Prof. Dr. M. Wabitsch)
Federführende Fachgesellschaft
Deutsche Adipositas-Gesellschaft e.V. (DAG)
(Präsident: Prof. Dr. M. Wabitsch)
Kontakt
Deutsche Adipositas-Gesellschaft e.V.
Geschäftsstelle
Fraunhoferstr. 5
82152 Martinsried
http://www.adipositas-gesellschaft.de/
Tel. 089 - 710 48 358
Fax. 089 - 710 49 464
E-Mail: [email protected]
© DAG | Leitlinienreport zur S3-Leitlinie "Prävention und Therapie der Adipositas" | für Version 2.0, 1. Aktualisierung 2011-2014
Impressum | 3
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ...................................................................................................................................... 3
1. INFORMATIONEN ZUR LEITLINIE............................................................................................................ 4
2. GELTUNGSBEREICH UND ZIELE............................................................................................................... 4
2.1. ZIELSETZUNG ................................................................................................................................................. 4

2.2. ADRESSATEN ................................................................................................................................................. 4
3. ZUSAMMENSETZUNG DER LEITLINIENGRUPPE ...................................................................................... 4
3.1. BETEILIGTE AUTOREN UND MITGLIEDER DER LEITLINIENGRUPPE .............................................................................. 4

3.2. FACHGESELLSCHAFTEN .................................................................................................................................... 5
3.3. ANDERE INSTITUTIONEN/PERSONEN .................................................................................................................. 6
3.4. PATIENTEN ................................................................................................................................................... 6
4. FRAGESTELLUNG UND GLIEDERUNG...................................................................................................... 6
5. METHODIK............................................................................................................................................. 6
5.1. EVIDENZBASIERUNG ........................................................................................................................................ 6

5.1.1. Ersterstellung der Leitlinie.................................................................................................................. 6
5.1.2. Erstellung der 1. Aktualisierung 2011-2014 ....................................................................................... 7
5.2. FORMULIERUNG DER EMPFEHLUNGEN UND FESTLEGUNG DER EMPFEHLUNGSGRADE ................................................. 15
5.2.1. Themenbezogene Gruppenarbeit..................................................................................................... 16
5.2.2. Konsensuskonferenzen mit endgültiger Verabschiedung der Empfehlungen .................................. 16
5.2.3. Delphi-Abstimmung ......................................................................................................................... 16
5.2.4. Empfehlungen und deren Graduierung............................................................................................ 17
5.2.5. Statements ....................................................................................................................................... 18
5.2.6. Expertenkonsens .............................................................................................................................. 18
5.2.7. Sondervoten ..................................................................................................................................... 18
6. EXTERNE BEGUTACHTUNG (ÖFFENTLICHE KONSULTATION) .................................................................18
7. REDAKTIONELLE UNABHÄNGIGKEIT .....................................................................................................19
8. VERBREITUNG UND IMPLEMENTIERUNG..............................................................................................19
9. GÜLTIGKEITSDAUER DER LEITLINIE .......................................................................................................20
10. ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS ..................................................................................................................21
11. TABELLENVERZEICHNIS.........................................................................................................................22
12. ANHÄNGE.............................................................................................................................................22
12.1. THEMENKOMPLEXE UND BETEILIGTE AUTOREN ............................................................................................... 22

12.2. FORMBLATT DER AWMF ZUR ERKLÄRUNG VON INTERESSENKONFLIKTEN ............................................................ 24
12.3. ERGEBNISSE DER INTERESSENKONFLIKTERKLÄRUNGEN ...................................................................................... 27
12.4. METHODIK UND ERGEBNISSE DER RECHERCHEN ZUR 1. AKTUALISIERUNG DER LEITLINIE ......................................... 33
12.4.1. Recherchestrategien..................................................................................................................... 33
12.4.2. Ergebnisse der Recherchen........................................................................................................... 33
13. LITERATUR..........................................................................................................................................289
1 Informationen zur Leitlinie | 4
1. Informationen zur Leitlinie

S3-Leitlinie zur Prävention und Therapie der Adipositas, Version 2.0, 1. Aktualisierung 2011-
2014 (AWMF-Registrierungsnummer: 050-001)
 Ersterstellung 2007
 1. Aktualisierung 2011-2014
Die S3-Leitlinie “Prävention und Therapie der Adipositas“ sowie das Dokument mit
Leitlinienreport und Evidenztabellen zur Leitlinie sind über die Internetseiten der beteiligten
Fachgesellschaften sowie über die folgenden Internetseiten zugänglich:
 http://www.adipositas-gesellschaft.de/
 http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/050-001.html
2. Geltungsbereich und Ziele

2.1. Zielsetzung
Die interdisziplinäre Leitlinie der Qualität S3 zur Prävention und Therapie der Adipositas ist
ein evidenz- und konsensbasiertes Instrument, um Prävention und Therapie von
Übergewicht und Adipositas zu verbessern. Ärztinnen und Ärzte sowie alle an der Prävention
und Therapie von Übergewicht und Adipositas beteiligten Berufsgruppen sollen durch die
Leitlinie bei der Entscheidung zur Prävention und Therapie unterstützt werden. Die Leitlinie
soll dazu beitragen, eine angemessene Gesundheitsversorgung sicherzustellen. Eine
weitere Aufgabe der Leitlinie ist, den Patientinnen und Patienten mit Übergewicht bzw.
Adipositas angemessene, wissenschaftlich begründete und aktuelle Maßnahmen in der
Prävention und Therapie anzubieten. Dadurch sollen die Morbidität und Mortalität von
Patientinnen und Patienten mit Übergewicht und Adipositas gesenkt und die Lebensqualität
erhöht werden.
2.2. Adressaten
Die folgenden Empfehlungen richten sich an alle Betroffenen und alle Berufsgruppen, die mit
der Prävention und Therapie von Übergewicht und Adipositas befasst sind. Weitere
Adressaten dieser Leitlinie sind übergeordnete Organisationen (z. B. Krankenkassen,
Rentenversicherung, Sozialrichter, Einrichtungen der ärztlichen Selbstverwaltung) und die
interessierte Fachöffentlichkeit.
3. Zusammensetzung der Leitliniengruppe

3.1. Beteiligte Autoren und Mitglieder der Leitliniengruppe
Die bei der Ersterstellung der Leitlinie 2007 beteiligten Personen sowie die bei der 1.
Aktualisierung 2011-2014 beteiligten Personen können Tabelle 1 entnommen werden.
3 Zusammensetzung der Leitliniengruppe | 5
Tabelle 1: Mitglieder der Leitliniengruppe
Name Organisation Auflage

Berg, Prof. Dr. med. Aloys DGSP 1. Aktualisierung
Bischoff, Prof. Dr. med. Stephan C. DGEM 1. Aktualisierung
Buchholz, Gabriele DDB Ersterstellung
Colombo-Benkmann, Prof. Dr. med. Mario, DGAV (CAADIP) 1. Aktualisierung
MHBA (ab 06.2012)
Ellrott, PD Dr. Thomas DGE 1. Aktualisierung
Hamann, Prof. Dr. med. Andreas DAG, DDG, DGEM Ersterstellung
Hauner, Prof. Dr. med. Hans DAG Ersterstellung und
1. Aktualisierung
Heintze, PD Dr. Christoph, MPH DEGAM 1. Aktualisierung
Husemann, Prof. Dr. med. Bernhard DAG Ersterstellung
Kanthak, Ute AcSDeV 1. Aktualisierung
Koletzko, Prof. Dr. med. Berthold DGEM Ersterstellung
Kunze, Prof. Dr. med. Detlef DAG 1. Aktualisierung
Liebermeister, Prof. Dr. Hermann DAG, DDG, DGEM Ersterstellung
Shang, Prof. Dr. med. Edward (bis 05.2012) DGAV 1. Aktualisierung
Stefan, Prof. Dr. med. Norbert DDG 1. Aktualisierung
Teufel, Dr. med. Martin DGPM, DKPM, 1. Aktualisierung
DGESS
Wabitsch, Prof. Dr. med. Martin DAG Ersterstellung und
1. Aktualisierung
Westenhöfer, Prof. Dr. Joachim DAG Ersterstellung
Wirth, Prof. Dr. med. Alfred DAG Ersterstellung und
1. Aktualisierung
Wolfram, Prof. Dr. med. Günther DGE Ersterstellung
3.2. Fachgesellschaften
Deutsche Adipositas Gesellschaft (DAG), Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft (DDG), Deutsche
Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM),
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin und Familienmedizin (DEGAM), Deutsche
Gesellschaft für Sportmedizin und Prävention (DGSP), Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Psychosomatische Medizin und Ärztliche Psychotherapie (DGPM), Deutsche Kollegium für
Psychosomatische Medizin (DKPM), Deutschen Gesellschaft für Essstörungen (DGESS),
Chirurgische Arbeitsgemeinschaft Adipositastherapie und metabolische Chirurgie (CAADIP)
der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie (DGAV).
4 Fragestellung und Gliederung | 6
3.3. Andere Institutionen/Personen

Redaktion, Koordination, Moderation und Gestaltung
Ersterstellung: Koordination: (Prof. Dr. med. Hans Hauner). Mitglieder der Kommission (G.
Buchholz, Prof. Dr. Andreas Hamann, Prof. Dr. med. Bernhard Husemann, Prof. Dr. B.
Koletzko, Prof. Dr. med. H. Liebermann, Prof. Dr. med. Martin Wabitsch, Prof. Dr. Joachim
Westenhöer, Prof. Dr. med. Alfred Wirth, Prof. Dr. med. G. Wolfram).
1. Aktualisierung: Koordination: DAG (Prof. Dr. med. Alfred Wirth). Redaktion,
Evidenzanalyse, Moderation und Gestaltung: Ärztliches Zentrum für Qualität in der Medizin
(ÄZQ), Gemeinsame Einrichtung von Bundesärztekammer und Kassenärztlicher
Bundesvereinigung (beteiligte ÄZQ-Mitarbeiter: Dr. med. Julia Köpp LL.M, MSc; Dr. med.
Anja Katharina Dippmann, MScIH (07/2012-03/2013); Katharina C. Koltermann; Svenja
Siegert (bis 09/2011); Andrea Haring, B.A.; Dana Rütters, B.A.; Dr. med. Susanne
Weinbrenner MPH (bis 06/2012); Dr. med. Monika Nothacker MPH (04/-06/2013); Prof. Dr.
rer. nat. Dr. med. Günter Ollenschläger).
Ständige Leitlinien-Kommission der DAG e.V.: Dr. biol. hum. Anja Moss (AWMF-
Leitlinienberaterin).
3.4. Patienten
An der 1. Aktualisierung der Leitlinie waren Vertreter der Patientenorganisation
„Adipositaschirurgie-Selbsthilfe Deutschland (AcSDeV)“ direkt beteiligt. Die Vertreterin des
AcSDeV (siehe Tabelle 1) war an allen Konsensuskonferenzen beteiligt und stimmberechtigt.
4. Fragestellung und Gliederung

Die Grundstruktur der Leitlinie basiert auf der Einteilung in Hauptkomplexe, die mit den
folgenden Kapiteln der vorliegenden Leitlinie korrespondieren:
 Definition und Klassifikation von Übergewicht und Adipositas
 Gesundheitsproblem Adipositas
 Empfehlungen zur Prävention der Adipositas
 Therapie von Übergewicht und Adipositas
 Versorgungsaspekte
5. Methodik
5.1. Evidenzbasierung
5.1.1. Ersterstellung der Leitlinie
Bei der Erstellung der vorliegenden Leitlinie wurde sorgfältig darauf geachtet, die
Anforderungen der evidenzbasierten Medizin zu erfüllen. Als Basis dienten nationale und
internationale Qualitätskriterien für gute Leitlinien, wie sie u.a. von dem Scottish
Intercollegiate Guidelines Network [1] oder vom Ärztlichen Zentrum für Qualität in der
Medizin (ÄZQ) und der Leitlinienkommission der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der wissenschaftlichen
5 Methodik | 7
Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF) gemeinsam erarbeiteten „Deutschen Leitlinien-

Bewertungs-Instruments“ [2] aufgestellt wurden.
Literaturrecherche
Festlegung der Suchbegriffe mit den Experten der Fachdisziplinen, Allgemeinmedizinern und
Patientenvertretern durch Konsensfindung. Umfassende, systematische, computergestützte
Recherche in den Datenbanken von Medline, Cochrane Library, Embase, ERIC und PsycInfo
der wissenschaftlichen Literatur (englisch und deutsch, klinische Studien, Metaanalysen) für
den Zeitraum 01.2002 bis 12.2004 (Ersterstellung) mit anschließender Selektion der
recherchierten Literatur im Hand-Searching-Verfahren und darüber hinaus eine Recherche
bereits vorhandener Leitlinien, Empfehlungen, Expertenmeinungen und deren Referenzen in
einem Nebensuchverfahren. Der Zugriff auf ältere Fachliteratur war über eine bereits
bestehende Datenbank, die für die letzte Version der Leitlinie eingerichtet worden war,
gewährleistet. Überprüfung der Suchergebnisse auf ihre Relevanz durch Fachkräfte
(Wissenschaftler und Ärzte des Expertengremiums). Einteilung der recherchierten Studien
entsprechend ihrem Studiendesign und ihrer wissenschaftlichen Aussagekraft in
Evidenzklassen I bis IV (siehe Tabelle 2).
Tabelle 2: Bewertung der publizierten Literatur gemäß der wissenschaftlichen
Aussagekraftnach Evidenzklassen und Gewichtung in Empfehlungsgrade (modifiziert nach [1])
Evidenzklassen
Ia Evidenz aufgrund von Metaanalysen randomisierter, kontrollierter Studien
Ib Evidenz aufgrund mindestens einer randomisierten, kontrollierten Studie
IIa Evidenz aufgrund mindestens einer gut angelegten, kontrollierten Studie
ohne Randomisierung
IIb Evidenz aufgrund mindestens einer gut angelegten, nicht-randomisierten
und nicht-kontrollierten klinischen Studie
III Evidenz aufgrund gut angelegter, nicht-experimenteller, deskriptiver
Studien, wie z.B. Vergleichsstudien, Korrelationsstudien und Fall-Kontroll-
Studien
IV Evidenz aufgrund von Berichten der Experten-Ausschüsse oder Experten-
Meinungen und/oder Klinischer Erfahrung anerkannter Autoritäten
5.1.2. Erstellung der 1. Aktualisierung 2011-2014
Themen der Aktualisierung

Bei der 1. Aktualisierung der Leitlinie wurden alle Kapitel der Leitlinie auf ihre Aktualität
überprüft und überarbeitet.
Für die 1. Aktualisierung folgender Kapitel der Leitlinie wurde systematisch nach Literatur
gesucht:
 Ursachen von Übergewicht und Adipositas
 Gesundheitsproblem Adipositas
 Empfehlungen zur Prävention der Adipositas
 Therapie von Übergewicht und Adipositas
5 Methodik | 8
 Vor- und Nachteile der Gewichtsreduktion

Berücksichtigung evidenzbasierter Leitlinien

Bei der 1. Aktualisierung wurde die Suche vom ÄZQ nach Leitlinien (2007) herangezogen
[3]. Dabei wurden die Leitliniendatenbank des Guideline International Network (G-I-N), die
Webseiten der auf www.leitlinien.de gelisteten Leitlinienanbieter bzw. -datenbanken (z.B.
Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF),
National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC)) und die Literaturdatenbanken MEDLINE und
EMBASE systematisch durchsucht. Darüber hinaus wurden die aktuelleren Leitlinien wie die
SIGN-Leitlinie 2010, die ICSI 2011-Leitlinie und die Europäische Leitlinie 2010 [4-6]
zusätzlich berücksichtigt.
Relevante Leitlinien wurden nach dem Deutschen Leitlinien-Bewertungsinstrument (DELBI)
bewertet (zwei Reviewer). Leitlinien wurden weiter berücksichtigt, wenn sie die
methodischen Mindestanforderungen einer evidenzbasierten Leitlinie (Domänenwert in der
DELBI-Domäne 3 ≥ 0,5) erfüllten und thematisch von Interesse waren. Folgende Leitlinien
kamen in der Folge als Quellleitlinien in Frage:
 Management of Obesity A national clinical guideline, SIGN 2010
(Leitlinienadaptation) [4];
 Obesity guidance on the prevention, identification, assessment and management
of overweight and obesity in adults and children, NICE 2006 [7];
 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of
obesity in adults and children, CMAJ 2006 [8].
Eine Ausnahme hinsichtlich der methodischen Mindestanforderungen wurde wegen ihrer

Aktualität für die ICSI-Leitlinie von 2011 „Health Care Guideline: Prevention and
Management of Obesity (Mature Adolescents and Adults)“ [5] gemacht. Bei der Leitlinie “A
European Evidence-Based Guideline for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes, 2010” [6] wurde
auf eine DELBI-Bewertung verzichtet, da die Evidenzrecherche der SIGN-Methodik
entsprach.
Die Schlüsselempfehlungen der genannten Leitlinien wurden extrahiert und sind Bestandteil
der Evidenztabellen zu dieser Leitlinie.
Adaptation der Quell-Leitlinien: Die Methodik der Adaptation orientierte sich an der
Vorgehensweise z. B. der New Zealand Guidelines Group von 2001 zur Adaptation
nationaler Leitlinien [9] und an weiteren Projekten zur Leitlinien-Adaptation [10]. Sowohl die
Empfehlungen, als auch die angegebene Evidenzgraduierung wurden zunächst unverändert
im ersten Entwurf aus den Quellleitlinien übernommen, im weiteren Verlauf von den
Experten modifiziert und an das deutsche Gesundheitssystem angepasst.
Systematische Recherche nach aggregierter Evidenz und Einzelstudien

Zu allen Fragestellungen erfolgte eine systematische Literaturrecherche in der Datenbank
Medline über www.pubmed.org. Es wurde ab dem Datum der letzten Recherche der
Ersterstellung gesucht. Der Recherchezeitraum für die 1. Aktualisierung umfasste 2005-
2010, anschließend wurden zwei Aktualisierungsrecherchen zu den Themen Prävention
(Recherchezeitraum bis Februar 2012) und Therapie (Recherchezeitraum bis März 2012)
5 Methodik | 9
durchgeführt. Es wurden außerdem auf den Niveau der aggregierten Evidenz Studien
berücksichtigt, die durch die Experten der Leitliniengruppe zusätzlich identifiziert und als
relevant eingestuft wurden (Milestone papers).
Die systematische Recherche erfolgte in der Literaturdatenbank Medline über
www.pubmed.org (Sprache Deutsch oder Englisch, Erscheinungsjahr ab 2005, unter
Verwendung von Suchfiltern für aggregierte Evidenz und randomisierte kontrollierte Studien).
Vorliegende systematische Übersichtarbeiten/Metaanalysen/HTA-Berichte/RCTs wurden in
den Evidenztabellen gesondert ausgewiesen und den extrahierten Einzelpublikationen
vorangestellt.
Die in der zu aktualisierenden Leitlinie genutzte Suchstrategie wurde etwas modifiziert. Die
vom ÄZQ vorgeschlagene Strategie wurde bezüglich des Vokabulars von den Experten
ergänzt.
Folgende Suchstrategien (im Folgenden mit Trefferzahlen aufgeführt) wurden verwendet:
 Erste themenübergreifende Recherche
Tabelle 3: Suchstrategie in Medline für erste themenübergreifende Recherche
Nr. Suchfrage Anzahl

#22 #18 AND #21 6191
#21 #19 OR #20 2165087
#20 (randomized controlled trial [pt] OR controlled clinical trial [pt] 2061171
randomized [tiab] OR placebo [tiab] OR drug therapy [sh] OR
randomly [tiab] OR trial [tiab] OR groups [tiab]) AND humans [mh]
#19 systematic[sb] 149245
#18 #11 AND #16 Limits: Humans, English, German, Publication Date 14277
from 2005
#17 #11 AND #16 41744
#16 #12 OR #15 1657712
#15 #13 NOT #14 1312675
#14 surgery 2945505
#13 therapy[TIAB] OR management[TIAB] OR diet[TIAB] OR 1753046
exercise[TIAB] OR "life style"[TIAB] OR "behavior therapy"[TIAB] OR
"behavior modification"[TIAB] OR "psychosomatic medicine"[TIAB]
#12 cause*[TIAB] OR epidemiology[TIAB] OR comorbidit*[TIAB] OR 418637
complication*[TIAB] OR Mortality[TIAB] OR "death rate"[TIAB] OR (life
AND expectanc*)[TIAB] OR prevention [TIAB] OR (quality AND
(criteria OR indicator))
#11 #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 174115
#10 Overweight[TI] OR Overnutrition[TI] OR Adiposity[TI] OR Obesit*[TI] 59986
OR "Morbid Obesity"[TI] OR "Weight Loss"[TI] OR (Weight [TI] AND
reduction[TI]) OR "Weight Gain"[TI] OR "Body Mass Index" [TI] OR
"Waist Circumference"[TI]
5 Methodik | 10

#9 Waist Circumference [MeSH] 1488
#8 Body Mass Index [MeSH] 54709
#7 Weight Gain [MeSH] 17868
#6 Weight Loss [MeSH] 21174
#5 Overweight [MeSH] 105101
#4 Overnutrition [MeSH] 104813
#3 Obesity, Morbid [MeSH] 7905
#2 Adiposity [MeSH] 2183
#1 Obesity [MeSH] 104753
 Aktualisierungsrecherche zum Thema Prävention
Tabelle 4: Suchstrategie in Medline für die Aktualisierungsrecherche zum Thema Prävention

#18 #14 AND #17 657
#17 #15 OR #16 2304737
#14 #11 AND #12 Limits: English, German, Publication Date from 2011 2209
#13 #11 AND #12 25166
#12 prevention 1096329
5 Methodik | 11
5 Methodik | 12
Aktualisierungsrecherche zum Thema Therapie (ausgenommen chirurgische Therapie)

Tabelle 5: Suchstrategie in Medline für die Aktualisierungsrecherche zum Thema Therapie
(ausgenommen chirurgische Therapie)

#20 #16 AND #19 1055
#19 #17 OR #18 2320951
#16 #11 AND #12 Limits: English, German, Publication Date from 2011 3793
#15 #11 AND #14 39975
#14 #12 NOT #13 1409434
#13 surgery 3139100
#12 therapy[TIAB] OR management[TIAB] OR diet[TIAB] OR 1885384
exercise[TIAB] OR "life style"[TIAB] OR "behavior therapy"[TIAB] OR
"behavior modification"[TIAB] OR "psychosomatic medicine"[TIAB]
Die erste Relevanzprüfung erfolgte bereits im Rahmen der Recherchen. Dabei wurden
doppelte Publikationen sowie Publikationen zu anderen Erkrankungen ausgeschlossen. Bei
der Aktualisierungsrecherche zum Thema Prävention wurden zusätzlich Studien an Kindern
und Jugendlichen ausgeschlossen. Bei der Aktualisierungsrecherche zum Thema Therapie
wurden darüber hinaus Publikationen zu den operativen Verfahren sowie Studien an Tieren
und In-vitro-Studien ausgeschlossen.
5 Methodik | 13
Das Ergebnis der Literatursuche wurde zentral beim ÄZQ erfasst und in eine Datenbank
eingespeist. Die Ergebnislisten wurden den Experten als Listen mit bibliographischen
Angaben und Abstrakts zur Verfügung gestellt.
Auswahl und Bewertung der Evidenz
Die Auswahl der Studien zu den einzelnen Fragestellungen erfolgte durch Methodikerinnen
(Julia Köpp, Svenja Siegert) des ÄZQ nach vorab definierten Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien
und entsprechend der Methodik der evidenzbasierten Medizin.
Die Zielgruppe wurde auf Erwachsenen beschränkt, nur in Ausnahmefällen und nach
Absprache mit den Experten wurden Publikationen mit Aussagen zu Kindern einbezogen.
Grundsätzlich wurden systematische Übersichtsarbeiten (Reviews, Metaanalysen) sowie

randomisierte kontrollierte Studien einbezogen. Für das Kapitel „Gesundheitsproblem
Adipositas“ wurde festgelegt, dass nur die aggregierte Evidenz einer Evidenzanalyse
unterzogen wurde. Studien mit einem anderen Design wurden vom ÄZQ nicht bewertet;
wichtige weitere Publikationen haben die Experten bei der Erstellung des Leitlinientextes
mitberücksichtigt (Handsuche).
Die in den Recherchen identifizierte Literatur wurde durch die Methodikerinnen des ÄZQ
einem Titel-/Abstraktscreening unterzogen. Die ausgewählten Abstrakts wurden im Volltext
bestellt und nach erneuter Sichtung eingeschlossen, wenn die Volltexte als relevant und
methodisch geeignet bewertet wurden. Dabei wurden Publikationen aus folgenden
Ausschlussgründen ausgeschlossen:
A1 die Publikation beinhaltet ein anderes Thema bzw. eine andere Fragestellung oder
die Publikation ist nicht spezifisch für die Fragestellung.
A1a nur oder vorrangig Kinder/Jugendliche werden untersucht
A1b eingeschränkte Repräsentativität: spezielle Personengruppen (Schwangere und

Stillende (Ausnahme: Thema Prävention)); selektierte Studienpopulation mit
ausschließlich einer bestimmten Erkrankung (nur Patienten mit Asthma, Diabetes,
polyzystischem Ovarialsyndrom, metabolischen Syndrom, HIV, Fettleber,
Dyslipidämie, Hypertonie, Vorhof-flimmern, Psoriasis, Krebs); spezielle
Berufsgruppen; nur jüngere oder nur ältere Patientengruppen
A1c anderer kultureller Kontext, Lebensumstände und Ernährungsgewohnheiten, die nicht

zum mitteleuropäischen Kontext passen
A1d es werden keine Menschen, sondern Tiere untersucht
A1e primäres Outcome ist nicht Gewicht oder BMI
A2 die Publikation ist vor 2009 publiziert (Rechercheschluss SIGN-Leitlinie 2010)
A3 die Publikation ist nicht in deutscher oder englischer Sprache verfügbar
A4 die Publikation beschreibt keine Studie (z.B. Editorial, Comments, Notes) bzw.
Ergebnisse liegen noch nicht vor (z.B. Studienprotokoll)
5 Methodik | 14
A5 es erfolgt keine Beschreibung der methodischen Vorgehensweise (zum Beispiel:

narrativer Review)
A6 Publikation ist keine systematische Übersichtsarbeit bzw. kein RCT
A7 Volltext der Publikation ist nicht verfügbar
A8 Doppelpublikationen
A9 die Publikation wurde in einer berücksichtigten Quelle der aggregierten Evidenz

bereits berücksichtigt.
Eingeschlossen wurden zu den Fragestellungen der Leitlinie passende Studien unter

Berücksichtigung von Ausschlusskriterien. Die eingeschlossenen Studien wurden in
Evidenztabellen extrahiert und nach dem Evidenzklassensystem des Scottish Intercollegiate
Guidelines Network (SIGN) (siehe Tabelle 6) bewertet.
Tabelle 6: Schema der Evidenzgraduierung des Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network [1]
Grad Beschreibung
1++ Qualitativ hochwertige Metaanalysen, Systematische Übersichten von
RCTs, oder RCTs mit sehr geringem Risiko systematischer Fehler (Bias)
1+ Gut durchgeführte Metaanalysen, Systematische Übersichten von RCTs,
oder RCTs mit geringem Risiko systematischer Fehler (Bias)
1- Metaanalysen, Systematische Übersichten von RCTs, oder RCTs mit
hohem Risiko systematischer Fehler (Bias)
2++ Qualitativ hochwertige systematische Übersichten von Fall-Kontroll- oder
Kohortenstudien oder
Qualitativ hochwertige Fall-Kontroll- oder Kohortenstudien mit sehr
niedrigem Risiko systematischer Verzerrungen (Confounding, Bias,
„Chance“) und hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass die Beziehung ursächlich ist
2+ Gut durchgeführte Fall-Kontroll Studien oder Kohortenstudien mit niedrigem
Risiko systematischer Verzerrungen (Confounding, Bias, „Chance“) und
moderater Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass die Beziehung ursächlich ist
2- Fall-Kontroll Studien oder Kohortenstudien mit einem hohen Risiko
systematischer Verzerrungen (Confounding, Bias, „Chance“) und
signifikantem Risiko, dass die Beziehung nicht ursächlich ist
3 Nicht-analytische Studien, z.B. Fallberichte, Fallserien
4 Expertenmeinung
Die Evidenztabellen mit den extrahierten Angaben sind in im Kapitel 12.4.2.2 aufgeführt.
Erstellung von Kapiteln für die keine systematische Literaturrecherche nach

Primärliteratur erfolgte
Nach Einschätzung der Experten war für das Kapitel 2 “Definition und Klassifikation von
Übergewicht und Adipositas“ keine systematische Literaturrecherche erforderlich, weil für
dieses Kapitel für Erwachsene zum Beginn der Aktualisierung keine wesentlichen neuen
Erkenntnisse bzw. Klassifikationen vorlagen. Daher erfolgte die Aktualisierung dieses
5 Methodik | 15
Kapitels durch die Experten unter Heranziehung ergänzender Literaturquellen (Handsuche).

Das Unterkapitel 2.3 „Adipositas als Krankheit“ wurde dabei neu erstellt. In dem Kapitel
„Chirurgische Therapie“ wurde auf die S3-Leitlinie „Chirurgie der Adipositas“ verwiesen.
5.2. Formulierung der Empfehlungen und Festlegung der

Empfehlungsgrade
In der Leitlinie sind die wesentlichsten Aussagen in gesonderten Kästen unter Angaben der
zugrundeliegenden Evidenz, der jeweiligen Evidenzklasse, des Empfehlungsgrades und der
Konsensstärke dargestellt. Die Kernaussagen sind entweder als handlungsleitende
Empfehlungen oder Statements formuliert. Als Statements werden Darlegungen oder
Erläuterungen von spezifischen Sachverhalten oder Fragestellungen ohne unmittelbare
Handlungsaufforderung bezeichnet.
Bei der Ersterstellung der Leitlinie wurden die Entwürfe diskutiert und in einem informellen
Konsens im Expertengremium verabschiedet.
Bei der 1. Aktualisierung erfolgten die Verabschiedung von Empfehlungen und Statements
sowie die Festlegung der Empfehlungsgrade vorwiegend im Rahmen von
Konsensuskonferenzen unter Verwendung formaler Konsensusverfahren. Empfehlungen, die
nicht in den Konsensuskonferenzen abschließend abgestimmt werden konnten, wurden
schriftlich durch die Leitlinienautoren im Delphi-Verfahren konsentiert. Bei den
Konsensuskonferenzen erfolgte jeweils eine Einführung zum Stand der Leitlinienbearbeitung
durch einen Methodiker des ÄZQ und die Teilnehmer wurden in die Technik der
strukturierten Konsensusfindung eingewiesen.
Tabelle 7: Konsensuskonferenzen und behandelte Themen der 1. Aktualisierung
Konsensuskonferenzen Datum Themen
1. Konsensuskonferenz 22.02.2012  Besprechung der methodischen

(Aktualisierung) Vorgehensweise, Leitlinienstruktur
(Teilnehmer: Hr. Prof.  Ursachen von Übergewicht und Adipositas
Hauner, Fr. Dr. Weinbrenner
(ÄZQ), Hr. Prof. Wirth, Hr.  Gesundheitsproblem Adipositas
Prof. Berg, Hr. Prof. Bischoff,  Prävention der Adipositas
Hr. PD Dr. Ellrott, Hr. Dr.
Heintze, Fr. Kanthak, Fr. Dr.
Köpp (ÄZQ), Hr. Prof. Shang,
Hr. Dr. Teufel)
2. Konsensuskonferenz 21.02.2013  Prävention der Adipositas
(Aktualisierung)  Therapie von Übergewicht und Adipositas
(Teilnehmer: Hr. Prof. Berg,
Hr. Prof. Colombo-
Benkmann (ab ca. 10:40
Uhr), Hr. PD Dr. Ellrott, Hr.
Prof. Hauner, Hr. PD Dr.
Heintze, Fr. Kanthak, Hr.
Prof. Kunze, Hr. Dr. Teufel,
Hr. Prof. Wirth, ÄZQ: Fr. Dr.
Köpp, Fr. Dr. Dippmann, Hr.
Prof. Ollenschläger)
5 Methodik | 16
5.2.1. Themenbezogene Gruppenarbeit
Bei der Ersterstellung der Leitlinie brachten die Experten ihre Entwürfe in
Konsensuskonferenzen ein, wo sie konsentiert wurden.
Bei der 1. Aktualisierung der Leitlinie arbeiteten Arbeitsgruppen mit je drei bis acht
Mitgliedern zunächst parallel themenbezogen in moderierten Telefonkonferenzen
(Moderation: Susanne Weinbrenner, Günter Ollenschläger, Anja Dippmann). In zehn
Telefonkonferenzen wurden die von den Kapitelautoren erarbeiteten Empfehlungen und
Statements vor der jeweiligen Konsensuskonferenz diskutiert, gegebenenfalls modifiziert und
(vor-)abgestimmt. Änderungen und Kommentare galten als angenommen, wenn alle
Teilnehmer zugestimmt haben bzw. keiner der Teilnehmer einen Einwand erhoben hat.
Wurde im Rahmen der Telefonkonferenzen in den Arbeitsgruppen keine Zustimmung aller
Teilnehmer erreicht, konnten in den Konsensuskonferenzen auch Alternativen (Sondervotum
etc.) dargestellt werden. Die (vor-)abgestimmten Empfehlungen dienten als Vorlage für die
Konsensuskonferenzen.
5.2.2. Konsensuskonferenzen mit endgültiger Verabschiedung der Empfehlungen
Die zuvor in den Arbeitsgruppen abgestimmten Empfehlungsvorschläge wurden in zwei

Konsensuskonferenzen dem gesamten Expertengremium vorgestellt. Die definitive
Abstimmung erfolgte im Expertengremium in Form einer strukturierten Konsensuskonferenz
im nominalen Gruppenprozess (NGP) unter Moderation durch Günter Ollenschläger (ÄZQ).
Die Abstimmung erfolgte nach Wunsch der Experten nach der Regel „Ein Experte = eine
Stimme“. Gemäß dem Regelwerk der AWMF wurde die Konsensusstärke wie folgt definiert:
Tabelle 8: Definition der Konsensusstärke
Starker Konsens > 95 % der Teilnehmer

Konsens > 75-95 % der Teilnehmer
Mehrheitliche Zustimmung > 50-75 % der Teilnehmer
Kein Konsens < 50 % der Teilnehmer
Die Teilnehmer des Konsensustreffens wurden zu Beginn der Konferenz in die Technik der
strukturierten Konsensusfindung nach dem Nominalen Gruppenprozess eingewiesen. Jedem
Teilnehmer wurde eine Tischvorlage zur Verfügung gestellt. Zusätzlich wurden die zu
konsentierenden Aussagen/Empfehlungen elektronisch präsentiert, Kommentare bzw.
Änderungen zur Diskussion integriert und der Abstimmungsprozess dokumentiert. Die
Abstimmung wurde kapitelweise vorgenommen, wobei jede Empfehlung einzeln aufgerufen
wurde.
Folgender Ablauf wurde befolgt (gemäß AWMF-Regelwerk):
· stille Notizen (Generierung von Änderungsvorschlägen)
· Registrierung der Stellungnahmen im Einzel-Umlaufverfahren (noch keine Diskussion)
· Gelegenheit zu Rückfragen und Klärung der Evidenzgrundlage, Vorabstimmung über
Diskussion der einzelnen Kommentare
· Reihendiskussion und Debatte der Diskussionspunkte
5 Methodik | 17
· endgültige Abstimmung über die Empfehlungen und alle Alternativen

· Wiederholung der Schritte für jede Empfehlung
5.2.3. Delphi-Abstimmung
Empfehlungen, die nicht abschließend in den Konsensuskonferenzen abgestimmt werden

konnten (z.B. aus zeitlichen Gründen), wurden nach der jeweiligen Konsensuskonferenz
schriftlich in einer Delphi-Abstimmung konsentiert. Mittels strukturiertem Fragebogen wurden
die Mitglieder der Leitliniengruppe per E-Mail angeschrieben, um ihre Zustimmung,
Ablehnung oder Änderungsvorschläge zu den jeweiligen Empfehlungen abzugeben. Die
Beiträge wurden gesammelt, anonym zusammengefasst und das Ergebnis der
Leitliniengruppe mitgeteilt.
Nach der ersten Konsensuskonferenz wurden Empfehlungen aus dem Kapitel zum Thema
Prävention in der Delphi-Abstimmung abgestimmt (Zeitraum April/Mai 2012). Im Rahmen der
Delphi-Abstimmung von Empfehlungen aus dem Kapitel Prävention haben sieben von zwölf
Experten fristgerecht geantwortet, eine Rückmeldung ist verspätet im ÄZQ eingegangen und
konnte daher nicht regelrecht berücksichtigt werden. Die Stimmen von weiteren vier
Experten, die keine Rückmeldung im Rahmen des Delphi-Verfahrens gegeben haben,
wurden als Zustimmung bewertet. Dies wurde den entsprechenden Experten im Vorfeld
mitgeteilt. Eine Stimme wurde als Enthaltung eingestuft. Nach der zweiten
Konsensuskonferenz fand vom 1.-4.11.2013 eine Delphi-Konferenz zu weiteren
gesammelten Änderungsvorschlägen aus den Fachgesellschaften statt. Zehn von elf
Experten haben fristgerecht rückgemeldet. Von den 17 Änderungsentwürfen konnte keiner
einen Konsens erzielen. Da die betreffenden Punkte im Vorfeld ausführlich diskutiert wurden
und im Delphi kein Konsens erreicht werden konnte, wurde sich geeinigt entsprechende
Sonder-Voten bzw. Sonder-Kommentare zu formulieren.
5.2.4. Empfehlungen und deren Graduierung
Empfehlungen sind thematisch bezogene handlungsleitende Kernsätze der Leitlinie.
Die Vergabe von Empfehlungsgraden erfolgte durch die Leitlinienautoren im Rahmen eines
formalen Konsensusverfahrens. Dementsprechend wurde ein durch das ÄZQ moderierter
Nominaler Gruppenprozess durchgeführt. Die Empfehlungsgrade drücken den Grad der
Sicherheit aus, dass der erwartete Nutzen der Intervention den möglichen Schaden aufwiegt
(Netto-Nutzen) und die erwarteten positiven Effekte ein für die Patienten relevantes Ausmaß
erreichen. Im Fall von Negativempfehlungen (soll nicht) wird entsprechend die Sicherheit
über einen fehlenden Nutzen bzw. möglichen Schaden ausgedrückt.
Bei der Graduierung der Empfehlungen werden neben den Ergebnissen der zugrunde
liegenden Studien, die klinische Relevanz der in den Studien untersuchten Effektivitätsmaße,
die beobachteten Effektstärken, die Konsistenz der Studienergebnisse; die Anwendbarkeit
der Studienergebnisse auf die Patientenzielgruppe, die Umsetzbarkeit im ärztlichen Alltag,
ethische Verpflichtungen sowie die Patientenpräferenzen berücksichtigt.
6 Externe Begutachtung (öffentliche Konsultation) | 18
Tabelle 9: Einstufung von Leitlinienempfehlungen in Empfehlungsgrade
Empfehlungsgrad Beschreibung Syntax

A Starke Empfehlung soll
B Empfehlung sollte
0 Empfehlung offen kann
5.2.5. Statements
Als Statements werden Darlegungen oder Erläuterungen von spezifischen Sachverhalten

oder Fragestellungen ohne unmittelbare Handlungsaufforderung bezeichnet. Sie werden
entsprechend der Vorgehensweise bei den Empfehlungen im Rahmen eines formalen
Konsensusverfahrens verabschiedet und können entweder auf Studienergebnissen oder auf
Expertenmeinungen beruhen.
5.2.6. Expertenkonsens
Als ‘Expertenkonsens’ werden Empfehlungen bezeichnet, zu denen keine ausreichende

Evidenz gefunden werden konnte. In der Regel adressieren diese Empfehlungen
Vorgehensweisen der guten klinischen Praxis, zu denen keine wissenschaftlichen Studien
notwendig sind bzw. erwartet werden können.
5.2.7. Sondervoten
Die in der Leitlinie aufgeführten Sondervoten zu den Empfehlungen sind Ausdruck

unterschiedlicher Auffassungen der Fachgesellschaften aufgrund der teilweise spärlichen
und nicht konsistenten Studienlage. Um in Zukunft eine Einheitlichkeit zu erreichen, wurde
eine ständige Kommission zur Pflege und Aktualisierung der DAG-Leitlinien einberufen,
welche für die kontinuierliche Überarbeitung der Leitlinien verantwortlich ist.
6. Externe Begutachtung (öffentliche

Konsultation)
Die ersterstellte S3-Leitlinie zur Prävention und Therapie der Adipositas wurde zur
öffentlichen Diskussion im Internet (Webseiten der vier Fachgesellschaften) vorgestellt.
Anschließend erfolgte die Einbeziehung von eingegangenen Änderungsvorschlägen unter
Einbeziehung des Expertengremiums und Erstellung der Endversion.
Die öffentliche Konsultation der 1. Aktualisierung wurde durch die Experten koordiniert. Die
aktualisierte Fassung der Leitlinie konnte vom 15.7.2013. bis 31.8.2013 öffentlich von allen
Mitgliedern der beiteiligen Fachgesellschaften kommentiert werden. Es gingen in dieser Zeit
insgesamt Kommentare von 18 Personen oder Organisationen ein. Von den inhaltlichen
Kommentaren bezogen sich 110 Kommentare ausschließlich auf Änderungen an
Hintergrundtexten. Auf Wunsch können die vollständigen Kommentare bei der
7 Redaktionelle Unabhängigkeit | 19
Geschäftsstelle der DAG eingesehen werden. Nach der Konsultationsphase wurden die
Kommentare im Expertengremium in drei Telefonkonferenzen besprochen. Dabei wurden
redaktionelle Änderungen vorgenommen oder Empfehlungen zur Neuabstimmung in Delphi-
Verfahren vorgeschlagen. Die Entscheidung des Expertengremiums zum Umgang mit den
eingegangenen Kommentaren wurde den Kommentierenden rückgemeldet.
7. Redaktionelle Unabhängigkeit
Die Ersterstellung der Leitlinie wurde unabhängig von Interessengruppen durch die
beteiligten Fachgesellschaften vorgenommen. Alle Mitglieder der Kommission arbeiteten
ehrenamtlich und erhielten lediglich die Reisekosten ersetzt. Alle Mitglieder haben mögliche
Interessenkonflikte schriftlich gegenüber den Fachgesellschaften dargelegt. Kein Experte
wurde ausgeschlossen.
Die Erstellung der 1. Aktualisierung erfolgte in redaktioneller Unabhängigkeit von den

finanzierenden Trägern.
Für die 1. Aktualisierung der Leitlinie haben alle Beteiligten das aktuelle Formblatt der AWMF
zur Erklärung von Interessenkonflikten ausgefüllt. Die darin offengelegten Beziehungen und
Sachverhalte sind in Kapitel 12.3 dargestellt. Das Thema Interessenkonflikte wurde während
des Aktualisierungsprozesses mehrfach in der Leitliniengruppe besprochen. Ein Ausschluss
von Experten wurde durch das Expertengremium geprüft und nicht vorgenommen. Die
Gefahr von unangemessener Beeinflussung durch Interessenkonflikte wurde dadurch
reduziert, dass die Recherche, Auswahl und Bewertung der Literatur durch Methodikerinnen
des ÄZQ, ohne Beziehungen zu Industrie oder Interessengruppen erfolgte. Die formale
Konsensbildung und die interdisziplinäre Erstellung, sowie die Möglichkeit der öffentlichen
Begutachtung bildeten weitere Elemente, die das Risiko von Verzerrungen (auch aufgrund
von Interessenkonflikten einzelner Personen) reduzieren können.
8. Verbreitung und Implementierung

Die Konsultationsfassung der aktualisierten Leitlinie wurde auf dem Jahreskongress der
Deutschen Adipositas Gesellschaft im Oktober 2013 vorgestellt. Weiterhin sind folgende
Aktivitäten zur Verbreitung und Implementierung geplant:
1. Publikation der Leitliniendokumente auf den Internetseiten der DAG sowie der
beteiligten Fachgesellschaften und Organisationen,
2. Publikation der aktualisierten Leitlinieninhalte in Fachzeitschriften,
3. Erstellung einer Leitlinienversion für Laien
4. Bundesweite Fortbildungsveranstaltungen.
9 Gültigkeitsdauer der Leitlinie | 20
9. Gültigkeitsdauer der Leitlinie

Die Leitlinie ist bis zur nächsten Aktualisierung gültig, höchstens jedoch bis Mitte 2019.
Vorgesehen sind weitere regelmäßige Aktualisierungen, die durch eine ständige Kommission
zur „Pflege und Aktualisierung der DAG-Leitlinien“ koordiniert wird.
Kommentare und Änderungsvorschläge zur Leitlinie bitte an folgende Adresse:
Dr. biol. hum. Anja Moss

AWMF-Leitlinienberaterin
Ständige Kommission zur Pflege und Aktualisierung der DAG-Leitlinien
Sektion Pädiatrische Endokrinologie und Diabetologie
Interdisziplinäre Adipositasambulanz
Univ. Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universität Ulm
Eythstr. 24
89075 Ulm
E-Mail: [email protected]
10 Abkürzungsverzeichnis | 21
10. Abkürzungsverzeichnis
Abkürzung Erläuterung
AcSDeV Adipositaschirurgie-Selbsthilfe Deutschland
AWMF Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen
Fachgesellschaften
ÄZQ Ärztliches Zentrum für Qualität in der Medizin
CAADIP Chirurgische Arbeitsgemeinschaft Adipositastherapie und metabolische
Chirurgie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie
CMAJ Canada's Database of Clinical Practice Guidelines
DAG Deutsche Adipositas Gesellschaft
DELBI Deutsches Leitlinien-Bewertungsinstrument
DDG Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft
DEGAM Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin und Familienmedizin
DGAV Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie
DGE Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung
DGEM Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin
DGESS Deutschen Gesellschaft für Essstörungen
DGPM Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychosomatische Medizin und Ärztliche
Psychotherapie
DGSP Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sportmedizin und Prävention
DKPM Deutsche Kollegium für Psychosomatische Medizin
GIN Guideline International Network
HTA Health Technology Assessment
ICSI Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement
LoE Level of Evidence
NGC National Guideline Clearinghouse
NGP nominaler Gruppenprozess
NICE National Institute of Clinical Excellence
RCT Randomized Controlled Trial
SIGN Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network
11 Tabellenverzeichnis | 22
11. Tabellenverzeichnis
Tabelle 1: Mitglieder der Leitliniengruppe 5
Tabelle 2: Bewertung der publizierten Literatur gemäß der wissenschaftlichen
Aussagekraftnach Evidenzklassen und Gewichtung in Empfehlungsgrade
(modifiziert nach [1]) 7
Tabelle 3: Suchstrategie in Medline für erste themenübergreifende Recherche 9
Tabelle 4: Suchstrategie in Medline für die Aktualisierungsrecherche zum Thema
Prävention 10
Tabelle 5: Suchstrategie in Medline für die Aktualisierungsrecherche zum Thema Therapie
(ausgenommen chirurgische Therapie) 12
Tabelle 6: Schema der Evidenzgraduierung des Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines
Network [1] 14
Tabelle 7: Konsensuskonferenzen und behandelte Themen der 1. Aktualisierung 15
Tabelle 8: Definition der Konsensusstärke 16
Tabelle 9: Einstufung von Leitlinienempfehlungen in Empfehlungsgrade 18
12. Anhänge
12.1. Themenkomplexe und beteiligte Autoren
Die Zuordnung der Themenkomplexe zu den beteiligten Experten erfolgte durch den
Leitlinienkoordinator.
Themenkomplexe Zuständigkeit
Ursachen von Übergewicht und Adipositas Hauner, Wirth
Gesundheitsproblem Adipositas: Verbreitung der Bischoff, Wirth

Adipositas
Gesundheitsproblem Adipositas: Komorbiditäten Wirth, Stefan

und Komplikationen von Übergewicht und
Adipositas
Gesundheitsproblem Adipositas: Metabolisches Stefan, Wirth, Hauner

Syndrom
Gesundheitsproblem Adipositas: Mortalität und Wirth, Hauner

Lebenserwartung
Empfehlungen zur Prävention der Adipositas: Wabitsch, Kunze

Indikation und Ziele
12 Anhänge | 23
Themenkomplexe Zuständigkeit
Empfehlungen zur Prävention der Adipositas: Kunze, Wabitsch

Empfehlungen zur Adipositasprävention
Therapie von Übergewicht und Adipositas: Bischoff, Ellrott

Indikationen
Therapie von Übergewicht und Adipositas: Kunze, Wabitsch

Therapieziele
Therapie von Übergewicht und Adipositas: Wabitsch, Heintze, Ellrott

Therapievoraussetzungen
Therapie von Übergewicht und Adipositas: Therapie Ellrott, Berg, Kunze

- Basisprogramm
Therapie von Übergewicht und Adipositas: Therapie Hauner, Ellrott, Wirth, Bischoff
- Ernährungstherapie
Therapie von Übergewicht und Adipositas: Therapie Berg, Wirth, Hauner

- Bewegungstherapie
Therapie von Übergewicht und Adipositas: Therapie Teufel, Ellrott

- Verhaltenstherapie
Therapie von Übergewicht und Adipositas: Therapie Hauner, Berg, Ellrott

- Gewichtsreduktionsprogramme
Therapie von Übergewicht und Adipositas: Therapie Wirth, Ellrott, Bischoff

- Adjuvante medikamentöse Therap
Therapie von Übergewicht und Adipositas: Therapie Shang (bis 05.2012), Colombo-
- Chirurgische Therapie Benkmann (ab 06.2012), Wirth,
Wabitsch
Therapie von Übergewicht und Adipositas: Therapie Teufel, Hauner, Ellrott

- Langfristige Gewichtsstabilisierung
Vor- und Nachteile einer Gewichtsreduktion: Wirth, Bischoff

Vorteile einer Gewichtsreduktion
Vor- und Nachteile einer Gewichtsreduktion: Bischoff, Wirth

Nachteile einer Gewichtsreduktion
Versorgungsaspekte Hauner, Heintze
12 Anhänge | 24
12.2. Formblatt der AWMF zur Erklärung von Interessenkonflikten

Vorbemerkung
Die Entwicklung von Leitlinien für die medizinische Versorgung verlangt über die fachliche Expertise
hinaus eine Vermeidung kommerzieller Abhängigkeiten oder anderer Interessenkonflikte, die die
Leitlinieninhalte beeinflussen. Es gibt eine Vielzahl von materiellen (z. B. finanzielle oder kommerzielle)
und immateriellen (z. B. politische, akade-mische oder persönliche) Beziehungen, deren
Ausprägungsgrade und Bedeutungen variieren können. Interessenkonflikte sind somit zumeist
unvermeidbar, aber nicht zwangsläufig problematisch in Hinblick auf eine Beeinflussung der
Leitlinieninhalte.
Eine Erklärung zu den Beziehungen und den daraus entstehenden Interessenkonflikten durch die
Autoren der Leitlinien und die Teilnehmer am Konsensusverfahren ist für die Qualitätsbeurteilung von
Leitlinien, aber auch für ihre allgemeine Legitimation und Glaubwürdigkeit in der Wahrnehmung durch
Öffentlichkeit und Politik entscheidend.
Die Erklärungen werden zu Beginn des Leitlinienprojekts gegenüber dem Leitlinien-koordinator

abgegeben. Bei länger andauernden Projekten kann eine zusätzliche Abgabe im Verlauf erforderlich
sein. Ob davon die erforderliche Neutralität für die Mitarbeit bei der Leitlinienentwicklung in Frage gestellt
ist oder in welchen Bereichen das professionelle Urteilsvermögen eines Experten durch die Interessen
Dritter unangemessen beeinflusst sein könnte, ist in der Leitliniengruppe zu diskutieren und zu bewerten.
Die Inhalte der Erklärungen und die Ergebnisse der Diskussion zum Umgang mit Interessenkonflikten
sollten im Leitlinienreport offen dargelegt werden. In der Langfassung der Leitlinien ist auf das Verfahren
der Sammlung und Bewertung der Erklärungen hinzu-weisen.
Wir möchten Sie bitten, untenstehende Erklärung auszufüllen und zu unterzeichnen.
Erklärung
Die Erklärung betrifft finanzielle und kommerzielle (materielle) sowie psychologische und soziale
(immaterielle) Aspekte sowie Interessen der Mitglieder selbst und/oder ihrer persönlichen/professionellen
Partner innerhalb der letzten 3 Jahre. Bitte machen Sie konkrete Angaben zu folgenden Punkten:
1. Berater- bzw. Gutachtertätigkeit oder bezahlte Mitarbeit in einem wissenschaftlichen Beirat eines
Unternehmens der Gesundheitswirtschaft (z. B. Arzneimittelindustrie, Medizinproduktindustrie), eines
kommerziell orientierten Auftragsinstituts oder einer Versicherung.
Nein
Ja
Falls ja, bitte konkrete Angabe:
2. Honorare für Vortrags- und Schulungstätigkeiten oder bezahlte Autoren- oder Co-Autorenschaften
im Auftrag eines Unternehmens der Gesundheitswirtschaft, eines kommerziell orientierten
Auftragsinstituts oder einer Versicherung.
Nein
Ja
12 Anhänge | 25
3. Finanzielle Zuwendungen (Drittmittel) für Forschungsvorhaben oder direkte Finanzierung von

Mitarbeitern der Einrichtung von Seiten eines Unternehmens der Gesundheitswirtschaft, eines
kommerziell orientierten Auftragsinstituts oder einer Versicherung
Nein
Ja
4. Eigentümerinteresse an Arzneimitteln/Medizinprodukten (z. B. Patent, Urheberrecht,

Verkaufslizenz)
Nein
Ja
5. Besitz von Geschäftsanteilen, Aktien, Fonds mit Beteiligung von Unternehmen der
Gesundheitswirtschaft
Nein
Ja
6. Persönliche Beziehungen zu einem Vertretungsberechtigten eines Unternehmens

Gesundheitswirtschaft
Nein
Ja
7. Mitglied von in Zusammenhang mit der Leitlinienentwicklung relevanten Fachgesell-

schaften/Berufsverbänden, Mandatsträger im Rahmen der Leitlinienentwicklung
Nein
Ja
8. Politische, akademische (z. B. Zugehörigkeit zu bestimmten „Schulen“), wissenschaftliche oder

persönliche Interessen, die mögliche Konflikte begründen könnten
Nein
Ja
9. Gegenwärtiger Arbeitgeber, relevante frühere Arbeitgeber der letzten 3 Jahre:
12 Anhänge | 26
Bewertung
Ergeben sich aus allen oben angeführten Punkten nach Ihrer Meinung für Sie oder die ganze
Leitliniengruppe bedeutsame Interessenkonflikte?
Nein
Ja
Falls ja, bitte Angabe eines Vorschlags zur Diskussion in der Leitliniengruppe
(z. B. Stimmenthaltung zu speziellen Fragestellungen):
Name/Anschrift (Stempel)
______________________ __________________________
Ort, Datum Unterschrift
27
12 Anhänge | 27
12.3. Ergebnisse der Interessenkonflikterklärungen
Punkte Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. U. Prof. Dr. Dr. T. PD Dr. C. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Dr. M. Prof. Dr.
A. Wirth H. M. N. Stefan Kanthak S. C. Ellrott Heintze A. Berg D. Kunze Teufel M. Wa-
Hauner Colom- Bischoff bitsch
bo-Benk-
mann
1 Berater- bzw. Mitarbeit Mitglied nein Berater- nein Danone, nein nein ALMA- nein nein nein
Gutachtertätigkeit im Data- im tätigkeit Yakult, SEG
oder bezahlte Monito- Interna- für die Fresenius, GmbH
Mitarbeit in einem ring tional Firmen Covidien Bienen-
wissenschaftlichen Commit- Advisory Boeh- büttel
Beirat eines Unter- tee einer Board der ringer
nehmens der wissen- Weight Ingelheim,
Gesundheits- schaftli- Watchers MediGene
wirtschaft (z. B. chen Int. Corp.,
Arzneimittelindustrie, Studie der New York
Medizinprodukt- Fa.
industrie), eines Riemser
kommerziell orientier-
ten Auftragsinstituts
oder einer
Versicherung
2 Honorare für Honorare In den Covidien Honorare nein Zahl- Glaxo nein ALMA- nein nein nein
Vortrags- und für Vor- letzten 3 Deutsch- für Vor- reiche, Smith- SEG
Schulungstätigkeiten träge/ Jahren land: tragstätig- wechselnd Kline, GmbH
oder bezahlte Artikel Honorare Vortrags- keiten im Kirchheim- Bienen-
Autoren- oder Co- von Cert- für Vor- und Schu- Rahmen Verlag, büttel
Autorenschaften im medica, träge von lungs- der ärzt- Nestle
Auftrag eines MSD, Novartis, tätigkeit lichen Health-
Unternehmens der Lilly, BMS, im Rah- Weiter- care
Gesundheitswirt- Actavis, Sanofi- men von bildung Nutrition,
schaft, eines Medical Aventis, Opera- unterstützt Weight-
kommerziell Training, Novo- tions- durch die Watchers,
28
12 Anhänge | 28
bo-Benk-
mann
orientierten Cardio- Nordisk work- Firmen NSA;
Auftragsinstituts oder vasc shops Sanofi- Preven-
einer Versicherung gegen Aventis, tias Institut
Honorar Bristol- für Ar-
Myers beits- und
Squibb, Sozialhy-
Astra- giene
Zeneca Stiftung,
Deynique
Cosmetics
3 Finanzielle nein LKP einer nein Drittmittel nein Almirall, Allgemei- nein ALMA- nein nein nein
Zuwendungen klinischen für die Merck ne SEG
(Drittmittel) für Studie Durch- Ortskran- GmbH
Forschungsvorhaben Phase II führung kenkasse Bienen-
oder direkte für die von (AOK), büttel
Finanzierung von Riemser Studien Weight-
Mitarbeitern der AG der Watchers,
Einrichtung von (Alvalin) Industrie Nestle
Seiten eines Klinische (Roche) Health-
Unternehmens der Studie für und für care
Gesundheitswirt- Certme- Investiga- Nutrition
schaft, eines dica tor-Initi-
kommerziell orien- (Formolin ated-
tierten Auftrags- e L112) Studies
instituts oder einer (Sanofi-
Versicherung Aventis)
4 Eigentümerinteresse nein nein nein nein nein nein nein nein nein nein nein nein
an Arzneimitteln/
Medizinprodukten (z.
B. Patent,
29
12 Anhänge | 29
bo-Benk-
mann
Urheberrecht,
Verkaufslizenz)
5 Besitz von nein nein nein nein nein Besitz von nein nein nein nein nein nein
Geschäftsanteilen, Geschäfts
Aktien, Fonds mit anteilen,
Beteiligung von Aktien,
Unternehmen der Fonds mit
Gesundheitswirt- Beteili-
schaft gung von
Unter-
nehmen
der
Gesund-
heitswirt-
schaft; Die
Zusam-
menset-
zung des
Besitzes
wechselte
über den
abgefrag-
ten Zeit-
raum, ist
nicht
doku-
mentiert,
bewegt
sich in
einer
Größen-
30
12 Anhänge | 30
bo-Benk-
mann
ordnung
von unter
100.000
Euro und
stellt
meines
Erachtens
keinerlei
Interes-
senkonflikt
dar
6 Persönliche nein nein nein nein nein nein nein nein nein nein nein nein
Beziehungen zu
einem Vertretungs-
berechtigten eines
Unternehmens
Gesundheits-
wirtschaft
7 Mitglied von in Deutsche Präsident Deutsche Deutsche- nein DGEM Deutsche DEGAM Beirat Leitlinien- Deut- Feder-
Zusammenhang mit Diabetes- der Deut- Gesell- Diabetes- DAG Gesell- DAG / koordinato sche führen-
der Leitlinien- Gesellsch schen schaft für Gesell- schaft für Präsidium r der AGA Kolle- der Autor
DGE
entwicklung aft / Adipositas Chirurgie / schaft Ernährung DGSP – Arbeits- gium für der S3-
relevanten Fach- Lipidliga / Gesell- Deutsche EJSEN / Deutsche gemein- Psycho- LL
gesellschaften/ Deutsche schaft / Gesell- Gesell,sch schaft somati- „Adipo-
Berufsverbänden, Hoch- Mitglied schaft für aft für Adipositas sche sitas im
Mandatsträger im druck im Präsi- Allgemein Ernäh- im Kindes- Medizin / Kinder-
Rahmen der Liga/ dium der - und Vis- rungsme- und Deut- und
Leitlinienentwicklung Deutsche Deut- zeral- dizin, Jugend- sche Jugen-
Gesell- schen chirurgie / Deutsche alter der Gesell- dalter“
schaft für Gesell- Arbeits- Adipositas DAG schaft
31
12 Anhänge | 31
bo-Benk-
mann
Sport und schaft für gemein- Gesell- für
Präven- Ernäh- schaft schaft, Essstö-
tion rung Adipositas Deutsche rungen
(DGE) / chirurgie Gesell-
Vorsit- und schaft für
zender metabo- Prävention
der LL- lische und
Kommis- Chirurgie / Rehabili-
sion für Deutsche tation,
Kohle- Gesell- Verband
hydrate schaft für für
der DGE Chirurgie Ernährung
der und
Adiposi- Diätetik,
tas / Vor- Deutsche
sitzender Gesell-
der schaft für
Leitlinien- Prävention
kommis- und
sion Rehabili-
Adipositas tation
chirurgie
8 Politische, nein nein nein nein nein nein nein nein nein nein nein nein
akademische (z.B.
Zugehörigkeit zu
bestimmten
„Schulen“),
wissenschaftliche
oder persönliche
Interessen, die
mögliche Konflikte
32
12 Anhänge | 32
bo-Benk-
mann
begründen könnten
9 Gegenwärtiger Deutsche Klinikum Universi- Medizini- Rentnerin Universität Institut für Charite, Seit 10/ Kein Universi- Universi-
Arbeitgeber, Renten- rechts der tät sche Hohen- Ernäh- Institut für 2008 Arbeit- tätsklini- tätsklini-
relevante frühere versiche- Isar der Münster Univer- heim rungs- Allge- selbst- geber, kum kum Ulm
Arbeitgeber der rung Techni- von dort sitäts- psycholo- mein- ständig sondern Tübin-
letzten 3 Jahre Braun- schen abgeord- klinik der gie an der medizin freiberuf- gen
schweig- Universi- net an Universität Universi- liche
Hannover tät das Tübingen täts- Tätigkeit
München Univer- und medizin im MVZ
sitäts- Deutsche Göttingen Endokri-
klinikum For- Balzer- nologikum
Münster schungs- born-Klinik München
gesell- Bad
schaft Sooden
Allendorf
10 Ergeben sich aus nein nein nein nein nein nein nein nein nein nein nein nein
allen oben
angeführten Punkten
nach Ihrer Meinung
für Sie oder die
ganze
Leitliniengruppe
bedeutsame
Interessenkonflikte?
12 Anhänge | 33
12.4. Methodik und Ergebnisse der Recherchen zur 1. Aktualisierung der

Leitlinie
12.4.1. Recherchestrategien
Die Recherchestrategien sind im Kapitel 5.1.2 aufgeführt.
12.4.2. Ergebnisse der Recherchen
12.4.2.1 Flow-Chart
12 Anhänge | 34
12.4.2.2 Evidenztabellen
Thema: Gesundheitsproblem Adipositas
Aggregierte Evidenz
a) Leitlinien
Quelle Text Evidenz- bzw. Literaturbelege Methodische
Empfehlungs- Bewertung
grad
SIGN (2010): Health consequences of obesity in adults Vazquez G, et al. Epidemiol Rev 2007;29:115-28 Domäne 3 (DELBI) 19
Management of Asthma 2++ Chu SY, Callaghan WM. Diabetes Care Punkte
Obesity. A national 2007;30(8):2070-6 Bei der Suche nach
Overweight and obese patients are more likely to
clinical guideline Evidenz wurden
develop asthma in a given period; odds ratio (OR) of Carey VJ, et al. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145(7):614-9
[4] systematischen Methoden
incident asthma in obese compared to normal weight Chan JM, et al. Diabetes Care 1994;17(9):961-9
adults was 1.92 (OR 1.38 for overweight patients). angewandt.
Rana JS, et al. Diabetes Care 2007;30(1):53-8
Cancer 2++
Guh DP, et al. BMC Public Health 2009;9:88
There is an association between obesity and increased 2+
Brown CD, et al. Obes Res 2000;8(9):605-19
risk of developing leukaemia and cancer of the breast,
gallbladder, ovaries, pancreas, prostate, colon, Kannel WB, et al. Nutrition 1997;13(2):157-8
oesophagus, endometrium, and renal cells. Anderson JW, Konz EC. Obes Res
Coronary heart disease (CHD) / 2++ 2001;9(Suppl 4):326S-34S
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) 4 Romero-Corral A, et al. Lancet 2006;368(9536):666-
Obesity is a major risk factor for CHD. Severe obesity is 2+ 78
associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. Nightingale AL, et al. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health
Obesity-induced dyslipidaemia andhypertension are Care 2000;5(4):265-74
factors in the increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In Wanahita N, et al. Am Heart J 2008;155(2):310-5
a meta-analysis, BMI>25 kg/m2 was positively
associated with increased risk of venous Larsson SC, Wolk A. Int J Cancer 2008;122(6):1418-
21
thromboembolism in combined oral contraceptive users.
A meta-analysis reported an RR for hypertension in Connolly BS, et al. Nutr Cancer 2002;44(2):127-38
overweight men of 1.28 and obese men 1.84. The RR for Harvie M, et al. Obesity Reviews 2003;4(3):157-73
hypertension in overweight women was 1.65 and in Olsen CM, et al. Eur J Cancer 2007;43(4):690-709
12 Anhänge | 35

grad
obese women was 2.42. Pooled data from seven cohorts Berrington de Gonzalez A, et al. Br J Cancer
give an RR for stroke in overweight men of 1.23 and 2003;89(3):519-23
obese men 1.51 and an RR for stroke in overweight MacInnis RJ, et al. Cancer Causes Control
women of 1.15 and obese women 1.49. One cohort study 2006;17(8):989-1003
found an RR for pulmonary embolism of 1.91 in
Bergstrom A, et al. Int J Cancer 2001;91(3):421-30
overweight women and 3.51 in obese women. In
population based cohorts, obese individuals have an Wolk A, et al. Cancer Causes Control 2001;12(1):13-
associated 49% increased risk of developing atrial 21
fibrillation compared to non-obese individuals. Hampel H, et al. Ann Intern Med 2005;143(3):199-211
Dementia 2++ Kubo A. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
Increasing BMI is an independent risk factor (RR 1 to 2) 2006;15(5):872-8
for dementia. Beuther DA, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Depression 3 2007;175(7):661-6
Severe obesity (BMI>40 kg/m2) is associated with Onyike CU, et al. Am J Epidemiol 2003;158(12):1139-
depression (OR 4.63). 47
Diabetes 2++ Gorospe EC, et al. Age Ageing 2007;36(1):23-9
Elevation in BMI is the dominant risk factor for the 2+ van der Steeg JW, et al. Hum Reprod
development of diabetes (including gestational diabetes). 2008;23(2):324-8
In large cohort studies in men and women, obesity is Metwally M, et al. Fertil Steril 2008;90(3):714-26
associated with an increased RR of type 2 diabetes Stothard KJ, et al. JAMA 2009;301(6):636-50
(RR≥10 comparing BMI>30 kg/m2 to BMI<22 kg/m2 and
RR 50-90 comparing BMI >35 kg/m2 to BMI <22 kg/m2). Hammoud AO, et al. Fertil Steril 2008;90(4):897-904
RR of diabetes in overweight men 2.4 and obese men Hampel H, et al. Ann Intern Med 2005;143(3):199-211
6.74. RR of diabetes in overweight women 3.92 and Ioannou GN, et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol
obese women 12. 2+ 2005;3(1):67-74
Fertility and Reproduction Machado M, et al. J Hepatol 2006;45(4):600-6
Ovulatory, subfertile women with BMI >29 kg/m2 have Scheen AJ, Luyckx FH. Best Pract Res Clin
lower pregnancy rates compared with those with BMI 21- Endocrinol Metab 2002;16(4):703-16
29 kg/m2. In a meta-analysis there were significantly Rutherford A, et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol
raised odds of miscarriage, regardless of the method of 2006;4(12):1544-9
conception (OR, 1.67, 95% confidence interval, 1.25-
2.25) in patients with a body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2. Lievense AM, et al. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2002;41(10):1155-62
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grad
Maternal obesity increases risk for a range of structural Oliveria SA, et al. Epidemiology 1999;10(2):161-6
congenital abnormalities including neural tube defects Martinez J, et al. Pancreatology 2006;6(3):206-9
(OR, 1.87), hydrocephaly (OR, 1.68), cleft lip and palate
Heslehurst N, et al. Obes Rev 2008;9(6):635-83
(OR, 1.2) and cardiovascular anomalies (OR,1.3). An
editorial review suggests male obesity contributes to an O’Brien TE, et al. Epidemiology 2003;14(3):368-74
increased risk of infertility. Dixon JB, et al. Arch Intern Med 2001;161(1):102-6
Gastrooesophagael reflux disease 2++ Dagan Y, et al. Traffic Inj Prev 2006;7(1):44-8
The OR for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease is raised Daltro C, et al. Obes Surg 2007;17(6):809-14
in patients who are overweight (OR 1.43) or obese (OR Namyslowski G, et al. J Physiol Pharmacol
1.94). 2005;56(suppl 6):59-65
Kidney disease 2+ Newman AB, et al. Arch Intern Med
Obesity increases the risk of kidney disease in the 2005;165(20):2408-13
general population (RR, 1.92 in women, 1.49 in men) and Santiago-Recuerda A, et al. Obes Surg
adversely affects the progress of kidney disease among 2007;17(5):689-97
patients with kidney-related diseases.
Young T, et al. J Appl Physiol 2005;99(4):1592-9
Liver disease 2+
McTigue KM, et al. Ann Intern Med
Compared to healthy-weight patients, overweight and 2003;139(11):933-49, I-57
obese patients with abdominal fat distribution experience
higher rates of hospitalisation and death due to cirrhosis. Avenell A, et al. Health Technology Assess
2004;8(21)
37% of asymptomatic morbidly obese patients have
histological non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (compared with Stenius-Aarniala B, et al. Br Med J
3% in the general population) and 91% have steatosis 2000;320(7238):827-32
(compared with 20% in the general population). In one Christensen R, et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66(4):433-
study of subjects with acute liver failure, obese patients 9
had an RR of 1.63 for transplantation or death. Bales CW, et al. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008;9(5):302-
Mortality 2++ 12
Obesity is associated with excess mortality. BMI (above Mulrow CD, et al. The Cochrane Library, 2006(4)
22.5-25 kg/m2) is a strong predictor of overall mortality Vettor R, et al. Diabetes Care 2005;28(4):942-9
with most of the excess mortality likely to be causal and
due to vascular disease. In the elderly (age ≥65), a BMI Aucott L, et al. Hypertension 2005;45(6):1035-41
in the moderately obese range is associated with a Neter JE, et al. Hypertension 2003;42(5):878-84
modest increase in mortality risk regardless of sex, Douketis JD, et al. Int J Obes 2005;29(10):1153-67
12 Anhänge | 37

grad
disease state and smoking status. Physical inactivity and Williamson DA, et al. Arch Intern Med
adiposity have both independent and dependent effects 2009;169(2):163-71
on all-cause mortality. Poobalan A, et al. Obesity Reviews 2004;5(1):43-50
Osteoarthritis 2+ Kramer FM, et al. Int J Obes 1989;13(2):123-36
A systematic review reported moderate evidence for a 3 Field AE, et al. Int J Obes 2001;25(8):1113-21
positive association between obesity and the occurrence 2+
Field AE, et al. Am J Epidemiol 1999;150(6):573-9
of hip osteoarthritis with an OR of approximately 2.52 In
one case control study, body weight was a predictor of Rzehak P, et al. Eur J Epidemiol 2007;22(10):665-73
incident osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Pooled Diaz VA, et al. J Community Health 2005;30(3):153-
results from three studies give the RR for joint 65
replacement for osteoarthritis in overweight men as 2.76 Guagnano MT, et al. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54(4):356-
and 4.20 for obese men. The RR for joint replacement in 60
overweight women was 1.80 and for obese women was
1.96. Guagnano MT, et al. Clinical Science 1999;96(6):677-
80
Pancreatitis 2++
Petersmarck KA, et al. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
Obesity is associated with higher rates of local 1999;23(12):1246-55
complications of acute pancreatitis.
Tsai CJ, et al. Arch Intern Med 2006;166(21):2369-74
Pregnancy/birth Complications 2+
A meta-analysis demonstrated a significant relationship
between increasing obesity and increased odds of
Caesarean section and instrumental deliveries,
haemorrhage, infection, longer duration of hospital stay
and increased neonatal intensive care requirement. A
meta-analysis of twenty studies in overweight, obese and
severely obese women showed the odds ratios of
developing gestational diabetes mellitus were 2.14 (95%
CI 1.82- 2.53), 3.56 (95% CI 3.05-4.21), and 8.56 (95%
CI 5.07-16.04) respectively, as compared with pregnant
women whose booking weight was within the normal
range. There is a strong positive association between
maternal prepregnancy body mass index and the risk of
pre-eclampsia.
12 Anhänge | 38

grad
Sleep 2+
There is a high prevalence of significantly disturbed sleep
in people with obesity. Sleep disordered breathing is
common in people with obesity and to a lesser degree in
the overweight. Obstructive sleep apnoea is found in the
majority of morbidly obese patients.
Health benefits of weight loss in adults
Recommendations:
Healthcare professionals should make patients aware of
the following health benefits associated with sustained
modest weight loss:
- improved lipid profiles A
- reduced osteoarthritis-related disability.
- lowered all-cause, cancer and diabetes mortality in
some patient groups
- reduced blood pressure B
- improved glycaemic control
- reduction in risk of type 2 diabetes
- potential for improved lung function in patients with
asthma.
The literature was reviewed to assess the potential
health benefit of moderate sustained weight loss,
meaning 5-10 kg or 5-10% at one year.
Mortality
2++
Moderate intentional weight loss of around 5 kg or more
in overweight and obese adults with a history of diabetes
is associated with lowered all-cause mortality. Intentional
weight loss of between 5 kg to 10 kg in obese women
with some obesity-related illness is associated with
lowered cancer-related mortality and lowered diabetes-
related mortality.
12 Anhänge | 39

grad
Asthma 1+
There is limited evidence from one RCT that weight loss
of more than 10 kg in obese patients with asthma is
associated with improved lung function.
Arthritis -related disability 2+
Weight loss of greater than 5 kg and around 5% of body
weight in overweight or obese older female patients with
knee osteoarthritis is associated with a reduction in self
reported disability when at least 0.24% of body weight is
lost each week. In one study, 5% weight loss was
associated with improved physical function and reduced
knee pain in obese patients aged over 60 years with
established osteoarthritis.
Blood pressure 1+
Weight loss of around 5 kg is associated with a reduction 2++
in systolic blood pressure of between 3.8-4.4 mmHg and
reduction of diastolic blood pressure of between 3.0-3.6
mmHg at 12 months. Weight loss of around 10 kg is
associated with a reduction in systolic blood pressure of
around 6 mmHg and reduction of diastolic blood pressure
of around 4.6 mmHg at two years.
Glycaemic control and incidence of diabetes 1++ - 2++
In patients with type 2 diabetes, weight loss of around 5
kg is associated with a reduction in fasting blood glucose
of between 0.17 mmol/L to 0.24 mmol/L at 12 months.
Weight loss of around 5 kg in obese patients with type 2
diabetes is associated with a reduction in HbA1c of
around 0.28% at 12 months. In adults with impaired
glucose tolerance, behaviourally mediated weight loss
can prevent diabetes (58% reduction in diabetes
incidence).Weight loss of around 5 kg in overweight
patients at risk for diabetes mellitus who receive lifestyle
interventions is associated with a reduced risk of
12 Anhänge | 40

grad
developing impaired glucose tolerance at 2-5 years. In
one RCT overweight or obese patients with type 2
diabetes who received an intensive lifestyle intervention
which yielded significant weight loss (9 kg), had improved
physical fitness, reduced physical symptoms and
experienced significant improvements in health-related
quality of life compared with those who received diabetes
support and education who lost less than 1 kg.
Lipid profiles 1++
Modelling based on systematic reviews of RCTs 2++
suggests that modest and sustained weight loss (5 kg –
10 kg) in patients with overweight or obesity is
associated with reductions in low density lipoprotein, total
cholesterol and triglycerides and with increased levels of
high density lipoprotein.
Weight cycling
Recommendations:
Patients should be encouraged to make sustainable
lifestyle changes and given support to avoid weight
cycling. Best praxice
Weight history, including previous weight loss attempts,
should be part of the assessmentof patients with obesity.
Weight cycling is the repeated voluntary loss and
subsequent regain of body weight in those who
repeatedly follow weight loss regimens. Weight cycling is
a common condition as only a minority of people who
lose weight through weight management interventions
are able to maintain their weight loss. There is no
consistent definition of weight cycling parameters. Most
studies define weight cycling as 4.5 kg lost and regained
but the period of concern varies from three to six years 2+
and the number of cycles of weight loss required to
12 Anhänge | 41

grad
qualify is not clearly defined.
Weight cyclers gain significantly more weight than non-
weight cyclers over four and six years.
Weight cycling is a risk factor for all-cause mortality and
cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio (HR) approximately
1.8 for both).
Weight cycling is associated with increased risk of
hypertension in obese women. There was no adverse
effect of weight cycling on hypertension in overweight
middle aged men and adverse effects on hypertension in
overweight women did not reach statistical significance.
Weight cycling increases the risk of symptomatic
gallstones in men by 25-50% depending on the degree of
weight lost and regained.
Paulweber B, et al. Modifiable risk factors: Overweight and obesity A–B Bei der Suche nach
(2010): A Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and overweight (BMI 25–30 Harris MI. Diabetes Care 1989;12:464-74 Evidenz wurden
European kg/m2) increase the risk for developing both IGT and systematische Methoden
DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Diabetes Care
Evidence-Based T2DM at all ages. They act, at least in part, by inducing angewandt, welche der
1991;14:173-94
Guideline for the insulin resistance. More than 80% of cases of T2DM can SIGN-Methodik
Prevention of Type Norris SL, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev entsprechen.
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2 Diabetes, 2010 2005:CD005270
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not associated with glucose intolerance or increased
CVD risk. However, studies trying to discern the relative
12 Anhänge | 42

grad
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been proposed by different organizations, there is an Reaven GM. Diabetes 1988;37:1595-607
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Oda E. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2566
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harmonized definition of the MetSy has recently been Alberti KG, et al. Circulation 2009;120:1640-5
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better predictor of incident diabetes than the complex Stern MP, et al. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2676-81
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MetSy was as good a predictor for the occurrence of
T2DM as iIFG (OR: 5.03 versus 7.07). If both conditions
occurred simultaneously, the risk for T2DM was much
higher (OR: 21.0).
12 Anhänge | 43
b) Systematischer Review, Metaanalyse, HTA

Studien- Autoren, Untersuchte Welche Charakteristik eingeschlossener Studien/ Literaturbelege Evidenz- Meth.
typ Jahr Studien/ Behandlungen Befunde in Bezug auf Therapiewirkungen niveau Bemerkungen
Materialien wurden geprüft (SIGN)
Meta- Gariepy G, Search Primary outcome: Included studies: Barry, et al. Ann 2++ Gute methodische
analysis et al. strategy is Anxiety disorders Study quality: Epidemiol 2008 Qualitat der
(2010) reported Baumeister, et al. Int J Metaanalyse, die
- 2 prospective and 14 cross-sectional studies
[11] 7 Databases: Obes 2007 meisten
- Flowchart of studies selection is available eingeschlossenen
Medline, Becker, et al. Int J
Embase, - Meta-analysis was performed from 13 of the cross- Studien haben
sectional studies Obes 2001
Scopus, ISI ebenfalls gute bzw.
- Quality assessment is reported Bruffaerts, et al. Can J moderate Qualität
Web of
Psychiat Rev 2008
Knowledge, - 5 studies with high quality, 5 studies with moderate Eingeschlossen waren
PsycInfo, quality and 4 studies with poor quality Hach, et al. Eur J Beobachtungs-studien
Cumulative Public Health 2007
Descriptive statistics:
Index to Hallstrom, et al. J
- All studies were from western world (9 from
Nursing and Psychosomat Res
Northwest Europe)
Allied Health 1981
Literature - A total of 346 289 individuals
Herpertz, et al. J
Period: from - Men and women
Psychosomat Res
Inception to Heterogeneity: 2006
Mai 2009 - inconsistency index = 84.3 % (p < 0.001) Mather, et al. J
Prospective - Random effects model was used Psychosomat Res
and cross- Publication bias: 2009
sectional McLaren, et al. Soc
- No publications bias
studies Psychiatry Psychiatr
- funnel plot was symmetric except for one small study
Epidemiol 2008
- Eggers test produced no significant
p-value = 0.65 Moore, et al. JAMA
1962
Results:
Patten, et al. Internet J
The pooled OR of an association between obesity and Mental Health 2007
anxiety was 1.4 (95 % CI 1.2 – 1.6)
Scott, et al. J
Causal relationship from obesity to anxiety is not clear Psychosomat Res
Subgroup meta-analysis:
12 Anhänge | 44
Men: OR 1.3; 95 % CI 1.0 – 1.5 2008
Women: OR 1.4; 95 % CI 1.1 – 1.7 Simon, et al. Arch Gen
Psychiatry 2006
Zhao, et al. Int J Obes
2009
Bjerkeset, et al. Am J
Epidemiol 2008
Kasen, et al. Int J
Obes 2008
Meta- Luppino Search Primary outcome: Included studies: Anderson SE, et al. 2++ Gute methodische
analysis FS, et al. strategy is depression or Study quality: Psychosom Med. Qualität des SR
(2010) reported overweight/obesity 2007;69(8):740-7 anhand der
- Quality assessment is reported, 15-item checklist
[12] 3 Databases : (BMI) Bjerkeset O, et al. Am Kohortenstudien
adapted from Kuijpers et al. was used
Medline J Epidemiol. (5 von 15 haben sehr
- 5 studies with high quality gute Qualität)
(PubMed), 2008;167(2):193-202
EMBASE, and Descriptive statistics:
Herva A, et al. Int J
PsycINFO - In children, adolescent and adult; total N = 58 745 Obes (Lond).
Studies - 8 studies with obesity/overweight exposure and 2006;30(3):520-7
design: outcome depression Kasen S, et al. Int J
prospective Heterogeneity: Obes (Lond).
cohort studies - Random effects model was used 2008;32(3):558-66
- Q-Statistic was used, I2 was calculated: not Koponen H, et al. J
significant or low heterogeneity Clin Psychiatry.
Publication bias: 2008;69(2):178-82
- Egger test, Duval and Tweedie: no significant Roberts RE, et al. Int J
publication bias Obes Relat Metab
Disord.
Results (obesity/overweight exposure and outcome
2003;27(4):514-21
depression):
Sachs-Ericsson N, et
- Overweight increased the risk of onset of depression al. Am J Geriatr
at follow-up: N = 53 639: unadjusted OR = 1.27
Psychiatry.
(95 % CI, 1.07 - 1.51; p < 0.01); N = 48 739:
12 Anhänge | 45
adjusted OR = 1.08 (95 % CI, 1.02 - 1.14; p < 0.01) 2007;15(9):815-25
- Obesity at baseline increased the risk of onset van Gool CH, et al.
depression in follow-up: N = 55 387: unadjusted OR Am J Public Health.
= 1.55 (95 % CI, 1.22 - 1.98; p < 0.001), N = 48 739: 2007;97(5):887-94
adjusted OR = 1.57 (95 % CI, 1.23 - 2.01; p < 0.001) Bardone AM, et al. J
Subgroup analysis: Am Acad Child
- Age: Overweight: Not significant: mean age < 20 Adolesc Psychiatry.
years (N = 3 799, OR = 1.05 (95 % CI, 0.86 - 1.29) 1998;37(6):594-601
and mean age > 60 (N = 3 981, OR = 1.77 (95 % CI, Barefoot JC, et al. Int
1.00 - 0.32); Significant: mean age 20 - 60 J Obes Relat Metab
(N = 45 859, OR = 1.48 (95 % CI, 1.19 - 1.83); Disord.
Obesity: Significant: mean age < 20 years 1998;22(7):688-94
(N = 3 799, OR = 1.70 (95 % CI, 1.25 - 2.30) and Hasler G, et al. Mol
mean age > 60 (N = 5 729, OR = 1.98 (95 % CI, Psychiatry.
1.26 - 3.10); not significant: mean age 20 - 69 2005;10(9):842-50
(N = 45 859, OR = 1.34 (95 % CI, 0.83 - 2.19)
Koponen H, et al. J
- Sex: Overweight (N = 48 195): not significant
Clin Psychiatry.
(women: OR = 0.98 (95 % CI, 0.80 - 1.20); men: 2008;69(2):178-82
OR = 1.30 (95 % CI, 0.78 - 2.17); Obesity
(N = 48 195): significant for women (OR = 1.67 Pine DS, et al. Am J
(95 % CI, 1.11 - 2.51), not significant for men Public Health.
(OR = 1.31 (95 % CI, 1.13 - 1.15) 1997;87(8):1303-10
- Follow-up duration: < 10 years: Not significant: Pine DS, et al.
Overweight: N = 4900, OR = 0.89, 95 % CI, 0.71, Pediatrics.
1.12; Obesity: N = 6648; OR = 1.26, 95 % CI, 0.78, 2001;107(5):1049-56
2.03; ≥ 10 years: not significant for overweight: Richardson LP, et al.
N = 48 739, OR = 1.19, 95 % CI, 0.97, 1.45; Arch Pediatr Adolesc
significant for obesity: N = 48 739; OR = 1.72, 95 % Med.
CI, 1.40, 2.13 2003;157(8):739-45
- High versus low quality of studies: Overweight and Roberts RE, et al. Int J
Obesity: not significant in high quality (N = 1 146 Obes Relat Metab
OR = 1.17, 95 % CI, 0.80, 1.70; obesity: N = 1 146 Disord.
OR = 1.24, 95 % CI, 0.49, 3.17); significant in low 2003;27(4):514-21
12 Anhänge | 46
quality (N = 52 493 OR = 1.32, 95 % CI, 1.06, 1.63; van Gool CH, et al.
obesity: N = 54 241 OR = 1.62, 95 % CI, 1.28, 2.05) Am J Public Health.
- Europeans: Overweight: significant (N = 48 440 2007;97(5):887-94
OR = 1.29, 95 % CI, 1.05, 1.58); Obesity: not Vogelzangs N, et al.
significant (N = 48 440 OR = 1.33, 95 % CI, 0.98, Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1.81), p-value between groups < 0.05 2008;65(12):1386-93
- Clinical depressive disorder: Overweight: not
significant (N = 1 218 OR = 1.13, 95 % CI, 0.74,
1.84); Obesity: significant (N = 2 966 OR = 2.15, 95
% CI, 1.48, 3.12), p-value between groups < 0.05
Meta- Yusuf E, et Search exposure: Included studies: 15 high quality 2++ Eine Meta-Analyse
analysis al. (2010) strategy, weight or BMI Study quality: studies: guter methodischer
[13] inclusion and Andrianakos AA, et al. Qualität.
outcome: - 25 observational studies: 2 cohort, 3 case-control, 20
exclusion J Rheumatol. 2006 Informationen im
hand osteoarthritis cross-sectional design
criteria were Anhang (Datenbanken
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reported usw.) sind nicht
- 15 studies had high quality, the mean of quality Epidemiol. 1994
Databases verfügbar.
scores was 63 % Cicuttini FM. J
were in Eine positive
- Potential confounder were reported: age, gender, Rheumatol. 1996
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Period: up to Descriptive statistics: Rheum Dis. 2007 gute methodische
April 2008 - 8 studies investigated only women, 1 study - only Ding H. Obes Res Clin Qualität haben. In
Studies men Pract. 2008 einigen Studien wurde
design: - Outcome was diagnosed using only radiographic Haara MM. Ann allerdings keine
observational criteria in 18 studies, 3 studies used radiographic Rheum Dis. 2003 Assoziation
studies and clinical criteria, 2 studies used only clinical festgestellt.
Jones G. J Rheumatol
criteria, in 2 studies outcome was reported 2002
Heterogeneity: Kessler S. Clin
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Publication bias: Oliveria SA.
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- Funnel plot, symmetry was determined visually: the Epidemiology. 1999
plot was asymmetric Sayer AA. Arthritis
Results: Rheum. 2003
- Pooled RR = 1.9 (forest plot), 14 studies Sowers M. Osteoarthr
- Total 25 studies, 15 showed significant association Cartil. 2000
- 15 studies with high quality: Szoeke CE. Bone.
Cohort studies: 1 showed a positive association 2006
(RR = 3.12, 95 % CI 1.65 - 5.88), 1 showed no Hart DJ. J Rheumatol.
association 1993
Case-control studies: reported positive significant Van Saase JL. Ann
association (OR = 1.30, 95 % CI 1.06 - 1.59 and Rheum Dis. 1989
OR = 8.3 95 % 1.2 - 56.5)
11 cross-sectional studies: 7 reported positive
association
13 of high quality studies that used radiographic criteria
for hand osteoarthritis: 10 of these studies showed
positive association
Systematic Van Search Primary outcome: Included studies: Alexopoulus, et al. 2++ Eine systematische
review Duijven- strategy, BMI, waist Study quality: Occup Environ Med. Übersichtsarbeit von
bode DC, inclusion and circumference 2001 13 longitudinalen
- 13 longitudinal studies
et al. criteria were Burdorf A, et. al. Studien guter Qualität.
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[14] adapted from Ariens and Hayden: 12 studies had Heterogenität und
Databases: 1998
high quality Publications bias.
PubMed, Christensen KB, et al.
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longitudinal Laaksonen M, et al.
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- the same recommended cut-off points were used to 2006
define overweight or obesity except for one study Moreau M, et al. Int J
(Tsai et al.) that defined obesity as BMI ≥ 27.2 kg/m2 Obes Relat Metab
for men and 26.9 kg/m2 for women Disord. 2004
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records Intern Med. 2007
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leave Psychol. 1987
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Publication bias: Tsai SP, et al. J
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2005
Results:
Vingard E, et al.
Overweight: Scand J Public Health.
- 8 high quality studies: 2005
- 1 study did not distinguished between duration of
sick leave: statistically significant association
- long-term sick leave: 7 studies investigated the
relationship between overweight and long-term sick
leave: 4 reported an association, 3 no association
- short-term sick leave: 5 studies investigated the
relationship with short-term sick leave: inconsistent
and different results
Obesity:
- 10 studies: 1 low quality, 9 high quality
- 1 low quality study: differences in average absence
12 Anhänge | 49
duration
- 8 studies investigated the relationship with long-term
sick leave, 5 of them investigated also the
relationship with shorter spells
- long-term sick leave: 7 studies reported an
association, 1 study reported no association
- short-term sick leave: inconsistent and different
results: 3 studies reported an association, 2 studies
reported no association
Meta- Muthuri Databases: outcome: Risk Included studies: Cooper C, et al. 2- Different study design,
analysis SG, et al. Ovid Medline Reduction in Knee 47 studies were included: 14 cohort, 19 cross-sectional, Arthritis Rheum 2000 high heterogeneity,
(2011) (1950), OA and 14 case–control studies (flow chart) Shiozaki H, et al. study quality n.a.
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Study quality:
(1980), and Knee 1999
AMED (1985), - 2 reviewers, criteria recommended by the Meta-
Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Gelber AC, et al. Am J
PubMed, ISI
were used Med 1999
Web of
Science and Descriptive statistics: Grotle M, et al. BMC
CINAHL Musculoskelet Disord
- 446 219 subjects were included
2008
up to July - Risk reduction using population-attributable risk
2010 percentage (PAR %) (the proportion of knee OA that Jarvholm B, et al. Eur
J Epidemiol 2005
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between Res Ther 2009
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2) BMI as a Results (for weight): Med J 2002
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Systematic Sikorski C, Databases: Outcome: Included studies: Hilbert A, et al. J 2- Moderate Reporting
review et al. Medline, Web stigmatizing 7 observ. studies (flow chart) Epidemiol Community quality
(2011) of Science, attitudes Health. 2007,61:585-
Study quality (Randomization/Dropout rate/intention-to-
[16] PSYNDEXplus 90
treat):
,EMBASE and Barry CL, et al.
Cochrane - three studies recruited their participants through
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attitudes Publication bias:
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stereotypes of, Results: 7
or the
- Only 1 study (non RCT) reported explicit measures Hilbert A, et al.
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of stigmatizing attitudes: average „Weight Obesity (Silver Spring,
overweight
Control/Blame” (WCB) score 3.01 = neutral (scale Md). 2008,16:1529-34
and obese
people range: 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree)
- Other studies reported causal attributions: The most
prevailing causal attributions were lack of activity
behavior (82.4 %) and overeating (72.8 %)
Meta- Harrington Databases: Comparison: Included studies: See study references 2- Only 2 databases,
analysis M, et al. PubMed weight loss vs. 26 prospective observational studies heterogeneity n. a.
(2009) (Medline), minimal or no
[17] ScienceDirect, weight loss
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checking of
criss - 2 investigators, quality assestment n. a.
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Articles - sample sizes: 34 to 5 008 subjects;
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between 1987- UK origin,
2008 - follow up: from 2 to 20 years,
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Inclusion
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12 Anhänge | 54
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English of 95 % CI 0.93, 1.09, p = 0.89; Subgroup analysis: for
adults, with “unhealthy” (with obesity related risk factors)
data of body individuals: RR 0.87, 95 % CI 0.77, 0.99, p = 0.028;
weight, weight for “unhealthy” obese: RR 0.84, 95 % CI 0.73, 0.97,
loss over more p = 0.018; for “healthy” individuals: RR 1.11, 95 % CI
than 1 year, 1.00, 1.22, p = 0.05; for overweight individuals: RR
RR or CI were 1.09, 95 % CI 1.02, 1.17, p = 0.008
reported,
- Unintentional (= ill-defined) weight loss: higher
comparison:
mortality risk (RR 1.22, 95 % CI 1.09, 1.37,
minimal or no
p = 0.001)
weight loss
- Unspecified cause of weight loss: RR 1.39, 95 % CI
1.29, 1.51, p < 0.001
Meta- Fabricato- Databases: Different treatment Included studies: Andersen RE, et al. 1- Only 2 studies with
analysis re AN, et Medline, categories: 31 RCTs JAMA. 1999 ITT, low to high
al. (2011) articles 1) lifestyle Annesi JJ, et al. Am J heterogeneity, the typ
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Vander Wal JS, et al.
Int J Food Sci Nutr.
2007
Wadden TA, et al. Int
J Obes. 1990
Wadden TA, et al. Am
J Clin Nutr. 2004
Williamson DA, et al.
Health Psychol. 2008
Wing RR, et al.
Diabetes Care. 1991
Systematic Papaion- Databases: Outcome : bone Included studies: Assessment 2- High heterogeneity, p
review nou A, et MEDLINE, minerale density - 25 observational studies: 7 longitudinal and 18 weight/weight loss: and/or 95 % CI for
al. (2009) Cochrane (BMD) cross-sectional studies; Cheung EY, et al. weight n. a.
[19] Database of - Weight/weight loss as risk factor: 7 longitudinal and Osteoporos Int. 2005
Systematic
10 cross-sectional studies were included Kung AW, et al.
Reviews,
Study quality (Randomization/Dropout rate/intention-to- Osteoporos Int. 2005
DARE,
CENTRAL, treat): Lau EM, et al.
CINAHL and - quality assessment checklist was used: rating Osteoporos Int. 2006
Embase, system of the United States Preventive Services Lynn HS, et al.
Health STAR; Task Force (USPSTF): 9 with good quality and 16 Osteoporos Int. 2005
between with fair quality were included Cauley JA, et al.
January 1,
12 Anhänge | 57
1990 and Descriptive statistics: Osteoporos Int. 2005
January 2006, - target population: healthy men age 50 years or older, Bendavid EJ, et al. J
english, - study cohorts were mainly Caucasian participants, Bone Miner Res. 1996
Search terms - sample sizes ranged from 137 to 5 995 (median 458) Orwoll ES.
and inclusion Osteoporos Int. 2000
Heterogeneity:
criteria were Nguyen TV, et al. J
reported - high
Bone Miner Res. 2000
Publication bias:
Lunt M, et al.
- n. a. Osteoporos Int. 2001
Results (for weight): Yoshimura N, et al.
- In nine studies: weight or BMI were positively Osteoporos Int. 1998
associated with bone minerale density (BMD) at both Hannan MT, et al. J
sites; in one study at the lumbar spine only. Bone Miner Res. 2000
- In 4 studies: BMD was approximately 3 - 7 % higher Dennison E, et al.
at the hip and lumbar spine for every 10 kg increase Osteoporos Int. 1999
in weight.
Burger H, et al. Am J
- In 6 longitudinal studies: low baseline weight or BMI
Epidemiol. 1998
predicted subsequent bone loss at the hip.
Knoke JD, et al. Am J
- In 4 studies: weight loss was associated with an
Epidemiol. 2003
increased rate of bone loss at the hip and at the
lumbar spine Naves M, et al.
- In one study: weight loss of > 1 % per year may Osteoporos Int. 2005
substantially elevate the risk of lower BMD
- In one large cohort study: men who lost ≥ 5 % of
their baseline weight had approximately doubled the
rate of bone loss than men whose weight remained
stable.
- In one study: those who gained weight had very little
or no bone loss.
Systematic Suvan J, Databases: Outcome: Included studies: Studies included in 2+ High heterogeneity,
review/ et al. Ovid peridontitis 33 studies in total were included: 1 cohort, 32 case- meta-analysis: the most of studies
Meta- (2011) MEDLINE, are cross-sectional
12 Anhänge | 58
analysis [20] EMBASE, control studies; 19 studies were included in meta- Al-Zahrani MS, et al. J studies, 1 abstract
LILACS, and analysis Periodontol. 2003 was included,
SIGLE, Study quality (Randomization/Dropout rate/intention-to- Alabdulkarim M, et al. publication bias
additionally treat): J Int Acad Periodontol. analysis n.a.
checking 2005
- 2 reviewers,
bibliographic
- cohort and case–control studies were assessed Dalla Vecchia CF, et
references
using the validated Newcastle-Ottawa Quality al. J Periodontol. 2005
Search to
Assessment Scale as recommended by the Ekuni D, et al. J
December
Cochrane Collaboration Guidelines; Periodontal Res. 2008
2009
- the quality of cross-sectional studies were assessed Genco RJ, et al. J
Search using questions from the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Periodontology. 2005
strategy was Assessment Scale: in all studies: low risk of bias
reported Saito T, et al. J Dent
Descriptive statistics: Res. 2001
Inclusion and
exclusion - different confounders were reported, Saito T et al. J
criteria were - N = 1 362 and age 59-72 in cohort study; Periodontal Res. 2005
reported - in cross-sectional studies: different age, different Torrungruang K, et al.
sample sizes: from 60 to 13 665 individuals, J Periodontol. 2005
- different countries Nucci Da Silva L, et al.
Heterogeneity: Atheroscler Suppl.
- high (I2 > 70 %, p for heterogeneity sign.); random 2009
effects models analysis was performed Ylöstalo P, et al. J Clin
Publication bias: Periodontol. 2008
- n.a. Linden G, et al. J Clin
Periodontol. 2007
Results (for weight):
Buhlin K, et al. Eur
- SR: from 33 studies: 30 reported a positive Heart J 2003
association between peridontitis and BMI, 3 reported
no association; Prevalence data ORs ranging from Han DH, et al. J Clin
0.93 to 5.31. Periodontol. 2010
- In meta-analysis (forrest plot): significant Kushiyama M, et al. J
associations between periodontitis and BMI: Periodontol. 2009
- 12 studies: in obese individuals OR 1.81(95 % Nishida N, et al. J
12 Anhänge | 59
CI 1.42, 2.30), Periodontol. 2005
- 11 studies: overweight individuals OR 1.27 Haffajee AD, et al. J
(95 % CI 1.06, 1.51); Clin Periodontol. 2009
- 6 studies: obese and overweight combined OR Saito T, et al. New
2.13 (95 % CI 1.40, 3.26) England J Medicine.
1998
Khader YS, et al. J
Clin Periodontol. 2009
Kongstad J, et al. J
Periodontol. 2009
Systematic Aucott L, Databases: lifestyle Included studies: Haskell WL, et al. 2- Quality assestment n.
review/ et al. Medline, interventions/ 16 studies: nine related to seven trial studies and seven Circulation 1994 a.
Meta- (2011) Embase, programmes for cohort studies Ditschuneit HH, et al.
analysis [21] PsycINFO, weight loss Am J Clin Nutr 1999
CINAHL, The (dietary, exercise,
- Follow-up was between 24 and 72 months; two Flechtner-Mors M, et
Evidence behavioural or
studies had large proportions of participants on lipid- al. Obes Res 2000
Based environmental) or
Medicine lowering medication Kuller LH, et al.
intentional weight
Reviews - Intervention trials: Six of the seven intervention trials Circulation 2001
loss (and weight
Collection, cycling) had diet and physical activity as their main Heshka S, et al. JAMA
CAB Nutrition components, Most had clinical or academic settings 2003
Abstracts and - Cohort trials: All had diet components and most Lindstrom J, J Am Soc
Reviews; included exercise; fünf studies included lifestyle Nephrol 2003
along with behavioural advice or behavioural therapy
hand Lindstrom J, et al
programmes; different settings (from residential Diabetes Care 2003
searching of clinics to free-living work places); the frequency and
International duration of contact for each intervention differed Mensink M, et al
Journal of .Obesity 2003;
Heterogeneity:
Obesity and Niebauer J, et al
Obesity - random effects models
Circulation 1997
Research Publication bias:
Sedgwick AW, et al.
Search up to - n. a. Int J Obes 1990
October 2007,
12 Anhänge | 60
updated in Results (for weight): Eriksson KF, et al
April 2008 - weight loss at 2 - 3 years follow-up, produced Diabetologia 1991
MeSH terms significant beneficial lipid profile changes; weight loss Kauffmann R, et al.
and text words sustained longer than 3 years was not associated Rev Med Chil 1992
for ‘trials’, with beneficial lipid changes Martinez-Gonzalez
‘obesity’, Intervention trials: MA, et al. Eur J
‘overweight’, Epidemiol 1998
‘weight - SCRIP trial: cholesterol improvement of 0.99 mmol
L-1 was on the, but this is confounded with the Sjostrom M, et al .Eur
differences’
previously mentioned lipid-lowering medication; LDL: J Clin Nutr 1999
appropriately
combined significant reductions (-0.95 mmol L-1) Pawlowski Tet al. Pol
- meal replacement trial: Significant cholesterol Arch Med Wewn 2003
Inclusion
reductions of between 0.3 and 0.4 mmol L-1 were Welty FK, et al. Am J
criteria: ≥ 2-
reported (not statistically significant); improvement in Cardiol 2007
year follow-up
triglycerides was 0.94 mmol
for studies
with lifestyle - HDL: 3 studies. improvements: (+0.14 mmol L-1)
interventions/p - Not all studies reported LDL
rogrammes for - Netherlands IGT intervention study: significant
weight loss or weight and triglyceride reductions, but significantly
intentional raised levels of cholesterol and LDL
weight loss Cohort studies:
along with
- 1 study (Pawlowski): While cholesterol decreased for
records of
long-term lipid relevant groups in this study, there was no major
profile weight loss, and so lipid improvement was probably
change(s) for medication-induced.
adult - 1 study (Welty): reported the largest average weight
participants loss (7.8 kg after 31 months) of the cohorts along
with HDL (+0.12 mmol L-1) and LDL (-0.34 mmol L-
Exclusion:
1) improvements, none of these were significant; the
mean BMI ≥
mean triglyceride showed the largest decrease of the
35 kg m2,
whole review (1.14 mmol L-1) (statistically
eating
significant); cholesterol was not reported for this
disorders,
cohort
pregnant, or
12 Anhänge | 61
mentally or - 2 studies (Sedgwick; Kauffmann): subgroups with
physically weight loss of 2 - 5 kg, with all subgroups showing
handicapped significant benefits for cholesterol
ethnic groups: - Other cohort studies had inconsistent weight lipid-1
UK- change relationships
compatible. Meta-Analysis
Small studies - Combining the results from all papers (excluding the
(appr. 50
SCRIP and Polish studies): average significant
participants
differences of -1.20 kg (95 % CI, -1.90, -0.50) for
per subgroup weight, -0.10 mmol L-1 for triglycerides (95 % CI, -
at recruitment
0.17, -0.03) and 0.05 mmol L-1 for HDL (95 % CI,
and/or appr. 0.01, 0.08) However, the differences of -0.08 mmol
20 at follow-
L-1 for cholesterol (95 % CI, -0.20, 0.05) and -0.07
up)
mmol L-1 for LDL (95 % CI, -0.23, 0.08) were not
significant.
- Subgroup analysis was reported
Meta- Torloni Observational gestational Included studies: 70 studies were 1+ Quality assestment
analysis MR, et al. studies diabetes (GDM) = 70 studies were included (59 cohorts and 11 case- included (see study (high or medium
(2009) Search: 1977- outcome, control studies) references) quality of most
[22] 2007 BMI = exposure studies)
Study quality:
4 databases: This SR followed the
- most studies with the high (14) or medium (43)
Medline, Cochrane
quality, two rewievers, created quality checklist
Embase, methodology and
Descriptive statistics: MOOSE
Cinahl, Lilacs
- 671 945 participants, recommendations (for
No language
- 53 studies form developed countries, MA of observational
or contries
- in 22 studies - measured BMI, in 33 self-reported, in studies)
restrictions
15 studies - no information Search strategy was
Included:
Heterogeneity: reported
studies with
women with - significant heterogeneity (I2 > 50 %) random effects High heterogeneity
information on model was used, sensitivity analysis was performed
prepregnancy
12 Anhänge | 62
or first Publication bias:
trimester BMI, - n. a.
women with
previously Results (for weight):
diagnosted - the risk of gestational diabetes (GDM) is positively
diabetes associated with prepregnancy BMI
mellitus were Compared with women with normal BMI the unadujsted
excluded pooled OR:
Excluded - For underweight women (results from 16 cohort
studies: no OR studies): 0.78 (95 % CI 0.69 vs. 0.82)
or RR, no - For overweight women (17 cohort studies with
definition of 395 338 participants): 1.97 (95 % CI 1.77 vs. 2.19)
BMI
- For obese women (6 cohort studies with 23 938
categories,wo
participants): 3.01 (95 % CI 2.34 vs. 3.87)
men with high
risk of - For morbidly obese women (7 cohort studies with
diabetes, BMI 22 742 participants): 5.55 (95 % CI 4.27 vs. 7.21)
was registred - For every 1 kg/m2 increase in BMI: the prevalence of
after GDM increased by 0.92 % (95 % CI 0.73 to 1.10)
significant Compared with normal BMI women with at least BMI 25
prepregnancy had the risk of GDM of 2.95 (95 % CI 2.68 vs. 3.24),
weight gain based on 34 cohort studies
Search words Compared with women with BMI < 30 women with
were reported BMI > 30 had OR of GDM of 3.36 (95 % CI 3.01 vs.
3.74) based on 40 cohort studies
Systematic Nordmann Search in Mediterranean Included studies: Estruch R, et al. Ann 1+ Limitations : only 6
review/ AJ, et al. MEDLINE, and low-fat diets 6 RCTs were included Intern Med. included trials (3 trials
Meta- (2011) EMBASE, on cardiovascular 2006;145(1):1-11 published by the same
Study quality:
analysis [23] Biosis, Web of risk factors and Esposito K, et al. group of authors),
Science, and inflammatory - 2 reviewers, quality assestment (no blinding, Four of sign. heterogeneity
JAMA.
the markers the 6 included trials had a loss to follow-up <10%; no (sensitivity analysis is
2003;289(14):1799-
trial was stopped early for benefit) available) ; none of
Cochrane 1804
Central Descriptive statistics: the included trials was
Esposito K, et al..
12 Anhänge | 63
Register of - 2650 individuals (50% women), JAMA. 2004; powered to detect any
Controlled - Mean age ranged from 35 to 68 years, mean BMI - 292(12):1440-1446 differences in clinical
Trials from from 29 to 35 kg/m2 Shai I, et al. N Engl J outcomes between the
their inception - Follow-up of included trials was 2 years in 4 trials, 4 Med. 2008; 2 diets
until January years in one trial, 6 years in one trial 359(3):229-241.
2011 using the
- Persistence on diet varied between 85% and 95% in Tuttle KR, et al. Am J
terms “diets,
subjects assigned to Mediterranean diets and from Cardiol.
fat restricted
78% to 93% in subjects assigned to low-fat diets 008;101(11):1523-
[Mesh]“
Heterogeneity: 1530.
and
- Q and I2 statistics , signifikant (see results) Esposito K, et al. Ann
“Mediterranea
Intern Med.
n diets.” ; No Publication bias:
2009;151(5):306-314.
language - assestment by means of funnel plots, no evidence
restrictions for publication bias (p<0.1)
Included Results: (2 years of follow-up)
studies : RCTs - weighted mean differences of body weight (-2.2 kg;
(search term : 95% confidence interval [CI], -3.9 to -0.6 ; P for
random) heterogeneity < 0.001, I2=97%) in favour to a
comparing Mediterranean diet
Mediterranean
- BMI (-0.6 kg/m2; 95% CI, -1 to 0.1 ; P for
to
heterogeneity < 0.001, I2=94%) in favour to a
low-fat diets in Mediterranean diet
overweight/ob - systolic blood pressure (-1.7 mm Hg; 95% CI, - 3.4 to
ese individuals -0.1 ; P for heterogeneity < 0.001, I2=89%), diastolic
with with at blood pressure (-1.5 mm Hg; 95% CI, -2.1 to -0.8 ; P
least one for heterogeneity = 0,03, I2=60%) in favour to a
additional Mediterranean diet
cardiovascular
risk factor or - fasting plasma glucose (-3.8 mg/dL, 95% CI, -7 to -
patients with 0.6 ; P for heterogeneity = 0,18 I2=98%) in favour to
a Mediterranean diet
established
coronary - total cholesterol (- 7.4 mg/dL; 95% CI, -10.3 to - 4.4 ;
artery disease, P for heterogeneity = 0,002, I2=73%) in favour to a
Mediterranean diet ; no statistically significant
12 Anhänge | 64
with a differences in LDL (-3.3 m g/dL; 95% CI, -7.3- -0.6; P
minimum for heterogeneity =0,3, I2=23%) or HDL cholesterol (-
follow-up of 6 0.9 mg/dL; 95% CI, -1.9-3.8, P for heterogeneity
months, <0.001, I2=99%)
reporting - high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (- 1.0 mg/L; 95%
intention-to- CI, -1.5 to -0.5 ; P for heterogeneity <0,001 I2=82%)
treat data on in favour to a Mediterranean diet
cardiovascular
risk factors
Meta- Poobalan Databases: Primar outcome: Included studies: Baeten JM et al. 2001 2- Clearly focused
analysis AS, et al. Medline, OR for cesarian 11 cohort studies (3 prospective) Barau G et al. 2006 question, description
(Milestone (2009) Embase, section of methodology, the
Study quality: Bergholt et al. 2007
paper) [24] Cinahl literature search and
- 2 reviewers, methododlogical quality assestment Bhattacharya S. et al. flow chart were
Search from
using the NOS scala: all studies scored high quality 2007 reported, quality
1996 to May
2007 Descriptive statistics: Cnattingius R et al. assestment is
- Setting: USA (50 % of studies), Denmark, UK, 1998 reported
MESH term
and key word Sweden; Dietz PM et al. 2005 Heterogeneity n. a.
were reported - period from 1976 to 2005; Jensen H et al. 1999 Publication bias n. a.
(combined - in 3 studies: referent group ≠ norm. BMI; Kiran TCU et al. 2005
with Cochrane - in total 143 875 women in the normal BMI catogorie,
Collaboration Stotland NE et al.
43 025 in overweight, 20 419 in obese and 1 874 in 2004
strategy) morbidly obese group
Included: Vahratian A et al.
Heterogeneity: 2005
studies with
- n. a., random effects model was used, Young TK et al. 2002
nulliparous
pregnant - sensitivity analysis n. a.
women Publication bias:
conducted in - n. a.
any setting.
Excluded:
Crude pooled OR (95 % CI) for cesarian section
studies with
compared with women with normal BMI:
multiparous
12 Anhänge | 65
women, case - In overweight women: 1.53 (1.48 to 1.58)
studies or - In obese: 2.26 (2.04 to 2.51)
case series, - In morbidly obese (BMI > 35 kg/m2): 3.38 (2.49 to
multiple 4.57)
pregnancies or
pregnant Pooled odds of having an emergency cesarian section:
women with - In overweight: 1.64 (95 % CI 1.55 to 1.73)
comorbidities, - In obese: 2.23 (95 % CI 2.07 to 2.42)
studien Pooled rates of cesarean section were:
reported an
association - In norm: BMI group: 15.22 %
between - In overweight: 20.52 %
cesarean - In obese: 29.02 %
delivery and - In morbidly obese: 38.37 %
other health Subgroup analysis was reported
care outcomes
Meta- Strazzullo Databases: Primary outcome: Included studies: Abbott RD, et al. 2+ Clearly focused
analysis P, et al. PUBMED, incidence of stroke Twenty-five prospective studies were included in Meta- Stroke. 1994;25 question, methodology
(Milestone (2010) EMBASE, Analysis, total number 33 prospective studies Walker SP, et al. Am J is described, literature
paper) [25] HTA, Epidemiol. 996;144 search is reported,
Study quality:
from January Shaper AG et al. BMJ. Quality assestment is
- 3 investigators, study quality was evaluated by the
1966 through 1997;314:1311-7 reported,
Downs and Black score system, all the studies had a
May 2009; High heterogeneity
quality score of at least 15 out of 19 Wassertheil-Smoller
key words: S, et al. Arch Intern (sensitivity analysis is
“BMI,” “body Med. 2000;160:494- reported)
mass index,” - 2 274 961 participants from 10 countries (10 studies
500 CI were reported
“overweight” form Europe, 9 from Asia, 6 from US),
Kurth T, et al. Arch publication bias were
AND stroke,” - 30 757 events (11 722 ishamic and 8 380
Intern Med. 2002;162 investigated
“cerebrovascul hemorrhagic score),
ar disease,” or - average follow up time 17.5 years Jood K, et al. Stroke.
combinations 2004;35:2764-9
Heterogeneity (tested by I2 and Q-Statistik):
In addition: Cui R, et al. Stroke.
- significant heterogeneity (p < 0.0001; I2 > 90 %), 2005;36:1377-82
manual search
12 Anhänge | 66
of references - random effects model was used, Kurth T, et al.
from recent - sensitivity analysis was performed Circulation.
reviews and Publication bias (funnel plot, Egger Test and trim-and- 2005;111:1992-8
relevant fill method were performed): Tanne D, et al. Stroke.
published 2005;36:1021-5
original - no evidence of publication bias forpooled RR of total
stroke for overweight and obese subjects (Egger Murphy NF, et al. Eur
studies.
Test: p = 0.98) Heart. 2006;27:96-106
Inclusion
- but evidence of publication bias for stroke rate in Batty GD, et al. Heart.
criteria were
obese vs. normal-weight (Egger test, p = 0.01), but 2006;92:886-92
original article
in English, no missing study was identified by the trim-and-fill Chen HJ, et al. Stroke.
prospective method 2006;37:1060-4
study design, - no evidence for p. b. for stroke rate in overweight vs. Li C, et al. Int J Obes
follow-up ≥ 4 normal-weight (Lond). 2006;30
years, Results (for weight): Lu M, et al. J Intern
indication of - Pooled RR of total stroke for overweight and obese Med. 2006;260:442-50
number of subjects combined vs normal-weight individuals was
subjects Oki I, et al.
1.05 (95 % CI, 0.89 - 1.24; p = 0.56) Cerebrovasc Dis.
exposed, and
- total stroke rates in obese vs normalweight 2006;22:409-15
number of
individuals: pooled RR 1.26 (95 % CI, 1.07 - 1.48; Park HS, et al. Int J
events across
p = 0.005) Epidemiol. 2006;35
body mass
index - total stroke rates in overweight vs. normalweight Hong JS, et al. Ann
categories individuals: non significant, pooled RR 1.05 (95 % CI,
Epidemiol. 2007;17
0.93 - 1.17; p = 0.42)
Hu G, et al. Arch
- RR for ischemic stroke: 1.22 (95 % CI, 1.05 - 1.41)
Intern Med. 2007;167
for overweight and 1.64 (95 % CI, 1.36 - 1.99, but
publication bias sign.) for obesity, for overweight und Song Y, et al. Am J
obese RR = 1.30 (95 % CI, 1.06 - 1.60; p = 0.01) Cardiol. 2007;100
- RR for hemorrhagic stroke: 1.01 (95 % CI, 0.88 - Funada S, et al. Prev
1.17) and 1.24 (95 % CI, 0.99 - 1.54) for obese; for Med. 2008;47:66-70
overweight and obese individuals pooled RR was Sauvaget C, et al. Int
1.06 (95 % CI, 0.83 - 1.36; p = 0.64) J Epidemiol. 2008;37
Subgroup analysis was performed Zhou M, et al. Stroke.
12 Anhänge | 67
2008;39:753-9
Eeg-Olofsson K, et al.
Diabetologia. 2009;52
Silventoinen K, et al.
Int J Epidemiol.
2009;38
Zhang X, et al. Stroke.
2009;40:1098-104
Meta- Renehan Literature Primary outcome: Included studies: 141 Studies were 2+ Clearly question,
analysis AG, et al. search in risk of cancer - 141 articles (221 datasets) of prospective included (see study methodology and
(Milestone (2008) Medline and associated with a observational studies (flow chart): reported on 76 references) literature search and
paper) [26] Embase (1966 5 kg/m2 increase studies (67 cohort studies, six nested case-control quality assestment
to November in BMI studies, and three randomised trials) were reported,
2007), no Heterogeneity range:
Study quality:
language 0 up to 84 %
restrictions, - 2 investigators,
p. b. results n. a.
Search - assessed according to three study components:
strategy: terms length of follow-up; whether BMI was self-reported or
related to measured; and the extent of adjustments for
bodyweight potential confounding factors
(“obesity”, Descriptive statistics:
“adiposity”, - 282 137 incident cases (154 333 men and 127 804
“body mass women),
index”, and - half the papers were published since 2004,
“body size”),
- 28 studies were from North America, 35 from Europe
combined with
specific terms and Australia, and 11 from Asia-Pacific;
for each - one cohort was multi-ethnic (three papers), and two
cancer site cohorts analysed black American populations;
included: - follow-up per cancer site varied from 8.4 years
cohort studies (breast cancer) to 14.4 years (multiple myeloma)
if they Heterogeneity:
determined
12 Anhänge | 68
BMI at - I2 statistik: heterogeneity range 0 – 84 % (particular
baseline and sign.): heterogeneity was high for thyroid and liver
then recorded cancers, and moderate or low for the other sites
incident random effects model was used, sensitivity analysis
cancer cases was reported
during follow– Publication bias:
up; reported
- results?
risk estimates
with 95 % CIs Results (for weight):
across at least In men:
three - increaseed BMI (5 kg/m2) was strongly associated
categories of with oesophageal adenocarcinoma (RR 1.52,
BMI or must p < 0.0001) thyroid (1.33, p = 0.02), colon (1.24,
report p < 0.0001), and renal (1.24, p < 0.0001) cancers;
sufficient data - weaker positive association between increased BMI
to estimate and malignant melanoma (1.17, p = 0.004), multiple
these; case- myeloma (1.11, p < 0.0001), rectal cancer (1.09,
control studies p < 0.0001), leukaemia (1.08, p = 0.009), and non-
nested in such Hodgkin lymphoma (1.06, p < 0.0001).
cohort studies
In women:
and control
arms from - strong associations between a 5 kg/m2 increase in
clinical trials; BMI and endometrial (1.59, p < 0.0001), gallbladder
studies with (1.59, p = 0.04), oesophageal adenocarcinoma
self-reported (1.51, p < 0.0001), and renal (1.34, p < 0.0001)
or measured cancers
height and - Weaker positive associations for: leukaemia (1.17,
weight p = 0.01), and cancers of the thyroid (1.14,
p = 0.0001), postmenopausal breast cancer (1.12,
p < 0.0001), pancreas (1.12, p = 0.01), colon (1.09,
p < 0.0001), and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (1.07,
p = 0.05)
Increased BMI was negatively associated with the risk
of lung cancer (0.76, p < 0.0001 in men and 0.80,
12 Anhänge | 69
p = 0.03 in women); but seperatly for smoking status:
no association for non-smokers (RR 0.91; 95 % CI
0.76 - 1.10)
Subgroup analysis was reported
Meta- Oreopou- Databases: Primary outcome: Included studies: Hall J, et al. J Am 2+ Clearly question,
analysis los A, et Cochrane all-cause mortality - 9 studies: 5 post hoc analyses of RCT-study Acad Nurse Prac. methodology, literatur
(Milestone al. (2008) Central Secondary populations, 1 prospective cohort study, 3 2005;1711 search, studies quality
paper) [27] Register of outcome: retrospective analyses of cohort data collected for Kristorp C, et al. («good» for all
Controlled cardiovascular another research question Circulation. studies) were reported
Trials (1990- mortality 2005;112:1756-62 High heterogeneity,
Study quality:
June 2007), but sensitivity analysis
- 2 reviewers, Davos C, et al. J
MEDLINE was performed,
Cardiac Fail.
(1966 - June - all studies were of high methodological quality (score
8-9/9) as assessed by the Ottawa-Newcastle criteria 2003;9:29-35 publication bias n. a.
2007),
EMBASE Descriptive statistics: Kenchaiah S, et al.
(1988 - June Circulation. 2007;116
- mean length of follow-up was 2.7 years,
2007), Scopus Bozkurt B, et al. Am
(1966 - June - total N = 28 209 individuals Heart J.
2007) and Heterogeneity: 2005;150:1233-9
Web of - significant for all cause mortality (I2 > 50 %, Gustafsson F, et al.
Science p = 0.02), non-significant heterogeneity for Eur Heart J. 2005;
(1900 - June cardiovascular mortality, random effects model was 26:58-64
2007) were used, sensitivity analysis was reported
searched, Cicoira M, et al. Eur J
Publication bias: Heart Fail 2007;9
No language
- n. a. Butler J, et al. Ann
or age
restrictions Results (for weight): Thorac Surg.
all-cause mortality: 2005;79:66-73
Databases
were searched - individuals without elevated BMI vs. overweight: RR Lavie C, et al. Am J
using “heart 0.84, 95 % CI 0.79 - 0.90 Cardiol. 2003;91:891-
4
failure” or - individuals without elevated BMI vs. obesity: all-
“cardiac cause mortality RR 0.67, 95 % CI 0.62 - 0.73
failure” and cardiovascular mortality (versus normal BMI):
12 Anhänge | 70
“obes$” or - overweight (RR 0.81, 95 % CI 0.72 - 0.92)
“body mass - obesity (RR 0.60, 95 % CI 0.53 - 0.69)
index” as key - Underweight/low-normal-weight (RR 1.20, 95 % CI
words, text 1.04 - 1.38)
words or
MESH Sensitivity analysis (mortality): obese individuals
headings in (adjusted HR 0.88, 95 % CI 0.83 - 0.93); overweight
combination individuals (adjusted HR 0.93, 95 % CI 0.89 - 0.97)
with
“mortality,”
“survival,”
“reverse
epidemiology,”
and “obesity
paradox.”
Inclusion
criteria:
reporting
mortality in HF
patients
according to
BMI category
excluded were
studies
comparing
obese vs
nonobese
Meta- Buchwald Literatur Interventions: Included studies: 134 studies were 2- Study question is
analysis H, et al. search: gastric banding - (flow chart) in total of 134 studies were included and included (see study wide, methodology
(Milestone (2004) MEDLINE, (including extracted: 5 RCT, 28 nonrandomized controlled trials references) and litersture search
paper) [28] Current adjustable and or series with comparison groups, and 101 were descripted,
Contents, and nonadjustable uncontrolled case series. quality assestment of
the Cochrane bands), gastric studies n. a.
Study quality:
12 Anhänge | 71
Library bypass (principally - quality assestment n. a. sign. heterogeneity
databases. Roux-en-Y Descriptive statistics: (for most of analysis)
MEDLINE variations), publication bias n. a.
- a total of 22 094 patients, 19 % (N = 3 769) men and
(1990-2003, gastroplasty
72.6 % (N = 14 082) women, mean age of 39 years
cutoff date (principally vertical
(range, 16 - 64 years), sex was not reported for 8 %
June 5, 2003) banded
patients,
search terms: gastroplasty),
biliopancreatic - baseline mean BMI for 16 944 patients was
obesity/
diversion or 46.9 kg/m2 (range, 32.3 - 68.8),
surgery,
gastric duodenal switch - Fifty-six of the extracted studies were based in North
bypass, (including a variety America, 58 in Europe, and 20 were conducted in
gastroplasty, of modifications), other locations throughout the world (Australia, New
bariatric, and mixed and Zealand, South America, Japan, Israel, Saudi Arabia,
gastric other (biliary and Taiwan),
banding, intestinal bypass, - majority of studies were conducted at single centers
“anastomosis, ileogastrostomy, (N = 126) and only a few were multicenter studies
Roux-en-Y,” jejunoileal bypass, (N = 5)
biliopancreatic and unspecified Heterogeneity:
diversion bariatric).
- sign. for weight reduction (p < 0.01), random effects
(including Procedures that model was used, sensitivity analysis n. a.
duodenal included a gastric
Publication bias:
switch), or bypass
jejunoileal component (eg, - n. a.
bypass. gastroplasty with Results (for weight):
gastric bypass, - mean weight loss (95 % confidence interval): 61.2 %
biliopancreatic (58.1 % - 64.4 %) for all patients; 47.5 % (40.7 % -
diversion with 54.2 %) for patients with gastric banding; 61.6 %
gastric bypass, (56.7 % - 66.5 %)with gastric bypass; 68.2 %
and banding with (61.5 % - 74.8 %)with gastroplasty; and 70.1 %
gastric bypass) (66.3 % - 73.9 %) with biliopancreatic diversion or
were classified as duodenal switch
gastric bypass
surgery Adverse events:
- Operative mortality (≤ 30 days): 0.1 % for the purely
12 Anhänge | 72
Primary outcome: restrictive procedures (2 297 patients undergoing
weight loss, banding and 749 patients undergoing gastroplasty),
operative mortality 0.5 % for gastric bypass (5 644 Patients), and 1.1 %
outcome, and 4 for biliopancreatic diversion or duodenal switch
obesity (3 030 patients)
comorbidities Other outcomes:
(diabetes,
- Diabetes was completely resolved in 76.8 % (95 %
hyperlipidemia,
CI, 70.7 % - 82.9 %) of of patients and resolved or
hypertension, and
improved in 86.0 % (95 % CI, 78.4 % - 93.7 %)
obstructive sleep
apnea) - Hyperlipidemia improved in 70 % or more of patients;
the maximum improvements in hyperlipidemia by
meta-analysis occurredwith the biliopancreatic
diversion or duodenal switch procedure (99.1 %;
95 % CI, 97.6 % - 100 %) and with gastric bypass
(96.9 %; 95 % CI, 93.6 %-100 %)
- Hypertension was resolved in 61.7 % (95 % CI,
55.6 % - 67.8 %) of patients and resolved or
improved in 78.5 % (95 % CI, 70.8 % - 86.1 %)
- Obstructive sleep apnea was resolved in 85.7 %
(95 % CI, 79.2 % - 92.2 %) of patients and was
resolved or improved in 83.6 % (95 % CI,71.8 % -
95.4 %) of patients.
Meta- Buchwald Databases: Diabetes Type 2 Included studies: 621 studies were 2- Clearly focused
analysis H, et al. MEDLINE, and weight loss - 621 studies were in SR included, 73 % of the studies included (see study question, methodology
(Milestone (2009) Current after bariatric were single-arm series, 58 % of those retrospective; references) and literature search
paper) [29] Contents, and chirurgie 4.7 % RCT and quality
the Cochrane assessment were
Study quality:
Library (in reported (bad quality),
addition - studies were assigned a level of evidence using the
high heterogeneity,
manually schema of evidence assignment developed by the
CEBM in Oxford; publication bias
reference
analysis n. a.
check) - In addition, RCT were rated for quality with Jadad
Studies score; only 10 studies (1.6 %) contributing class I
12 Anhänge | 73
published in evidence; By Jadad scoring, 27 of the 29 RCT had a
English from quality score of 1 to 3 and 2 trials had a score of 4 to
January 1, 5.
1990, to April Descriptive statistics:
30, 2006
- in total 888 treatment arms and 135 246 patients,
Search terms 103 treatment arms with 3 188 patients reported on
used were as resolution of diabetes, 19 studies with 43 treatment
follows: arms and 11 175 patients reported both weight loss
obesity/ and diabetes resolution separately for the 4 070
surgery diabetic patients;
(MeSH) OR
- mean age 40.2 years,
gastric bypass
OR - BMI 47.9 kg/m2,
gastroplasty - 80 % were female, and
OR bariatric - 10.5 % had previous bariatric procedures;
OR gastric - Most studies were performed in Europe (44 %) or
banding OR North America (43 %),
anastomosis, - Multicenter studies made up 11 % of the dataset;
Roux-en-Y
Heterogeneity (Q-statistic and I2):
(MeSH) OR
biliopancreatic - Weight loss data (16 diabetes-only studies) less
diversion heterogeneous;
(MeSH) OR - data on diabetes resolution were for the most part
jejunoileal highly heterogeneous (> 75 %) for the entire dataset
bypass but was slightly less heterogeneous (< 75 %) for
(MeSH) OR some surgery groups in the pure diabetic population
([gastric - I2 statistic were often more than 80 % (significantly
pacing OR heterogeneity), the results across studies had I2
gastric more than 65 % in all but the smallest studies;
stimulation] random effects model was used, sensitivity analysis
AND obes*) was reported
Publication bias:
- n. a.
12 Anhänge | 74
Weight loss:
- Total weight loss (all procedures, mean change) for
at least 50 % of study patients was 38.49 kg (95 %
CI 40.36, to 36.63) or 55.9 % of excess body weight
loss. Mean BMI loss was 13.97 (95 % CI 14.51 to
13.43)
- Weight loss at 2 years or more follow-up was 41.6 kg
or 59 % excess body weight loss.
- Weight loss was greatest for the biliopancreatic
diversion/duodenal switch groups followed by gastric
bypass, gastroplasty, and laparoscopic adjustable
gastric banding.
Diabetes resolution:
- 78.1 % of diabetic patients had complete resolution,
diabetes was improved or resolved in 86.6 % of
patients
- Diabetes resolution was greatest for patients
undergoing biliopancreatic diversion/duodenal switch
(95.1 % resolved), followed by gastric bypass
(80.3 %), gastroplasty (79.7 %), and then
laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (56.7 %).
- Postoperative Insulin levels declined significantly
postoperatively, as did hemoglobin A1c and fasting
glucose values.
Subgroup analysis was reported
Systematic Gill RS, et In English Outcomes: Included studies: Richette P, et al. Ann 2- Clearly focused
review al. (2011) MEDLINE, Primary - 6 studies were included in qualitative analysis (five Rheum Dis. question, insufficient
(Milestone [30] EMBASE, outcome. were case series and one was a case controlled 2011;70:139-44 description of
paper) SCOPUS, study) Parvizi J, et al. J methodology and
change or
BIOSIS Arthroplasty. literature search,
improvement in Study quality:
Previews and
12 Anhänge | 75
the Cochrane hip or knee joint - 2 reviewers, 2000;15:1003-8 High heterogeneity,
Library pain. This included - methodological quality assesstment using the Abu-Abeid S, et al. Insufficient reporting
The pain score by the Cochrane Risk of Bias tools, level of evidence 2b for Obes Surg. of quality
bibliographies visual analogue all included studies 2005;15:1437-42 assesstment,
of all included scale, knee
Descriptive statistics: Hooper MM, et al. Int Publication bias
articles were society score
- number of patients in the included studies ranged J Obes (Lond). alnalysis n. a.
examined to (KSS) or Harris
from 14 to 1 203 patients; 2007;31:114-20
identify hip score (HSS).
- mean patient age ranged from 37 to 56 years; Korenkov M, et al.
additional Secondary
- Patients undergoing bariatric surgery had a BMI Obes Surg.
relevant outcomes:
ranging from 41 to 51 kg/m2, 2007;17:679-83
publications. 1. Joint space
- the included studies varied in the assessment tools Peltonen M, et al.
Ongoing trials width;
used to evaluate the patient’s hip or knee joint pain Pain. 2003;104:549-
were identified 2. Patient overall 57
using satisfaction; Heterogeneity:
controlled trial - high
3. Severity of
registration
osteoarthritis; Publication bias:
websites,
including 4. Quality of life. - n. a.
ICRTP Search Results (for weight):
Portal for the improved hip and knee osteoarthritis following marked
World Health weight loss secondary to bariatric surgery
Organization.
Search terms
and data n. a.
Systematic De Groot PubMed, Primary Included studies: Fraser-Moodie CA, et 2- Focused study
review NL, et al. EMBASE and outcomes: - 32 studies (5 RCT; 27 cohort/case control studies) al. Scand J question, search
(Milestone (2009) the Cochrane the effect on Gastroenterol 1999 strategy was
Study quality:
paper) [31] Library, search GERD (measured Austin GL, et al. Dig insufficient reported,
terms: - The quality of studies was assessed according to the
by 24-h pH Dis Sci 2006 Middle-bad quality of
combining the Cochrane library definitions; 5 studies with level of
monitoring, Mathus-Vliegen EMH, included studies
words obesity evidence 2; 27 studies with level of evidence 3; 3
manometry, et al. Scand J Publication bias n. a.
and gastro- studies with level of evidence 4
endoscopy and⁄or Gastroenterol 2002
oesophageal radiological Descriptive statistics:
12 Anhänge | 76
reflux with techniques, the - mean BMI ranged from 23.5 to 53 kg/m2, number of Mathus-Vliegen EMH,
bariatric reduction in reflux patients ranged from 8 to 587 et al. Digestion 2003
surgery, diet, symptoms was Heterogeneity: Frederiksen SG, et al.
lifestyle evaluated by Eur J Surg 2000
- n. a.
intervention questionnaires)
Publication bias: Kjellin A, et al. Scand
and weight Secondary J Gastroenterol 1996
loss outcome: - n. a.
Mathus-Vliegen LM, et
inclusion weight reduction Results (for weight):
al. Eur J Gastroenterol
criteria: (i) (measured in kg, Four of seven studies reported an improvement of Hepatol 1996
obese or in percentages of GERD. For Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: positive effect on
overweight Clements RH, et al.
original weight or GERD was found in 8 studies (mainly evaluated by
patients (ii) Obes Surg 2003
in decreased questionnaires)
Data on BMI); percentage Frezza EE, et al. Surg
gastro- For vertical banded gastroplasty: no change or an
of excess weight Endosc 2002
increase of GERD
oesophageal loss. Jones KB et al. Obes
reflux For laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: conflicting
Surg 1991
symptoms results.
and⁄or an Jones KB, Obes Surg
established 1998
diagnosis of Nelson LG, et al. Am
GERD. (iii) Surg 2005
Treatment Perry Y, et al. JSLS
modalities 2004
included a Smith SC, et al. Obes
type of Surg 1997
bariatric
surgery Patterson EJ, et al.
(gastric Surg Endosc 2003
banding, VBG Korenkov M, et al.
or RYGB), diet Obes Surg 2002
and⁄or Merrouche M, et al.
diet⁄lifestyle Obes Surg 2007
intervention Ortega J, et al. Obes
excluded: Surg 2004
12 Anhänge | 77
case reports Di Francesco V, et al.
and expert Obes Surg 2004
opinions Deitel M, Am J Surg
search date 1988
n. a. Papavramidis TS, et
al. Obes Surg 2004
Ovrebo KK, et al. Ann
Surg 1998
Naslund E, et al. Eur J
Surg 1996
Lundell L, et al. Eur J
Surg 1997
Angrisani L, et al.
Obes Surg 1999
Dixon JB, et al. Obes
Surg 1999
Iovino P, et al. Surg
Endosc 2002
de Jong JR, et al.
Obes Surg 2006
de Jong JR, et al.
Obes Surg 2004
Klaus A, et al. Arch
Surg 2006
Weiss HG, et al. Am J
Surg 2000
Weiss HG, et al. Obes
Surg 2002
Tolonen P, et al. Obes
Surg 2006
Suter M, Arch Surg
12 Anhänge | 78
2005
Cochrane Chavez- Search Bariatric Included studies: Ranløv 1990 2+ Methodological

Review Tapia NC, strategy: The procedures - twenty-one prospective or retrospective cohort Silverman 1995 heterogeneity and
(Milestone et al. Cochrane including: studies (“We could not find any randomised clinical high risk for bias of
Luyckx 1998
paper) (2010) Hepato-Biliary Roux-en-Y gastric trials that could fulfill the inclusion criteria of this included studies
[32] Group Dixon 2004
bypass, gastric review regarding benefits.”)
Controlled banding, vertical Kral 2004
Study quality:
Trials banded Clark 2005
Register, the - assessment of risk of bias were reported: Generation
gastroplasty, Keshishian 2005
Cochrane of the allocation sequence, allocation concealment,
duodenal switch,
Central Blinding, Incomplete outcome data, Selective Mattar 2005
biliopancreatic
Register of outcome reporting, Any other bias Mottin 2005
diversion, isolated
Controlled intestinal bypass, Descriptive statistics: Stratopoulos 2005
Trials and gastrectomy - 15 studies were prospective cohorts, five studies
(CENTRAL) in Barker 2006
versus no were based on retrospective cohorts, and one study
The Cochrane intervention, used a retrospective and prospective cohort. Csendes 2006
Library, placebo (sham de Almeida 2006
- The number of the included participants ranged from
MEDLINE, procedure), or Dixon 2006
7 to 381 obese patients.
EMBASE, and other
Science - Surgical techniques used in the studies were Jaskiewicz 2006
interventions. heterogeneous between and within studies. The
Citation Index Klein 2006
Co-interventions most common procedure was Roux-en-Y gastric
Expanded to Mathurin 2006
were to be allowed bypass (thirteen studies) followed by adjustable
October 2009
only if equally gastric band (six studies). Meinhardt 2006
plus:
received in the - The period of follow-up ranged from about 1 to 5 Furuya 2007
handsearching
intervention years; during this follow-up only two studies
Inclusion Liu 2007
groups performed more than one biopsy after bariatric
criteria: RCT Mathurin 2009
Primary outcome surgery
evaluating any
measures: Heterogeneity:
bariatric
procedure All-cause - high
versus no mortality: number
of deaths Publication bias:
intervention,
placebo or irrespective of - funnel plots, Egger test
cause at maximal
12 Anhänge | 79
other follow-up. Results (for weight):
interventions Surgical-related Regarding histological outcomes, 18 studies reported a
in patients with mortality. significant improvement in the degree of steatosis
NASH;
Surgical-related 11 studies reported improvement in histological
alternative morbidity. markers of inflammation
Quasi-
Hepatic-related 6 studies showed some improvement in fibrosis scores.
randomised
mortality. in 4 studies some deterioration in the degree of fibrosis
clinical studies
Hepatic-related was described.
morbidity. The studies included in this review did not directly
Cardiovascular- report adverse-events rates after bariatric surgery.
related mortality. 2 trials reported histological score deterioration in a
Cardiovascular- small percentage of patients: similarly, two studies
related morbidity. reported NASH global scores, and four studies reported
an increase in hepatic fibrosis.
Histological
response (number All other fourteen studies did not report any adverse
of patients without events.
histological
improvement in
the degree of fatty
liver infiltration,
inflammation, and
fibrosis) based on
any score systems
or their
modifications.
Systematic Flegal KM, Search in Outcome: Included studies: 97 studies were 1+ Publication bias
review and et al. PubMed and mortality - 97 prospective studies included: see study analysis n.a., high
Meta- (2013) EMBASE references heterogeneity in most
Study quality: 1 reviewer (1 screen), 3 reviewer - review
analysis [33] through categories ; large
September 30, - Adequately adjustment was assessed: studies if they included population,
(Milestone
2012 were adjusted for age, sex, and smoking and not only one reviewer for
paper)
adjusted for factors in the causal pathway between all studies
without
12 Anhänge | 80
language obesity and mortality, or if they had reported or
restrictions demonstrated that adjustments or exclusions to
Inclusion: avoid bias had shown little effect on their findings
Articles that Descriptive statistics:
reported HRs - Regions of origin of participants included the United
for all-cause States or Canada (n=41 studies), Europe (n=37),
mortality using Australia (n=7), China or Taiwan (n=4), Japan (n=2),
standard BMI Brazil (n=2), Israel (n=2), India (n=1), and Mexico
categories, (n=1).
prospective - studies included more than 2.88 million participants
studies of
and more than 270 000 deaths
general
populations of - 93 studies for the BMI category of 25 to less than 30
adults (overweight), 61 studies for the BMI category of 30 or
greater (obesity), and 32 studies for the BMI
Exclusion : categories of 30 to less than 35 (grade 1 obesity)
Studies and 35 and greater (grades 2
nonstandard
- and 3 obesity)
categories or
Heterogeneity:
that were
limited to - random-effects model was used
adolescents, - Between-study heterogeneity was statistically
only in significant in most categories
institutional - sensitivity analysis was performed
settings or to Publication bias:
those with
specific - n.a.
medical Results:
conditions or - all-cause mortality HRs relative to normal weight:
to those 0.94 (95% CI, 0.91-0.96) for overweight, 1.18 (95%
undergoing CI, 1.12-1.25) for obesity (all grades combined), 0.95
specific (95% CI, 0.88-1.01) for grade 1 obesity, and 1.29
procedures (95% CI, 1.18-1.41) for grades 2 and 3 obesity
- results from adequately adjusted studies : the
12 Anhänge | 81
summary HRs were 0.94 (95% CI, 0.90-0.97) for
overweight, 1.21 (95% CI, 1.12-1.31) for obesity (all
grades), 0.97 (95% CI, 0.90-1.04) for grade 1
obesity, and 1.34 (95% CI, 1.21-1.47) for grades 2
and 3 obesity
- Authors conclusion : Relative to normal weight, both
obesity (all grades) and grades 2 and 3 obesity were
associated with significantly higher all-cause
mortality. Grade 1 obesity overall was not associated
with higher mortality, and overweight was associated
with significantly lower all-cause mortality.
12 Anhänge | 82
Thema: Prävention
Aggregierte Evidenz
a) Leitlinien
grad
SIGN (2010): Empfehlungen: Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Management of - Individuals consulting about weight management should B n. a. 19 Punkte
Obesity. A national be advised to reduce: Bei der Suche nach
clinical guideline - intake of energy-dense foods (including foods Evidenz wurden
[4] systematischen
containing animal fats, other high fat foods,
confectionery and sugary drinks) by selecting low Methoden angewandt
energy-dense foods instead (for example
wholegrains, cereals, fruits, vegetables and salads)
- consumption of ‘fast foods’ (eg ‘take-aways’)
- alcohol intake
- Individuals consulting about weight management should
B
be encouraged to be physically active and reduce
sedentary behaviour, including television watching.
- Adults consulting about weight management should be
encouraged to undertake regular self weighing. B
- Healthcare professionals should offer weight
management interventions to patients who are planning to B
stop smoking.
- Weight management measures should be discussed with
patients who are prescribed medications associated with B
weight gain.
- Where relevant, patients should be advised that use of B
combined contraceptives or hormone replacement
therapy is not associated with significant weight gain.
Zitierte Literatur:
- A World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) systematic 2++ WCRF. Washington DC, AICR; 2009 (R. 71)
12 Anhänge | 83

grad
review developed a range of evidence based conclusions NICE 2006
on the associations between dietary components and Malik VS, 2006
obesity:
Maskarinec G, 2006
- low energy-dense foods (including wholegrains,
cereals, fruits, vegetables and salads) probably Vartanian LR, 2007
protect against weight gain, overweight, and obesity Harland JI, 2008
- high energy-dense foods (including foods containing Rosenheck R, 2008 (R: 64,72-76)
animal fats, other high fat foods, confectionery and Kay SJ, 2006
sugary drinks) are probably a cause of weight gain,
Fogelholm M, 2002 (R. 64,77,78)
overweight, and obesity, particularly when large
portion sizes are consumed regularly Asikainen TM, (R. 79)
- sugary drinks probably cause weight gain, Saris WH, 2003(R. 80)
overweight, and obesity DoH; 2004 (R. 81)
- ‘fast foods’ probably cause weight gain, overweight,
Vanwormer JJ, 2008 (R. 82)
and obesity.
Neumark-Sztainer D, 2006 (R. 83)
- Adults are more likely to maintain a healthy weight if they
reduce consumption of high energydense foods through 2+ 2++ Pisinger C, et al. Prev Med. 2007; 44(4):290-5
selection of a low-fat, high fibre diet, consuming fewer Parsons AC, et al. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1,
take-aways, eating more fruit, wholegrains, vegetables 2009
and salads, minimising alcohol intake and consuming less Novello AC. Public Health Rep. 1990;105(6):545-8
confectionery and fewer sugary drinks.
2++ Leslie WS, et al. QJM 2007;100(7):395-404
- A systematic review concluded that there is likely to be a
causal relationship between physical inactivity and Alvarez-Jimenez M, et al. Br J Psychiatry
obesity 2008;193(2):101-7
- Television viewing is a form of sedentary behaviour which 2+ Gallo MF, et al. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2006
may be associated with snacking on energy-dense foods. Kongnyuy EJ, et al. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3,
Evidence from cohort studies is inconsistent about the 1999
associations between television viewing and weight gain.
In a systematic review, some but not all studies found a
significant positive association between television viewing
and weight gain.
- The WCRF review suggests that the mechanistic 2++
evidence for television viewing, particularly that on energy
12 Anhänge | 84

grad
input, output, and turnover, is compelling. Television
viewing is probably a cause of weight gain, overweight,
and obesity. It has this effect by promoting an energy
intake in excess of the relatively low level of energy
expenditure.
- Adults are more likely to maintain a healthy weight if they 1+ 2+
have an active lifestyle and reduce their inactivity.
- A systematic review of RCTs in early postmenopausal 1++
women suggested that walking at least 30 minutes per
day plus twice weekly resistance exercise sessions is
likely to be effective in improving health related fitness,
one factor of which was weight control.
- International consensus guidelines, based largely around 4
data from epidemiological prospective studies using
physical activity estimates obtained through
questionnaires, recommend that adults should engage in
45-60 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity per
day to prevent the transition to overweight or obesity.
- This level of activity is greater than current UK physical 4
activity recommendations for general health (5 x 30
minutes of moderate intensity physical activity per week)
- In a systematic review, more frequent self weighing was
2+
associated with greater weight loss and weight gain
prevention.
- In a cohort of adolescents, frequent self weighing was
2+
associated with unhealthy weight control behaviours such
as fasting, use of diuretics and vomiting.
- Those who quit smoking for at least a year experience
greater weight gain than their peers who continue to 2+
smoke. The amount of weight gained after smoking
cessation may differ by age, social status and certain
behaviours. One follow-up study of a cross-sectional
survey covering European adults also found substantially
12 Anhänge | 85

grad
greater weight gain and increased waist circumference at
one year in those who quit compared with those who
continued to smoke. 2++
- A high quality systematic review of interventions to
prevent weight gain after smoking cessation found that
individualised interventions, very low calorie diets and
cognitive behavioural therapy may reduce the weight gain
associated with smoking cessation, without affecting quit
rates. Additionally, exercise interventions may be effective
in the longer term (12 months). General advice to avoid
weight gain was not effective and may reduce quit rates. 4
- The health benefits of smoking cessation are broad and
are likely to outweigh risks of weight gain. 2++
- A well conducted systematic review considered studies of
greater than 12 weeks duration and found a large range
of medications was associated with weight gain. In most
cases, the observed weight gain was greatest within the
first six months.90 In particular, the following medications
were found to be associated with weight gain, up to 10 kg
in some cases, at 12 weeks from commencement:
atypical antipsychotics, including clozapine; beta
adrenergic blockers, particularly propranolol; insulin,
when used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus;
lithium; sodium valproate; sulphonylureas, including
chlorpropamide, glibenclamide, glimepiride and glipizide;
thiazolidinediones, including pioglitazone; tricyclic
antidepressants, including amitriptyline.
1+
- Adjunctive non-pharmacological weight management
interventions are effective in reducing or attenuating
antipsychotic induced weight gain when compared with
treatment as usual in patients with schizophrenia
1++
- A Cochrane systematic review of 44 randomised
controlled trials (RCTs) considered the effects of
combined contraceptives on body weight. Only three trials
12 Anhänge | 86

grad
were placebo controlled and these did not find an
association between combined contraceptive use and
weight gain.
- A Cochrane systematic review of 28 RCTs considered the 1++
potential contribution of hormone replacement therapy
(HRT) to body weight and fat distribution. Unopposed
oestrogen HRT and oestrogen/progesterone HRT for
three months to four years in peri- and postmenopausal
women of all ethnicities showed no significant effect on
weight gain or BMI in those with/without HRT in each
category. There was generally poor control for baseline
co-variates of increased body weight.
NICE (2006): Empfehlungen: Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Obesity guidance - Public Health: NHS: Managers and health professionals n. a. n. a. 17 Punkte
on the prevention, in all primary care settings should ensure that preventing Bei der Suche nach
identification, and managing obesity is a priority, at both strategic and Evidenz wurden
assessment and delivery levels. Dedicated resources should be allocated systematischen
management of for action. Methoden angewandt
overweight and - Local health agencies should identify appropriate health
obesity in adults
professionals and ensure that they receive training in the
and children
health benefits and the potential effectiveness of
[7]
interventions to prevent obesity, increase activity levels
and improve diet (and reduce energy intake)
- 1.7.4.19 To prevent obesity, most people should be
advised they may need to do 45–60 minutes of moderate-
intensity activity a day, particularly if they do not reduce
their energy intake. People who have been obese and
have lost weight should be advised they may need to do
60–90 minutes of activity a day to avoid regaining weight.
Zitierte Literatur:
- People should follow the strategies listed in box 1, which 2++ Williamson, et al. 1996
may make it easier to maintain a healthy weight by Saris, et al. 2003
balancing ‘calories in’ (from food and drink) and ‘calories
12 Anhänge | 87

grad
out’ (from being physically active).
Box 1 Strategies to help people achieve and maintain a
healthy weight
Diet 2+ Nooyens, et al. 2005; Klesges, et al. 1992; Owens 1992;
- Base meals on starchy foods such as potatoes, bread, Gerace and George 1996; DiPietro, et al. 1998;
rice and pasta, choosing wholegrain where possible. Martikainen and Marmot 1999; Field, et al. 2001; Ball, et
- Eat plenty of fibre-rich foods – such as oats, beans, peas, al. 2002; Bell, et al. 2001; Droyvold, et al. 2004;
Sundquist and Johannson, 1998; Wagner, et al. 2001;
lentils, grains, seeds, fruit and vegetables, as well as
Greenlund, et al. 1996; Sternfeld, et al. 1999; Lissner, et
wholegrain bread and brown rice and pasta.
al. 1997; Kahn and Williamson 1990; Rissanen, et al.
- Eat at least five portions of a variety of fruit and 1991; French and Jea 1994; Kahn, et al. 1997; Parsons,
vegetables each day, in place of foods higher in fat and et al. 2005; Sammel, et al. 2003; Ball, et al. 2002;
calories. Pereira, et al. 2005; Greenlund, et al. 1996; He, et al.
- Eat a low-fat diet and avoid increasing your fat and/or 2004; Schulze, et al. 2004; Koh-Banerjee, et al. 2003;
calorie intake. Schulz, et al. 2005; Quatromoni, et al. 2002
- Eat as little as possible of:
- fried foods
- drinks and confectionery high in added sugars
- other food and drinks high in fat and sugar, such as some
take-away and fast foods.
- Eat breakfast.
- Watch the portion size of meals and snacks, and how
often you are eating.
For adults, minimise the calories you take in from alcohol.
2+ Rissanen, et al.1991; Klesges, et al. 1992 (both for
- There is a body of evidence from cohort studies that
adults are more likely to maintain a healthy weight if they women only, out of Williamson 1996 review); French, et
consume a low-fat diet containing less ‘takeaway’ foods, al. 1994; Kahn, et al. 1997; Parson, et al. 2005;
more fruit and vegetables, salad and fibre and little Sammel, et al. 2003; Ball, et al. 2002; Greenlund, 1996;
alcohol. Reducing consumption of confectionary and He, et al. 2004; Schulze, et al. 2004; Koh-Banerjee, et
drinks high in sugar may also help to prevent weight gain al. 2003; Martikainen and Marmot 1999; Schulz, et al.
2005; Quatromoni, et al. 2002; Nooyens, et al. 2005
CMA (2006): Empfehlungen: Domäne 3 (DELBI)
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grad
Canadian clinical - The use of surveillance systems and measurement tools C/4 n. a. 15 Punkte
practice guidelines is encouraged to determine the effectiveness and efficacy Bei der Suche nach
on the of obesity prevention programs and interventions. The Evidenz wurden
management and development of a comprehensive, coordinated and systematischen
prevention of rigorous surveillance plan with strong links among Methoden angewandt
obesity in adults program developers, advocates, policy-makers and other
and children stakeholders is encouraged as a key component in
[8] obesity prevention.
- Obesity prevention should take a multisector approach- C/4 n. a.
similar to that used for tobacco control in Canada.
Prevention efforts should invest in and target all age
groups and span life from infancy to old age. Innovative
ways to provide access and programs to less
economically viable citizens should be developed.
- Programs that combine a low-fat or energy-reduced diet B/3 n. a.
and endurance exercise have not been shown to be more
effective than programs using either component alone for
obesity prevention; both approaches should be
considered.
- CMAJ suggest that individual and small-group counselling B, C/2, 3 n. a.
for dietary interventions be considered for the prevention
of obesity in adults. Counselling by telephone, counselling
by mail and financial incentives do not appear to be
effective, and we do not encourage their use.
- There is insufficient evidence to recommend in favour of C/3 n. a.
or against broad community interventions aimed at
cardiovascular disease risk reduction for the prevention of
obesity.
- CMAJ suggest limiting “screen time” (i.e., watching B/3 n. a.
television, playing video or computer games) to no more
than 2 hours a day to encourage more activity and less
food consumption, and to limit exposure to food
advertising.
12 Anhänge | 89

grad
- The development of programs in multiple settings C/4 n. a.
targeting behaviour change with parental and family
involvement is encouraged.

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review LM, et al. RCTs or generation Study quality: (Randomization/Dropout rate/intention- Res. 2008;23(3):371-81 insufficient
(2009) quasi- computerised to-treat): Cook et al., J Med Interner reporting
[35] experimental intervention in which Res, 2007:9(2):e17 (blinding,
- 6 RCTs
design tailored nutrition, allocation
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Language small patient
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Medline, electronic technology Descriptive statistics:
Veverka et al. Mil Med.
Embase, - Duration: 5 RCTs 2-3 months, 1 RCT 6 months 2003;168(5):373-9
Cinahl et al. Heterogeneity:
Primary Outcome:
Keywords are body mass, body - n. a.
reported weight or waist Publication bias:
circumference
- n. a.
Results:
5 RCTs: short-medium term positive effects on
weight outcomes
- 3 RCTs (small groups: N = 57/39, long-term
follow-up not mantained): reported significant
positive effects between groups.
- 1 RCT (N = 31 women): conflicting results for
different fitness and weight reduction outcomes
- 2 RCTs: positive within groups effects
The evidence of effectiveness or efficacy of
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computer-tailored primary prevention interventions
targeting weight reduction is limited to a small
number of studies which are heterogeneous.
Systematic Lombard Databases: Interventions: Included studies: Eiben G, Lissner L. Int J 1- High
review CB, et al. Medline, diet, physical activity, Study quality: (Randomization/ Dropout rate/ Obes (Lond). heterogeneity
(2009) Psychinfo, behaviour intention-to-treat): 2006;30:691-6 between studies
[36] Embase, EBM Hivert MF, et al. Int J (different
- 9 RCTs (one study used a modified
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Primary outcome: randomization)
CINHAL 2007;31:1262-9 individuals
to prevent weight - unit of randomization: individuals (seven studies), groups)
Keywords families (one study) or schools (one study) Jeffery RW, French SA.
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details was (Silver Spring).
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Studies: RCTs Klem ML, et al. Int J Obes
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Included due Descriptive statistics: Relat Metab Disord.
to: primary 2000;24:219-25
outcome, - Duration: varied from 13 weeks to 5 years:
Leermarkers EA, et al.
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study duration, year, 2 studies were for 2 years, 1 study was
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follow-up
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Rodearmel SJ, et al.
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Heterogeneity: Kuller LH, et al.
- n. a. Circulation 2001;103:32-7
Publication bias:
- n. a.
Results:
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Weight:
- 5 RCTs showed a significant difference in weight
between groups:
- Weight change by group (intervention vs.
control): -1.9 vs. +2.6; -1.9 vs. +0.2; -0.2 vs.
+0.8; -0.54 vs. +0.5; -0.1 vs. +2.4
- 4 RCTs reported no significant difference
Diet:
- The nature of diet varied
- Only one study showed a significant decrease in
energy intake (-669 kJ, -160 kcal) and fat intake
measured by FFQ
Physical activity:
- 3 studies reported no significant difference in
physical activity between groups
- 1 study reported no change in fitness but a
change in self-reported physical activity.
- 3 studies showed limited change in physical
activity
Behaviour:
- 2 studies were showed an association between
frequent self-monitoring of weight and weight
change
Meta- Kremers Databases: lifestyle interventions Included studies: Gomel M, et al. Am J 1- 18 Studien an
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Scholar, CSA, media e. g. E-Mail, nutrition, 7 on change in physical activity, 2 on Behav. 2008;40(4):226-36 derungen usw.),
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3 cohort designs, 1 time series
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- Studies with greatest or moderate design procedure,
were used: outcomes including Assoc. 1992;92(11):1382-
suitability and good or fair quality of execution allocation
Medline, weight in pounds or 4
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Embase, kilograms, BMI and
- Random effect model Cook C, et al N Z Med J. blinding, drop
Cinahl, percentage body fat
2001;114(1130):175-8 outs,
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DeLucia J, et al. J Subst publications bias
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Abuse. 1989;1:203-8 not reported
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were reported
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duration, Jeffery RW, et al. Am J
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Systematic Lin JS, et Included: counseling for both Included studies: 13 studies of good quality: 1- High hetero-
Review al. (2010) - trials with physical activity and Study quality: (Randomization/ Dropout rate/ Elley CR, et al. BMJ. geneity
[40] primary dietary change with a intention-to-treat): 2003;326:793
care– focus on the
- 66 studies, most of them RCTs Kallings LV, et al. Eur J only 13 were
relevant prevention of
- only 13 were good- quality trials Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. good- quality
counseling cardiovascular
Descriptive statistics: 2009;16:80-4 trials
on physical disease
- minimum follow-up of 6 months after Kolt GS, et al. J Am
activity or
Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:986- Randomization
healthful randomization
92 procedure,
diet Heterogeneity:
intervention Lawton BA, et al. BMJ. allocation
- Statistical heterogeneity was high (I2= 70%) 2008;337:a2509 concealment,
s
Publication bias: Marcus BH, et al. Health blinding, drop
- minimum
follow-up - n. a. Psychol. 2007;26:401-9 outs,
publications bias
- priori Results: Martinson BC, et al. Prev
12 Anhänge | 107
outcomes Medium- to high-intensity dietary behavioral Med. 2008;46:111-9 n. a.
counseling, with or without physical activity Morey MC, et al. J Am
counseling : small but statistically significant Geriatr Soc.
improvements in adiposity, blood pressure, and 2009;57:1166-74
cholesterol level
Hypertension Prevention
The evidence for changes in physiologic outcomes Trial Research Group.
was strongest for high-intensity counseling Arch Intern Med.
interventions. 1990;150:153-62
Medium- to high-intensity dietary interventions (with The Trials of Hypertension
or without concomitant physical activity counseling) Prevention Collaborative
decreased body mass index at about 12 months. Research Group. Arch
2/3 of ttrials of high-intensity dietary interventions Intern Med. 1997;157:657-
reported statistically significant group differences, 67
suggesting that although the amount of weight Tinker LF, et al. Arch
change varied greatly from study to study, these Intern Med.
interventions are likely to reduce weight (decrease in 2008;168:1500-11
body mass index of approximately 0.3 to 0.7 kg/m2).
Mosca L, et al. Circ
Physical activity counseling trials were limited to Cardiovasc Qual
primarily medium-intensity interventions for this Outcomes. 2008;1:98-106
outcome and generally did not reduce adiposity.
Simkin-Silverman LR, et
Five trials evaluating high-intensity counseling had al. Womens Health.
follow-up longer than 12 months; the reduction in 1998;4:255-71
body mass index persisted up to 72 months,
Wister A, et al. CMAJ.
although this result was slightly attenuated.
2007;177:859-65
Systematic Spring B, Search Smoking treatment Included studies: Danielsson T, et al. BMJ. 1+ Zusammen-
review et al. strategy was vs. combined Study quality: 1999; 319:490–4 fassung:
(2009) reported smoking treatment Hall SM, et al. Am J Public Gute
- 10 RCTs
[41] Databases: and weight control Health. 1992; 82:799–803 methodische
- 2 authors for inclusion by reviewing the titles and
Cochrane Marcus BH, et al. Arch Qualität des SR
abstracts (the proportion of agreement was 93 %):
Database of Intern Med. 1999; Vor allem
2-4 authors for data extraction
SR, 159:1229–34 weibliche
CENTRAL, - Quality assessment was reported: quality of
12 Anhänge | 108
PubMed, Ovid studies was assessed using the validated PEDro Marcus BH, et al. Am J Probanden
MEDLINE, scale (ranged from 5 to 8) Cardiol. 1991; 68:406–7
CINAHL, Descriptive statistics: Marcus BH, et al. Addict
EMBASE, and Behav. 1995; 20:87–92
- 154 male and 2079 female adults
PsycInfo
- “regular” smokers Marcus BH, et al. Nicotine
Period: up to Tob Res. 2005; 7:871–80
August 2007 - Any ethnic origin
- Interventions: non-pharmacological, non- Perkins KA, et al. J
Studiendesign: Consult Clin Psychol.
chirurgical treatment
RCTs 2001; 69:604–13
- Classification of smoking cessation: short ≤ 3
months, long-term ≥ 6 months Pirie PL, et al. Am J Public
Heterogeneity: Health. 1992; 82:1238–43
- tests for heterogeneity were statistically significant Spring B, et al. J Consult
Clin Psychol. 2004;
- sensitivity analysis was performed 72:785–96
- subgroup analysis was performed
Ussher M, et al. 2007;
- Random effects model was used 32:3060–4
Publication bias:
- Funnel plots and standardized Hedge's g against
standard error were used
- Eggers p-values: 0.06-0.33: possibility that small
negative studies were excluded
Results:
Smoking cessation:
Combined smoking plus weight treatment produced
significantly higher short-term abstinence (OR=1.29,
95% CI=1.01,1.64 p=.041)
But: no longer significant for long-term abstinence
(OR=1.23, 95% CI=0.85,1.79 p=0.27)
Post-cessation Weight Gain:
Combined smoking plus weight treatment also
reduced short-term weight gain significantly
12 Anhänge | 109
compared to smoking treatment alone (g=-0.30 95%
CI=-0.57,-0.02 p=.035)
But: The advantage was no longer significant for
long-term weight control (g=-0.17 95% CI=-0.42,0.07
p=.16)
Subgroup analysis: similar effects in all groups
Systematic Farley AC, Search Pharmacological Included studies: Cooper 2005; Copeland 1+ Zusammen-
review et al. strategy was interventions versus - 73 Studies 2006; Danielsson 1999; fassung:
(Coch- (2012) reported placebo for post Hall 1992; Hankey 2009; Gute
Heterogeneity:
rane) [42] Database: cessation weight Klesges 1990; Klesges methodische
control ; - significant statistical heterogeneity. 1999; Levine 2010;
Cochrane Qualität des SR;
Tobacco Behavioural weight Results: Norregaard 1996; Heterogene
Addiction management - pharmacological interventions for post cessation O’Malley 2006; Parsons Studien
Group’s interventions versus weight gain (PCWG): significant reduction in WG 2009; Perkins 2001; Pirie
Specialized advice or no at the end of treatment (dexfenfluramine (Mean 1992; Spring 1995 ;
Register of intervention ; difference (MD) -2.50kg, 95% confidence interval Spring 2004; Toll 2010;
trials, included (CI) -2.98 to -2.02, 1study), phenylpropanolamine Gonzales 2006; Hurt
CBT to accept
reports of trials (MD -0.50kg, 95% CI-0.80 to -0.20, N=3), 1997; Jorenby 2006;
moderate weight
indexed in naltrexone (MD -0.78kg, 95% CI-1.52 to -0.05, Niaura 2002, Nides 2006;
gain versus no
MEDLINE to N=2); evidence that treatment reduced weight at Piper 2007; Rigotti 2006;
behavioural weight
update 6 or 12 months (m). No pharmacological Saules 2004; Simon 2004;
advice ; All types of
20110826, intervention significantly affected smoking Simon 2009; Uyar 2007;
antidepressant
EMBASE to cessation rates; Zellweger 2005; Bize
versus placebo for
2011week 33, 2010; Marcus 1999;
smoking cessation ; - Weight management education only was
PsycINFO to Marcus 2005; Ussher
Exercise associated with no reduction in PCWG at end of
20110822 and 2003; Abelin 1989;
interventions versus treatment (6 or 12m); these interventions
Web of Blondal 1999; Bohadana
no exercise for significantly reduced abstinence at 12m (RR 0.66,
Science; 2000; CEASE 1999;
smoking cessation ; 95% CI 0.48 to 0.90, N=2).
CENTRAL Cooper; Dale 1995;
All types of NRT - Personalised weight management reduced PCWG Ehrsam 1991; Fiore
Inclusion versus placebo for at 12m (MD -2.58kg, 95% CI -5.11 to-0.05, N=2) ; 1994A; Fiore 1994B;
criteria were smoking cessation ; was not associated with a significant reduction of Garvey 2000 ; Gourlay
reported abstinence at 12m (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.43,
Varenicline versus 1995; Gross 1995;
N=2).
12 Anhänge | 110
placebo for smoking - A very low calorie diet (VLCD) significantly Hjalmarson 1984;
cessation ; reduced PCWG at end of treatment (MD -3.70kg, Hjalmarson 1994;
Varenicline versus 95% CI-4.82 to-2.58, N=1), but not significantly so Hjalmarson 1997; Lerman
bupropion ; at 12m (MD -1.30kg, 95% CI-3.49 to 0.89, N=1) ; 2004; Pack 2008; Pirie
Varenicline versus VLCD increased chances of abstinence at 12m 1992; Puska 1995;
NRT (RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.73, N=1). Richmond 1994; Sachs
- Cognitive behavioural therapy to allay concern 1993; Shiffman 2002A;
about weight gain (CBT) : no evidence for Shiffman 2002B;
reduction of PCWG ; some evidence of increased Stapleton 1995;
PCWG at 6m (MD 0.74, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.24); Sutherland 1992; TNSG
was associated with improved abstinence at 6m 1991; Tonnesen 1991;
(RR 1.83, 95% CI 1.07 to 3.13, N=2) but not at Tonnesen 1993;
12m (RR 1.25, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.86, N=2). Wallstrom 2000; Aubin
- no evidence that exercise interventions 2008; Gonzales 2006;
significantly reduced PCWG at end of treatment Jorenby; Nakamura 2007;
(MD -0.25kg, 95% CI-0.78 to 0.29, N=4), Niaura 2008; Nides 2006;
significant reduction at 12m (MD -2.07kg, 95% CI- Oncken 2006; Rigotti
3.78 to-0.36, N=3). 2010; Tashkin 2011;
Tonstad 2006, Tsai 2008;
- bupropion and fluoxetine limited PCWG at the end
Wang 2009
of treatment (bupropionMD-1.12kg, 95%CI-1.47
to-0.77,N=7) (fluoxetine MD -0.99kg, 95% CI-1.36
to-0.61, N=2) ; no evidence that the effect
persisted at 6m (bupropion MD -0.58kg, 95% CI-
2.16 to 1.00, N=4), (fluoxetine MD -0.01kg, 95%
CI-1.11 to 1.10, N=2) or 12m (bupropion MD -
0.38kg, 95% CI-2.00 to 1.24, N=4). ; no data on
WG at 12m for fluoxetine.
- treatment with NRT attenuated PCWG at the end
of treatment (MD -0.69kg, 95% CI-0.88 to-0.51,
N=19), with no strong evidence that the effect
differed for the different forms of NRT (the
difference in weight change at end of treatment
was -0.45kg (95% CI-0.66 to-0.27, N=18); no
evidence of an effect on PCWG at 12m (MD -
12 Anhänge | 111
0.42kg, 95% CI-0.92 to 0.08, N=15).
- evidence that varenicline significantly reduced
PCWG at end of treatment (MD -0.41kg, 95% CI-
0.63 to-0.19, N=11), but this effect was not
maintained at 6 or 12m. No significant difference
in PCWG between varenicline and NRT.
Systematic Lopez LM, Search progestin-only pills, Included studies: Relevant studies: 1+ Zusammen-
review et al. strategy was Norplant, and - 15 studies: 9 = prospective (5 RCTs and 4 other Ball 1991 fassung:
(Coch- (2011) reported depotmedroxyproges prospective); 6 = retrospective Gute
Bonny 2009
rane) [43] Database: terone acetate methodische
- From multiple continents Castle 1978
MEDLINE, (DMPA) versus other Qualität des
pills or placebo - 3 of 5 RCTs did not have any information on
CENTRAL, Espey 2000 SR ;
randomization method or allocation concealment;
POPLINE, other 2 RCTs reported the method of Moore 1995 Verschiedene
EMBASE, randomization and allocation concealment; 2 Pantoja 2010 Interventionen
LILACS, RCTs had information on blinding. 1 studie was wurden
Salem 1984
ClinicalTrials.g reportedly “single-blind.” For the trials used in vergliechen ;
ov, ICTRP Salem 1988
Westhoff 2007, the evaluators were blinded. 8 von 15 studien
- Quality of evidence was assessed quality of Sivin 1998 haben schlechte
Inclusion evidence using the GRADE approach Sule 2005 bzw. Sehr
criteria were - 3 studies: high quality; 3 studies: moderate quality; Taneepanichskul 1998 schlechte
reported 4 studies: low quality; 4 studies: very low quality Tankeyoon 1976 qualität
Heterogeneity: Tuchman 2005
- was analysed, sensitivity analysis was reported Westhoff 2007
Results: WHO 1983
- Three RCTs compared two POCs
- Three retrospective studies compared a POC to a
nonhormonal IUD
- The retrospective study of Espey 2000 showed
two DMPA groups to be similar in weight gain at
one and two years
- DMPA in adolescents: greater increase in body
12 Anhänge | 112
fat versus a group using no hormonal method
(mean difference 11.00 %; 95% CI 2.64 to 19.36)
and lean body mass (%) (mean difference -4.00;
95% CI -6.93 to -1.07).
- DMPA group comparing IUD group: weight gain
(kg) was greater (mean difference) 2.28, 2.71,
3.17, respectively).
- Norplant group versus non-hormonal IUD group:
greater weight gain (kg) (mean difference 0.47 kg
(95% CI 0.29 to 0.65)
- Norplant group versus group using non-hormonal
or no method: greater weight gain (mean
difference 0.74; 95% CI 0.52 to 0.96).
- Norplant group versus IUD group: greater weight
gain (kg) (mean difference 1.10 kg; 95% CI 0.36 to
1.84).
Meta- Oken E, et Database: children whose Included studies: Adams AK et al, Am J Clin 2+ Meta-analysis of
analysis al. (2008) Medline: mothers smoked Study quality: Nutr 2005;82:393–398 observational
(Milestone PubMed, Ovid; during pregnancy Al Mamun A, et al, Tob studies
- 14 observational studies were included
paper) studies compared with Control 2006;15:452–457
[44] published children whose - Two authors (EO and EL) performed independent
data extractions of the eligible studies, in Bergmann KE, et al, Int J p.b., but
between 1966- mothers did not
accordance with the ‘MOOSE’ guidelines Obes Relat Metab Disord ‘missing’ were
June 2006; smoke during
Descriptive statistics: 2003;27:162–172. imputed;
Keywords pregnancy
- 14 observational studies on 84 563 children Chen A, et al, Int J
were reported;
Epidemiol 2006;35:121–
Included - populations in Australia, North America, and 130.
studies: Europe
Dubois L, et al, Int J Obes
reported an - prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the
(Lond) 2006;30:610–617.
association - studies populations ranged from 7.5 to 51%
between Oken E et al, Obes Res
Heterogeneity: 2005;13:2021–2028.
maternal
smoking - tests for heterogeneity (I2=49%) were statistically Power C, et al, Int J
during significant Epidemiol 2002;31:413–
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pregnancy and - random-effects models were used 419
risk of Publication bias: Reilly JJ, et al, BMJ
overweight 2005;330:1357.
evidence for publication bias: asymmetry of the
among
funnel plot and by rank correlation testing (P<0.001) Salsberry PJ et al,
children at
but: ‘missing’ studies to simulate a dataset without Pediatrics
least 2 years
publication bias were imputed; resulting pooled odds 2005;116:1329–1338.
of age;
ratio (OR 1.40, 95% CI: 1.26, 1.55) was somewhat Toschke AM, et al, Eur J
excluded
lower, but still indicated a substantial detrimental Pediatr 2002;161:445–
were: studies
effect of prenatal smoking 448.
that provided
only a Results: Toschke AM, et al, Am J
continuous children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy: Epidemiol
measure of 2003;158:1068–1074
elevated risk for overweight at ages 3–33 years,
adiposity, compared with children whose mothers did not von Kries R, et al, Am J
although those smoke during pregnancy (pooled adjusted OR 1.50, Epidemiol 2002;156:954–
studies are 95% CI: 1.36, 1.65) 961
discussed Whitaker RC. Et al,
separately unadjusted ORs = adjusted ORs
Pediatrics 2004;114:e29–
e36.
Wideroe M, et al, Paediatr
Perinat Epidemiol
2003;17:171–179
Systematic Mattes Search: first, Considered outcome Included studies: 12 RCTs Tordoff MG, et al Am J 1+ analysis of
Review/ RD, et al. other recent measures: any Study quality: Study-level risk of bias was assessed: Clin Nutr. 1990; publication bias
Meta- (2011) evidence- indices of or proxies see summary table and graph 51(6):963–9. n.a.;
analysis [45] based for adiposity, DiMeglio et al, Int J Obes The most of
Descriptive statistics (see also results): adults and
reviews; including weight, Relat Metab Disord. 2000; included studies
children studies were included;
second, BMI, percent body 24(6):794–800 were not blinded
searches of fat, or dichotomous Heterogeneity: available (see results)
James J, et al. BMJ. 2004; two authors
PubMed, indicators of Publication bias: unpublished literature was included
328(7450):1237. independently
PsycINFO, the overweight or to avoid publication bias, other analysis of publication
Ebbeling CB et al reviewed the
Cochrane obesity. bias n.a.
.Pediatrics. 2006; included studies
Collaborative Results (meta-analysis): using the
12 Anhänge | 114
Website, Web - comparing studies of added NSB consumption (4 117(3):673–80. guidelines
of Science, studies): Addington, E. Doctoral contained in the
and added daily energy loads ranged from ~180 kcal to Dissertation. Manhattan Cochrane
Dissertation 530 kcal (~754 kJ to 2219 kJ); time periods ranged (KS): Kansas State Handbook for
Abstracts from 3 wk to 1 y; Sample sizes ranged from less than University; 1988. Systematic
through 30 to133 Reviews of
Haub MD, et al. Nutr J.
January 2009. Interventions;
the results were statistically significant in only 2 2005; 4:21.
No language Disagreements
studies Munoz, D. Doctoral
restriction. in ratings were
meta-regression revealed a dose-response relation Dissertation. Albany (NY): discussed until
Search terms:
(Pearson’s r, with observations weighted by the State University of New consensus was
“sugar
inverse of their variances = 0.92, P = 0.029) with a York; 2006. reached
sweetened
slope of .0022 (SE = 0.00057) and an intercept of James J, et al .BMJ. 2007;
beverage,”
−0.357 (SE = 0.249) 335(7623):762.
“soda,” “liquid
calories,” and - comparing studies of reduced NSB consumption Reid M, et al. Br J Nutr.
“chocolate (6 studies): 2007; 97(1):193–203.
milk,” among test of heterogeneity was not significant (P = 0.643; Williams CL, et al .Int J
others. I2=0%) Food Sci Nutr. 2007;
Included: studies ranged in duration from 4 wk to 52 wk with a 58(3):217–30
studies – RCT follow-up at 3 y from baseline. Sample sizes ranged Sichieri R, et al .Public
- those 1) from 103 to 1140; Health Nutr. 2009;
conducted in meta-analysis-outcome variable=change in BMI 12(2):197–202
humans; 2) because it was commonly reported across all 6
lasting at least Albala C, et al .Am J Clin
studies Nutr. 2008; 88(3):605–11.
3 weeks; 3)
incorporating the overall estimate of standardized mean difference
random in BMI was extremely close to zero (−0.037; SE =
0.042; P = 0.378); confidence interval was −0.120 to
assignment of
subjects to 0.046
conditions that
differed only in Authors conclusion: Metaanalysis of 6 studies that
the added NSBs to persons’ diets showed dose-
consumption dependent increases in weight. Contrarily, meta-
of NSBs; and analysis of studies that attempted to reduce NSB
12 Anhänge | 115
4)including an consumption consistently showed no effect on BMI
adiposity when all subjects were considered. Meta-analysis of
indicator as an studies providing access to results separately for
outcome subjects overweight at baseline showed a significant
effect of a roughly 0.35 standard deviations lesser
BMI change (i.e., more weight loss or less weight
gain) relative to controls. The current evidence does
not demonstrate conclusively that NSB consumption
has uniquely contributed to obesity or that reducing
NSB consumption will reduce BMI levels in general.
Systematic Malik VS, English- Included studies: Studies in adult: 2+ Included in
Review et al. language Study quality: cross-sectional studies: SIGN guideline;
(2006) articles; Large observ.
- Total 30 studies: 15 are crosssectional studies, 10 (1) French et al; Int J
(Milestone Searching in studies
are prospective cohort studies, and 5 are clinical Obes Relat Metab Disord
paper) the MEDLINE trials and interventions. Two studies report both 1994;18:145–54.
[46] database; prospective and cross-sectional findings (2) Liebman et al; Int J
articles
Descriptive statistics: Obes Relat Metab Disord
published
- male and female adults, children and adolescents 2003;27:684 –92
between 1966
and May 2005; - endpoints evaluating body size or weight Prospective studies:
Design: cross- measurements in humans, BMI, weight in (3) Bes-Rastrollo et al; Am
sectional, kilograms or in pounds J Clin Nutr 2006;83:362–
prospective - cross-sectional studies: 2 involved adults; =both 70
cohort, and from USA: (1) included 3552 Adults (1913 female, (4) French et al; Int J
experimental 1639 male); soft drink: soda (2) 1817 Adults (889 Obes Relat Metab Disord
studies of the female, 928 male); soft drinks: Sugar-sweetened 1994;18:145–54.
intake of beverages, soda, diet soda
(5) Kvaavik et al; Public
sugar- - 4 prospective studies have examined the relation
sweetened Health Nutr 2005;8:149 –
between the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages
beverages and 57.
and weight gain in adults: (3) 7194 Adults;
weight gain, duration 28.5 mo; Sugar-sweetened soft drinks, (6) Schulze et al; JAMA
obesity, or diet soda, milk; (4) 3552 Adults (1913 females, 2004;292:927–34
both; 1639 males); USA; duration 2 y.; soft drink: soda; Experemental trials and
12 Anhänge | 116
Key words (5) 422 Adults (215 female, 207 male); Oslo; interventions:
were used in duration 8 y; soft drink: soda (6) 51 603 Females; (7) DiMeglio et al; Int J
the primary duration 8 y; soft drinks: Sweetened soft drinks, Obes Relat Metab Disord
search diet soft drinks, fruit juice 2000;24:794–800
strategy, as - Experemental trials and interventions: (7) 15 (8) Raben et al; Am J Clin
well as in a Adults (8 female, 7 male), crossover design; (8) 41 Nutr 2002;76:721–9.
subsequent Adults (35 female, 6 male), design: parallel (9) 30
search using Adults (9 female and 21 male) crossover design (9) Tordoff and Alleva; Am
medical J Clin Nutr 1990;51:963–9
Heterogeneity:
subheading
(MeSH) terms; - n.a.
Additional Publication bias:
reports were - n.a.
obtained by Results: ´
cross-
positive association between greater intakes of SSBs
matching
and weight gain and obesity in and adults.
references of
selected cross-sectional studies:
articles; - Significant (P = 0.03) association between soda
Duration: at consumption and weight in females, non
least 6 months significant in males (P= 0.13)
for prospective - Probability of overweight and obesity greater in
cohort studies subjects who drank at least 1 soda/wk than in
those who drank < 1 soda/wk (P< 0.05)
Prospective studies:
- Association between sugar-sweetened beverage
intake and weight gain in subjects with at least 3
kg weight gain in 5 y before baseline (OR =1.6;
95% CI: 1.2, 2.4; P = 0.02)
- Positive but non significant association between
soda consumption and weight change
- No significant association between soda intake
and change in BMI
12 Anhänge | 117
- Association between soft-drink intake and weight
Experemental trials and interventions:
- Significant increase in body weight and BMI after
liquid load (P<0.05)
- Body weight, fat mass, and BMI increased in
sucrose group and decreased in sweetener group;
respective difference between groups (2.6 kg;
95% CI: 1.3, 3.8; 1.6 kg, 95% CI: 0.4, 2.8; and
BMI 0.9, 95% CI: 0.5, 1.4)
- Relative to no soda, HFCS soda significantly (P=
0.01) increased weight in females and NS
increase in males; APM soda decreased weight in
males and NS increase in females
Meta- Streuling I, Datebases: Interventions to Included studies: Asbee SM, et al,Obstet 1-/ 2+ RCTs and
analysis et al. MEDLINE reduce gestational - 4 RCT, 5 nonrandomized trials (flow chart) Gynecol 2009;113(2 Pt nonrand.
(2010) (1950–2009), weight gain (GWG) 1):305–12. Studies;
- Study quality: (Randomization/ Dropout rate/
[47] EMBASE by modulating diet Olson CM, et al. Am J Four studies
intention-to-treat): 2 reviewer, Cochrane
(1974–2009), and physical activity Handbook and CONSORT (Consolidated Obstet Gynecol were not of high
Cochrane during pregnancy 2004;191:530–6. methodologic
Standards of Reporting Trials) were used;
CENTRAL consealment allocation: in only 1 study, in 3 study: Polley BA, et al. Int J quality;
Library Issue 4 no explanation about mathod of randomisation; 4 Obes Relat Metab Disord no accepted
( 2009), and studies reported losses to follow-up of <10%; no 2002;26:1494–502. standard
Web of blinding; 3 cohort studies: reported potential approach on
Shirazian T, et al Am J
Science confounders how to measure
Perinatol 2010;27:411–4.
(1900–2009) - Descriptive statistics: 4 trials from the United
Gray-Donald K, et al Can GWG
Search terma States, 2 from Canada,1 from Finland , 1 from
Med Assoc J
were reported Sweden , and 1 from Belgium. 2000;163:1247–51.
Inclusion - 1886 women were eligible for the studies, 1549
Hui AL, et al Can J
criteria: written women completed the trials.
Diabetes 2006:169–75.
in English or - 3 trials: only overweight or obese women
German Kinnunen TI, et al. Eur J
- main target of all trials: to test interventions to
language; Clin Nutr 2007;61:884–91.
prevent excessive GWG and adverse pregnancy
12 Anhänge | 118
focusing on utcomes. Claesson IM, et al. BJOG
healthy - GWG: 3 authors defined GWG as the difference 2008;115:44–50.
women; between prepregnancy weight and body weight at Guelinckx I, et al. Am J
singleton delivery , in 2 studies GWG was assessed as the Clin Nutr 2010;91:373–80.
pregnancies; difference between body weight in early
intervention pregnancy and body weight at delivery, 4 trials did
comprised not report how they defined GWG
modification of - Intervention: in 8 studies: modification of physical
diet and activity and diet was supplemented by regular
physical weight monitoring, attempts to achieve GWG
activity; within the recommended Institute of Medicine
subjects were (IOM) ranges; in 3 trials: specific exercise
compared with programs for their subjects, in other trials:
a control intervention to oral and written information and
group recommendations for exercise; in 6 studies:
receiving individual nutrition counseling by professional
routine nutritionists or study coordinators; in 1 trial: weekly
prenatal care; motivational talks were initiated with the aim of
and GWG was motivating the study subjects to change their
documented behavior and obtain information relevant to their
for control and needs; 2 studies offered written and oral
intervention information about healthful eating during
groups pregnancy
separately.
Heterogeneity:
- I2-Statistik: moderate/high
- random-effects model
- sensetivity analyses were reported
Publication bias: n.a
Lower GWG in Interventional groups: in 3 studies
significant, in 3 studies n.s.
Forrrest plot:
12 Anhänge | 119
All trials: sign. GWG-reduction (P=0.01): 20.22 units
(95% CI: 20.38, 20.05 units), corresponding to an
average reduction of GWG of 1.2 kg (data not
shown).
Only RCTs: nonsignificant reduction of GWG on
average in the intervention groups (SMD =20.13;
95% CI: 20.41, 0.15).
Only nonrandomized trials: sign. (P = 0.02) lower
GWG in the intervention groups (SMD = 20.27; 95%
CI: 20.49, 20.04)
Meta- Streuling I, Databases: Intervention: Included studies: 12 RCTs Clapp JF III, et al. Am J 1- Quality of
analysis et al. MEDLINE increased physical - Study quality: (Randomization/ Dropout rate/ Obstet Gynecol included studies
(2011) (1950–2009), activity intention-to-treat): 2 reviewers, Cochrane’s 2000;183:1484–8. (middle)
[48] EMBASE handbook and CONSORT statement; in 6 studies: Collings CA, et al. Am J ITT in only 2
(1974–2009), blinded allocations assigment was reported, in 6 Obstet Gynecol studies
Cochrane studies less losses to follow-up (< 15 %), in 5 1983;145:702–7.
CENTRAL studies high losses (>15 %), ITT in 2 studies was Marquez-Sterling S, et al.
library Issue 3, reported Med Sci Sports Exerc
2009, ISI Web
Descriptive statistics: 2000;32:58–62.
of Knowledge,
containing - 4 trials from the USA, 2 from Iran, 1 from Spain, 1 Yeo S. et al. Res Nurs
Web of from Australia, 1 from New Zealand, 3 from Brazil. Health 2009;32:379–90.
Science - 1073 women, 906 participants had completed the Garshasbi A, et al. Int J
(1900–2009), trials. Gynaecol Obstet
BIOSIS - All studies: women with low-risk pregnancies only. 2005;88:271–5.
Previews - 7 studies no exercise regularly before pregnancy. Sedaghati P, et al. Gazz
(1926–2009), - Intervention: duration 10-32 weeks, exersise 3 Med Ital- Arch Sci Med
Current times a week at least 20 minutes up to 1 hour 2007;166:209–13.
Contents performing aerobics, running, cycling, water Barakat R, et al. Int J
Connect aerobics or muscle strengthenin; stsrt at the 1-2 Obes (Lond)
(1998–2009) trimester; in 9 studies: with supervision, 3 studies: 2009;33:1048–57.
and Journal home-bases exercise
Citation Ong MJ, et al. Diabetes
- Gestational weight loss (GWG)- not the main
12 Anhänge | 120
Reports outcome, definition was different Metab 2009;35:418–21.
(1999–2008). - Prepregnancy weight/BMI: norm. Hopkins SA, et al. J Clin
Key words Heterogeneity: Low Endocrinol Metab
were reported - random-effects model 2010;95:2080–8.
Inclusion Cavalcante SR, Reprod
Publication bias:
criteria: RCT, Health 2009;6:1.
healthy - No indication for p.b. (funnel plot)
Results (for weight): Prevedel T, et al. RBGO
women;
2003;25:53–9.
Intervention= 7 trials: lower GWG in the exercise group, but in only
solely physical Santos IA, et al.Obstet
1 – significant (p<0.05); 5 trials: women in the
activity; exercise groups did not gain Gynecol 2005;106:243–9.
compared with
significantly less weight.
no intervention
promoting meta-analysis: significant GWG-reduction in the
physical exersise group (p=0.03), MD of GWG of -0.61 (95%
activity; GWG CI: -1.17, -0.06),
was sensitivity analyses were reported
documented
for both
groups
separately.
Systematic Streuling I, Databeses: Diets (low Included studies: 12 observational studies Aaronson LS 1989 2- No quality ass.,
Review et al. MEDLINE caloric/portein or - Study quality: 6 studies adjusted for confounders Ancristi G 1977 only 6 studies –
(2011) (1950-2009), other) adjustment for
- Descriptive statistics: Bergmann MM 1997
[49] EMBASE confounders,
(1974-2009) - 9 studies from USA, 3 studies from Europe Deierlein AL 2008 different
(English, - sample sizes; varied from 50 to 2087 women Lagiou P 2004 definition for
German - 2 studies: low-income pregnant teeagers, 10 Langhoff-Roos J 1987 GWG
languages) studies – adult women
Oken E 2008
search terms - different dietary assestment between the studies
(FFQ or recall methods) Picone TA 1982
were reported
inclusion - Gestational weight loss (GWG) was defined in Scholl TO 1991
criteria: different ways Sloan NL 2001
12 Anhänge | 121
english or - Heterogeneity: n.a. Stevens-Simon C 1992
german, - Publication bias: n.a. Stuebe AM 2009
health women Results (for weight):
with singleton
pregnancy, 5 studies: significantly (p<0.05) association between
population- energy intake and GWG (3 of them – adjusted for
based or confounders), 3 studies (2 – adjusted) – no
hospital-based significant association
cohort studies
industrialized
countries,
without
repeated
pregnancy
Meta- Gardner B. Databeses: Intervention: Included studies: Claesson IM, et al.. Br J 1-/2- Different design,
analysis et al, 2011 PsycInfo, recommended - 7 RCTs, 5 – others (Quasi-experimental control Obstet Gynaecol 2007; Allocation cons.
[50] Medline, behaviour: diet or trials and historical cohort designs in two trials; 115: 44–50. In only 1 trial,
Embase, physical aktivity or one trial used a time series design); 2 trials in 10 Hui AL, et al. Can J Only 3 trials –
AMED, HMIC, both studies were reported Diabetes 2006; 30:169– ITT
Cochrane 175.
- Study quality: (Randomization/ Dropout rate/
Central intention-to-treat): 2 reviewers, Cochrane validity Polley BA, et al. Int J
Controlled
criteria (allocation concealment, intention-to-treat Obes(Lond) 2002; 26:
Trials analysis and losses to follow-up), scoring system 1494–1502.
Register,
was used; Gray-Donald K, et al
Cochrane
Health - Allocation was concealed in one trial, concealment CMAJ 2000; 163: 1247–
Technology unclear - 6 trials. 1251.
Assessment, - 3 trials – ITT, Kinnunen TI, et al Eur J
peer-reviewed - 7 trials reporting attrition rates of more than 10%. Clin Nutr 2007; 61: 884–
English- Descriptive statistics: 892.
language - Treatment characteristics were coded for both Wolff S, et al Int J Obes
journal articles intervention and control treatments where (Lond) 2008; 32: 495–501.
published possible. Weight gain – primary outcome. Asbee SM, et al Obstet
between 1990
12 Anhänge | 122
and 2010 - 1656 participants (744 intervention, 912 control), Gynecol 2009;113: 305–
3 search filters Sample sizes ranged from 21 to 560 (mean 138 311.
were used: participants per trial). Shirazian T, et al Am J
interventions - Seven trials were conducted in North America, five Perinat 2010; 27: 411–
to prevent USA, two Canada, and 5 in Europe (2 in Belgium, 414.
excessive and one in each of Denmark, Finland and Guelinckx I, et al. Am J
GWG; Sweden). Clin Nut 2010; 91: 373–
controlled trial - 11 trials: both diet and PA; 1 trial - diet only 380
designs; - behavioural outcomes (intake of specific foods or Olson CM, et al Am J
samples with PA) were assessed in six trials. Obstet Gynecol 2004;
chronic health Heterogeneity: significant, moderate (P = 0.0008; I2 191: 530–536.
conditions = 66%)
were
Publication bias: no p.b (funnel plot)
excluded.
Inclusion
criteria: Pooled results: Significantly less weigth loss in the
quantitative interventionla group: (WMD = -1.19 kg, [95% CI: -
data, 1.74, -0.65], P 0.0001).
intervention to 4 trials - statistically significant effects, intervention
improve diet recipients gaining between 2.60 and 7.36 kg less
and/or than controls.
increase PA
Eight trials - no effect on weight
so as to
prevent gain, 1 of these observed negative effect (P = 0.09),
excessive overweight intervention participants (mean gain 13.6
weight gain in kg) tended to gain more weight than overweight
pregnant adult controls (mean gain 10.1 kg)
women aged Moderator analyses were reported
differences
between an
intervention
and a control
group
12 Anhänge | 123
Systematic Campbell 11 databases Diet and physical Included studies: RCTs: 1- Significant
Review F, et al. December activity interventions - 13 studies: 5 RCTs, 8 qualitative studies (flow Guelinckx I, et al. 2010, heterogeneity,
(2011) 2008, second chart) 91:373-380. small number of
[51] search - Study quality: (Randomization/ Dropout rate/ studies
Wolff S, et al.. Int J Obes
(update) in intention-to-treat): quality assestment: Cochrane (Lond) 2008,32:495-501.
January 2010. Collaboration’s tool; 3 trials: method of Asbee SM, et al.
(1990-2010); randomisation was reported, 1 trial – allocation Obstetrics and
concept of consealment, no blinding, only 2 trials reported Gynecology
excessive loss to follow-up 2009,113:305-311.
gestational Descriptive statistics: Polley BA, et al., Int J
weight gain by
- number of participants Obes Relat Metab Disord
the IoM
- in RCTs- from 52 to 195 with a total of 577. 2002, 26:1494-1502.
(1990).
- mean age from 25.5 to 29 years. Hui AL, et al. CAN J
Inclusion
- Mean pre-pregnancy BMI from 22.6 to 34.7 kg/m2 DIABETES 2006, 30:169-
criteria and
(2 studies recruted only obese women) 175.
key words
were reported - mean gestational age from 9.8 to 15.5 week
(adults, no - countries: Canada, USA, Europe
medical - complex interventions (several components)
comlikations
Heterogeneity: significant (I2 = 67%)
etc)
Meta-Analysis of 5 RCTs: No significant difference in
gestational weight gain (GWG) (mean difference -
0.28; 95% CI -0.64 to 0.09)
Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed
Cochrane Gallo MF, Databases Combination Included studies: Aden 1998 1+ Poor study
Review et al. CENTRAL hormonal - 49 RCTs (compared 52 different pairs) Agoestina 1989 quality
(2011) (The contraceptives
Study quality: (Randomization/ Dropout rate/ Brill 1991
[52] Cochrane compared to a
intention-to-treat): Brill 1996
Library), placebo, no
MEDLINE, intervention or to a - 2 reviewers (double check), no summary quality Burkman 2007
POPLINE, combination score, appraisal of potential biases concentrated
12 Anhänge | 124
EMBASE, and contraceptive on the study design, blinding, randomization Cachrimanidou 1993
LILACS, (differed in drug, method, group allocation concealment, and loss to Coenen 1996
asClinicalTrial dosage, regimen, or follow up and early discontinuation;
Coney 2001
s.gov and study length) - Generally poor quality of trials, associated with
InternationalCl empirical evidence of bias Dionne 1974
inical Trials - 31 trials: generating the randomization - not Endrikat 1997
Registry reported Endrikat 1999
Platform
- 45 trials - allocation concealment not reported, 3 Endrikat 2001a
(ICTRP).
trials reported sufficient allocation consealment Endrikat 2001b
Up to to May - Only 4 trials reported the number of women
2011. Foulon 2001
recruited for the trial
Search Franchini 1995
- Blinding: 2 studies - single-blinded, 10 - double-
strategy was blinded, 1- triple-blinded; not mentioned in 15 Goldzieher 1971
reported. trials. Gruber 2006
Inclusion - ITT – described for 3 trials Halbe 1998
criteria:
- 33 trials did not specify the analytic method used Kashanian 2010
English-
language, - for the weight change data Kaunitz 2000
RCTs, at least - Loss to follow up: 0-17 %: only in 19 trials Kirkman 1994
3 treatment Descriptive statistics: Knopp 2001
cycles, - sample sizes ranged from 20 to 5654 participants,
compared to Koetsawang 1977
median - 196 participants.
placebo or to Koetsawang 1995
- study location - was not described for 13 trials; the
different Lachnit-Fixson 1984
other studies were conducted in locations
combination
worldwide. Liukko 1987
contraceptive
- duration of the trials: from 3 to 24 treatment cycles Loudon 1990
with most trials – 6 or 12 treatment cycles Miller 2001
- Main outcome: change in body weight Milsom 2006
Heterogeneity: n.a Oddsson 2005
Publication bias: n.a. Oelkers 1995
Results (for weight): Oelkers 2000
In 4 trials (comparison to placebo or bo intervention):
12 Anhänge | 125
no association with weight change Procter-Gray 2008
Other trials: no significant association with weight Rosenbaum 2000
change Sang 1995
Three studies: differences in the numbers of women Serfaty 1998
with a weight change of more than 2 kg.
Sibai 2001
Four studies: differences in the mean weight change
Spellacy 1970
between groups.
Spona 1996
Athers conclusion: Available evidence was
insufficient to determine the effect of combination Stewart 2005
contraceptives on weight, but no large effect was Teichmann 1995
evident. Van der Does 1995
Weisberg 1999
Wiegratz 1995
Wiegratz 2002
Wiik 1993
Winkler 1996
Worsley 1980
Meta- Verweij Databases: Physical activity or Included studies: See study references 1- low quality of
analysis LM, et al. Medline, dietary behaviours or - 43 RCTs met inclusion criteria, 22 RCTs were studies.
(2011) Embase, both included in meta-analysis Moderate-high
[53] PsychInfo heterogeneity
Study quality: (Randomization/ Dropout rate/
Cochrane
intention-to-treat):
Library,
SportDiscus, - double-check, Chochrane Handbook was used,
Current GRADE was used; 1 studie – excellent quality, 11
Controlled – good, 20 – poor and 11 – fair quality
Trials; Descriptive statistics:
Between - 26 studies: Physical activity and dietary
1980- behaviours
November - 14 studies: only physical activity
2009
12 Anhänge | 126
Search - 3 studies: only dietary behaviours
strategy was - Participants: number varied: 33-18,210
reported participants; age: 18-67; 7 studies included only
Inclusion men, 4 studies – only women, 32 studies – men
criteria: and women; 16 studies included white color
English, workers, 9 – blue color workers, 19 studies – n.a.,
RCTs, 9 studies included participants with high
targeting cardiovascular risk
physical - Different outcomes (cardiovascular risk reduction
activity or or disease prevention – 17 studies, 17 studies –
dietary improve physical activity, 8 – health promotion,
behaviours or only 2 studies aimed obesity prevention or weight
both of control)
employers, - Lenth of intervention: 4 week to 3 years, 11
weight releted studies – short follow-up (< 6 month) and 32
outcome studies – long follow up.
measures
Heterogeneity: moderate-high
Publication bias: n.a.
Reduce of body weight, BMI, body fat
- Moderate Evidenz for both (Physical activity and
dietary behaviours): significant reduce body
weight (9 studies, 5 – good quality, mean
difference (MD): -1.19 kg/m2, 95% CI -1.64 to -
0.74, but in 3 good quality studies – non significant
differences); significant reduce BMI (11 studies,
MD -0.34 kg/m2, 95% CI -0.46 to -0.22);
significant reduce body fat (3 studies; MD –
1.12%, 95% CI -1.86 to -0.38); WC n.s. (MD -1.08,
95% CI -4.18 to 2.02)
- Low evidence for only physical activity: (reduce of
body weight: MD – 1.08 kg, 95% CI – 1.79 to –
0.36); BMI (MD – 0.50 kg/m2; 95% CI -0.65 to -
12 Anhänge | 127
0.34); body fat (MD -0.56%; 95% CI -2.53 to 1.42),
WC n.s. (MD – 1.31, 95% CI – 3.62 to 1.00)
- Sensitivity analyses were reported (only fair-low
quality of studies, small studies)
Systematic Vuillemin Studies Work site physical Included studies: 33 studies were included 1- Only one study
Review A, et al. published from activity interventions - 33 european studies: 20 RCT, 2 with cluster- (See study references) with obesity-
(2011) January up to (counselling, randomised design, 2 – non-randomised tirals, 2 – related outcome
(the Hope December exercise training, before-after studies, 9 with pre-post design as primary
project) 2099 active commuting, outcome :
- 15 studies with obesity-related outcome, Only one
[54] Databases: walking) quality
study with obesity-related outcome as primary
PubMed, outcome assestment n.a.
Embase, Heterogeneity
Study quality: (Randomization/ Dropout rate/
Cinahl, n.a.
intention-to-treat):
Psychinfo, publicationbias
SportDiscus, - dobble-check,quality assestment (11 criteria
n.a.
Web of score), 17 studies with high quality
Science, Descriptive statistics:
Cochrane - setting – Europe (1 study from Germany),
Only search intervention: counseling – 2 RCT, exercise training
elements were – 10 RCT, active commuting – 4 RCT, walking – 4
reported RCT
Inclusion Heterogeneity: n.a
criteria were Publication bias: n.a.
reported (date,
aim =
increasing no evidence or only incolclusive evidence for a effect
physical on obesity-related outcomes
activity, adult
participants,
specifically
carried out in a
worksite
setting,
12 Anhänge | 128
Europe,
primary
prevention
studies)
c) Einzelstudien
Artikel Anzahl der Intervention/ Vergleichs- Outcomes Ergebnisse Evidenz- Bemerkungen
(Autor, Patienten/ ggf. intervention niveau
Jahr)/ Patienten- Nachverfolgung (z.B. SIGN)
Studien- merkmale
typ
Ter Bogt 457 patients Intervention group: Control group: Changes in body Intervention group: more 1+ Randomisation procedere,
NC, et al. overweight or visits to a nurse usual care from weight, waist weight losers and stabilizers exclusion criteria, dropouts were
(2009) obese practitioner (NP) their general circumference, blood compared to control group: reported
[55] and one feedback practitioner (GP- pressure, and blood (77% vs 65%; p<0.05) There are statistically significant
mean age: 56
session by group) lipids Men: mean weight losses difference between women for
years
RCT telephone for were 2.3% for the intervention and control groups :
sex : 52% women
lifestyle counseling intervention group and 0.1% in age, hypertention, physical
with either with guidance of for the control group activity,but in follow-up
Ter Bogt hypertension or NP using a (p<0.05) study (authors conclusion)
NC, et al. dyslipidemia, or standardized Lifestyle counseling by NPs did
Women: mean weight losses
(2011) both computerized not lead to significantly better
were in intervention und
[56] from 11 general software program. prevention of weight gain
control groups 1.6%
practice locations compared with GPs. In the
Control group: obese people
RCT (3- in the Netherlands majority in both groups, lifestyle
lost more weight (-3.0%)
years- counseling succeeded in
than the non-obese (-1.3%;
follow-up) preventing (further)weight gain.
p<0.05)
Not significant: Mean waist
circumference decreased by
2.4 cm in intervention group
and by 1.2 cm in control
12 Anhänge | 129

Studien- merkmale
typ
group (p=0.07)
Follow-up 2011 :
difference in mean (SD)
weight change between
groups: n.s. (NP group,
−1.2% [5.8%], and GP-
group, −0.6% [5.6%]
[P=0.37]) (=Contrary to the
results after 1 years)
approximately 60% of the
participants in both groups
were weight losers after 3
years.
change of waist
circumference between
groups : n.s. (NPgroup, −0.8
[7.1] cm andGP-UCgroup
0.4 [7.2]cm[P=.11])
Intention-to-treat analysis did
not substantially alter the
results after 3 years.
Mediano 203 women Intervention group Control received weight loss and others Intervention group: 1- Randomisation procedere was
MF, et al. from Brazil (=home-based only dietary (HDL-cholesterol, - greater weight loss in the reported, the study was not
(2010) exercise) received counseling aimed triglycerides, glucose, first 6 months (−1.4 vs. blinded, relevant outcome
middle age: 25–45
[57] booklet on aerobic at a energy HOMA-IR) −0.8 kg; p=0.04), (weight loss) was measured,
years
exercise that could restriction of 100– but intention-to-treat analysis was
be practiced at 300 calories per after 12 months: no reported
12 Anhänge | 130

Studien- merkmale
typ
RCT home (3 times/ day differences between But: BMI and HDL-cholesterol
week - 40 min/ groups (−1.1 vs. −1.0; are different between
session), in low- p=0.20) intervention and control groups
moderate intensity, - HDL-cholesterol showed (p=0.03 and p=0.04)
during 12 months major change in
AND itervention group :
dietary counseling increased at month 12 of
aimed at a energy 18.3 mg/dl in the
restriction of 100– intervention group
300 calories per compared to 9.5 in the
day control group (p<0.01)
Haakstad 105 sedentary, Exercise group Control group Main outcomes: aternal Sign. difference between 1+ Assessor blinded
LA, et al. nulliparous (n=52): 60 min. (n=53): weight gain and the exersise and control groups; Randomisation: simple
(2011) pregnant women supervised aerobic participants were proportion of women only participants who computerised randomisation
[58] Mean age: 30.7 dance and strength asked not to whose weight gain attended 24 exercise programm
(SD +/-4) training for 60 min, change their exceeded the IOM sessions (n=14) differed
ITT
at least twice per usual physical recommendations sign. from controls
RCT Pre-pregnancy High drop out rate
week for a pattern (p=0.006):
BMI: 23.8 (+/- 4.3
minimum of 12 Weight gain during
kg/m2)
weeks pregnancy 11.0 kg. (SD +/-
The majority from
2.3 kg) vs. 13.8 kg. (+/- 3.8
Norway (n=94)
kg), p=0.01;
Participants with
disease that could No difference between the
interfere with groups in the proportion of
participation were women gaining more weight
excluded than recommended by the
IOM
Phelan S, Pregnant (3.5 Behavioral Standard care Primary outcome. In NW women, in 1+ Assessor (clinical and staff)
et al. week gestation), intervention (social (n=201): regularly Proportion of women intervention group: blind
(2011) normal-weight learning theory) to visits to they with the excessive decreased % who exceeded The retention at the 6 months
12 Anhänge | 131

Studien- merkmale
typ
[59] women (NW, prevent weight gain prenatal care gestational weight gain IOM recommendations postpartum was 82 %
n=201) and (n=200) : providers, on the basis of IOM (40.2% compared with ITT
overweight or Face-to-face visit ; standatd guidelines 1990 52.1%, p=0.003, OR 0.38,
RCT Computer generated
obese (OW/OB ; weekly mailed conseling Proportion of women at 95% CI 0.20 to 0.87), but no
randomisation in randomly
n=200) materials that or below their pregravid sognificant effect in OW/OB
varied block sizes
Avarage age = promoted an weight at 6 months group (p=0.33)
Power analysis
28.8 y. appropriate weight postpartum At 6 months:
gain, healthy eating Flow chart
Inclusion: In Intervention group:
gestational age and exersise ; The groups are similar at
increased % of women who
between 10 and 16 individual graphs baseline
returned to they pregravid
week, BMI for weight gain ;
weight (30.7% compared
between 19.8 and telephone-based
with 18.7%, p=0.005 ; OR
40 kg/m2, feedback
2.1, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.5)
nonsmoking,
adults, fluency in
English, assess to
telephone,
singeleton
pregnancy.
Exclusion: major
health or
psychiatric
disorders, weight
loss durign
pregnancy, ≥3
miscarriages
Ilmonen 256 women Nutrition control primary outcome During pregnancy: 1+ Focused question
J, et al. recruited in South- counselling to measures applied were mean total weight gain =14.8 randomization was conducted
(2011) West Finland from modify dietary mothers’ (SD 4.8) kg did not differed and
[60] April 2002 to intake according to anthropometric between the groups (p the list generated by a
November 2005 current measurements, most =0.981): diet/ probiotics 14.8 statistician (TP) not involved in
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Studien- merkmale
typ
RCT 72% (185/256) recommendations: importantly BMI and (SD 4.4) kg, diet/placebo recruitment or study visits,
were followed up dietary (lowered adiposity defined as 14.7 (SD 5.0) kg and according to computer-
till 12 months intakes of butter awaist circumference of control/placebo 14.8 (SD generated block randomization
postpartum and cheese and 80 cm or more, and the 5.2) kg; of six women
Exclusion: increased intakes proportion of body fat proportions of women falling Randomization to receive
multipara, of margarines and over the 12 months’ within the recommended probiotics or placebo in the
metabolic or vegetable oil) postpartum period. range of weight gain were dietary intervention groups was
chronic intervention groups Secondary outcomes similar (p=0.100): 49.3% in conducted in double-blind
comorbidities (with were randomized were dietary intakes of the diet/probiotics group, manner and to receive placebo
the exception of to receive foods and nutrients and 39.7% in the diet/placebo in the control group in single-
allergic disease) probiotics a healthy eating index groupand 31.4% in the blind manner
Lactobacillus during the postpartum control/placebo group ITT
rhamnosus GG period.
(ATCC 53103) and
at 6 months postpartum:
Bifidobacterium
lactis risk of central adiposity:
(diet/probiotics) or lowered in the diet/probiotics
placebo group compared with the
(diet/placebo) control/placebo group (OR
capsules 0.30, 95%CI 0.11-0.85, p=
0.023 adjusted for baseline
Duration: up to 12
BMI); diet/placebo group did
months postpartum
not differ from the controls
(OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.38-2.68,
p = 0.994) (NNT) with
diet/probiotics to prevent one
woman from developing a
waist circumference of 80
cm or more was 4.
Healthy eating pattern at 12
months postpartum (p =
0.001) and BMI prior to
12 Anhänge | 133

Studien- merkmale
typ
pregnancy (p < 0.001) were
determinants of BMI at 12
months postpartum
(adjusted for dietary
intervention and exercise)
Thema: Therapie
Aggregierte Evidenz
a) Leitlinien
Thema - Indikationen, Therapieziele, Therapievoraussetzungen

grad
SIGN (2010): Therapieziele/Therapieindikationen Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Management of Empfehlungen: Recommended n. a. 19 Punkte
Obesity A best practice Bei der Suche nach
- The aim of weight loss and weight maintenance interventions should be
national clinical based on the Evidenz wurden
to:
guideline clinical systematischen
[4] - improve pre-existing obesity-related comorbidities
experience of the Methoden
- reduce the future risk of obesity-related comorbidities
guideline angewandt
- improve physical, mental and social well-being. development
- Weight loss targets should be based on the individual’s comorbidities and group
risks, rather than their weight alone:
- in patients with BMI 25-35 kg/m2 obesity-related comorbidities are
less likely to be present and a 5-10% weight loss (approximately 5-
10 kgs) is required for cardiovascular disease and metabolic risk
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reduction.
- in patients with BMI > 35 kg/m2 obesity-related comorbidities are
likely to be present therefore weight loss interventions should be
targeted to improving these comorbidities; in many individuals a
greater than 15-20% weight loss (will always be over 10 kg) will be
required to obtain a sustained improvement in comorbidity.
- Some patients do not fit these categories. Patients from certain ethnic
groups (eg South Asians) are more susceptible to the metabolic effects of
obesity and related comorbidity is likely to present at lower BMI cut-off
points than in individuals of European extraction. The thresholds for
weight loss intervention should reflect the needs of the individual.
Therapievoraussetzungen
best practice of
Chapter 8 “Assessment in adult”
the guideline
Empfehlungen: development
- When assessing patients with obesity, comorbidities and coexistent risk group
factors should be taken into account in the history and examination with best practice of
further investigation as appropriate. the guideline
development
- Tests of liver function should be considered in patients with obesity. group
- Healthcare professionals should discuss willingness to change with

patients and then target weight loss interventions according to patient best practice of
willingness around each component of behaviour required for weight loss, the guideline
eg specific dietary and/or activity changes. development
- The Healthy Living Readiness Ruler is recommended to facilitate group
discussions with patients contemplating weight loss behaviours. (see best practice of
Annex 4). the guideline
development
- Patients should be encouraged to make sustainable lifestyle changes and group
given support to avoid weight cycling. best practice of
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the guideline
development
group
- Weight history, including previous weight loss attempts, should be part of
the assessment of patients with obesity. C
- Healthcare professionals should be aware of the possibility of binge- best practice of

eating disorder in patients who have difficulty losing weight and the guideline
maintaining weight loss. development
- Weight management programmes should not exclude patients with binge- group
eating disorder.
3
Zitierte Literatur: Verheijden, 2005 (R. 109)
- Assessing motivation for behaviour change:
- In order to target interventions appropriately, healthcare
professionals need to consider the willingness of a patient to 1++
Bridle, 2005 (R. 110)
undertake the necessary behaviour change required for effective
weight management.
- A systematic review of RCTs examined the effectiveness of health
behaviour change interventions (eg around smoking cessation,
dietary change, alcohol intake reduction, and increasing physical
activity), based on the Transtheoretical ‘Stages of Change’ model. 1+, 3
The review found only limited evidence for the effectiveness of Marshall, 2003 (R. 111)
stage-based interventions for behaviour change.
- Despite the common-sense appeal of the assessment of ‘readiness
to change’ using the Transtheoretical ‘Stages of Change’ model,
current evidence does not support this approach to intervention. An
RCT examined the effectiveness of using stages as a basis for
physical activity intervention. Both stage-matched and mismatched
materials led to significant differences in level of physical activity at 1+, 3
six months compared to no intervention at all. Booklet-based
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interventions encouraging physical activity change are useful to Sutton, 2003 (R. 112); Vallis, 2003 (R. 113);
induce short term physical activity changes. Boudreaux, 2003 (R. 114)
- Algorithms that attempt to stage readiness to change may be more
3
effective if tied explicitly to the specific behaviours targeted by the
intervention, rather than broad general behaviours, and multiple
algorithms may be required. Spitzer, 1992 (R. 124); Spitzer, 1993 (R.
125)
- Weight cycling:
- Two cross-sectional studies have shown that the prevalence of BED
in the community is around 3% compared with around 30% in 3
patients seeking weight management services. Amongst those in
weight loss programmes, BED was significantly more common in Yanovski, 1993, (R. 126); Jirik-Babb, 2003
females (29.7%) compared with males (21.8%, p=0.02). (R. 127)
- People with BED are heavier, are more likely to be overweight as a
child, demonstrate weight cycling, and have higher levels of 1+
psychological comorbidity including anxiety, depression and
personality disorders compared to those without BED
- Binge-Eating-Disorder: Brownley, 2007 (R. 128); Devlin, 2005 (R.
- A systematic review of seven RCTs comparing group behavioural 129); Devlin, 2007 (R. 130)
interventions in patients with BED found that cognitive behavioural
therapy (CBT) was effective in reducing binge-eating behaviour but
there was no significant weight loss in any group. (R. 128) The
effectiveness of CBT in reducing binge frequency but without n. a.
influencing weight was also confirmed in an RCT with two years
follow up. (R. 129,130) In these studies reduction in binge eating Bruce, 1996 (R. 131)
rather than weight loss was the intervention goal.
- A brief four item questionnaire has been developed to facilitate
discussion around binge-eating disorder in primary care (see Annex
6).
NICE (2006): Therapieindikationen n. a. n. a. Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Obesity - 1.7.2.9 17 Punkte
guidance on the - Assessment of the health risks associated with overweight and Bei der Suche nach
prevention, Evidenz wurden
obesity in adults should be based on BMI and waist circumference
identification, systematischen
as follows.
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assessment and BMI Waist circumference Methoden
management of classify- angewandt
overweight and cation Low High Very high
obesity in adults
and children Overweight No increased Increased risk High risk
[7] risk
Obesity I Increased risk High risk Very high risk
- For men, waist circumference of less than 94 cm is low, 94–102 cm

is high and more than102 cm is very high. For women, waist
circumference of less than 80 cm is low, 80–88 cm is high and more
than 88 cm is very high.
- 1.7.2.11
- The level of intervention to discuss with the patient initially should be
based as follows.
BMI Waist circumference Comorbidities
Classification present
Low High Very high
Overweight
Obesity I
Obesity II
Obesity III
General advice on healthy weight and lifestyle

Diet and physical activity
Diet and physical activity; consider drugs
Diet and physical activity; consider drugs; consider surgery
- Note that the level of intervention should be higher for patients with
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comorbidities (see section 1.7.3 for details), regardless of their waist
circumference. The approach should be adjusted as needed,
depending on the patient’s clinical need and potential to benefit from
losing weight.
ICSI (2011): Therapieindikationen n. a. n. a. Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Health Care - BMI 25-30: Lifestyle changes and behavioral management. 12 Punkte
Guideline: Bei der Suche nach
- + major comorbid condition or 3 minor comorbid conditions: medication
Prevention and therapy may be initiated starting at a BMI of 27 or greater (P. 1; 13) Evidenz wurden
Management of keine
Obesity (Mature - BMI 30-35: Lifestyle changes, behavioral management and medication
therapy. systematischen
Adolescents and Methoden
Adults) - BMI 35-40: Lifestyle changes, behavioral management and medication
angewandt
[5] therapy.
Keine
- + 1-2 minor comorbid conditions: surgical options;
Literaturangaben
- Bariatric surgery is indicated in carefully selected patients with a body bei Overview, nur
mass index greater than or equal to 40 or 35-39.9 who are at a very high bei Annotations
absolute risk for increased morbidity or premature mortality well-informed
in disease management, psychologically stable and accepting of
operative risks. (P. 20)
BMI 40+: Lifestyle changes, behavioral management, medication therapy
and surgical options.
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Thema: Basisprogramm
grad
ICSI (2011): - Weight management includes physical activity, nutrition and behaviour n. a. Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Health Care management strategies. Franz, 2007 [M]; Freedman, 2001 [R] 12 Punkte
Guideline: - Successful weight-loss maintenance is sustained by a combination of Bei der Suche nach
M, R, C Wing, 2001 [R]; McGuire, 1998 [C]
Prevention and lower calorie intake and increased physical activity. Analysis of data from Evidenz wurden
Management of the National Weight Control Registry indicates weight-loss maintainers keine
Obesity (Mature have an average intake of 1,400 kcal/day and get one hour of moderate systematischen
Adolescents and activity per day, and eat breakfast daily. n. a. Methoden
Adults) - Daily, weekly and short-term goals are important. High-intensity weekly angewandt
[5] face-to-face meetings produce the best results. Keine
Literaturangaben bei
Overview, nur bei
Annotations
Management of - Weight management programmes should include physical activity, dietary A n. a. 19 Punkte
Obesity A change and behavioural components. Bei der Suche nach
national clinical Evidenz wurden
- Reducing inactivity should be a component of weight management best practice of n. a.
guideline programmes. systematischen
the guideline
[4] Methoden
development
group angewandt
Zitierte Literatur:
1+ NICE, 2006 (R. 64); Avenell, 2004 (R. 98); CAVE: siehe auch
- Diet plus physical activity: There is consistent evidence that combined
diet and physical activity is more effective for weight loss than diet alone. Curioni, 2005 (R. 132); Norris, 2004 (R. hier im Text 1.8
133) „Gewichtsreduk-
tionsprogramme“:
- Diet plus physical activity plus behavioral therapy: A combination of 1++ kommerzielle und
physical activity (varying in level from three supervised sessions plus NICE, 2006 (R. 64) internetbasierte
exercise information to recording of 30-45 minutes of activity four to five Programme
times week), behaviour therapy (components as listed below) and diet
(either calorie deficit or a low calorie diet) is more effective for weight loss
compared with diet alone. In a meta-analysis of five studies, median
weight change was –4.60 kg (range –3.33 kg to –5.87 kg) for the
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combined intervention and –0.48 kg (range 0.53 kg to –2.40 kg) for diet
alone.
- The addition of exercise and behavioural therapy to diet programmes Norris, 2004 (R. 133); Norris, 2005 (R. 134)
in patients with, or at elevated risk of, type 2 diabetes confers
additional benefit in terms of weight loss. 1+
Laws, 2004 (R. 135); McQuigg, 2005 (R.
- The Counterweight® programme using a multifaceted approach
2+ 136); Counterweight project team, 2008 (R.
(dietary manipulation, exercise and behaviour modification and
137)
pharmacotherapy) has been evaluated as feasible for delivery in
primary care.
NICE (2006): - 1.7.1.4 Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Obesity guidance - The components of the planned weight-management programme n. a. n. a. 17 Punkte
on the should be tailored to the person’s preferences, initial fitness, health Bei der Suche nach
prevention, status and lifestyle Evidenz wurden
identification, - 1.7.4.2 systematischen
assessment and n. a. n. a. Methoden
- When choosing treatments, the following factors should be
management of considered: angewandt
overweight and
- the person’s individual preference and social circumstance and the
obesity in adults
experience and outcome of previous treatments (including whether
and children
there were any barriers)
[7]
- their level of risk, based on BMI and waist circumference (see
recommendations 1.7.2.9 and 1.7.2.11)
- any comorbidities.
- 1.7.4.11
- The level of intensity of the intervention should be based on the level n. a. n. a.
of risk and the potential to gain health benefits (see recommendation
1.7.2.11).
- 1.7.3.2
n. a. n. a.
- Any comorbidities should be managed when they are identified,
rather than waiting until the person has lost weight.
- 1.7.2.11
- The level of intervention to discuss with the patient initially should be n. a. n. a.
based as follows.
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BMI Waist circumference Comorbidities

Classification present
Low High Very high
Overweight
Obesity I
Obesity II
Obesity III
General advice on healthy weight and lifestyle

Diet and physical activity
Diet and physical activity; consider drugs
Diet and physical activity; consider drugs; consider surgery
- Note that the level of intervention should be higher for patients with
comorbidities (see section 1.7.3 for details), regardless of their waist
circumference. The approach should be adjusted as needed,
depending on the patient’s clinical need and potential to benefit from
losing weight.
- 1.7.4.1
- Multicomponent interventions are the treatment of choice. Weight 1+ (aus Section 5 Lit. S. 685-715); (4) Avenell
management programmes should include behaviour change A; (3) Agency for Healthcare Research and
strategies (see recommendations 1.7.4.15–17) to increase people’s Quality. (46) Shaw K.; (47) Smith J;
physical activity levels or decrease inactivity, improve eating (48)McTigue KM (49) McLean N
behaviour and the quality of the person’s diet and reduce energy
intake.
- Evidence Statements
- Overall, physical activity (minimum of 45 minutes three times a
1 ++
week) and diet (600 kcal/deficit or low fat) is effective for weight loss: (aus Section 5 Lit. S. 685-715)
a change of approximately –7 kg (95% CI -7.88 to -5.87, range – 13,78-87
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1.70 kg to –10.40 kg) compared with no treatment at 12 months.
- Median weight change across all studies was approximately –
5.10 kg (range 0.70 kg to –8.70 kg) for physical activity and diet and
1.30 kg (range 2.40 kg to –0.60 kg) for no treatment (n = 5
comparisons)
- One study showed a combination of physical activity (30 minutes of
moderate exercise daily plus supervised resistance training twice a
week) and diet (classified as calorie deficit) resulted in weight
change of –3.50 kg (95% CI -4.27 to -2.73) compared with
information at 12 months.
- Absolute weight changes were –4.50 kg for the activity and diet
compared with –1.00 kg for information (n = 1 comparison)
- Overall, physical activity (minimum of 45 minutes three times a 88-90
week) and diet (600 kcal/deficit or low fat) is effective for weight loss:
1+
a change of approximately –1.95 kg (95% CI -3.22 to -0.68) range –
1.00 kg to –3.60 kg) compared to diet alone at 12 months
- Median weight change across all studies was approximately -5.60 kg
(range –5.10 kg to –8.70 kg) for physical activity and diet and –
4.10 kg (range –4.00 kg to –5.10 kg) for diet alone (n = 5
comparisons)
- Overall, a combination of physical activity (varying in level from three
four sessions over 12 months to 30–45 minutes four to five times 13,27,81-87
week), behaviour therapy (situational control, including cue 1 ++
avoidance, self-monitoring of calorie intake, eating behaviours and
pulse rate, management of eating behaviours, relapse prevention,
goal setting, cognitive reframing and coping imagery, stimulus
control, social assertion, reinforcement techniques for enhancing
motivation, cognitive strategies for replacing negative thinking with
more positive statements and constructive self-statements), and diet
(either calorie deficit or a low-calorie diet) is effective for weight loss:
a change of –4.22 kg (95% CI -4.80 to -3.64, range –2.20 kg to –
4.88 kg) compared with control (no treatment) at 12 months
4.60 kg (range –3.33 kg to –5.87 kg) for the combined intervention
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and –0.48 kg (range 0.53 kg to –2.40 kg) for diet alone (n = 5
comparisons)
- Overall, a combination of physical activity (minimum 150 minutes per
91-102
week), behaviour therapy (behaviour change goals and problem
solving, goal setting, menu planning, self-efficacy, consideration of 1 ++
body image, social support, social eating, removing road blocks,
positive thinking, dealing with high-risk situations and slips, cue
elimination, stress management and relapse prevention, self-
monitoring, problem solving, managing cues, stimulus control,
positive assertion, positive thinking, holiday eating, social support,
motivation, role playing, modelling food tasting and grocery store
tours) and diet (either calorie deficit or a VLCD) is effective for weight
loss: a change of –3.82 kg (95% CI -4.63 to -3.02, range 1.70 to –
8.85) compared with information alone
3.90 kg (range 2.50 kg to –8.00 kg) for the combined intervention
and 0.15 kg (range 0.85 kg to –0.50 kg) for information (n = 6 55,58,77,103-108
comparisons)
1 ++
- One study showed a combination of physical activity (individualised
level), behaviour therapy (self-monitoring, stimulus control,
reinforcement, cognitive change), and diet (calorie deficit) was 112
associated with a summary estimate of weight change of –5.80 kg 1+
(WMD 95% CI –8.91 to –2.69, based on one comparison) compared
with behaviour therapy (enhancing body acceptance, disentangling
self-worth from weight, barriers transformation, increased support
and assertion, self-monitoring) alone
- Absolute weight changes were –5.90 kg for the combined group
compared with –0.10 kg for behaviour therapy. (n = 1 comparison)
- One study showed a combination of physical activity (approximately
45 minutes five times a week maximum), behaviour therapy
(stimulus control, problem solving,; reducing barriers, exercising in
different weather conditions), and diet (VLCD 800-1000kcal/day and
1200-1500kcal for maintenance) was associated with a summary
estimate of weight change of –7.00 kg (WMD 95% CI –10.90 to –
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3.10, based on one comparison) compared with physical activity and
behaviour therapy 58,77
- Absolute weight changes were –7.4 kg for the combined approach
1+
compared with –0.40 kg for activity and behaviour therapy (n = 1
comparison)
CMA (2006): - CMAJ recommend a comprehensive lifestyle intervention for overweight A/1 n. a. Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Canadian clinical and obese people. 15 Punkte
practice - CMAJ recommend comprehensive lifestyle interventions (combining A/1 39, 46, 47, 48 Bei der Suche nach
guidelines on the behaviour modification techniques, cognitive behavioural therapy, activity Evidenz wurden
management and enhancement and dietary counselling) for all obese adults. systematischen
prevention of - CMAJ recommend an energy-reduced diet and regular physical activity Methoden
A/2 32, 33, 34, 35, 36
obesity in adults as the first treatment option for overweight and obese adults (…) to angewandt
and children achieve clinically important weight loss and reduce obesity-related
[8] symptoms.
- CMAJ recommend diet and exercise therapy for overweight and obese A/1 38, 39, 40
people with risk factors for type 2 diabetes (…).
- CMAJ recommend diet and exercise therapy for overweight and obese
A/2 41, 42
people with risk factors for (…) cardiovascular disease.
Thema: Ernährungstherapie
grad
ICSI (2011): Empfehlungen: Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Health Care Overview of Management Recommendations: n. a. n. a. 12 Punkte
Nutrition (balanced healthy eating plan or lower calorie balanced eating plan)
Prevention and Evidenz wurden
Management of - Encourage at least five servings of fruits and vegetables per day, whole
keine
Obesity (Mature grains with a fiber intake of 20-35 grams of fiber daily, less than or equal to
systematischen
Adolescents and 30% of calories from fat (7%-10% of calories from saturated fat, less than
Methoden
Adults) or equal to 1% from trans fat).
angewandt
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[5] - For weight loss, encourage calorie reduction by evaluating portion sizes Keine
and journaling food intake. Literaturangaben
- Provide tips for managing eating in social situations, dining out, take-out bei Overview, nur
foods and food label reading. bei Annotations
- Provide referral to a dietitian, nutritionist or structured medically supervised
weight loss program if available.
- Consider the use of meal replacements or very low calorie diet (VLCD)
under medical supervision to help achieve weight loss in patients who are
interested in such programs.
Zitierte Literatur : R National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute,
- Dietary guidance should be individualized and tailored to food and 2000 [R]
beverage preferences; it should allow for flexible approaches to reducing
calorie intake. Achieving weight loss by a reduction in calorie intake. A
moderate decrease in calories (500-1,000 kcal per day) can result in a
progressive weight loss of 1-2 pounds per week R National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute,
- A weight-loss eating plan that supplies at least 1,000-1,200 kcal/day for 1998 [R]
women and 1,200-1,600 kcal/day for men n. a.
- Table 6: *Lower-Calorie Meal Plan for Weight Loss NHLBI, 2000; NHLBI 2002
Nutrient Recommended Intake
Calories 500-1,000 kcal/day reduction from usual
intake
Total fat 30% or less of total calories
Trans fat Less than or equal to 1% of total calories
Saturated fat 7%-10% of total calories
Monounsaturated fat Up to 15% of total calories
Protein 15% of total calories
† Carbohydrates, 55% of total calories
complex, from variety
of vegetables, fruits
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and whole grains
Fiber Equal to or greater than 25-35 grams
NA Institute of Medicine of the National
- † The RDA (recommended daily allowance) for carbohydrates has been Academies, 2002 [NA]
established as a minimum of 130 grams per day for adults and children
(Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, 2002 [NA]). A Esposito, 2003 [A]
- An eating plan that is balanced and consistent with other national dietary
guidelines R USDA, 2005 [R]
- The lower the combined intake of saturated and trans fat and the lower the
dietary cholesterol intake, the greater the cardiovascular benefit will be M, R
Bravata, 2003 [M]; Freedman, 2001 [R];
- All low-calorie diets will produce weight loss in the short term (3 to 12 National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute,
months) A 1998 [R]
- People who are insulin resistant may respond better to a lower- Garder, 2007 [A]
carbohydrate meal plan (< 30% carbohydrate)
R Bonow, 2003 [NA]; Freedman, 2001 [R]
- Weight-loss recommendations that exclude food groups and/or restrict
macronutrients substantially below the dietary reference intakes and RDAs
can cause nutrient deficiencies and increase health risks
- Another meal planning approach is utilizing meal replacements. This R, M Delahanty, 2002 [R]; Heymsfield, 2003 [M];
typically involves using frozen meals, formula shakes or bars or Kushner, 2003a [R]
prepackaged meals to control portion sizes and simplify food decisions.
Drinks and bars are used to replace two meals and one snack per day.
Most meal replacements contain 200-400 calories, and additional servings
of fruits and vegetables are recommended. Weight maintenance usually
involves replacing one meal per day R National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute,
- VLCDs (very low calorie diets) should be used only for weight-loss therapy 2000 [R]
by experienced practitioners with specialized monitoring and use of
supplements. Paisey 2002 [C]; Torgerson, 1999 [A]
- If VLCDs are used, weight loss can be expected in the first six months C, A
(~20 kg); however, there is rapid regain between 6 to 12 months if a
maintenance program is not included. Weight loss is typically not
maintained without ongoing dietary and behavioral support Franz, 2007 [M]; Freedman, 2001 [R]; Wing,
M, R, C
- Successful weight-loss maintenance is sustained by a combination of 2001 [R]; McGuire, 1998 [C]
lower calorie intake and increased physical activity
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- A low-glycemic-index diet is not more effective than traditional low-fat diet A Gardner, 2010 [A]
for weight loss or weight maintenance in general but may be beneficial for
patients with certain risk factors such as insulin resistance
A Ebbeling, 2005 [A]; Thompson, 2005 [A]
- More studies are needed to determine long-term effect on hunger and
satiety, as well as possible genetic predictors of dietary success
Management of - Dietary interventions for weight loss should be calculated to produce a 600 19 Punkte
Obesity A kcal/day energy deficit. Programmes should be tailored to the dietary Bei der Suche nach
A n. a.
national clinical preferences of the individual patient. Evidenz wurden
guideline systematischen
- W hen discussing dietary change with patients, healthcare professionals
[4] should emphasise achievable and sustainable healthy eating. Methoden
best practice of
n. a. angewandt
the guideline
development
- Where very low calorie diets are indicated for rapid weight loss, these group
should be conducted under medical supervision.
D n. a.
Zitierte Literatur :
- Weight loss via dietary intervention requires modifications to the type,
quantity and/or frequency of food and drink consumed to achieve and
maintain a hypocaloric intake. A weight loss of approximately 0.5 kg per n. a. Lean, 1986 (R. 149)
week results from a loss of adipose tissue that entails an energy deficit of
3,500 kcal per week. This requires a daily energy deficit of at least 500
kcals per day.
- Reducing energie intake: The 2006 NICE guideline compares various
dietary interventions. It is largely based on a comprehensive health
technology assessment (HTA) which systematically reviewed RCTs of 1 ++ Avenell, 2004 (R. 98)
dietary interventions in overweight and obese patients with a minimum of
12 months follow up. Reporting issues in the HTA meant that 600 kcal/day
deficit diets and low-fat diets were considered together. Median weight
change across 12 comparisons was a loss of 4.6 kg (range –0.60 kg to –
7.20 kg) for a 600 kcal deficit diet or low-fat diet and a gain of 0.60 kg
(range +2.40 kg to –1.30 kg) for usual care. There were clear benefits with
regard to clinical outcomes such as prevention of diabetes and
improvement in hypertension. These effects appeared to persist for up to
12 Anhänge | 148

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three years.
- low and Very Low Calorie diets:
- Low calorie diets (LCD, 800-1800 kcal/day) and very low calorie diets
(VLCD,<800 kcal/day) are associated with modest weight loss (5-6%) 1 ++ Gilden Tsai, 2006 (R. 150)
at 12 months follow up. Although VLCD are associated with greater
weight loss in the short term (three to four months) this difference is
not sustained at 12 months.
- The British Dietetic Association specialist group on obesity DOM UK, 2007 (R. 151)
management has produced a position statement on the use of very 4
low energy diets, which recommends close medical and dietary
supervision.
- Food composition:
- Both low carbohydrate (<30 g/day) and low-fat (<30% of total daily
energy) diets are associated with modest weight loss at 12 months. A Hession, 2009 (R. 152); Nordmann, 2006
meta-analysis comparing low carbohydrate/high protein (LC/HP) diets 1 ++ (R. 153)
with low-fat/high carbohydrate (LF/HC) diets found that the LC/HP
diets were more effective for weight loss at six months but that the
difference between strategies was not significant at 12 months.
- A large RCT (n=811) with follow up to two years concluded that Sacks, 2009 (R. 154)
reduced calorie diets result in clinically meaningful weight loss 1 ++
regardless of which macronutrients they emphasise.
- Commercial diets:
- A variety of commercial weight reduction programmes (Atkins, low
Gardner, 2007 (R. 155)
carbohydrate; Ornish, LEARN, very low fat; and Zone macronutrient
ratios), are associated with a modest reduction in body weight and a 1 ++
reduction in several cardiac risk factors in overweight and obese
premenopausal women at 12 months. Zone, LEARN and Ornish
produce comparable results. Atkins was associated with significantly
greater weight loss and more favourable metabolic effects at 12
months than Zone.
- In an RCT of commercial weight loss programmes in the UK (Dr
Atkins’ new diet revolution, Slim-Fast plan, Weight Watchers pure Truby, 2006 (R. 156)
points programme, and Rosemary Conley’s eat yourself slim diet and
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fitness plan), all groups lost weight and body fat at six months 1 ++
compared to control (average weight loss 5.9 kg) but there was no
difference between groups. At 12 months follow up all diets resulted
in a clinically useful weight loss of around 10% in participants who
had kept to their original diet.
- In adults with known hypertension, dyslipidemia, or fasting
hyperglycaemia, a range of commercial weight reduction programmes Dansinger, 2005 (R. 157)
(Atkins, Weight Watchers, Ornish, Zone) is associated with a modest
1 ++
reduction in body weight and a reduction in several cardiac risk
factors at one year. Increased adherence resulted in more weight loss
and a greater reduction in cardiac risk factors.
- Glycaemic load/glycaemic index diets:
- One systematic review of glycaemic load diets was identified. This Thomas, 2007 (R. 158)
included studies in which subjects were not classified as obese.
1+
Studies were generally small with short term follow up. There is
insufficient evidence on which to base a recommendation.
- Mediterranean diet:
- A systematic review which combined observational and intervention
studies identified eight controlled intervention studies. Follow up Buckland, 2008 (R. 159)
ranged from one month to 2.5 years. Only two of the studies had one 1+
year or more follow up and had selected an obese population. In
these two studies the Mediterranean diet group lost significantly more
weight than the control group who were given either information on a
healthy diet or prescribed a low-fat diet. The need for a consistent
universal definition of the mediterranean diet was highlighted. There
is insufficient evidence on which to base a recommendation.
NICE (2006): - 1.7.4.30 Reduktion des Fettverzehrs/ mäßig energiereduzierte Mischkost (4) HTA: Avenell A, Broom J, Brown TJ, Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Obesity - Diets that have a 600 kcal/day deficit (that is, they contain 600 kcal 1 ++ Poobalan A, Aucott L, Stearns SC et al. 17 Punkte
guidance on the less than the person needs to stay the same weight) or that reduce Systematic review of the long-term effects Bei der Suche nach
prevention, calories by lowering the fat content (low-fat diets), in combination with and economic consequences of treatments Evidenz wurden
identification, expert support and intensive follow-up, are recommended for for obesity and implications for health systematischen
assessment and sustainable weight loss. improvement, 2004. S. 685 Methoden
management of - Niedrig kalorische Diät / Mahlzeitenersatz 1.7.4.31 Nicht einbezogen: Ley SJ, Metcalf PA, angewandt
12 Anhänge | 150

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overweight and - Low-calorie diets (1000–1600 kcal/day) may also be considered, but 1+ Scragg RK, Swinburn BA. Long-term effects
obesity in adults are less likely to be nutritionally complete. of a reduced fat diet intervention on
and children - Sehr niedrig kalorische Diät ( max. 800 –1000 kcal.) 1.7.4.32 cardiovascular disease risk factors in
[7] - Very-low-calorie diets (less than 1000 kcal/day) may be used for a individuals with glucose intolerance.
maximum of 12 weeks continuously, or intermittently with a low- Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004; 63(2):103-
calorie diet (for example for 2–4 days a week), by people who are 1+ 112.
obese and have reached a plateau in weight loss. HTA s.o. daraus: 819) de Waard F, Ramlau
- Weitere positive gesundheitliche Effekte diätetischer Massnahmen R, Mulders Y, de Vries T, van Waveren S. A
1.7.4.28 feasibility study on weight reduction in obese
- People should be encouraged to improve their diet even if they do not postmenopausal breast cancer patients.
1993; 2(3):233-238.
lose weight, because there can be other health benefits. Overall, a
600 kcal deficit diet or low-fat diet is more effective in lowering total
cholesterol levels than usual care: a change of approximately – 1 ++ HTA s.o., daraus: (20) Stenius-Aarniala B,
0.21 mmol/l (95% CI -.34 to -0.08, range –0.34 mmol/l to – Poussa T, Kvarnstrom J, Gronlund EL,
0.08 mmol/l) at 12 months Ylikahri M, Mustajoki P. Immediate and long
- Median change across studies was approximately –0.37 mmol/l term effects of weight reduction in obese
(range –0.23 mmol/l to –0.42 mmol/l) for a 600 kcal deficit diet or low- people with asthma: randomised controlled
fat diet and –0.15 mmol/l (range –0.03 mmol/l to –0.23mmo/l) for study.[see comment][erratum appears in
usual care BMJ 2000 Apr 8;320(7240):984]. BMJ 2000;
- A 600 kcal deficit diet or low-fat diet is also more effective in lowering 320(7238):827-832.
levels of LDL-cholesterol (–0.13 mmol/l, 95% CI -0.26 to 0.00), HDL-
cholesterol (+0.06 mmol/l, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.09), triglycerides (– 1 ++
ab S. 685 Section 5
0.19 mmol/l, 95% CI -0.31 to -0.06), systolic blood pressure (–
3.78 mmHg, 95% CI -5.53 to -2.03), and diastolic blood pressure (–
3.44mmHg, 95%CI -4.86 to -2.01) than usual care at 12 months
(n = 4 comparisons)
- Overall, a 600 kcal deficit diet or low-fat diet is more effective in
lowering total cholesterol levels than a PSMF (food-based, with a
calorie content in the range of 1400–1900 kcal/day): a change of 1+
approximately –0.18 mmol/l (95% CI -0.35 to -0.02, range –
0.15 mmol/l to –0.37 mmol/l) at 12 months
- Median change across studies was approximately –0.21 mmol/l
(range –0.14 mmol/l to –0.26 mmol/l) for a 600 kcal deficit diet or low-
(23) Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL,
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fat diet and +0.01 mmol/l (range +0.16 mmol/l to –0.11mmo/l) for a Selker HP, Schaefer EJ. Comparison of the
PSMF (food-based, with a calorie content in the range of 1400– Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone
1900 kcal/day). diets for weight loss and heart disease risk
- But the PSMF appears to be more effective in improving HDL- reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005;
cholesterol levels (+0.08 mmol/l, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.18), and 1+ 293(1):43-53.
triglyceride levels (–0.28 mmol/l, 95% CI -0.48 to -0.09) than a
600 kcal deficit diet or low-fat diet at 12 months (n = 3 comparisons)
- In people with insulin resistance, one study showed that a 600 kcal
deficit diet or low-fat diet resulted in a lowering of fasting plasma Studie aus (4) nicht explizit zitiert
glucose of –0.28 mmol/l (95% CI -0.47 to -0.09) compared to usual 1+
care at 12 months. Absolute changes were –0.21 mmol/l for the
600 kcal deficit diet or low-fat diet compared with +0.07 mmol/l for
usual care (n = 1 comparison)
- In people with a family history of diabetes, one study showed that a
low-fat diet resulted in lowering of total cholesterol levels of – (30) Pascale RW, Wing RR, Butler BA,
0.42 mmol/l (95% CI -0.75 to -0.09) compared with a low-calorie diet 1+ Mullen M, Bononi P. Effects of a behavioral
at 12 months. Absolute changes were –0.18 mmol/l for the low-fat weight loss program stressing calorie
diet compared with +0.24 mmol/l for the low-calorie diet (n = 1 restriction versus calorie plus fat restriction
comparison) in obese individuals with NIDDM or a family
- In people with type 2 diabetes, one study showed significant lowering history of diabetes. Diabetes Care 1995;
of fasting plasma glucose (–4.50 mmol/l, 95% CI -7.07 to -1.93) and 18(9):1241-1248.
%HbA1c (–2.60%, 95% CI -4.36 to -0.84) at 18 months after use of a 1+ Aus (4) nicht explizit zietiert
protein sparing modified VLCD (meal replacements or food based, (23) Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith
400 kcal/day) alternating with a low-calorie diet compared with JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ. Comparison of
continuous use of a low-calorie diet (n = 1 comparison) the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and
- One study showed that a low-calorie diet, resulted in an increase in Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease
HDL-cholesterol levels of +0.10 mmol/l (95% CI 0.01 to 0.19) risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA
compared with a very-low-fat diet at 12 months. Absolute changes 1 ++ 2005; 293(1):43-53.
were +0.09 mmol/l for the low-calorie diet compared with –
(23) Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith
0.01 mmol/l for a very-low-fat diet (n = 1 comparison)
JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ. Comparison of
- One study showed that a PSMF (based on food, calorie content the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and
1700–1800 kcal/day), resulted in an increase in HDL-cholesterol of Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease
+0.10 mmol/l (95% CI 0.02 to 0.18) compared with a very-low-fat diet risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA
at 12 months. Absolute changes were +0.09 mml/l for the PSMF
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compared to –0.01 mmol/l for a very-low-fat diet (n = 1 comparison) 2005; 293(1):43-53.
- No significant differences were seen between diets for other
outcomes at 12 months
(4)
- 1.7.4.26
- Dietary changes should be individualised, tailored to food preferences
and allow for flexible approaches to reducing calorie intake. n. a.
- 1.7.4.34 n. a.
- In the longer term, people should move towards eating a balanced n. a.
diet, consistent with other healthy eating advice. n. a.
- 1.7.4.33
- Any diet of less than 600 kcal/day should be used only under clinical n. a.
supervision
n. a.
- 1.7.4.27
- Unduly restrictive and nutritionally unbalanced diets should not be
used, because they are ineffective in the long term and can be n. a.
harmful. n. a.
CMA (2006): - CMAJ suggest that the optimal dietary plan for achieving healthy body B/2 54, 55, 56 Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Canadian weight and dietary counselling for adults, adolescents and children be 15 Punkte
clinical practice developed with a qualified and experienced health professional (preferably Bei der Suche nach
guidelines on a registered dietitian) together with the individual and family to meet their Evidenz wurden
the needs. systematischen
management - CMAJ recommend that a nutritionally balanced diet (designed to reduce C/4 n. a. Methoden
and prevention energy intake) be combined with other supportive interventions to achieve angewandt
of obesity in a healthy body weight in overweight and obese people of all ages and to
adults and ensure the maintenance of growth in adolescents and youth
children - CMAJ suggest a high-protein or a low-fat diet (within acceptable
[8] macronutrient distribution ranges indicated in the Dietary Reference B/2 57, 58
Intakes) as a reasonable short-term (6–12 months) treatment option for
obese adults as part of a weight-loss program.
- Niedrig kalorische Diät/ Mahlzeitersatz: Meal replacements may be
C/2 59, 60
considered as a component of an energy-reduced diet for selected adults
interested in commencing a dietary weight-loss program.
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Thema: Bewegungstherapie
grad
Health Care Overview of Management Recommendations: nur 12 Punkte
Physical activity
Management of - Minimally, all patients should be encouraged to do at least 10 minutes of n. a. n. a.
keine
Obesity (Mature physical activity above what they are already doing each day and
systematischen
Adolescents and gradually increase the amount of time, followed by an increase in intensity.
Methoden
Adults) - Ideally, all patients should meet the current recommendations of 60 angewandt
minutes of moderate-intensity activity on most days per week. This can be n. a. n. a.
[5]
done in 10-minute increments. Keine
Literaturangaben
- Patients with chronic activity limitations (e.g., arthritis, respiratory n. a. n. a. bei Overview, nur
dysfunction, neuropathy, morbid obesity) should be evaluated and bei Annotations
managed to establish or enhance patient mobility.
- Small bouts of physical activity, not generally considered exercise, such as
n. a. n. a.
taking the stairs, parking farther away, exercising while watching TV,
standing rather than sitting and activity breaks from screens (TV,
computer, other media) are also important for healthy body weight.
Zitierte Literatur:
- Physical inactivity, or sedentary lifestyle, has been previously identified as R Fletcher, 1992 [R]
an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease by the American
Heart Association
- Physical inactivity is currently seen as a key contributor to the obesity
problem. With approximately 60% of adults in the United States D Flegal, 2002 [D]
overweight
- While physical activity has long been recognized as an important B Paffenbarger, 1986 [B]
component of a healthy lifestyle and longevity
- Some of the confusion arises from inherent individual variability in C Skinner, 2001 [C]
response to exercise
- Evidence still remains that increasing calorie expenditure by increasing
physical activity is necessary for improved weight-loss outcomes and A, R, M Esposito, 2003 [A]; Rejeski, 2002 [A];
weight maintenance National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute,
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- Improved outcomes for long-term weight reduction occur when a low- 2000 [R]; Miller, 1997 [M]
calorie intake is combined with increased physical activity and behavior A, R, M Diabetes Prevention Program Research
therapy Group, 2002 [A]; Rejeski, 2002 [A];
Freedman, 2001 [R]; Tuomilehto, 2001 [A];
Chao, 2000 [A]; National Heart, Lung and
Blood Institute, 2000 [R]; National Heart,
Specific Roles for Physical Activity in Obesity Lung and Blood Institute, 1998 [R]; Miller,
1997 [M]
Acute weight loss:
- Without some control of caloric intake, studies suggest difficulty losing
weight with exercise alone. There is a 2 kg weight loss that is additive to B
dietary loss when patients exercise more than 150 minutes per week Jakicic, 2011 [B]
- There appear to be gender differences in exercise effect while on ad
libitum diets. Men were more likely to lose weight while women only
prevented weight gain A
Donnelly, 2003 [A]
- The magnitude of the changes was judged of limited biological
significance. Gender differences in training response were noted C
Metabolic fitness with or without weight loss Wilmore, 1999 [C]
- The literature supports a role for physical activity in improving metabolic
syndrome with 5% to 10% weight loss R
- Intermittent exercise, two 15-minute brisk walks five days per week, did Goldstein, 1992 [R]
not result in weight loss but did significantly improve HDL and insulin
levels in moderately obese females A
Donnelly, 2000 [A]
- In men, weight loss induced by increased daily physical activity without
caloric restriction reduced abdominal obesity and insulin resistance. A
Exercise without weight loss reduced abdominal fat and improved Ross, 2000 [A]
cardiovascular fitness but not insulin levels
- Obese men and women with impaired glucose tolerance who received
lifestyle intervention and exercise counseling had improved weight loss A
and significantly reduced progression to diabetes Tuomilehto, 2001 [A]
- There are studies of physical activity that do not show an independent
metabolic effect beyond weight loss. In obese women, aerobic exercise A
and resistance exercise had no additional affect over diet alone on weight Janssen, 2002 [A]
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loss, change in regional adiposity nor improvement in insulin or lipid levels
Physical activity prescription:
- Over 20 years ago it was suggested that physicians write individualized Gibson, 1983 [R]
exercise prescriptions R
- Certain commercially available products such as pedometers and heart Stovitz, 2005 [A]
rate monitors may be helpful to patients in order to monitor the daily
physical activity levels A
Duration
- The current American College of Sports Medicine position is 30 minutes of American College of Sports Medicine, 2001
moderate-intensity activity on most days per week [R]
- Multiple short bouts of exercise for 10 minutes duration also achieved R
cardiovascular improvement and weight loss with better program Jakicic, 1995 [A]
adherence
A
- It has been found that moderate-intensity physical activity between 150 Donnelly, 2009 [R]
and 200 minutes/week will improve weight loss in conjunction with
moderate diet restriction. If this amount of physical activity is used alone R
without diet restriction, there is only modest weight loss
- The Institute of Medicine has recommended 60 minutes a day of total
physical activity time to control body weight. Prescribing a weekly energy Jeffery, 2003 [A]
expenditure of 2,500 kcal (~ 300 cal /day) improved weight loss for
overweight men and women compared to the standard 1,000 kcal/week A
(~150 cal/day)
Intensity
- Physical activity intensity can be quantified by caloric expenditure per
minute or hour. The estimation of calories used depends on weight and
intensity of movement. There are extensive reference tables for caloric Katch, 1993 [NA]
expenditure by occupation, household activities, recreation and sports
(Table 7) NA
Table 7: Energy Expended in Common Physical Activities:
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Light (less than 3.0 Moderate (3.0-6.0 METs Hard/Vigorous (greater

METs or less than or 4-7 kcal/min) than 6.0 METs or
4 kcal/min) greater than 7 kcal/min)
Walking slowly Walking briskly (3-4 mph) Walking briskly uphill or
(strolling) (1-2 with a load
mph)
Cycling, stationary Cycling for pleasure or Cycling, fast or racing
(less than 50 W) transportation (less than (greater than 10 mph)
or equal to 10 mph)
Swimming, slow Swimming, moderate Swimming, fast
treading effort treading or crawl
Conditioning Conditioning exercise, Conditioning exercise,
exercise, light general Calisthenics stair ergometer, ski
stretching machine
––– Racquet sports, table Racquet sports, single
tennis tennis, racquetball
Golf, power cart Golf, pulling cart or –––
carrying clubs
Bowling ––– –––
Fishing, sitting Fishing, standing/casting Fishing in stream
Boating, power Canoeing leisurely (2.0- Canoeing rapidly
3.9 mph) (greater than or equal
to 4 mph)
Home care, carpet Home care, general Moving furniture
sweeping cleaning
Mowing lawn, Mowing lawn, power Mowing lawn, hand
riding mower mower mower
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Home repair, Home repair, painting ––– Journal of the American Medical
carpentry Association, 1995 Feb 1; 273(5):404.
- Another measure of activity intensity is the metabolic equivalency. The n. a.

metabolic equivalency is defined as the energy expenditure for sitting
quietly at rest. For the average adult this is 1 kcal/kg body weight/hour. A Ainsworth, 2000 [R]; Ainsworth, 1993 [R]
compendium of activities with their metabolic equivalency values can be
used to estimate total energy expenditure: (metabolic equivalency value
for the activity) x (weight in kgs) x (activity time) R
- Although there is consensus on the value of physical activity in obesity
management, there is not a standard format for recommending physical
activity. The closest examples in the literature are Project PACE
(Physician-based Assessment and Counseling for Exercise) (Patrick, 1994 Patrick, 1994 [NA]; Park Nicollet Medical
[NA]) and the Activity Pyramid developed by Norstrom at Park Nicollet Foundation, 1999 [R]
HealthSource (Park Nicollet Medical Foundation, 1999 [R]).
- Office-based assessment of physical activity was pioneered by Project NA, R
PACE. The one-page questionnaire determines the patient's level of
physical activity and readiness to increase activity. The counseling Patrick, 1994 [NA]
protocols are designed to tailor the message to different patient needs.
The program may be administered by physicians, nurses or other health
Swinburn, 1998 [A]
professionals NA
- Written advice to exercise was found to be more effective than just verbal
recommendation A
- Yet, activity prescriptions seem more difficult to write than drug
prescriptions. Individualized activity prescriptions appear to be very CME Resource, 2004 [R]
context-dependent. They must take into account individual motivation, self-
efficacy, type of activity, available resources, potential physical constraints
or possible medical contraindications Bhaskarabhatla, 2004 [R]; Ward, 1991 [R]
R
- The "dosages" must be individualized to current patient capacity and then
titrated toward improvement Barry, 1993 [R]
R
- Patient handouts for improving physical activity can be very informative
and helpful but often have a target population in mind. Handouts for older
patients R
CME Resource, 2004 [R]; Patrick, 1994 [NA]
- Patient handouts for improving physical activity can be very informative
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and helpful but often have a target population in mind. Handouts for older
patients can be extended to obese patients with similar current activity
capacity.
R, NA
- A prototype general Physical Activity Prescription is offered in Appendix C.
It represents a composite of key features suggested from the literature
Management of - Overweight or obese individuals should be supported to undertake A n. a. 19 Punkte
Obesity A increased physical activity as part of a multicomponent weight Bei der Suche nach
national clinical management programme. Evidenz wurden
- Clear and realistic activity goals should be set and individuals should be
[4] encouraged to use relevant support mechanisms in order to increase their best practice of n. a. Methoden
chances of maintaining their activity on a long term basis (eg regular the guideline angewandt
interactions with appropriately trained professionals, the opportunity to development
participate in group sessions, and support from family members and group
others undertaking the exercise programme). Overweight and obese
individuals should be made aware of the significant health benefits
associated with an active lifestyle, many of which are independent of
weight loss (eg decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, enhanced social
opportunities, improved self efficacy and confidence).
- Overweight and obese individuals should be prescribed a volume of
n. a.
physical activity equal to approximately 1,800-2,500 kcal/week. This B
corresponds to approximately 225-300 min/week of moderate intensity
physical activity (which may be achieved through five sessions of 45-60
minutes per week, or lesser amounts of vigorous physical activity).
- I t is important to ensure that individuals have no contraindications to
exercise before commencing a physical activity programme. The physical best practice of
activity readiness questionnaire (PAR-Q) provides a quick and validated the guideline n. a.
mechanism for determining whether individuals should undergo further development
screening investigations prior to embarking on a programme of increased group
physical activity.
- Moderate intensity physical activity increases the rate of breathing and
body temperature, but conversation is comfortable at this pace. Heart rate
best practice of n. a.
is in the range 55-70% of age-predicted maximum (220 minus age). For
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obese, sedentary individuals, brisk walking (ie walking at faster than the guideline
normal pace) often constitutes moderate intensity physical activity. development
- Energy is expended at a faster rate during vigorous activity compared with group
moderate intensity activity, which means that the same energy can be
expended in a shorter period of time. In vigorous intensity physical activity, best practice of
conversation is harder, but still possible. Heart rate is 70-90% of age- n. a.
the guideline
predicted maximum. Some individuals may prefer this approach, as it is development
less time consuming, but vigorous exercise is probably not appropriate for group
the very obese (BMI > approximately 35 kg/m2).
- Physical activity can be accumulated over the course of the day in multiple
small sessions (of at least 10 minutes duration each) and does not need to best practice of n. a.
be performed in a single session. the guideline
development
group
- Sedentary individuals should build up to their physical activity targets over
several weeks, starting with 10-20 minutes of physical activity every other best practice of
the guideline n. a.
day during the first week or two of the programme, to minimise potential
muscle soreness and fatigue. Individuals choosing to incorporate vigorous development
intensity activity into their programme should do this gradually and after an group
initial 4-12 week period of moderate intensity activity.
- W alking is an excellent form of physical activity for overweight and obese
people. Walking one kilometre (0.62 miles) on flat ground burns best practice of
approximately 60 kcal for a 70 kg person and 90 kcal for a 100 kg person. n. a.
the guideline
Such weight-bearing physical activity may be difficult for some individuals development
with BMI over approximately 35 kg/m2, particularly for those with joint group
problems. In these individuals, gradually increasing non-weight-bearing
moderate intensity physical activities (eg cycling, swimming, water
aerobics, etc) should be encouraged.
Zitierte Literatur:
- Effectiveness of physical activity:
- The 2006 NICE guideline conducted a systematic review of RCTs on
the effectiveness of physical activity for weight loss in obese n. a. McTigue, 2003 (R. 85); Avenell, 2004 (R.
individuals. RCTs were sourced primarily from three reviews. 98); Shaw, 2005 (R. 160)
- In a meta-analysis of three small RCTs, weight loss at 12 months was
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significantly greater with physical activity than (study waiting list)
control.64 When physical activity was compared with diet (600 1 ++
kcal/day deficit or low-fat) weight loss at 12 months was significantly
NICE, 2006 (R. 64)
greater in the diet group.64 The volume of physical activity reported in
these studies was very low. Physical activity (minimum of 45 minutes,
three times per week) combined with diet (600 kcal/day deficit or low-
fat) results in significantly greater weight loss at 12 months than diet
alone. Median weight change across three studies was a loss of 5.60
kg (range –5.10 kg to –8.70 kg) for physical activity and diet and a
loss of 4.10 kg (range –4.00 kg to –5.10 kg) for diet alone.
- Physical activity dose:
- Three studies performed non-randomised post hoc analyses of diet
plus physical activity intervention programmes to determine whether
the amount of physical activity actually undertaken (rather than the
2 ++ McTiernan, 2007 (R. 161); Jakicic 2003 (R.
amount of physical activity prescribed) influenced the extent of weight
162); Tate, 2007 (R. 163); Jeffery, 2003
loss/maintenance. These studies quantified physical activity in terms
(164)
of minutes completed or energy expended. Individuals who undertook
more than 200-250 min/week of physical activity of at least moderate
intensity or expended approximately 2,200-2,500 kcal/week
(equivalent to >300 min/week of moderate intensity physical activity)
achieved greater weight loss than those who expended approximately
1,000 kcal/week (approximately 150 min/week of moderate intensity
physical activity).
- This is consistent with international consensus guidelines
- Prescription of higher physical activity targets only resulted in
significantly greater weight loss when participants received additional 4
Saris, 2003 (R. 80)
support (inclusion of family members in programme, small group 2 ++, 4
meetings with exercise coaches, small monetary incentives) to help
them to achieve their activity goals.
- When additional support is not provided, prescription of physical
activity targets greater than 1,000 kcal/week does not result in
significantly greater weight loss than prescription of 1,000 kcal/week 2 ++, 4
of physical activity. Jeffery, 2003 (164)
- Studies of the effects of prescription of resistance exercise on weight
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loss are limited. One study compared resistance exercise (two 45
minute sessions of weight training per week) with standard care Schmitz, 2007 (R. 165)
(information leaflet on aerobic exercise) and found that resistance
1+
exercise led to significantly greater reductions in percentage body fat
and intra-abdominal fat than control, but no difference in BMI or body
mass.
- One study directly compared the effect of resistance exercise with
walking on BMI and waist/hip ratio but compared groups after 23
Kukkonen-Harjula, 2005 (R. 166)
months of unsupervised follow up, making it difficult to determine the
relative efficacy of the two exercise modes 1+
NICE (2006): Gewichtsreduktion: Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Obesity - 1.7.4.18: Adults should be encouraged to increase their physical activity n. a. n. a. 17 Punkte
guidance on the even if they do not lose weight as a result, because of the other health Bei der Suche nach
prevention, benefits physical activity can bring, such as reduced risk of type 2 diabetes Evidenz wurden
identification, and cardiovascular disease. Adults should be encouraged to do at least 30 systematischen
assessment and minutes of at least moderate-intensity physical activity on 5 or more days a Methoden
management of week. The activity can be in one session or several lasting 10 minutes or angewandt
overweight and more.
obesity in adults
- Evidence Statements:
and children
[7] - Overall, physical activity (minimum of 30 minutes three times a week) 1 ++ NICE : Lit.verz. ab S.685!
is effective for weight loss: a change of approximately –3 kg (95% CI
_4.00 to -2.18, range –2.00 kg to –4.60 kg) compared to no treatment 5,10,13
at 12 months
- Median weight change across all studies was approximately -2.60 kg
(range –0.90 kg to –4.00 kg) for physical activity and 0.60 kg (range 1+ 58,77
0.30 kg to 1.10 kg) for no treatment (n = 3 comparisons)
- One study showed physical activity (60 minutes of three times a
week) resulted in a weight change of –2.36 kg (95% CI -4.41 to -0.31)
compared with information at 18 months
- Absolute weight changes were –3.46 kg for activity compared with –
1.10 kg for information (n = 1 comparison)
- Overall, physical activity alone (minimum of 30 minutes three times a
week) was less effective for weight loss than diet alone at 12 months:
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a change of +3 kg (95% CI 2.28 to 4.35, range 3.10 kg to 3.80 kg). 1 ++ 5,10,13
- Median weight change across all studies was approximately –2.60 kg
(range –0.90 kg to –4.00 kg) for physical activity and –6.40 kg
(range-4.00 kg to –7.20 kg) for diet alone. (n = 3 comparisons)
Zusätzliche Effekte der körperlichen Aktivität:
- 1.7.4.18 Adults should be encouraged to increase their physical activity
even if they do not lose weight as a result, because of the other health n. a. n. a.
benefits physical activity can bring, such as reduced risk of type 2 diabetes
and cardiovascular disease. Adults should be encouraged to do at least 30
minutes of at least moderate-intensity physical activity on 5 or more days a
week. The activity can be in one session or several lasting 10 minutes or
more. (10) Wood PD, (13) Anderssen SA, (27)
- Evidence Statements Pavlou KN, (55) Wing RR, (58) Messier SP,
(77)Nicklas BJ, (78) Donnelly JE, Kirk EP
- Other benefits of physical activity (alone or in combination) include (79) Donnelly JE, Hill JO, (80) Kirk EP,
delay of onset of diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance, 1 ++ Jacobsen DJ, (81) Anderssen SA, (82)
increased motility in older people with arthritis, reduction in the risk of Anderssen S, Holme I, (83) Anderssen SA,
developing hypertension and other cardiovascular events, reduction Haaland A, (84) Reseland JE, Anderssen
in medication use for comorbidities, improved quality of life SA, (85) Torjesen PA, Birkeland KI, (86)
- Physical activity, either alone or in combination, improves other 1+ Wood PD, Stefanick ML, (87) Kiernan M,
clinical outcomes, such as lipids and blood pressure. However, any King AC, (88) Lindstrom J, Louheranta A.
improvements may not be maintained in the longer term (up to 36 (89) Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, (90)
months) Eriksson J, Lindstrom J,.(108) Wolf AM,
- No effect on cardiovascular fitness was observed based upon 1+
(88) Lindstrom J, Louheranta A, (89)
exercise intensity or duration
Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, (90) Eriksson J,
Lindstrom J,
Siehe Statement 11
Gewichtserhaltung
- 1.7.4.20 Adults should be encouraged to build up to the recommended n. a. n. a.
levels for weight maintenance, using a managed approach with agreed
goals. Recommended types of physical activity include activities that can
be incorporated into everyday life, such as brisk walking, gardening or
cycling, supervised exercise programmes, other activities, such as
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swimming, aiming to walk a certain number of steps each day, or stair
climbing.
- Any activity should take into account the person’s current physical
fitness and ability.
- People should also be encouraged to reduce the amount of time they
spend inactive, such as watching television or using a computer.
- 1.7.4.19 To prevent obesity, most people should be advised they may
need to do 45–60 minutes of moderate-intensity activity a day, particularly n. a. n. a.
if they do not reduce their energy intake. People who have been obese
and have lost weight should be advised they may need to do 60–90
minutes of activity a day to avoid regaining weight.
Negative Effekte körperlicher Aktivität: n. a.
- 15 No evidence statements can be made as reporting of harms and n. a.
adverse events was rare and ad hoc
CMA (2006): Gewichtsreduktion Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Canadian - CMAJ suggest long-term, regular physical activity, which is associated B/2 61, 62 15 Punkte
clinical practice with maintenance of body weight or a modest reduction in body weight for Bei der Suche nach
guidelines on all overweight and obese people. Evidenz wurden
the - Physical activity and exercise should be sustainable and tailored to the systematischen
management A/2 63, 64, 65 Methoden
individual. CMAJ recommend that the total duration be increased gradually
and prevention angewandt
to maximize the weightloss benefits.
of obesity in
adults and - CMAJ suggest physical activity (30 minutes a day of moderate intensity, B/2 62, 63
children increasing, when appropriate, to 60 minutes a day) as part of an overall
[8] weight-loss program
Art der körperlichen Aktivität:
- Physical activity and exercise should be sustainable and tailored to the
A/2 63, 64, 65
individual. CMAJ recommend that the total duration be increased gradually
to maximize the weightloss benefits.
Berücksichtigung der körperlichen Verfassung
- All those considering initiating a vigorous exercise program are C/4 n. a.
encouraged to consult their physician or health care team professionals
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Zusätzliche Effekte der körperlichen Aktivität:
- Endurance exercise training may reduce the risk of cardiovascular B/2 n. a.
morbidity in healthy postmenopausal women, and we suggest its use for
adults with an increased BMI.
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Thema: Verhaltenstherapie
grad
ICSI (2011): Empfehlungen: n. a. n. a. Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Health Care Overview of Management Recommendations: 12 Punkte
- Identify behaviors that may lead to increased weight gain: for example,
stress, emotional eating, boredom and poor sleep.
Management of keine
Obesity (Mature - Help patients set specific, measurable, time-limited goals to decrease
calorie intake and increase physical activity as appropriate. systematischen
Adults) - Suggest patients weigh themselves at least weekly and record the amount angewandt
[5] and type of food/beverages consumed and physical activity completed.
Keine
- Provide support and encourage patients to also seek support from family,
Literaturangaben
friends and support groups in order to assist them with their eating, activity
bei Overview, nur
and weight goals.
bei Annotations
Zitierte Literatur:
- A key component of successful weight loss and maintenance is regular A, D Boutelle, 1999 [A]; Boutelle, 1998 [D]
self-monitoring of energy intake, expenditure and body weight. Participants
in weight-loss trials who regularly self-monitor their diet and activity tend to
lose more weight compared to those who don't
- Evidence from the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR), which was D Klem, 1997 [D]
created to compile data on individuals who were successful at losing at
least 13.6 kg and maintaining that loss for one year or more, shows that
over 75% of these successful weight-loss maintainers report weighing
themselves at least once a week
- Siehe auch langfristige Gewichtsreduktion
Follow up:
- Weight loss requires frequent follow-up (initially weekly) with planned A, R Rejeski, 2002 [A]; Tuomilehto, 2001 [A];
education/counseling by health care providers to be most effective (i.e., Chao, 2000 [A]; National Heart, Lung and
improve adherence) Blood Institute, 2000 [R]
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Management of - Individual or group based psychological interventions should be included A n. a. 19 Punkte
Obesity A in weight management programmes. Bei der Suche nach
national clinical - Psychological interventions should be tailored to the individual and their Evidenz wurden
guideline best practice of n. a.
circumstances. systematischen
[4] the guideline
Methoden
development
angewandt
group
- The range of appropriate psychological interventions and strategies
includes: self monitoring of behaviour and progress, stimulus control best practice of
(where the patient is taught how to recognise and avoid triggers that the guideline n. a.
prompt unplanned eating), cognitive restructuring (modifying unhelpful development
thoughts/thinking patterns), goal setting, problem solving, assertiveness group
training, slowing the rate of eating, reinforcement of changes, relapse
prevention, strategies for dealing with weight regain.
Zitierte Literatur:
- A meta-analysis conducted for the 2006 NICE guideline examined studies NICE, 2006; Studien: McTigue, 2003 (R.
combining psychological interventions into weight management n. a. 85); Avenell, 2004 (R. 98); Shaw, 2005 (R.
programmes. Studies were sourced mainly from four key reviews. 160); Smith, 2005 (R. 167)
- A systematic review compared psychological interventions for weight loss
in overweight or obese patients with control (no treatment). Two studies
1++
(n=1,254) were identified which had duration of 12 months or longer. Both
Shaw, 2005 (R. 160)
found a beneficial effect for behavioural therapy over control.
- A combination of active support for diet plus behavioural therapy (problem
solving, relapse prevention, stimulus control, dealing with problem 1++
situations, assertion, and behaviour chain analysis) is effective for weight NICE, 2006 (R. 64)
loss at 12 months. Median weight change across three studies was a loss
of approximately 3.86 kg (range –2.10 kg to –5.50 kg) for active support
and a loss of 0.50 kg (range –0.30 kg to –0.70 kg) for passive intervention
(advice or self help). In a comparison of diet plus behavioural therapy
versus diet alone at 12 months, a combination of diet and behavioural
therapy (cue avoidance, self monitoring, stimulus control, slowing rate of
eating, social support, planning, problem solving, assertiveness, cognitive
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restructuring, modifying thoughts, reinforcement of changes, relapse
prevention, strategies for dealing with weight gain) was more effective for
weight loss than diet alone. This was based on two small studies. Median
weight loss was 7.70 kg (low calorie diet plus behavioural therapy) and
12.89 kg (protein sparing modified fast plus behavioural therapy)
compared with a loss of 0.9 kg for LCD alone and a loss of 4.70 kg for
protein sparing modified fast alone. Involving family members (usually
spouse/partner) in behavioural treatment programmes is generally more
effective for weight loss than targeting the overweight individual alone.
- A well conducted systematic review comparing group versus individual
interventions included five RCTs. At 12 months, significantly greater 1++
weight loss was found in the group based interventions; weighted mean Paul-Ebhohimhen, 2009 (R. 168)
difference of 1.4 kg weight loss (95% CI, -2.7 to -0.1 kg, p=0.03). Sub-
analyses showed that increased effectiveness was associated with the use
of financial reward and with psychologist-led interventions. In two of the
five trials no explicit details were given on the training received by
facilitators delivering group interventions.
NICE (2006): Allgemeine/umfassende Empfehlungen zur Verhaltenstherapie: Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Obesity - 1.7.4.15: Any behavioural intervention should be delivered with the support 17 Punkte
guidance on the of an appropriately trained professional. Bei der Suche nach
prevention, Evidenz wurden
- Evidence Statement: Behaviour therapy and additional support was 1++ Literatur aus Section 5 : (4) Avenell A; (46)
provided most often by dietitian and/or people with behavioural treatment Shaw K ; (47) Smith J; (48) McTigue KM
assessment and Methoden
or psychological expertise. Other personnel who delivered interventions
management of were physicians, physiotherapists, health educators, graduate students, angewandt
overweight and
occupational therapist, and specially trained GPs
obesity in adults
and children Verhaltensmodifizierende Strategien:
[7] - 1.7.4.16: Behavioural interventions for adults should include the following Mind. 1 + Section 5:
strategies, as appropriate for the person: (4) Avenell A
- self monitoring of behaviour and progress (46)Shaw K
- stimulus control (47)Smith J
- goal setting
(48) McTigue KM
- slowing rate of eating
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- ensuring social support (49) McLean N
- problem solving (50) Dunn C
- assertiveness (51) Rubak S
- cognitive restructuring (modifying thoughts
- reinforcement of changes
- relapse prevention
strategies for dealing with weight regain.
- Evidence Statement
- Overall, a combination of active support for diet (VLCD or low-calorie 1 ++ (4) dabei wurden von diesem HTA 3 Studien
diet) and behaviour therapy (problem solving, relapse prevention, (52,53,54) ausgeschlossen:
stimulus control, dealing with problem situations, assertion, behaviour (52) Kaplan RM,
chain analysis) is effective for weight loss: a change of approximately (53) Hakala P
–4 kg (95% CI -5.77 to -1.70, range -1.40 kg to –5.20 kg) compared
(54) Karvetti RL
with a passive approach (advice or self-help) at 12 months
- Median weight change across all studies was approximately -3.86 kg zusätzlich: (56) Munsch S
(range –2.10 kg to –5.50 kg) for active support and -0.50 kg (range –
0.30 kg to –0.70 kg) for passive intervention (n = 3 comparisons)
- One study showed a combination of active support for a VLCD diet
and behaviour therapy resulted in weight change of –5.20 kg (95%
CI -8.07 to -2.33) compared with a passive approach (advice or self-
help) at 12 months
- Absolute weight changes were –5.50 kg for the VLCD compared with
–0.30 kg for usual care (n = 1 comparison) (55) Wing RR
1+
- One study showed a combination of diet and behaviour therapy (self-
monitoring, goal setting, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, and
environmental management) resulted in weight change of –3.51 kg
(95% CI -5.60 to -1.42) compared to a healthy lifestyle information at
18 months
- Absolute weight changes were –4.61 kg for the diet and behaviour
therapy compared with –1.10 kg for information (n = 1 comparison)
- Overall, a combination of diet (low-calorie diet and PSMF 400-
500kcal/day food based) and behaviour therapy (cue avoidance, self- 1+ (57) Stahre L
monitoring, stimulus control, slowing rate of eating, social support,
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planning, problem solving, assertiveness, cognitive restructuring,
modifying thoughts, reinforcement of changes, relapse prevention,
strategies for dealing with weight gain) is effective for weight loss: a
change of approximately –7.6 kg (95% CI -11.96 to -3.36, range –
6.80 kg to –8.19 kg) compared with diet alone at 12 months.
- Median weight change across all studies was –7.70 kg low-calorie 1+ (66) Hakala P; (67) Jones SE
diet and behaviour therapy and –12.89 for PSMF and behaviour
therapy compared with –0.90 kg for low-calorie diet alone and –
4.70 kg for PSMF alone (n = 2 comparisons)
- One study showed a combination of a PSMF diet (400–500 kcal/day
based on food) and behaviour therapy resulted in weight change of –
8.19 kg (95% CI -13.64 to -2.74) compared with diet alone at 12 1+ (37) Wadden TA(37) Wadden TA
months
- Absolute weight changes were –12.89 kg for the VLCD compared
with –4.70 kg for usual care (n = 1 comparison)
- One study showed a combination of intensive behaviour therapy and
VLCD (combination of 200 or 800kcal.day and 600kcal/day deficit)
resulted in weight change of –1.18 kg (95% CI -4.16 to 1.80)
compared with a less intensive approach at 12 months.
- Absolute weight changes were –7.58 kg for the intensive programme
compared with –6.40 kg for the less intensive programme
- Contacts were every 2 weeks for 12 months, then six meetings in the 1+ Aus (4); Studie nicht explizit zitiert
next 12 months for the intensive group compared with meetings every
3 months in the less intensive group. Both groups met twice a week
during the VLCD period (n = 1 comparison)
- One study showed a combination of 20 weeks’ behaviour therapy
(self-monitoring, goal setting, stimulus control) with a low-calorie diet
and physical activity followed by 12 months of relapse prevention
training was less effective for (+ 4.97 kg, 95% CI 0.46 to 9.48) 1+ Aus (4); Studie nicht explizit zitiert
compared with a combination of the 20 weeks’ programme followed
by 12 months of group problem solving.
- Absolute weight changes were –5.85 kg for the relapse prevention
compared with –10.82 kg for problem solving (n = 1 comparison)
- 1.7.4.7: To encourage the patient through the difficult process of changing
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established behaviour, healthcare professionals should praise successes
– however small – at every opportunity. n. a. n. a.
CMA (2006): Allgemeine / umfassende Empfehlungen zur Verhaltenstherapie: Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Canadian - CMAJ suggest that individuals willing to participate in weight management B/2 43, 44, 45 15 Punkte
clinical practice programs be provided with education and support in behaviour Bei der Suche nach
guidelines on modification techniques as an adjunct to other interventions. Evidenz wurden
the systematischen
management Methoden
and prevention angewandt
of obesity in
adults and
children
[8]
Thema: Gewichtsreduktionsprogramme
grad
SIGN (2010): Commercial diets: Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Management of - A variety of commercial weight reduction programmes (Atkins, low 19 Punkte
Obesity A carbohydrate; Ornish, LEARN, very low fat; and Zone macronutrient Bei der Suche nach
1 ++ Gardner, 2007 (R. 155)
national clinical ratios), are associated with a modest reduction in body weight and a Evidenz wurden
guideline reduction in several cardiac risk factors in overweight and obese systematischen
[4] premenopausal women at 12 months. Zone, LEARN and Ornish produce Methoden
comparable results. Atkins was associated with significantly greater weight angewandt
loss and more favourable metabolic effects at 12 months than Zone.
- In an RCT of commercial weight loss programmes in the UK (Dr Atkins’ CAVE:
new diet revolution, Slim-Fast plan, Weight Watchers pure points
programme, and Rosemary Conley’s eat yourself slim diet and fitness 1 ++ Truby, 2006 (R. 156) - Kapitel 9 der
plan), all groups lost weight and body fat at six months compared to Leitliie zum
control (average weight loss 5.9 kg) but there was no difference between Thema: „Weight
management
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groups. At 12 months follow up all diets resulted in a clinically useful programmes and
weight loss of around 10% in participants who had kept to their original support for
diet. weight loss
- In adults with known hypertension, dyslipidemia, or fasting maintenance in
hyperglycaemia, a range of commercial weight reduction programmes 1 ++ Dansinger, 2005 (R. 157) adults”,
(Atkins, Weight Watchers, Ornish, Zone) is associated with a modest - restliche Inhalte
reduction in body weight and a reduction in several cardiac risk factors at hier im Text 1.4
one year. Increased adherence resulted in more weight loss and a greater Basisprogramm
reduction in cardiac risk factors.
Internet-based weight management programmes
- Empfehlung:
B N. a.
- Delivery of evidence based weight management programmes through
the internet should be considered as part of a range of options for
patients with obesity.
Zitierte Literatur:
- Internet-based weight management programmes are associated with 1+ Weinstein, 2006 (R. 138)
modest weight loss and positive effects on weight loss maintenance.
Increased weight loss is associated with increasing log-in frequency and
incorporation of online therapist-led behavioural components.
- Such programmes are, by definition, restricted to participants who are 1+ Harvey-Berino, 2002 (R. 139); Harvey-
computer literate and have access to the internet. This limits the Berino, 2004 (R. 140); Gold, 2007 (R. 141)
generalisability of the findings.
- Study results are inconsistent regarding the value of adding in-person 1+
support to internet programmes and the benefits of this to weight loss and
maintenance.
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Thema: Adjuvante medikamentöse Therapie

grad
Health Care Overview of Management Recommendations: 12 Punkte
- Evaluate for medications that may promote weight gain, and change when n. a. N. a.
appropriate to a more weight-neutral alternative.
Management of keine
Obesity (Mature - Pharmacotherapy for weight loss should be included only in the context of n. a. N. a.
a comprehensive treatment strategy that includes physical activity and systematischen
Adults) nutritional support.
angewandt
[5] - Phentermine and orlistat are safe for most patients when carefully
monitored by a physician; they may be part of a program for weight n. a. N. a. Keine
management or maintenance, which should include nutrition and physical Literaturangaben
activity changes when indicated. bei Overview, nur
bei Annotations
Zitierte Literatur:
R Klein, 2002 [R]
- Pharmacotherapy, when used for six months to one year, along with
lifestyle modification including nutrition and physical activity, produces
weight loss in obese adults. Behavioral modification programs including
dietary and exercise counseling typically result in a 5% weight loss
- The average weight loss with pharmacological agents is 10%-15% of initial D Frank, 2004 [D]
weight
- Patient monitoring:
R National Heart, Lung and Blood
- To be considered successful weight maintenance, weight regain Institute/NIH, 1998 [R]
should be less than 3 kg (6.6 lb.) in two years and there should be a
sustained reduction in waist circumference of at least 4 cm
- Phentermine:
- Primary pulmonary hypertension has been identified in relation to the M, C McCann, 1997 [M]; Abenhaim, 1996 [C]
use of several anorexiant medications, especially when the duration
of therapy exceeded three months Bray, 2004 [R]
R
- These included aminorex and fenfluramine (therefore, the
combination medication of phenterminefenfluramine)
- In the case of aminorex, this serious side effect led to the withdrawal X Apovian, 1999 [X]
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of this medication from the market
- Cardiac valvular insufficiency is associated with use of fenfluramine R Bray, 2004 [R]
(therefore, phentermine-fenfluramine). This led to the removal of
phentermine-fenfluramine and its isomer dexfenfluramine from the
market
- Patients taking phentermine or any other anorexiant should have their A Kim, 2006 [A]
blood pressure monitored carefully during treatment due to the
possibility of increased blood pressure as a side effect of this
medication. However, one study showed no significant differences in
blood pressure between placebo-treated patients and patients treated
with phentermine
Efficacy:
- Phentermine is an anorexiant that is widely available in the United States n. a. Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of
and is effective in weight loss. In one large meta-analysis study, Obesity, Shekelle, 2004
phentermine was associated with an average of 3.6 kg (7.9 lbs.) additional
weight loss at six months as compared to placebo
R Bray, 2004 [R]
- Three long-term studies have been done with phentermine, ranging from
14 weeks to 36 weeks and showing an average weight loss of 8.7%-13%
body weight compared to 2%-5.1% with placebo
- Orlistat: Efficacy: Patients taking orlistat as part of a program of nutritional A, M Torgeson, 2004 [A]; Rissanen, 2003 [M];
and physical activity changes can expect a weight loss of 3.9 to 10.6 kg Hauptman, 2000 [A]; Rossner, 2000 [A];
after one year of treatment and 4.6 to 7.6 kg after two years of treatment. Sjostrom, 1998 [A]
A weight loss of at least 5% of initial body weight at one year is reported
by 30% to 73% (vs. 13% to 45% of patients taking placebo); a weight loss
of at least 10% of initial body weight at one year is reported by 10% to
41% (vs. 4% to 21% of patients taking placebo
- Sibutramine: no longer on market:
- In October 2010, the FDA recommended against continued James, 2010 [A]
prescribing and use of sibutramine because of potential unnecessary A
cardiovascular risks to patients with known cardiovascular disease.
The FDA requested the manufacturer of sibutramine voluntarily stop
marketing the drug in the United States based on data from the
Sibutramine Cardiovascular Outcomes (SCOUT) trial. The
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manufacturer has complied with that request James, 2010 [A]
- The FDA's most recent recommendation is based on data gathered A
from the SCOUT trial which suggest that the small benefit of weight
loss, without evidence of other potential health benefits related to
weight loss, are outweighed by even a small risk of an adverse
cardiovascular outcome caused by the drug
- Non-Prescription and alternative medicine: Gurley, 2000 [D]
- The short- and long-term adverse effects of these agents are largely D
unknown. Since many herbal products are not standardized, the
content of the ingredients can vary substantially from the label and
among lots of the same product Miller 1998 [R]; Winslow, 1998 [R]
- Patients who use non-prescription or herbal preparations should be R
cautioned about adverse effects, drug interactions and the potential
impurities of herbal products
- Safety and adverse effects
James, 2010 [A]
- In these patients who were on sibutramine, there was an increased
A
risk of vascular disease from the drug after a mean of 3.5 years of
exposure
SIGN (2010): Empfehlungen: Orlistat best practice of n. a. Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Management of - Orlistat should only be used where diet, physical activity and behavioural the guideline 19 Punkte
Obesity A changes are supported. development Bei der Suche nach
national clinical - Orlistat should be considered as an adjunct to lifestyle interventions in the group Evidenz wurden
management of weight loss. Patients with BMI ≥28 kg/m2 (with
[4] n. a. Methoden
comorbidities) or BMI ≥30 kg/m2 should be considered on an individual A
case basis following assessment of risk and benefit. angewandt
- Therapy with orlistat should be continued beyond 12 weeks only if the best practice of
patient has lost at least 5% of their initial body weight since starting drug n. a.
the guideline
treatment. Therapy should then be continued for as long as there are
development
clinical benefits (eg prevention of significant weight regain). This may
group
involve medication use outside current licence. Ongoing risks and benefits
should be discussed with patients.
Zitierte Literatur: Orlistat
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- The 2006 NICE guideline meta-analysis of 15 RCTs and found that orlistat 1 ++ NICE , 2006 (R. 64)
(120 mg three times a day) in combination with a weight-reducing diet is
more effective for weight loss maintenance than placebo and diet at 12
months. Median weight loss across fifteen studies was approximately 5.4
kg (range –3.3 kg to –10.6 kg) for orlistat and 2.7 kg (range –0.9 kg to –7.6
kg) for placebo
- This superiority of orlistat over placebo was also reported in two studies 1 ++ Hauptmann, 2000 (R. 169); Rossner, 2000
presenting data at 24 months and one study which reported at 48 months. (R. 170); Torgerson, 2004 (R. 171)
- Orlistat causes small decreases in total cholesterol (0.3-0.4 mmol/l vs diet
alone at 12 months), %Hb1Ac (0.23% vs diet alone at 12 months) and
1 ++ NICE , 2006 (R. 64)
systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to diet alone. Orlistat (120
mg three times a day) plus lifestyle changes significantly decreased the
progression to type 2 diabetes compared with placebo plus lifestyle
changes: a 37.3% decrease in the risk of developing diabetes at four
years. In people with impaired glucose tolerance at baseline, the decrease
in the risk of developing diabetes was 45% at four years.
- Orlistat treatment is associated with increased rates of gastrointestinal
events. These are usually mild and transient. The summary of product 1 ++ n. a.
characteristics states that “The possibility of experiencing gastrointestinal
adverse reactions may increase when orlistat is taken with a diet high in
fat (eg in a 2,000 kcal/day diet,>30 % of calories from fat equates to>67 g
of fat). The daily intake of fat should be distributed over three main meals.
If orlistat is taken with a meal very high in fat, the possibility of
gastrointestinal adverse reactions may increase.”
NICE (2006): Allgemein: Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Obesity - 1.7.5.1: Pharmacological treatment should be considered only after n. a. Orlistat: n.a. 17 Punkte
guidance on the dietary, exercise and behavioural approaches have been started and Bei der Suche nach
Sibutramine: Wadden,T.A. 2001;
prevention, evaluated. Evidenz wurden
Wadden,T.A. 2000; Wadden,T.A. 2005
- 1.7.5.2: Drug treatment should be considered for patients who have not
assessment and reached their target weight loss or have reached a plateau on dietary, n. a. Methoden
management of angewandt
activity and behavioural changes alone.
overweight and
obesity in adults - 1.7.5.3: The decision to start drug treatment, and the choice of drug,
and children should be made after discussing with the patient the potential benefits and n. a.
12 Anhänge | 177

grad
[7] limitations, including the mode of action, adverse effects and monitoring n. a.
requirements, and their potential impact on the patient’s motivation. When
drug treatment is prescribed, arrangements should be made for
appropriate healthcare professionals to offer information, support and
counselling on additional diet, physical activity and behavioural strategies.
Information on patient support programmes should also be provided.
- 1.7.5.4: Prescribing should be in accordance with the drug’s summary of n. a.
product characteristics. n. a.
- 7.5.19: Therapy should be continued beyond 3 months only if the person
n. a.
has lost at least 5% of their initial body weight since starting drug
treatment. (See also recommendation 1.7.5.16 for advice on targets for n. a.
people with type 2 diabetes.)
- 1.7.5.12: If there is concern about the adequacy of micronutrient intake, a n. a.
supplement providing the reference nutrient intake for all vitamins and n. a.
minerals should be considered, particularly for vulnerable groups such as
older people (who may be at risk of malnutrition) and young people (who
need vitamins and minerals for growth and development).
- 1.7.5.13: People whose drug treatment is being withdrawn should be
offered support to help maintain weight loss, because their self-confidence n. a.
and belief in their ability to make changes may be low if they did not reach
n. a.
their target weight.
- 1.7.5.14: Regular review is recommended to monitor the effect of drug n. a.
treatment and to reinforce lifestyle advice and adherence. n. a.
- 1.7.5.15: Withdrawal of drug treatment should be considered in people n. a.
who do not lose enough weight (see recommendations 1.7.5.19 and n. a.
1.7.5.24 for details).
n. a.
- 1.7.5.16: Rates of weight loss may be slower in people with type 2
n. a.
diabetes, so less strict goals than those for people without diabetes may
be appropriate. These goals should be agreed with the person and
reviewed regularly.
Sibutramin:
- 1.7.5.22: Sibutramine should be prescribed only as part of an overall plan n. a.
for managing obesity in adults who meet one of the following criteria:
12 Anhänge | 178

grad
- a BMI of 27.0 kg/m2 or more and other obesity-related risk factors n. a.
such as type 2 diabetes or dyslipidaemia; n. a.
- a BMI of 30.0 kg/m2 or more.
n. a. n. a.
- Evidence Statement: Of the 13 included trials, the majority included people
n. a. n. a.
with a BMI or 27 kg/m2 or more (n = 7). […]
- 1.7.5.11: Pharmacological treatment may be used to maintain weight loss, 1++
rather than continue to lose weight. n. a.
- Evidence Statements: Sibutramine can be more effective than placebo in n. a.
weight maintenance after 18 months, having 43% of participants n. a.
maintaining 80% or more of their original 6 month weight loss compared
1+
with 16% in the placebo group (n = 1 study).
- Evidence from one trial suggests that sibutramine helped maintain at
least 5% of weight loss in 69% of participants, and 10% weight loss in n. a.
46% of the participants after 18 months. However, participants who 1+
did not achieve 5% weight loss over 6 months of treatment were
excluded from the maintenance phase (n = 1 study).
- 1.7.5.23: Sibutramine should not be prescribed unless there are adequate
arrangements for monitoring both weight loss and adverse effects n. a.
(specifically pulse and blood pressure). n. a.
- 1.7.5.24: Therapy should be continued beyond 3 months only if the person
has lost at least 5% of their initial body weight since starting drug n. a.
treatment. (See also recommendation 1.7.5.16 for advice on targets for
people with type 2 diabetes.) n. a.
- 1.7.5.25: Treatment is not currently recommended beyond the licensed n. a.
duration of 12 months. n. a.
Orlistat:
- 1.7.5.18: Orlistat should be prescribed only as part of an overall plan for
managing obesity in adults who meet one of the following criteria: n. a.
- a BMI of 28.0 kg/m2 or more with associated risk factors; n. a.
- a BMI of 30.0 kg/m2 or more.
- Evidence Statement: Of the 19 included trials, the majority included people
n. a.
with a BMI or 28 kg/m2 or more (n = 10), or of 30 or more (n = 8). […]
12 Anhänge | 179

grad
- 1.7.5.20: The decision to use drug treatment for longer than 12 months 1 ++
(usually for weight maintenance) should be made after discussing potential Avenell,A. 2004; O'Meara,S. 2004
benefits and limitations with the patient.
n. a.
- Evidence Statement: Two studies showed the effect on weight change
over the subsequent 12 months when orlistat was withdrawn after the
initial 12 months treatment. People who continued on orlistat regained, on n.a.
average, approximately half as much weight as those on placebo (+3.2 kg 1 ++
vs +5.6 kg, p < 0.001).(n = 2 studies).
- Evidence Statement: Orlistat treatment is associated with increased rates
of gastrointestinal events. However, these are frequently mild and
transient. Avenell,A. 2004; O'Meara,S. 2004
Nicht relevante Empfehlungen: 1 ++
- 1.7.5.21: The coprescribing of orlistat with other drugs aimed at weight
reduction is not recommended. Avenell,A. 2004; O'Meara,S. 2004
n. a. (vermutlich; nicht direkt zuzuordnen)
- Evidence Statement: There is no evidence on the combining of orlistat and
sibrutamine. The actions of the drugs are not synergistic and the n. a.
prescribing of a combination of these drugs is not recommended in the
Summary of product characteristics. 4
CMA (2006): Allgemein: Torgerson,J.S. 2004; Hanefeld,M. 2002; Domäne 3 (DELBI)

Canadian - CMAJ suggest the addition of a selected pharmacologic agent for B Finer,N. 2000; Davidson,M.H. 1999; 15 Punkte
clinical practice appropriate overweight or obese adults, who are not attaining or who are Sjostrom, L. 1998; James,W.P. 2000; Bei der Suche nach
guidelines on unable to maintain clinically important weight loss with dietary and Evidenz wurden
the exercise therapy to assist in reducing obesity-related symptom. systematischen
management Methoden
- CMAJ suggest the addition of a selected pharmacologic agent for Torgerson,J.S. 2004; Hanefeld,M. 2002;
and prevention B/2 angewandt
overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose Bakris,G. 2002; Kelley,D.E. 2002; Miles,J.M.
of obesity in tolerance or risk factors for type 2 diabetes, who are not attaining or who
adults and 2002; Hollander,P.A. 1998; McNulty,S.J.
are unable to maintain clinically important weight loss with dietary and 2003; Sanchez-Reyes,L. 2004
children exercise therapy, to improve glycemic control and reduce their risk of type
[8]
2 diabetes.
Orlistat:
- CMAJ suggest that orlistat be considered to aid in weight reduction and
12 Anhänge | 180

grad
weight maintenance when added to a regimen of lifestyle intervention B/1 n. a.
among adolescent.
Nicht relevante Empfehlungen:
- There is insufficient evidence to recommend in favour of or against the use C / 4 Paranjpe,P. 1990; Karlsson,C. 1998;
of herbal remedies, dietary supplements or homeopathy for weight Lacey,J.M. 2003; Mhurchu,C.N. 2004;
management in obese persons Bahadori,B. 1997; Boozer,C.N. 2002;
Pasman,W.J. 1997; Johannsson,G. 1997;
Albert,S.G. 2004; Herrmann,B.L. 2004;
Pittler,M.H. 1999; Bray,G.A. 1999; Ernst,E.
1998
Thema: Langfristige Gewichtsstabilisierung

grad
ICSI (2011): - The literature shows more support for the role of physical activity in R, C Pronk, 1994 [R]; Jeffery, 1984 [C] Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Health Care preventing weight regain 12 Punkte
Guideline: - A 16-week randomized control trial with a one-year followup on 40 obese Bei der Suche nach
A Andersen, 1999 [A]
Prevention and women found that diet plus lifestyle activity may be a suitable alternative to Evidenz wurden
Management of diet plus structured aerobic activity keine
Obesity (Mature - Total weight loss was not improved with aerobic exercise or strength A Wadden, 1998 [A] systematischen
Adolescents and training, but regular exercisers regained significantly less weight at the Methoden
Adults) one-year follow-up angewandt
[5]
- Long term weight maintenance: New evidence shows that weight Keine
maintenance is improved with > 250 minutes/week of moderate physical Literaturangaben
activity after weight loss. However, no evidence from well-designed R Donnelly, 2009 [R]
bei Overview, nur
randomized control trials exists to judge the effectiveness of physical bei Annotations
activity for prevention of weight regain after weight loss Long-term weight
maintenance may require as much physical activity as expended during
the weight-loss phase.
- Long-term weight maintenance may require as much physical activity as
12 Anhänge | 181

grad
expended during the weight-loss phase. As cited previously, data from the R Marlatt, 1984 [R]
National Weight Control Registry indicates that weight-loss maintainers get
one hour or more of moderate activity per day.
- Verhaltenstherapie:
- Relapse prevention: Restarts are common in behavior change.
Patients who relapse should be encouraged to try again when they A Baum 1991 [A]; Perri, 1984 [A]
are ready. In fact, a permanent change may never be achieved. The
relapse prevention model (RPM), originally developed to address
cognitive and behavioral factors associated with the relapse process
for addictive behaviors (e.g., alcohol abuse) (Marlatt, 1984 [R]), has
been shown to be helpful for long-term weight management (Baum
1991 [A]; Perri, 1984 [A]). A key component of relapse prevention
model is its distinction between "lapses" and "relapse." Lapses are
defined as a "single event, a reemergence of a previous habit, which
may or may not lead to the state of relapse,"whereas "relapse" refers
to a full return to an unhealthy state. An individual's response to a
"lapse" is thought to determine the likelihood of relapse. The
"abstinence violation effect" is the reaction to a behavioral slip, guilt
and perceived loss of control; when this occurs an individual is more
likely to experience a full relapse. Alternatively, when framed as a
"lapse," people can respond proactively to a slip in behavior, thus
avoiding complete relapse.
- Additional relapse prevention strategies may include helping R Larimer, 1999 [R])
individuals manage lapses in behavior, identifying high-risk situations
for relapse, enhancing skills for coping with these situations and
increasing self-efficacy for avoiding relapse.
SIGN (2010): Zitierte Literatur: Domäne 3 (DELBI)
Management of - A number of factors are associated with weight loss maintenance. 2+ Leermakers, 1999 (R. 142); Van Baak, 2003 19 Punkte
Obesity A Interventions may centre around physical activity, diet, medication or (R. 143); LeCheminant, 2005 (R. 144) Bei der Suche nach
national clinical behavioural/psychological aspects and may be linked to the primary Evidenz wurden
guideline weight loss intervention. systematischen
[4] 2+ Fogelholm, 1999 (R. 145)
- In a 40 week study, physical activity and eating control were predictive of Methoden
weight maintenance following a very low calorie diet. angewandt
12 Anhänge | 182

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- Weight loss medication has been shown to be effective for maintenance of 1+ Mathus-Vliegen, 2005 (R. 146)
weight loss following a very low calorie diet.
- A large RCT (n=1,032) of overweight and obese adults who had lost at
least 4 kg during a six month weight loss programme found that, over a 30
month period, monthly personal contact (10-15 minute telephone call) 1+ Svetkey, 2008 (R. 147)
provided modest additional benefit in sustaining weight loss when
compared to interactive technology (access to interactive website) or self
directed control (minimum intervention comparison condition).
- A well conducted RCT of a behaviour change intervention showed
significant benefits in weight loss maintenance in favour of the intervention
based on self regulation theory and daily weighing, when compared to the 1+ Wing, 2006 (R. 148)
control condition (receiving information about diet, exercise and weight
management). This difference was particularly prominent when the self
regulation theory based intervention was delivered face-to-face as
opposed to via the internet.

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trials the community rather than in institutional settings
comparing
- two studies had a mean baseline BMI of >35
active
kg/m2 [11, 12]
intervention
groups - one trial [11] targeted black and white adults with
diabetes living in medically underserved rural
communities
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- all trials provided dietary advice, with the exception
of PATH trial, which provided physical activity
advice [17, 18]
- in two trials, it was not clear whether this was low-
fat dietary advice [10, 14].
- two trials did not report giving physical activity
advice [10, 15], and three trials provided facilities
for undertaking physical activity [12, 13, 17, 18].
Heterogeneity:
- random effects model was used
- I2 tests for heterogeneity across analyses were
performed, and possible sources of heterogeneity
were explored
- For weight: Significant statistical heterogeneity (I2
= 89%; P < 0.001)
Publication bias:
- n. a. in analysis
- “it is possible that unpublished studies exist that
have not been included”
- overall weighted mean difference change
comparing intervention and control groups at 12
months was −3.0 kg (95% CI −5.1 to −0.9, P =
0.005)
- Post hoc subgroup analysis (according to the type
of intervention):
- trials that provided physical activity advice
with dietary advice appeared to provide
greater weight loss (change in weight of −3.8
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kg; 95% CI −6.22 to −1.38, P = 0.02)
- two studies for which weight change was
extrapolated from BMI change [15, 16] gave a
change in weight of −3.3 kg (95% CI −5.8 to
−0.8, P = 0.009)
- Studies with a clearly defined weight loss goal
such as defined weight loss or calorie
restriction [10–12, 14] showed a change in
weight of −4.0 kg (95% CI −7.3 to −0.7),
compared with −1.3 kg (95% CI −2.9 to 0.3, P
< 0.001 for difference) in those without a
defined goal [15–17]
Systematic Kastorini Databases: Mediterranean diet Included: 21 RCTs and 14 prospective/cross- Tuttle KR, et al. Am J 1- Reporting quality
Review CM, et al. Pubmed, (vs. low fat, low sectional studies Cardiol 2008 of studies n.a.
(2010) Scopus and carbohydrates et Study quality: n.a. Fung TT, et al. Am J Clin
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Studies in Publication bias:n.a. Panagiotakos DB, et al.
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December Panagiotakos D, et al.
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Nutr Metab Cardiovasc
reporting data weight;
Dis 2009
Search terms: Observational studies (adherence to the
Tzima N, et al. Lipids
combinations Mediterranean diet, obesity and cardiovascular risk
Health Dis 2007
of key words factors): indicate that subjects closer to the
Mediterranean diet decreased both their body weight Sanchez-Tainta A, et al.
relating
and CVD risk factors Eur J Cardiovasc Prev
to disease Rehabil 2008
(coronary
Panagiotakos DB, et al.
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Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007
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Esposito K, et al. JAMA
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Esposito K, et al. Ann
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Buscemi S, et al. Eur J
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Vincent-Baudry S, et al.
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Shai I, et al. N Engl J Med
2008
Elhayany A, et al.
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Rallidis LS, et al. Am J
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Toobert DJ, et al.
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Bos MB, et al. Nutr Metab
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Metab (Lond) 2008;5:29.
Systematic Södlerlund Databases: Physical exercise. Included studies: Fogelholm M, et al. 1+ Small studies,
Reviews A, et al. Medline, Diet, behaviour 12 RCTs were included Journal of Obesity and publication bias
(2009) Cochrane, therapie Related Metabolie analysis n.a.
Descriptive statistics: see results
[64] Cinahl ect. Disorders 1999
Heterogeneity: n.a.
RCTs King AC,et al. Health
Publication bias: n.a. Psychology 1997
Adults
Results: Kukkonen-Harjula K, et al.
Physical
training = part Weight loss: Preventive Medicine 2005
of treatment in seven studies body weight decreased significantly Skender ML, et al. Journal
Healthy in Intervention groups. of the American Dietetic
overweight or At the end of the Intervention period the effect size of Assoecation 1996
obese the average weight lass was greatest in two studies Wadden TA, et al. Journal
subjects that combined diet with aerobic training. of Consuling and Clinical
At least one ln one study the effect sizewas negative at the end of Psychology 1998
year follow the Intervention period, signlfying a weight gain Weinstock RS, Archives of
up/likelihood Follow-ups in eight of the studies: for two years; the Interna! Mediclne 1998
of rest of the studies had Interventions that continued Jakicic JM, et al. Journal
maintenance one year or more. The follow- ups showed of the American Medical
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Between that included moderately intense aerobic trainlng and Jefferey R, et al. Journal
1995-2006 emphasized increased, individual, daily activity of Consultingand Clinical
lnclusion in three studies there was no significant dlfference in Psychology 1998
criteria: RCT; welght gain among the Intervention groups during Perri MG, et al. Journal of
the subjects follow-up. Consulting and Clinical
had to be The biggest effect size at follow-up (1.09) occurred in Psychology 1997
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treatment: individual aerobic trainlng were combined in one of the Arnerican Medical
physical the Intervention groups (52 weeks training and follow- Association 1999;
tralning or up = three months)
exercise; The smallest effect size at follow-up (-0.79 (largest
overweight or increase in weight)) occurred in a study in which only
obese aerobic training took place four to six hours per week
subjects but with an HRR lntensity of 60% in one of the two
otherwise Intervention groups (raining period was 40 weeks
healthy; the lang; follow-up - a little over a year
Intervention
groups include
at least 15 Conclusion:
subjects; at The biggest effect size: at follow up: at the group in
least one-year which diet, individual aerobic training and behaviour
follow-up alter therapy were combined
the The smallest effect size: in the group this only
Intervention or aerobic training
if there was no
follow-up then
the
intervention
had to be at
least 12
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months in
order to
increase the
likelihood of
maintenance
of the results;
published in
English
between 1995
and 2006.
Cochrane Tuah NA, et Databases: Intervention: Included studies: Dinger 2007 1+ Gute
Review al. (2011) The Cochrane Theoretical model Study quality: (Randomization/ Dropout rate/ Johnson 2008 methodische
[65] Library (until “Stages of intention-to-treat): Qualität
Jones 2003
10, 2010), Change”=TTM 1 low risk of bias
- 5 RCTs Logue 2005
MEDLINE SOC trial and 4 High
(until - Only one study: reported allocation concealment Steptoe 2001
Theoretical risk of bias trials
Dezember framework or - Blinding: 1 study (reporting bias,
2010), guideline in - No selective reporting: 1 study selection bias)
EMBASE (until designing lifestyle - Flow chart available
January 2011) modification - Two authors assessed each trial independently
and strategies, mainly
PSYCHINFO - Inter-rater agreement for key bias indicators (e.g.
dietary and allocation concealment, incomplete outcome data)
(until Januar physical exercise
2011) was calculated using the kappa statistic
versus a
Inclusion comparison
criteria: intervention of - 3910 participants (1834 in interventions group and
RCT using usual care 2076 in control group)
TTMSOC as a Control: Usual - Adults, aged 18 years and over, who are
model, advice on diet or overweight or obese
theoretical advice on physical - Participants with co-morbidities, such as diabetes,
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framework or exercise heart diseases and hypertension will be included in
guideline in the review
designing - length of intervention from six weeks to 24 months,
Primary outcomes:
lifestyle with a median length of nine months
weight loss,
modification - AE: Death and weight gain are the two adverse
health-related
strategies, events reported by the included trials
quality of life;
mainly dietary
and physical Other outcomes: Heterogeneity:
exercise change in physical - I2 statistic
versus a activities Publication bias:
comparison behaviour and
dietary intake, - Funnel plot
intervention of
usual care; adverse events Results (for weight):
one of the including relapse - Intervention: limited impact on weight loss (about 2
outcome into unhealthy kg or less)
measures of behaviour and - no conclusive evidence for sustainable weight loss
the study was weight gain;
- other outcomes: significant change in physical
weight loss; morbidity; death
activities behaviour and dietary intake in
and from any cause;
combination with TTM SOC
participants costs.
- TTMSOC was used inconsistently as a theoretical
were
framework for intervention in the trials
overweight or
obese adults
Meta- Thorogood RCTs Moderate-intensity Included studies: Nishijima H, et al. Med Sci 1+ Publication bias
analysis A, et al. Inclusion aerobic exercise Study quality: (Randomization/ Dropout rate/ Sports Exerc. 2007; analysis n.a.
(2011) criteria: Trials programs intention-to-treat): Alves JG, et al. Am J
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longer 12 - Flow diagram 2003;289(3):323-330.
week and at - PRISMA Statement was used Anderssen S, et al. Nutr
least 120 Metab Cardiovasc Dis.
- 4 studies reported blinding
minutes per 1995;
week were - 3 studies did not conceal allocation after
randomisation Lambers S, et al. Clin
included.
- ITT = inclusion criterion Rehabil. 2008;22(6):483-
Obese and
492.
overweight Descriptive statistics:
individuals, Blumenthal J, et al. Arch
- Includes studies/Duration: 2 studies (265 patients) Intern Med.
intention-to- had a 12-month exercise intervention, 4 studies
treat analysis 2000;160(13):1947.
(861 patients) had a 6-month intervention, and 8
was used studies (414 patients) had a 12-16-week Hellenius M, et al.
Through intervention Atherosclerosis. 1993;
January 2010 - 4 studies had patient populations with a mean Posner J, et al. J Am
Medline and age>60 years and 1 study recruited only young Geriatr Soc. 1992;40(1):1.
Cochrane date patients aged between 19 and 23 years Bonanno JA, et al. Am J
bases - 2 studies were located in Japan, 1 – in Brasil, 11 – Cardiol. 1974;33(6):760-
in Europe or North America 764.
Heterogeneity: Raz I, et al. Isr J Med Sci.
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Publication bias:
Geriatr Soc.
- n. a. 1998;46(7):875.
Results (for weight): van Aggel-Leijssen DP, Int
- Six-month programs were associated with a J Obes Relat Metab
modest reduction in weight (weighted mean Disord. 2001;25(1):16-23
difference 1.6 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI], Abe T, et al. Med Sci
1.64 to 1.56) and waist circumference (weighted Sports Exerc.
mean difference 2.12 cm; 95% CI, 2.81 to1.44) 1997;29(12):1549-1553.
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modest reductions in weight (weighted mean
difference 1.7 kg; 95% CI, 2.29 to 1.11) and waist
circumference (weighted mean difference 1.95 cm;
95% CI, 3.62 to 0.29)
Meta- Ismail I, et Electronic aerobic exercise Included studies: Donelly J, et al. Med Sci 2+ High
analysis al. (2012) database (AEx) and - 35 studies Sports Exerc 2009 heterogeneity;
[67] searches were progressive Brochu M, et al. J Clin
Study quality:
performed in resistance training Endocrinol Metab 2009
AMED, - flow chart reported
(PRT) on visceral Cuff DJ, et al Diabetes
MEDLINE, adipose tissue - two reviewers
Care 2003
MEDLINE (VAT) - Included studies met a minimum quality threshold
defined as having met all inclusion criteria; Study Giannopoulou I, et al. J
Daily Update,
quality was further assessed by two researchers in Clin Endocrinol Metab
PREMEDLINE
a blinded manner using a modified assessment 2005
(via
scale created by Downs & Black Hunter GR, et al.Obesity
OvidSP),
- All included studies specified their hypotheses, 2010
SPORTDiscus
, CINAHL (via main outcomes, participant characteristics, Ibáñez J, et al. Obesity
EBSCO), interventions, main findings, variability estimates, 2010
EMBASE statistical tests, accuracy of measures and Irving BA, et al. Med Sci
randomization procedure. Eight studies did not Sports Exerc 2008
and Web of
report adverse events while five studies did not
Science from Irwin ML, et al J Am Med
provide an adequate description of the control
earliest record Assoc 2003
group. Eighteen studies
to November Janssen I, et al. Diabetes
- reported the reliability of the VAT measure. Only
2010. The two studies made an attempt to blind study Care 2002
search Kim E, et al. Jpn J Phys
participants to the intervention they received, and
strategy Fitness Sports Med 2008
only two studies made an attempt to blind those
combined measuring the main outcome of the intervention
terms covering Ku YH, et al. J Int Med
the Descriptive statistics: Res 2010
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areas of - 2145 individuals (702 male; 1422 female; 21 not Kwon HR, et al. Korean
strength reported) participated in the trials Diabetes J 2010
training, - Seventeen studies exclusively recruited female Kwon HR, et al. Korean
aerobic participants, five studies exclusively recruited male Diabetes J 2010
exercise participants, with 11 studies recruiting both men Nicklas et al. Am J Clin
training and and women; Sex was not reported in one study Nutr 2009
visceral fat ( - The mean age of participants ranged from 28–83
Park SK, et al .J Physiol
Included years, and 11 studies did not report mean age Anthropol Appl Human Sci
studies: RCTs - 18 studies had participants who were classified on 2003
in which average as obese, 15 as overweight and two
aerobic Poehlman ET, et al J Clin
within normal range
exercise or Endocrinol Metab 2000
- Fourteen studies specifically recruited obese
progressive Ross R, et al. Obes Res
participants, nine studies recruited participants
resistance 2004
with type 2 diabetes, three studies with metabolic
training in syndrome and two studies recruited Asian-only Schmitz KH, et al. Am J
isolation or Clin Nutr 2007
cohorts
combination
were - 27 studies that conducted AEx training, the Boudou P, et al. Eur J
employed for 4 frequency of AEx was most commonly 3 d per Endocrinol 2003
weeks or more week (10 of 27 studies) followed by 5 d per week Rice B, et al. Diabetes
in adult - frequency for PRT was most commonly 3 d per Care 1999
humans, week (9 of 13 studies), with three studies training Ross R, et al. Ann Intern
where with PRT 2 d per week Med 2000
computed - Six studies combined AEx and PRT training, three Ross R, et al. J Appl
tomography of which conducted training on 3 d per week and Physiol 1996
(CT) or one study conducted on 4 d, 5 d and 6 d per week
magnetic Thong FSL, et al .Am J
Heterogeneity: Physiol Endocrinol Metab
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adipose tissue - significant pooled effect size (ES) for the Garr DB, et al. Diabetes
pre- and post- comparison between AEx therapy and control (ES 2005
intervention = -0.23, 95% CI: -0.35 to -0.12; P < 0.001). Coker RH, et al. Metab
Significant heterogeneity among studies was Syndr Relat Disord 2009
observed (I2 = 71.0%, P < 0.001); After re-
DiPietro L, et al .J Am
analysis via random effects model with this outlier
Geriatr Soc 1998
removed, there remained a significant pooled ES (-
0.33, 95% CI: -0.52 to -0.14; P < 0.01) Janssen I, et al .Int J Obes
1999
- non-significant pooled ES for the comparison
between PRT therapy and control (ES = 0.05, 95% McTiernan A, et al.
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0.09, 95% CI: -0.17 to -0.36; P = 0.49); Short KR, et al. Diabetes
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significance (ES = 0.20, 95% CI: -0.02 to 0.42; P = Med 2007
0.08; random effects model ES = 0.23, 95% CI: - Slentz CA, et al. Appl
0.02 to 0.50; P = 0.07 favouring AEx); I2 = 20.1%, Physiol 2005
P = 0.26
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Prev Med 2005
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analysis et al. (2011) PubMed, Web carbohydrate diet Study quality: (Randomization/ Dropout rate/ med 2004 from three RCTs
[68] of Science (MCD)=South intention-to-treat): Maki et al, Am J Clin were obtained
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Studies Beach diet - 4 RCTs were included nutrition 2007 from sponsor
published from compared with - Flow diagram Only 1 RCT was
1950 up to various control - ITT identified
April 2010 diets on weight through search
loss Descriptive statistics:
Key word: process
“south beach” - Included studies/Duration: 12-36 week
Only two
- 24 week follow up: available from 3 studies
Inclusion included studies
criteria: - 506 adult patients were included were published
design, Heterogeneity: The raw data
intervention = - Heterogeneity of studies from study 1
MDS, weight - Fixed and random effects models were used were n.a.
loss and
Publication bias: p.b analysis n.a.
related
anthropometri - n. a. results after 36
c measure are Results (for weight): week (=duration
outcomes of one included
Forest plot was used study) n.a.
Exluded: non
4 RCTs: weight loss was in all 4 studies after 12 and High drop out
RCTs, trials
24 week better in MCD group; results for BMI and and missing rate
focused on
waist circumference were different: BMI was better in
weight Study question
MCD group after 12 week and better after 24 week in
mantainance, is clearly
only 3 studies;
trials in focussed
patients Waist circumference was better in MCD group after
12 and 24 week in only one study Different control
undergoing diets
gastric bypass Fixed effects model:
surgery ITT analysis
Significant greater weight loss (after 12 week:-1.66;
CI -1.98, -1.34; after 24 week: -1.20; CI -1.73, -0.68), Multiple
BMI (after 12 week: -0.53; CI -0.66, -0.41; after 24 imputation to
week: : -0.43; CI -0.62, -0.23) and waist handle missing
circumference (after 12 week: -1.02; CI -1.49, -0.54; data
Heterogeneity of
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12 and 24 week (Fixed and
Random effects model: random effect
Results only minimal different to Fixed effects model, model were
but not significant difference in waist circumference used)
after 24 week (-0.91; CI -2.42,0.60) CI were reported
Meta- Esposito K, Databases: Mediterranean diet Included studies: Esposito et al, 2003, 1+ High
analysis et al. (2011) PubMed, (=MD) versus Study quality: (Randomization/ Dropout rate/ JAMA methodological
[69] Embase, control diet intention-to-treat): Mc Manus et al, 2001, Int Quality of Study,
Scopus, J Obes Relat Metab But: The
- 16 RCTs were included
Cochrane Disord interventional
- PRISMA checklist was used
Trials from Esposito et al, 2004, mediterranean
inception to - Flow diagram is available diet and control
JAMA
January 2010 - Two investigators independently assessed the diet varied
eligibility of studies, consensus procedure was Esposito et al, 2009, Ann
Search between the
used Intern Med
strategy was trials
- Jadad scala of methodology quality was used Shai et al, (low fat) 2008,
reported, no High
- CI were reported N Engl J Med
language heterogeneity
restrictions Descriptive statistics: Elhayany et al, (LCM)
Sensitivity
were used 2010, Diabetes Obes
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Metab
Inclusion mediterranean and 1588 assigned to control diet) reported
criteria: were included De Lorgeril et al 1994,
Were are no
design, Lancet
- 4 trials did not reported weight in kilogram evidence for
outcome: body Rodriges Villar et al, 2004, Publication bias
- Countries: USA, Europe, Israel
weight, BMI Diabetes med
Heterogeneity:
Exclusion Bos et al, 2009, Nutr
criteria were - High Heterogeneity of studies (Q2 and I2 statistic) Metab Cardiovask Dis
reported (lack - random effects model was used Fernandez Puebla et al,
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- There are no evidence for Publication bias Toolbert et al 2003,
less as 15
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up less as 4 Vincent-Baudry, Am J clin
Forest plot was used
week et al) nutr, 2005
Random effects analysis:
Michalsen Eur J clin Nutr
Significant greater effect on weight in MD group
Tuttle et al, Am J Cardiol
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to -0.64 kg) and on BMI (Mean difference between 2008
groups –0.57 kg/m2, CI Rallidis et al, 2009 Am J
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association with energy restriction (mean weight: -
3.88 kg) or increased physical activity (mean weight -
4.01 kg)
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statistically significant then diet was no associated
with energy restriction or increased physical activity
and in trials with a shorter follow up (less as 6 month)
Meta- Burke LE, et Databases: Three components Included studies: Linde.JA. ,et al. Ann 2- No restrictions
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self-identified behaviors, or a combination of the two (8 studies) VanWormer JJ. J Appl
a need for Intervention length within the studies occurred mostly Behav Anal 2004;37:421–
weight loss as 5.
between 4 and 8 weeks (7 studies); or 10–19 weeks
confirmed by (7 studies); Wing RR, et al Addict
the Behav 1981;5:139–44.
The length in three studies extended over the course
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researchers; of 6, 9, and 18 months (3 studies) Booth AO et al Health
(c) occurred in Follow-up assessments occurred at differing intervals Educ Res 2008;23:371–
a non-primary among the studies and ranged from eight weeks to 81.
care setting 30 months post-intervention. Donaldson JM, et al
whereby Behav Intervent
S.T.A.R.T. evaluation criteria were applied
participants 2009;24:73–83.
were self- Heterogeneity: n.a.
Schneider PL, et al Sci
referred from Publication bias:
Health Promot
the local N. a. 2006;21:85–9.
community;
Results: Taylor CB et al Behav
Studies were
Developing specific goals that are in close proximity, Therapist 1991;22:229–
published in
involve the participant in acquisition, and incorporate 36.
English before
January 2010. regular feedback, are common features in this VanWormer JJ, et al Am
context; J Health Behav
Exclusion
- Specificity: Sixteen of the 18 studies employed 2009;33:445–54.
criterien were
reported specific goals as part of their behavior change Sperduto WA, et al Addict
protocols (e.g., restrict daily caloric intake by 750 Behav 1986;11:337–40.
Databases : calories; walk 7000 steps per day for one week);
Medline, Zegman M, et al Addict
two of these 16 interventions also combined goals
CINAHL, Behav 1983;8:319–22.
of a more general nature such as ‘reduce caloric
PsycINFO, intake’; Significant behavioral and physiological
SCOPUS, changes (e.g., decreased food consumption,
EMBASE, weight loss) were found in two studies that
Web of compared the impact of explicitly defined goal
Science, setting conditions with general or no goal
ProQuest treatment groups
Nursing
- Timing: With the exception of the two studies
Journals, and
where goal content was not specified, 16 studies
Physical
endorsed the use of proximal or daily goals either
Education
in isolation, or in combination with distal or weekly
12 Anhänge | 209
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Index. goal setting; When comparisons were made to
distal or no goal groups, findings revealed some
favourable outcomes for proximal goal setting as
evidenced by changes in eating behaviour s and
weight loss. Alternatively, was found greater
reductions in caloric consumption in the distal goal
setting group during treatment; however, attrition
rates in this same group were also higher
compared with the proximal group.
- Acquisition: Thirteen studies within this review
incorporated assigned goals, or goals that were
both assigned and self determined. No studies
assessed the impact of acquisition on outcome
variables independently.
- Rewards and feedback: 12 studies incorporated a
feedback component which was delivered in
person, over the telephone, or technologically via
e-mail or through a computer program; Types of
feedback included: reviewing goals and making
modifications as required; computer printouts and
graphs detailing goal progression; problem solving
discussions concerning difficulties with goal
attainment; encouragement to set more
challenging goals; praise, support, and reinforcing
messages for achieving goals; and the provision of
relevant education information. feedback on
progress was incorporated as a component within
the larger intervention and was not assessed
independently in any of the studies with respect to
behavioral outcomes.
- Tools: Participant education was a salient feature
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in 13 studies and was delivered either as part of a
baseline period or the formal intervention. In an
effort to facilitate the self-monitoring process and
bring the attainment of behavioral goals to fruition;
multiple assistive devices were integrated into the
interventions. These included items such as
calorie-counting booklets, exercise and nutritional
manuals and diaries, self-monitoring ards,
mouthful counters, pedometers, heart-rate
monitors, home scales, social support, behavioral
contracts, portable computers, and internet-based
programs.
Systematic Gordon J, et No study Weight Included studies: Ahrens RA, et al. 2003 2- Quality
Review al. (2011) design, management - 1RCT, 1 non-randomized controlled trial, 8 Bescoby S, et al. 2006; assessment
[72] langugae, interventions in the uncontrolled studies Focused
Botomino A, et al. 2008
publication community question,
Study quality: (Randomization/ Dropout rate/ Bradley C. et al. 2009
status or age pharmacy setting
intention-to-treat): Publication bias
restrictions All studies had De Miguel E et al .2002
- All studies had reporting and methodological and
were imposed multy-component Lloyd KB et al. 2002;
weaknesses indicating risk of bias heterogeneity
Pre-specified interventions Lloyd KB, et al. 2007; n.a.
protocol based (unspecific lifestyle - 2/10 studies clearly performed ITT analyses
on Cochrane recommendations, - Withdrawal rates likely to cause bias in 4/10 Malone M et al. 2003;
Collaboration pharmacist advise, - Blinding measuring outcomes to treatment group Schwartz SM et al. 2008
methods pharmacist visits, was unclear in 2 controlled studies Toubro S, et al. 1999
Medline, nutritional advise - Adequacy of sequence generation and allocation Phrmakon. Denmark
Embase, etc.) concealment was unclear in RCT 2000.
Health Primary outcome; - 1/10 incorporated a representative sample of Winter H et al., 2007
Management change in weight service users
Information (and other Descriptive statistics:
Consortium, anthropometry,
- Countries: USA 4/10, UK 3/10, 1 Switzerland, 1
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scher
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CINAHL, e.g. waist Spain, 1 Denmark
International circumference, if - 8/10 studies used self-recruitment methods
Pharmacy reported) - 5/10 were single-centre, 5/10 were multicentre
Abstracts, Secondary - 8/10 reported gender: women represented 70%.
Cochrane outcomes of any
Controlled - Only 1 study reported a mean baseline BMI of >35
type
Trials kg/m2
Register, - 6/10 studies reported a mean BM on study entryI,
Database of 5/10 reported a mean BMI of 25-35 kg/m2
Abstracts of - All studies had multi-component intervention
Reviews of - all had dietary component but clear description
Effects, Health only in 4/10
Information - 2 studies reported advise on physical activity
Resources
- 5 studies provided specific behaviour change
and Pharm-
line were used techniques (goal setting, self monitoring etc.)
Heterogeneity: n.a.
Jan 1999-June
2009 Publication bias: n.a.
Keywords Results (for weight):
were reported Long term mean weight loss (12 months) measured
in 3 uncontrolled studies ranged from 1.1 to 4.1 kg.
This weight loss differed significantly in 2 studies
(one of which compared high risk counselling group
with statdard care and intensive counselling group,
duration – 1 year); 4 uncontrolled studies reported
statistically significant weight loss
Short term weight loss: ranged from 0.5 to 5.6 kg at 6
months and 0.6 to 5.3 kg at 3 months; in 2 studies
was weight loss at 6 months non significant
Weight loss in 3 studies were unclear
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Meta- Nordmann Databases: Mediterranean diet Included studies: Estruch R, et al.. Ann 1+ Sign.
analysis AJ, et al. MEDLINE, vs. low-fat diet - 7 RCT: 6 RCTs included in meta-analysis 1 RCT Intern Med. Heterogeneity
(2011) EMBASE, included only in sensitivity, analysis due to validity 2006;145(1):1-11;
[23] Biosis, Web of concerns (Flow chart) Esposito K, et al.. JAMA.
Science (all Study quality: (Randomization/ Dropout rate/ 2003;289(14):1799-1804;
from their intention-to-treat): Esposito K, et al. JAMA.
inception to 2004;292(12):1440-1446.
- 5 studies had reported consealed allocation, 4
January studies had blinded assessor, 6 studies had loss to Shai I, et al. N Engl J Med.
2011), and the follow up < 10 %, ITT-reporting is an inclusion 2008;359(3):229-241;
Cochrane criterion Tuttle KR, et al.. Am J
Central
Descriptive statistics: Cardiol.
Register of
- a total of 3650 patients 2008;101(11):1523-1530.
ControlledTrial
s - follow up: 2 years in 4 trials, 4 years in one trial, 6 Esposito K, et al. Ann
years in one trial Intern Med.
Search
- Mediterranean diet was defined 2009;151(5):306-314.
Strategie was
reported Heterogeneity:
Inclusion: - Sign. Heterogeneity
publication - Sens. Analysis: no qualitative differences
type;
Publication bias:
comparing
Mediterranean - small number of included trials precluded
with low-fat - a sensitive exploration of publication bias, although
diets in either the plots of standardized effect against precision
overweight/ob for all outcomes did not indicate evidence for such
ese patients a bias (p= n.s.)
with at least Results (for weight):
one additional Body weight, body mass index, and waist
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scher
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cardiovascular circumference decreased more in subjects
risk factor randomized to Mediterranean diets than in subjects
or patients randomized to low-fat diets.
with After 2 years:
established the weighted mean difference (WMD) in body weight
coronary between subjects randomized to Mediterranean and
artery low-fat diets was 2.2 kg (95% confidence interval [CI],
disease; RCT, 3.9 to 0.6, P for heterogeneity <0.001, I2 =97%) the
minimum WMD in body mass index 0.6 kg/m2 (95% CI, 1 to
follow-up of 6 0.1, P for heterogeneity <0,.001, I2=94%) WMD in
months; waist circumference 0.9 cm (95% CI, 2-0.2, P for
heterogeneity <0.001, I2=92%)
report ITT,
data on
changes of
body weight,
blood
pressure, and
lipid values.
Quality
assestment
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Meta- Ross Databases: Extended care (at Included studies: Baum JG, et al. J Behav 1+ Relatively small
analysis Middleton PubMED, least two sessions, 11 RCT were included in the meta-analysis and an Med 1991;14: 287–302. number of
KM, et al. PsychInfo and delivered either in- additional two were retained for qualitative analysis Carels RA, et al. Eat articles;
(2012) Cochrane person or via (flow chart) Behav 2008; 9: 228–237. Quality of
[73] Reviews telephone by a included studies:
Study quality: (Randomization/ Dropout rate/ Perri MG, et al. Arch
Date: from trained middle
intention-to-treat): Intern Med 2008; 168:
1980 until interventionist,
- 2 reviewer, the Physiotherapy Evidence Database 2347–2354.
June 2011 which focused on
providing (PEDro) scale was used, for included studies Perri MG, et al. J Consult
Search terms PEDro ranged from 5 to 8 (11-item in total), only Clin Psychol 1986; 54:
continuing support
were reported four had post-test data with less than 15% attrition; 670–675.
for behaviours
Included: RCT associated with only three studies with ITT Perri MG, et al. J Consult
that assessed weight Descriptive statistics: Clin Psychol 1984; 52:
the impact of management) vs. 480–481.
- majority of the studies used a problemsolving
extended care control component, three further included relapse Perri MG, et al. J Consult
on weight
prevention training; Clin Psychol 1988;56:
regain, after
- mean follow-up 16.1 months (range = 6–30 529–534.
initial weight
loss, in months); Perri MG, et al. J Consult
overweight - average of 28.6 treatment contacts; Clin Psychol 2001; 69:
and obese Heterogeneity: 722–726.
individuals; - Random-effects modelling Perri MG, et al. J Consult
adults; studies Clin Psychol 1984;
- Q-Statistik: no significant heterogeneity between
included a 52:404–413.
randomized studies, Q = 5.63, P = 0.845
Svetkey LP, et al. JAMA
extended care Publication bias:
2008; 299: 1139–1148.
component - funnel plot and a fill-and-trim analysis: minimal
that focused Wing RR, et al. N Engl J
evidence for publication bias (g = 0.321)
Med 2006; 355: 1563–
on Results (for weight):
maintenance 1571.
of weight loss; The effect of extended care on long-term weight loss Perri MG, et al. J Consult
Clin Psychol 1987; 55:
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extended care maintenance varied by study, from g = 0.270 to 615–617.
interventions 0.933; average effect was g = 0.385 (95% confidence
delivered via interval: 0.281, 0.489; P <0.0001).
the Internet This effect would lead to the maintenance of an
were excluded additional 3.2 kg weight loss over 17.6 months post-
due to intervention
concerns
regarding the
heterogeneity
of methods
used in these
studies
Systematic Esfahani A, Literature low glycemic index GI, GL, and weight loss in adults: For GI, GL, and weight 1(-)-2(-) Quality of
Review et al. (2011) search across (GI) and glycemic Included studies: loss in adults: included studies
[74] MEDLINE load (GL) diets on Sichieri, et al (2007) Am. was not
20 trials (19 controlled trials)
(1950 to June weight loss J. Clin. Nutr. 86, 707–713. assessed;
2009 Week 4), (Included) Study quality: n.a. included and
Retterstol, et al. (2009)
EMBASE Descriptive statistics: excluded criteria
Clin. Nutr. 28, 213–215.
(1980 to June - The majority of trials compared a low GI/GL diet to are not clear,
2009 Week 4), Pereira, et al. (2004) assessment of
either low fat or high GI/GL controls;
All EBM JAMA 292, 2482–2490. publication bias
- several studies the GI/GL values were not
Reviews— Abete, I., et al. (2008) n. a.
reported: in one study the GI units were 55.5 and
Cochrane Clin. Nutr. 27, 545–551. Weight loss was
63.9 (difference of 8.4 units) while in another 78.6
DSR, ACP Aston, L. M., et al. (2008) not a primary
and 102.8 (difference of 24.2) for low- and high-GI
Journal Club, Int. J. Obes. (Lond) 32, outcome
diets
DARE, CCTR, 160–165. measure in a
CMR, HTA, - 1 study (Aston et al.) showed a nonsignificant
weight Bahadori, B., et al. (2005) number of the
and NHSEED; studies included
search terms - gain in both the groups (P =0.8). Diabetes Obes. Metab.
7,290–293. in this meta-
‘‘glycemic - 2 studies consisted of multiple interventions: in one analysis; several
index OR study, four different diets (high protein/high GI or Bouche, et al. (2002)
studies were not
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glycemic load’’ low GI and high carbohydrate/high GI and low GI) Diabetes Care 25, 822– designed to
Included: led to similar reductions in weight (P 5 0.17 828. induce weight
clinical trials between treatments; In another study, three Das, S. K., et al .(2007) loss by
with dietary different diets (high calcium, high calcium/low GI Am. J.Clin. Nutr. 85, restricting the
interventions and moderate calcium/moderate fiber diet) caloric intake of
de Rougemont, A., et al
of different resulted in similar reductions in weight (P =0.88 the participants;
(2007) Br. J. Nutr. 98,
glycemic between treatments). none of these
1288–1298.
indices with Heterogeneity: n.a. studies were
Ebbeling, et al .(2005) Am. designed
weight loss as Publication bias: n.a. J. Clin. Nutr. 81, 976–982. specifically to
the primary
Results: Ebbeling, et al . (2007) compare weight
outcome; at
least 7 days in Weight loss: JAMA 297, 2092–2102. regain between
duration and - 4 trials reported statistically significant differences Maki, et al .(2007) Am. J. the groups;
did not include in weight loss between the treatments in favor low Clin. Nutr. 85, 724–34. several studies
studies with GI/GL diets over the control or other interventions; the GI/GL values
McMillan-Price, et al were not
exercise as a - In 10 of the other studies, low GI/GL diets (2006) Arch. Intern. Med.
cointervention. reported
enhanced weight loss by comparison to the 166,
control, though the differences were not Pittas, et al. (2006)
statistically significantly. Obesity (Silver Spring) 14,
- 1 study (Bellisle et al.) showed better, albeit 2200–2209.
nonsignificant, weight reduction with a standard
Raatz, S. K., et al (2005)
Weight Watchers diet by comparison to a Weight J. Nutr. 135, 2387–2391.
Watchers diet supplemented with low GI foods
(24.5 6 3.4 kg vs. 24.0 6 3.1 kg; P= 0.68). Slabber, M., et al. (1994)
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 60, 48–
BMI or fat mass: (13 controlled trials), only two
53.
reported statistically significant improvements with a
low GI/GL diet by comparison to the control. Sloth, B., et al. (2004) Am.
J. Clin. Nutr. 80, 337–347.
Authors conclusion: In general, these studies showed
much inconsistency in their findings. While a few Thompson, et al. (2005)
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suggesting that factors other than GI/GL may play a Nutr. 97, 790–798.
role.
Systematic Tsai AG, et Literature (1) PCP Included studies: 10 RCT Ashley JM, et al Arch 1+ Clearly focused
Review al. (2009) search of counseling alone, Study quality: doublecheck, CONSORT criteria were Intern Med. question,
[75] MEDLINE, (2) PCP used to assess study quality: two as good quality and 2001;161:1599–1604. methodology
PubMed, counseling + eight as fair Ely AC, et al J Rural was reported,
Cochrane pharmacotherapy, Health. 2008;24:125–32. study quality is
Systematic and (3) assessed
- Most studies provided low-(<1 visit per month) or Logue E, et al Obes Res.
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moderate-intensity (at least one counseling visit 2005;13:917–27.
CINAHL, and obesity care n.a.
EMBASE (treatment per month) counseling, 29. Poston WS, Haddock
(1950- delivered by a - Only two met the Task Force’s recommendation of CK, Pinkston MM, et al. et
January, non-physician providing a highintensity intervention (at least two al J Intern Med.
2009). provider), visits per month for the first 3 months) 2006;260:388–98.
Inclusion Primary outcome: - Mean number of treatment contacts was 17 (over Martin PD, et al Obesity.
criteria for weight loss 7.5 months), 14.8 (over 13.5 months), and 7.2 2008;16:2462–7.
studies were: (over 16 months) Cohen MD, et al Fam
(1) - Six studies gave explicit descriptions of the training Med. 1991;23:25–8.
randomized and supervision of PCPs during the trial
trial, (2) Christian JG, et al Arch
Heterogeneity:high Intern Med.
obesity
intervention in Publication bias: n.a. 2008;168:141–6.
US adults, and Results (for weight): Hauptman J, et al. Arch
(3) conducted Fam Med.2000;9:160–7.
PCR counceling (4 studies):
in primary care Ockene IS, et al Arch
or explicitly Weight losses ranged from 0.1 to 2.3 kg
Intern Med.
intended to None of the four studies in which PCPs provided low- 1999;159:725–31.
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Exclusion Weight losses ranged from 1.7 to 7.5 kg
criteria: (1) Collaborative obesity treatment (3 studies):
intervention
Weight losses from 0.4 to 7.7 (in high-intensity study)
trials that were
kg
not primary
care-based;
(2) non-US
studies; (3)
pediatric trials;
(4) studies
based in
primary care
and related to
obesity but
that were not
intervention
trials (e.g.,
surveys).
search terms
“obesity OR
obesity,
morbid” and
“primary
health care”
(for EMBASE;
“primary
medical care”).
Systematic Leblanc E, Search: behavioral-based Included studies: The Diabetes Prevention 1(+)-2(+) High
Review/ et al. (2011) MEDLINE, the treatment 58 trials of benefits of weight loss interventions, Program: Diabetes Care. heterogeneity
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Meta- [76] Cochrane Orlistat, metformin reported in 98 publications : Trials that included 1999;22:623-34.
analysis Central behavioral-based treatment (38 trials) or the use of Hypertension Prevention
Registry of orlistat (18 trials) Trial Research Group.
Controlled Study quality: Arch Intern Med. 1990;
Trials, and
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1, 2005 - Quality assestment (USPSTF methods) is reported Burke V, et al J
through Descriptive statistics: Hypertens. 2005;23:1241-
September 9, 9.
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2010; (n=13,495) or the use of orlistat (n=11,256) or Christian JG, et al Arch
Relevant trials metformin (n=2,652) Intern Med. 2008;168:141-
published prior 6.
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25 to 39 kg/m2 ; 3 of the trials were limited to Cohen MD, et al Fam
identified Med. 1991;23:25-8.
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27 kg/m2. The mean BMI values in the medication Hypertension.
Included
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18 trials examined the effect of 120 mg tid of Frey-Hewitt B, et al Int J
randomized or
orlistat on some measure of weight over at least Obes. 1990;14:327-34.
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12 to 18 months
clinical trials Haapala I, et al .Public
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case-control Publication bias: Irwin ML, et al. JAMA.
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metformin for loss in trials with more treatment sessions (generally
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included for Mayer-Davis EJ, et al. Am
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Review/ et al. (2011) electronic weight 12 RCTs in the clinical effectiveness review Res Ther 1984;22:227– provided
HTA- [77] bibliographic management 42. information on
Study quality:
Bericht databases programmes Wadden TA, et al. J their
MEDLINE; (including diet, - quality of included studies was assessed using randomisation
Consult Clin Psychol
EMBASE; physical activity standard criteria : quality of included studies was sequence, 3
1988;56:925–8.
MEDLINE In- and behaviour assessed using criteria based on those trials described
recommended by the Centre for Reviews and Stevens V, et al. Ann
Process & change strategies) their allocation
Dissemination (CRD) Intern Med 2001;134:1–
Other Non- that assessed concealment,
11.
Indexed weight measures - 7 trials were judged to have a low risk of selection None of the
Citations; The (outcome) bias Burke LE, et al. Int J Obes trials clearly
Cochrane - 2 reviewer 2008;32:166–76. reported blinding
Library Descriptive statistics: Logue E, et al. Obes Res of their
including the participants or
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Cochrane - 5 RCTs compared multicomponent interventions 2005;13:917–27. care providers,
Database of with non-active comparator groups Simkin-Silverman LR, et so it is unknown
Systematic - 2 RCTs compared multicomponent interventions al. J Womens Health whether blinding
Reviews, that focused on the diet component 1998;4:255–71. occurred,
Cochrane - 4 RCTs compared multicomponent interventions Blinding of
Stevens VJ, et al. Arch
Central that focused on the physical activity component outcome
Intern Med 1993;153:849–
Register of assessors,
- 1 RCT the intervention focused on the goal-setting 58.
Controlled however, is
interval Jeffery RW, et al. J
Trials, more feasible
Database of - All RCTs that met the inclusion criteria were Consult Clin Psychol but was only
Abstracts of conducted in the USA. 1995;63:793–6. reported in two
Reviews of - Most (83%) of included RCT were published Jeffery RW et al. J Consult trials; Six RCTs
Effects, NHS between 1993 and 2008, with two older RCTs, Clin Psychol were judged to
Economic published in 1984 and 1988 1998;66:777–83. have low risk of
Evaluation - The total number of participants randomised Tate DF, et al. Am J Clinl bias from
Database and ranged from 59 to 1191 while the number of Nutr 2007;85:954–9. dropout (no
HTA participants, per intervention group ranged from 18 dropout
databases; Weinstock RS, et al. Arch imbalance);
to 596 ; Only four of the 12 RCTs had sample
Web of Intern Med publications bias
sizes > 100 participants per intervention group.
1998;158:2477–83.
Science; - In all but one of the 12 RCTs the target population analysis n.a.
PsycINFO; was stated as being overweight ; overweight (pre- Skender ML, et al. J Am
BIOSIS; and obese) in two RCTs, class I obese in five RCTs, Diet Assoc 1996;96:342–6
databases and class II obese in one RCT
listing ongoing - The upper age limit specified for inclusion of
clinical trials participants was 45 years to 69 years ; None of the
from inception trials specifically included elderly populations
to December
- The duration of follow-up (post randomisation)
2009
ranged from 18 to 54 months
Inclusion:
- Weight change from baseline was reported as a
Clinical
primary outcome in 11 RCTs
effectiveness
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studies were - In one study the setting of the intervention was
included if reported to be in primary care
participants Heterogeneity:
were adults
- N.a.
with a BMI >
25 kg/m2; if Results (outcome: weight loss)
the - multicomponent interventions versus non-active
interventions comparator groups (5 RCT): weight loss appeared
were well- to be greater in the intervention groups ; One of
described these RCTs (perimenopausal women) provided
multicompone evidence that longer term (up to 42 months) weight
nt (diet, change in these intervention group was
exercise and significantly different from that of the control group,
behaviour although much of the weight lost had been
therapy) regained ; One trial with a 24 month duration found
weight no statistically significant differences ; two trials
management showed statistically significant difference in weight
approaches loss (using similar weight loss interventions) at 18
with a weight months or 36 months
loss outcome; - multicomponent interventions that focused on the
and if the diet component (2 RCT ; One of these studies
studies were also had a third arm to investigate the dietary
RCTs with at component VLCD alone): no statistically significant
least 18 differences in weight loss between interventions ;
months’ After completing the intervention participants from
follow-up both studies regained weight over time
- multicomponent interventions that focused on the
physical activity component (4 RCT): little
consistency in the pattern of results
- intervention focused on the goal-setting interval (1
RCT) : weight loss was greatest in those given
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daily goals compared with weekly goals
Overall, where measured, it appeared that most
groups began to regain weight at further follow-up.
Authors conclusion: Long-term multicomponent
weight management interventions were generally
shown to promote weight loss in overweight or obese
adults. Weight changes were small however and
weight regain was common. There were few
similarities between the included studies;
consequently an overall interpretation of the results
was difficult to make.
Cochrane Colquitt JL, Search in The different surgical Included studies: Agren 1989; 1+-2+ Studies with
Review et al. (2009) Cochrane procedures 23 of the 26 included studies were RCTs. One study Nilsell 2001; different desing
[78] Library (Issue Primary outcomes (SOS 1997-2007)was a prospective multicentre were included;
Olbers 2005;
3/2008); cohort study with matched concurrent controls. Two different quality
- measures of SOS 1997-2007;
MEDLINE studies had prospective cohort designs (Buddeberg of included
weight change,
(until 2006; Stoeckli 2004).Two of the eligible studies were Sundbom 2004; studies
fat content (for
29/7/2008); reported as abstracts only (Agren 1989; VanWoert Westling 2001
example body
EMBASE (until 1992)
mass index) or Bessler 2007;
29/7/2008);
fat distribution Study quality: Howard 1995;
PsychINFO
(for example - see methodological quality summary
(until Nguyen 2006;
waist-hip ratio);
29/7/2008); - Allocation: Nine of 23 RCTs described adequate Sugerman 1987;
CINAHL (until - quality of life, allocation sequence generation
16/7/2008); ideally VanWoert 1992
- Blinding: Only oneRCTreported that outcome
Science and measured using assessorswere blinded to the intervention Angrisani 2007;
Social a validated
assignment Mingrone 2002;
Sciences instrument;
- Incomplete outcome data for weight loss were Morino 2003.
Citation Index - obesity related
adequately addressed by 14 RCTs Buddeberg 2006;
(until co-morbidities
- Selective reporting : The most of studies were
12 Anhänge | 228
systemati-
scher
Recherche
29/7/2008); (for example judged to be of uncertain risk of bias. Stoeckli 2004,
British Nursing diabetes, Descriptive statistics: deWit 1999;
Index (until hypertension).
- Participants: Most studies included participants van Dielen 2005
6/8/2008). Secondary with morbid obesity (BMI greater than 40 was Dixon 2008;
Databases of outcomes commonly used, often with the additional criteria of
grey literature: O’Brien 2006
- mortality BMI greater than 35 or 37 with comorbid disease),
Web of (perioperative Excluding the three studies with notably different Himpens 2006
Science and total); inclusion criteria, mean baseline BMI ranged from MacLean 1995
Proceedings to 52
- adverse effects DavilaCervantes 2002
(until (for example - The individual study sample size ranged from 20 to
29/7/2008); Lujan 2004
perioperative 4047
BIOSIS (until morbidity such Lee 2004
5/8/2008); - The majority of participants in the studies were
as staple line female and mean age ranged from 32 years to 49 Karamanakos 2008
AMED (until
breakdown and years
5/8/2008). wound infection, - Intervention : The included studies compared a
Ongoing trials gastrointestinal variety of interventions (Three RCTs and three
National disturbances, cohort studies (one cohort study had three arms)
Research reoperations); compared surgery with non-surgical interventions.
Register (until - revision rates The remaining 20 RCTs compared different
30/7/2008); (reversal or surgical procedures, including various types of
UKCRN (until conversions to gastric bypass, vertical banded gastroplasty,
30/7/2008); normal or other adjustable gastric banding and isolated sleeve
Clinical procedures). gastrectomy, performed with open or laparoscopic
Trials.gov
surgery
(until
30/7/2008); - The minimum duration of follow-up for inclusion in
Controlled this review was 12 months, and most studies
Clinical Trials followed participants for 12, 24 or 36 months.
(until - Country: Six studies were conducted in Sweden,
30/7/2008); and five studieswere conducted in the USA, Three
Australia NZ studies were conducted in Italy, Two studies were
12 Anhänge | 229
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scher
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Clinical Trial conducted in each of Switzerland, The
Register (until Netherlands, and Australia, One study was
30/7/2008). conducted in Belgium, Mexico, Spain, Taiwan,
Included: Greece
Randomised Heterogeneity:
controlled - N.a.
trials (RCTs)
Results
comparing
different - greater weight loss than conventional treatment in
surgical moderate (body mass index greater than 30) as
procedures, well as severe obesity.
and RCTs, - Reductions in comorbidities, such as diabetes and
controlled hypertension, also occur. Improvements in health-
clinical trials related quality of life occurred after two years, but
and effects at ten years are less clear.
prospective; - Surgery is associated with complications, such as
cohort studies pulmonary embolism, and some postoperative
comparing deaths occurred.
surgery with - Five different bariatric procedures were assessed,
non-surgical but some comparisons were assessed by just one
management trial.
for obesity;
- The limited evidence suggests that weight loss
exclusion
following gastric bypass is greater than vertical
criteria were
banded gastroplasty or adjustable gastric banding,
reported
but similar to isolated Surgery for obesity
Systematic Picot J, et al. 17 electronic Intervention: Open Included studies: For clinical effectiveness: 1+-2+ Publication bias
Review/ (2009) databases and laparoscopic 26 studies reported in 52 publications were included : Dixon et al., 2008, RCT; analysis n.a.; it
HTA- [79] were searched bariatric surgical 23 RCTs, 1 study (SOS) was a prospective was not
O’Brien et al., 2006, RCT;
Bericht [MED-LINE; procedures in multicentre cohort study with matched concurrent considered
EMBASE; widespread Stoeckli et al., 2004, appropriate to
control ; 2 studies had prospective cohort designs
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scher
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PreMedline In- current use. and 2 studies were reported as abstracts only Cohort study combine the
Process & Comparators: Sur- Study quality: Mingrone et al., 2002, included RCTs
Other Non- gical procedures in RCT in a meta-
- clinical effectiveness: the quality of included cohort
Indexed current use in analysis
studies was assessed using criteria recommended SOS 1997 to 2007, Cohort
Citations; The comparison with because of the
by NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination study;
Cochrane one another; open heterogeneity in
(CRD) ; RCTs were assessed using the Cochrane Buddeberg-Fischer et al.,
Library surgery compared the patient
criteria for judging risk of bias 2006, Cohort study
including the with laparoscopic groups, com-
Cochrane Sys- - Quality criteria were applied independently by 2 Howard et al., 1995; parator
surgery for the
tematic reviewers treatments and
same procedure; VanWoert et al., 1992;
Reviews surgical Descriptive statistics: outcomes
Database, MacLean et al., 1995;
procedures in - 3 RCTs and 3 cohort studies compared surgery
Cochrane current use with non-surgical interventions; 20 RCTs Sugerman et al., 1987;
Con-trolled compared with compared different surgical procedures ; 2 studies Lee et al., 2004;
Trials non-surgical inter- focused on patients with a lower BMI (< 35 or < Olbers et al., 2005;
Register, ventions (medical 40)
DARE, NHS Agren and Naslund, 1989
manage-ment, - The risk of bias of most of the trials was uncertain,
EED and HTA usual care or no Bessler et al., 2007
only 9 of the RCTs reported adequate sequence
data-bases; treatment); generation and only 5 reported adequate allocation Angrisani et al., 2007
Web of concealment Karamanakos et al., 2008
Main outcomes At
Knowledge
least one of the Heterogeneity: Nilsell et al., 2001;
Sci-ence
following reported - N.a. Morino et al., 2003;
Citation Index
following a
(SCI); Web of Publication bias: van Dielen et al., 2005
minimum of 12
Knowledge ISI
months - N.a. Himpens et al., 2006
Proceedings;
PsycInfo; CRD follow-up: Results Puzziferri et al., 2006;
databases; measures of - Surgery versus non-surgical interventions : Lujan et al., 2004;
BIO-SIS; and weight change; bariatric surgery is a more effective intervention for Westling and Gustavsson,
data-bases quality of life weight loss than non-surgical options ; surgery led 2001;
listing ongoing (QoL); peri- to a greater reduction in weight in all 6 studies, the
operative and Sundbom and
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scher
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clinical trials]; post-operative difference was statistically significant in 5 studies Gustavsson, 2004
Search date: mortality and mor- reporting a statistical comparison ; in 2 RCTs that Davila-Cervantes et al.,
from incep-tion bidity; change in reported outcomes at two years, mean initial 2002
to August obesityrelated weight loss in the surgical groups was 20% and
de Wit et al., 1999
2008 comorbidities; 21.6%, whereas the non-surgical groups had lost
Inclusion cost-effectiveness 1.4% and 5.5% of their initial weight ; In the 2
criteria were [reporting cohort studies reporting outcomes at 2 years, per
reported (see outcomes as cent weight change ranged from a weight loss of
intervention, either life-years or 16% to 28.6% in the surgical groups, but the non-
comparator, quality-adjusted surgical groups had gained weight with per cent
outcomes, life-years weight change ranging from 0.1 to 0.5% ; 1 RCT
Popu-lation: (QALYs)]. and 1 of 2 cohort studies assessing QoL found
Adult patients greater, and statistically significant, improvements
with (BMI) of after surgery on some measures, but not others ; 2
30 or over and RCTs found that significantly fewer people had
young people metabolic syndrome in the surgical group, and 1
who fulfil the found significantly higher remission of Type 2
definition of diabetes following surgery..
obesity for - Comparison of surgical procedures : gastric
their age, sex bypass (GBP) is more effective for weight loss
and height; than vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) and
study types: adjustable gastric banding (AGB) ; 5 of the 7
Systematic included RCTs reported greater weight loss
review of following GBP than VBG excess weight loss at one
clinical year ranging between 62.9% and 78.3% for GBP,
effectiveness: and ranging between 43% and 62.9% for VBG ; in
Surgery 2 studies there was no statistically significant
versus surgery difference in ‘success rate’ or ‘per cent ideal body
– RCTs; weight’
surgery versus Adverse events: varied between studies; few were
non-surgical compared statistically and none were powered to do
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procedure – so ; 14 RCTs reported no deaths ; the large SOS
RCTs, study reported mortality of 0.25% in the surgical
controlled cohort ; adverse events from conventional therapy
clinical trials included intolerance to medication, acute
and cholecystitis and gastrointestinal problems ; Major
prospective adverse events following surgery, some necessitating
cohort studies reoperation, included anastomosis leakage,
(with a control pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, band slippage and
cohort)) band erosion
Systematic Kodama S, Search in Web based Included studies: Wing RR, et al. N EngI J 1+ High
Review/ et al. (2012) Electronic controlling dietary Med 2006 heterogeneity;
23 RCTs were included
Meta- [80] Iiterature intake and Reviewer n.a
Study quality: Patrick K, et al. J Med
analysis searches increasing
Internet Res 2009
(MEDLINE physical activity - 17 studies used an intention-to-treat analysis
(Milestone van Wier MF, et al. BMC
(between 1980 Outcome: weight - 12 studies : Mean dropout rate was 17,8 %
paper) Public Health 2009
and 2011 April loss - Methods of randomization were described in only 7
2) and studies Wylie-Rosett et al. J Am
EMBASE Diet Assoc 2001
(between 1980 Harvey-Berino J, et al. Int
and 2011 April - Intervention periods ranged from 3-30 months; 11 J Obes Relat Metab
2)) studies had intervention periods of 12 months or Disord 2002
more.
Search terms Harvey-Berino J, et al.
were reported - 16 studies were conducted in the USA
Obes Res 2004
- In 11 studies participants were at least 80 %
Inclusion Womble LG, et al. Obes
women
criteria: (1) Res 2004
RCTs; (2) all - mean age was 46 ( ± 6) years
Rothert K, et al. Obesity
participants - - mean BMI was 32 ( ± 3) kg/m2
2006
adults and - Intervention : 1 study used as a substitute face-to-
overweight or Mobley AR. Department of
face counseling
obese (3) they Nutrition & Food Science,
Heterogeneity: University of Maryland:
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consisted of a - large and highly significant between-study Maryland, 2006
Web-user heterogeneity was observed in the effect size (I2 Actachi Y, et al. Behav
experimental 84.4%; P<0.001) Res Ther 2007
group and - Sensiticity analysis available. Polzien KM, et al. Obesity
non-Web user
Publication bias: 2007
control group;
(4) - Publication bias was not statistically detected McConnon A, et al. BMC
intervention (P=0.62 for Begg's test and P=0.79 for Egger's Health Serv Res 2007
included test) Svetkey LP', et al. JAMA
Controlling Results 2008
dietary intake Using the Internet had a modest but significant Cussler EC, et al. Obesity
and increasing additional weight-loss effect when compared with 2008
physical results in non-Web-user control groups (-0.68 kg, P =
activity; (5) the Hunter CM et al. Am J
0.03) Prev Med 2008
aim of using
the Internet Digenio AG, et al. Ann
was initial Intern Med 2009
weight loss or Morgan PJ, et al. 2009
weight Ueki K, et al. Clin Exp
maintenance; Hypertens 2009
and (6) effect
on absolute Yoo HJ, et al. Diabet Med
body-weight 2009
change. Bennett GG, et al. Obesity
2010
Harvey-Berino J, et al.
Prev Med 2010
Tanaka M, et al. Intl
Behav Med 2010
Christian JG et al J Am
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Diet Assoc 2011
Systematic Neve M, et Search in web-based Included studies: Carr L.J, et al. 2008 1+ Mittle-low quality
Review/ al. (2010) MEDLINE and interventions; 18 RCTs were included Cussler EC, et al. 2008; of included
Meta- [81] ClNAHL for outcome body studies
Study quality: Gold IK, et al. 2007;
analysis keywords; weight
second search - 2 reviewer MrConnoti A, et al. 2007
(Milestone
paper) in Cochrane - Study quality was assessed using a standardized Mirco N, et al. 2007;
Library, critical apparisal instrument from the JBI Meta- Rotherr K, et al. 2006;
MEDLINE, Analysis of Statictics Assessment and Review
EMBASE, Instument Tate DF et al. 2003
CINAHL, Web - No high quality studies ; 3 studies meet 8 of 10 Tare DF 2001
of Sciense, criteria Wehber KH et al. 2007,
Scopus, - 14 studies did not speciity method of Womble LG et al. 2004:
Australian randomization
Digital Theses Harvey-Berino J. et al.
- 14 studies – ITT analysis 2002
Program and
Dissertations/ Descriptive statistics: Harvey-Berino J. et al.
Abstracts - Total number of particioants was 5700 2004
English - 77 % were female Harvey-Berino J. et al.
Language - 13 studies had a primary aim of achieving weight 2002 (Behav Modif)
from 1995 loss an 5 focused an maintenance of weight loss Prolzien KM, et al. 2007;
onwards - Duration : 6 week to 2 years (8 interventions were Svetkey LP, et al. 2008;
Inclusion 12 months in duration) Tate DF, et al. 2006;
criteria: RCTs, - Intervention : 3 studies : web-based programme
with at least Mobley AR et al. 2006
compared with a control or minimal intervention
one web- group ; 5 studies : generic web-based programme
based compared with enhanced web-based programme ;
intervention 5 studies : web-based programme compared with
study arm defferent types of face-to-face interventions ; 2
whose primary studies motivational interviewing within a web-
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aim was based programme
achieving Heterogeneity:
weight loss or
- See results
weight loss
maintenance Results
or achieving Interventions aiming to achieve weight loss:
positive - 12 studies reported total weight loss change, 6
dietary and studies reported percentage weight change (3
physical were successful in achieving 5% or greater weight
activity; adults change)
and
- 3 studies were combined in meta-analysis : n.s.
overweight or
heterogeneity (I2=20,9 %, p=0,28) ; greater
obese
decrease in weight in the web-based programmes
with enhanted features (WMD 2.24, CI [1.27, 3.21]
, p<0,0001)
- Author conclusion : Meta-analysis suggest that
web-based imervenrions achieve similar weight
loss to control or minimal intervention groups, and
web-based inrerventions with enhanced features
achieve greater weight loss than those with
educarion alone
Interventions aiming to achieve weight loss:
- On 1 study reponted percentage weight loss-
greater than 5 % weight change
- Web-based interventions compared with no
intervention or minimal intervention (2 studies) :
n.s. heterogeneity (I2=0%), significant difference in
the change in weight (WMD -0,30 CI[-0,34 ; -0,26],
p<0,00001)
- Compared with face-to-face interventions (2
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studies) : significant heterogeneity (I2=77,5%,
p=0,007), difference in the change of weight non-
significant (WMD 1,8, CI [-1,18 ; 4,79] ; p=0,24)
- Author conclusion: similar levels of weight loss
maintenance to face-to-face interventions and less
weight is regained in comparison to no intervention
Systematic Shimizu H, Pubmed was any form of Included studies: W. J. Lee, et al., “Obesity 2+ Publication bias
Review et al. (2012) searched from bariatric/metabolic 2 retrospektive and 16 prospektive studies 2011. analysis n.a.,
(Milestone [82] January 1, surgery
Descriptive statistics: C. Boza, et al., “ Obesity observational
paper) 1980, to Outcomes: Surgery, 2011. studies were
- 17 (94%) were performed outside of the United included
November 1, Diabetes-related V. C. de Sa, et al. Obesity
States, in Brazil (7, 39%), Italy (4, 22%), Taiwan
2011, for clinical outcomes: Surgery, 2011.
(4, 22%), Chile (1, 6%), and India (1, 6%)
citations using fasting plasma
- 13 studies (72%) have been published in the last 3 C. K. Huang, et al. Obesity
the following glucose (FPG),
years from 2009 to 2011 Surgery, 2011.
keywords: glycated
“metabolic hemoglobin - Surgical procedures included Roux-en-Y gastric N. Scopinaro, et al.,
surgery”, (HbA1c), and bypass (RYGB) in 6 (33%) studies, duodenal- “Annals of Surgery, 2011.
“bariatric postoperative jejunal bypass (DJB) in 4 (22%), biliopancreatic S. S. Shah, et al. Surgery
surgery”, clinical status diversion (BPD) in 3 (17%), minigastric bypass for Obesity and Related
“diabetes (MGB) in 2 (11%), ileal interposition with sleeve or Diseases, 2010.
surgery”, diverted sleeve gastrectomy (II-SG or II-DSG) in 2 W. J. Lee, et al., Surgery,
“T2DM”, “type (11%), sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in 1 (6%), and
2010.
2 diabetes”, stomach and pylorus-preserving BPD (BPD-SPP)
in 1 (6%) A. L. Depaula, et al.
“obesity”,
Surgical Endoscopy and
“BMI < 35 - Patients : in total total 477 patients ; 16 studies
Other Interventional
kg/m2”, “mild reported the patient gender, and 53% of the total
Techniques,
to moderate study population was female ; mean age ranged
obesity”, and from 34 to 56 (mean 47) ; 2009.
“low-BMI”. - Follow-up period ranged from 6 months to 18 A. L. DePaula, et al.
additionally years, (weighted mean was 22 months) ; 2 studies Surgical Endoscopy and
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manual reported the results of a longer than 5-year Other Interventional
reference followup ; Techniques, 2009.
checks were - duration of diabetes prior to surgery ranged from 6 A. C. Ramos, et al.,
performed in months to 28 years (weighted mean 8.2 years) ; Obesity Surgery, 2009.
the identified 30.1%patients using insulin G. S. Ferzli, et al. World
studies. Heterogeneity: Journal of Surgery, 2009.
Inclusion: - n.a. B. Geloneze, et al.
studies
Publication bias: Obesity Surgery, 2009.
published
containing - N.a. C. Chiellini, et al.
data on weight Results Diabetologia, 2009.
loss and W. J. Lee, et al. Journal of
- BMI decreased from 30.4 (95% CI 28.4–32.3) to
T2DM-related Gastrointestinal Surgery,
24.8 (95% CI 24.1–25.5) kg/m2 ; only two studies
outcomes of 2008.
reporting that one of the total 15 patients was in
patients N. Scopinaro, et al.
the mildly undernourished range (BMI 17–18.5
treated with Obesity Surgery, 2007.
kg/m2) after RYGB without any evidence of
any form of
malnutrition and 12 patients (17.4%) after II-DSG R. V. Cohen, et al.
bariatric/metab
were underweight (BMI < 20 kg/m2) without Surgery for Obesity and
olic surgery
lowering serumalbumin value ; overall, the risk of Related Diseases, 2007.
where the
excessive weight loss after metabolic surgery was R. Cohen, et al. Surgery
mean study
2.7% (13 patients) for Obesity and Related
BMI <35
kg/m2.; - T2DM Outcomes : FPG - (12 studies) decreased Diseases, 2006.
language from 203.5 (95% CI 187.4–219.6) to 112.5 (95%
G. Noya, et al., Obesity
English CI 103.9–121.1) mg/dL ; HbA1c (10 studies)
Surgery, 1998
decreased from 9.0 (95% CI 8.6–9.5) to 6.3 (95%
Excluded: BMI CI 6.1–6.6) %. ; diabetes : 86.8% of the patients
≥35 kg/m2, stopped taking antidiabetic medication after
not T2DM surgery ; remission of T2DM : When it is defined
patients, as FPG < 126 mg/dL and/or HbA1c < 6.5% without
diabetic the use of antidiabetic medication at the time of
participants
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had gastric evaluation, 64.7% of the patients met the criteria ;
surgery with Remission of T2DM was achieved in 66.0% of the
anatomical patients with a short history (≤8 years) of T2DM
similarities to and 52.9% of those with a long history (>8 years)
RYGB of T2DM (P = 0.03)
because of - Complications and Mortality : complication rate
gastric cancer was 10.3% (range 4.5–33.3%) in 16 studies ; types
and ulcer, or of complication varied and were dependent on
they did not follow-up period and surgical procedures ;
report mortality rate was 0%in 17 studies
diabetes-
related
outcomes
such as
fasting plasma
glucose
(FPG),
glycated
hemoglobin
(HbA1c), and
postoperative
clinical status
12 Anhänge | 239
c) Einzelstudien
Studien- merkmale
typ
Davis LM, 90 obese adults MD=Medifast FB=isocaloric Weight loss Greater initial weight loss (16 week): 1- Duration < 1 year
et al. (BMI 30-50 replacement diet food-based plan Others : Biomarker of MD 12,3% vs. FB 6,7% Small group
(2010) kg/m2), aged 18- (providing 800- (providing ~1000 inflammation and BMI decrease of 12,3% for MD and Overall drop-out rate
[83] 65, no allergies 1000 kcal/day) kcal/day) oxidative stress (CRP, 6,7% for FB (week 16) of 43,2% for MD
against soy, 16 week=weight ULP, Cholesterol, BMI remained reduced by 7,8% in MD Impossible to blind
RCT wheat, gluten and loss + 24 week Triglycerides) vs. 5,9% in FB (week 40) subjects to
nuts, before <= 14 weight
alcoholic Statistically similar weight loss after 40 intervention
maintenance
beverages per week
week and no Mean net loss of 8,9 +/- 8,9 kg in MD
alcohol intake and 5,7 +/- 8,6 kg in FB (week 40)
during the study, Significant improvements in body
not currently using composition in MD vs. FB (week 16 &
appetite-affecting week 40)
meds, not
pregnant, not Improvements in biochemical outcomes
and other clinical indicators (week 40)
lactating, normal
EKG and lab work CRP: significant interaction between
baseline CRP levels, intervention group
and time; MD group with high baseline
CRP levels significant decreases over
40 weeks
ULP: significant difference between
groups (MD 17,5% vs. FB 5,4%) (week
40); significant interaction between
intervention group & time; significant
mean decrease over time in MD over 40
weeks.
Cholesterol: VLDL significantly
decreased in both groups (MD -8,8%
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vs. FB -15,3%) (week 16);
week 40, FB retained significant
reductions in total cholesterol (-3,6%),
HDL remained significantly increased in
FB, both groups marginally significant
reductions in LDL from baseline (MD
4,4% vs. FB 5,4%)
Klemsdal 202 Men and LGL=low glycamic Low fat diet Weight loss Similar weight loss after one year 1+ 81% completion rate >
TO, et al. women, age 30- load diet Energy: <30% Others (waist Mean weight reduction ~4kg after 1 most earlier trials
(2010) 65, BMI male 28- Energy: 35-40% from fat, 15% circumference, waist/ year
[84] 40 kg/m2 / female from fat, 25-30% from protein, 55- hip ratio, lipids, LGL diet less effective in subject without
28-35 kg/m2, with from protein, 30- 60% from adolipoprotein B, high- metabolic syndrome, i.e. with less than
RCT and without 35% from carbohydrates, sensitivity C-reactive 3 criteria
metabolic carbohydrates and <3% from alcohol protein (hs-CRP),
syndrome, no Significant change in waist
<3% from alcohol insulin, glucose, C-
cardiovascular circumference at 1 year in LFD (-5,8
1 year follow-up peptide, systolic and
disease or cm) vs. LGL (-4,1cm)
diastolic blood
diabetes requiring pressures, heart rate Diastolic blood pressure reduced
medication and number of significantly more in LGL group (-4,0+/-
metabolic syndrome 8,7 mmHg vs. -1,1 +/- 8,5 mmHg)
factors) Proportion of patients with metabolic
syndrome reduced significantly in both
groups: LGL 65% to 45% vs. LFD 60%
to 42%
Tapsell L, 150 overweight low fat (30 % low fat (30 % Weight loss, body fat All groups lost weight and body fat (P < 1+ Duration 3 months,
et al. men and women, energie) diet: energie) diet: Others: leptin, insulin, 0,0001 time effect for both, but LC only overweight
(2010) aged >18y, BMI isocaloric (LF), - low calorie (LF- glucose, lipids and group lost more (P = 0,025 for diet participants were
[85] >25, not smoking, isocaloric with 10 LC) erythrocyte fatty acids effect included
exclusion criteria: % polyunsatureted energie restriction has the most effect
low calorie with
RCT major illnesses fat acids (LF- on weight loss than fat restriction
10 % PUFA (LF-
(e.g. cancer or
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diabetes), regular PUFA) PUFA) All groups reduced total cholesterol
medication (except 12 weeks levels (P < 0,0001 time effect, P=0,017
contraceptives), intervention effect)
food allergies, Triacyglycerol levels were better
habits inhibiting reduced by LC and PUFA groups
the study, illiteracy (P=0,056 diet effect)
and/or inadequate
HDL increased with LF-LC and LF-
conversational
PUFA (P = 0,042 diet effect)
English
Bradley 24 Low fat diet (500 Low carbohydrate Weight loss, others Significant weight loss in both groups 1- Small participants
U, et al. overweight/obese kcal defizit): diet (500 kcal (insulin, adipokine) (>7%), no difference between groups group, duration: only 8
(2009) men (9) and 20 % fat/60 % defizit): level, vaskular Peripheral insulin sensitivity significantly week
[86] women (15), BMI carbohydrate 60 % fat/20 % compliance improved (P=0,03). No difference
>=27 kg/m², carbohydrate between groups in effect on insulin
8 weeks
RCT exclusion: sensitivity
diabetes, use of
Significant difference between groups in
weight loss diet in
change of triglycerides (P=0,01). A
prev. 6 months,
significant reduction in triglycerides after
pregnancy or
low-carb diet (P<0,01).
significant cardiac
disease Within low-fat diet group, total, LDL, and
HDL cholesterol decrease significantly
(P<0,05).
Plasma leptin levels decreased
significantly within each group (P<0,01),
but changes between groups were not
significant.
Improvements in systolic and diastolic
blood pressure were similar.
Christian- 79 obese men and EXO=exercise DIO=hypocaloric Weight loss, Greater weight loss (3.5 kg versus 12.3 1- Duration: 12 week
sen T, et women, aged 18- only, 12 week (n= diet, 8 week very Visceral adipose tissue- kg) and visceral adipose tissue- High drop out rate in
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al. (2009) 45y, 30 kg/m² < 25) low diet (VLED reduction (VAT) reduction in DEX und DIO groups the DIO group
[87] BMI < 40 kg/m², 12 weeks 600 kcal/day) and compared with EXO group (selection bias)
Physically inactive 4 week weight Significant increase of VO2 max in DEX No FU
RCT (< 30 min/day), maintenance diet group of 14%.
weight stabile for (n=29)
GFAT, ASAT and VAT significantly
at least 3 months reduced in EXO group but to a similar
(+/- 2kg of current DEX=hypocaloric degree in the three depots (reduction by
body weight) diet und exercise, 14-18%; P<0,01)
Exclusion: hypocaloric diet, 8 ASAT and VAT reduction was
cardiovasc. week very low significantly lower in EXO compared
disease, T2Dm, diet (VLED 800 with DIO and DEX.
pregnancy or kcal/ day) and 4
HDL significantly increased in DEX
orthopaedic week weight
group.
difficulties causing maintenance diet
inability to + 12 week Males had significantly lower ASAT
undertake exercise exercise (n=25) volume, lower GFAT volume and higher
program VAT volume vs. women.
Frisch S, 200 overweight Low fat diet (DGE), Low carbohydrate Weight loss and loss of Intention to treat analysis 1- Energy intake
et al. subjects, aged 18- weekly nutrition diet (LOGI), fat mass decreased by only 400
(2009) 70 y, BMI > 27 education program, weekly nutrition Others (waist kcal/day within the first
Energy intake decreased by only 400
[88] kg/m² counselling by education circumference, blood 6 month and
kcal/day within the first 6 month and
Exclusion: telephone program, pressure, lipids, increased within the
increased within the second 6 month,
RCT cardiovascular >55% from counselling by parameters of glucose second 6 month
but below baseline value
symptomatology, carbohydrates, telephone, metabolism)
Mean macronutrient composition
ischemia, <30% from fat, <40% energy
differed significantly between both
cholelithiasis, 15% from protein from
groups between month 1 and month 12
urolithiasis, insulin 52 weeks carbohydrates,
dependent >35% from fat, Both diet resulted in similar weight loss
Results: 6 and 12 (p=0.065)
diabetes mellitus, 25% from protein
months after begin
pacemaker In both groups ~76% of weight
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implantation, reduction was due to loss of fat mass
pregnancy, Changes from baseline in triglyceride
lactation, and HDL-cholesterol levels differed
vegetarianism, significantly between groups at month 6
participation in
Systolic BD was significantly higher in
another weight
the low fat diet at month 12
loss program or
medical treatment
for weight
reduction.
Layman 130 men (n=58) PRO- CHO=high Weight loss, At 4 mo PRO significantly greater loss 1+ Focused question,
DK, et al. and women Diet=increased carbohydrate diet Others: body fat, lipids of fat. Weight loss was similar between randomised, Intention
(2009) (n=72), age 40-56, protein and (Energy deficit: - (total cholesterol, LDL- groups after 4 and 12 months to treat analysis
[89] obese decreased 500 kcal), energy C, HDL-C, triaglycerol After 4 mo: CHO significantly lower TC
Exclusion: BMI < carbohydrate diet ~55% from and apolipoprotein B) and LDL-C, whereas PRO had
RCT 26kg/m², body (Energy deficit: - carbohydrates, significantly greater HDL-C and lower
weight >140kg, 500 kcal), energy 15% from protein, TAG and TAG:HDL-C
smoking, medical ~40% from 30% from fat
PRO had more positive effects on lipids
condition requiring carbohydrates,
(TC:HDL-C, p=0.044 and TAG:HDL-C,
medication that 30% from protein,
p=0.016, at 12 mo)
affected primary or 30% from fat
secondary 4 month active
outcomes, use of weight loss, 8
oral steroids or use months weight
of antidepressive maintenance
medication Results: 4 and 12
months after begin
Rolland 120 obese Low Very low calorie Weight loss (primary Greater weight loss in the LL group 1+ 3 mo screening, 3mo
C, et al. patients, male and carbohydrate/high diet, commercial end point) compared to LFRE group after 3 and 9 maintenance if weight
(2009) female, protein diet (LCHP) (Lighter Life, LL) Others (ltotal months after screening (p<0.0001) loss >5%, 1year
[90] Energie intake: Energy intake: cholesterol, LDL-C, Significantly greater losses in BMI, maintenance if weight
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BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 800-1800 kcal/day, ~550 kcal/day, HDL-C, diastolic blood percentage body fat, and fat mass in LL loss >10% -> patients
RCT Exclusion: history <= 40g 36% pressure, systolic blood at 3mo and 9 mo after screening, in failing reduction were
of hepatic or renal carbohydrate/day, carbohydrate, pressure, HbA1c, waist circumferences at 9 mo only. included: intervention
disease, cancer, 800kcal diet: 20% 36% protein, 28% triacylglycerol) Greater improvement of lipids and 9 mo
currently carbohydrate, 40% fat, at least 100% diastolic BP after 3 months, but no
pregnancy or protein, 40% fat. RDA of vitamins difference after 9 months
lactation, and minerals
ITT-Analysis:
antidepressant or
At 3 mo: LL showed significantly greater
anti-obesity
improvement in TC, LDL-C, fasting
medication or
glucose and diastolic BP; significantly
eating disorders
lower HDL-C in LL
At 9 mo: Levels of HbA1c and
triacyglycerol significantly decreased
Compared to screening: significant
decrease in LL in TC, LDL-C, fasting
glucose, HbA1c, systolic BP, and
diastolic BP at 3mo and 9mo; significant
improvement in TC/HDL at 9mo; HDL-C
decreased significantly at 3mo and
improved significantly at 9mo;
triacyglycerol levels improved
significantly at 9mo
Significant improvement in LCHP in
LDL-C and fasting glucose from 3 to 9
mo.
Significantly lower urea concentration in
LL at 3 and 9 mo.
Significantly lower creatinine levels in
LL at 3mo.
Alanine amino transferase and γ-
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glutamyl transferase significantly
decreased in LL at 9mo.
Estimated GFR was significantly greater
in LL at 3mo and 9 mo.
Significantly improvement in hepatic
and renal functions observed in LL
group at 3 and 9mo
Brink- 118 men and Very low Isocaloric High Weight loss/ BMI, fat Similar weight loss and body fat loss 1+ Duration: 52 weeks
worth GD, women carbohydrate/high carbohydrate/low mass, fat-free mass, More positive effects of Intervention on
et al. Age 18-65 saturated fat diet fat diet (LF) (n = abdominal fat mass at other cardiovascular risk parameter
(2009) (LC) (n = 61) 57) baseline, 8 and 52 wk.
With abdominal ITT: Significant reduction in weight in
[91] (~ 6000 kJ/d for (~ 6000 kJ/d for
obesity both groups (P < 0,001), but no
women, ~7000 kJ/d women, ~7000 Others: BP, CRP, significant difference between diets (P =
With at least one
RCT for men) kJ/d for men) Glucose, Insulin 0,22)
additional
metabolic Energy: 4% Energy: 46% homeostasis Completers: absolute weight loss was
syndrome risk carbohydrate, 35% carbohydrate, parameter, lipids, FRS greater in LC group, difference in weight
factor protein, 61% fat 24% protein, 30% (Framingham 10-y loss between groups was not
Restricted fat coronary heart disease statistically significant (P = 0,14)
Exclusion:
carbohydrate Restricted fat risk score) at baseline,
Diabetes, Total FM, FFM, and abdominal fat
intake to <20g/d for intake to <10g/d 8, 24 and 52 wk.
pregnancy, decreased in both diet groups (P <
malignancy, first 8 weeks, and <8% of total 0,001 for time) with no differential effect
history of liver, <40g/d for energy with of diet composition or sex ( P >= 0,25).
cardiovascular, remaining study inclusion of FFM decreased to a greater extent in
peripheral approved food LC (P = 0,03 for time x diet interaction),
vascular, exchange but difference was no longer significant
Duration: 52 weeks
respiratory, or between weeks 9 after differences in FM loss were
gastrointestinal and 52 controlled ( P = 0,06) -> suggests that
disease greater reduction in FFM in LC group
was direct effect of greater absolute
weight loss
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FFM:FM ratio increased in both groups
by week 52 (P<0,001 for time effect)
LC group consumed significantly less
carbohydrate and more protein, total fat,
unsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat,
saturated fat, and cholesterol (P <
0,001)
During initial stages of study plasma β-
hydroxybutyrate concentrations
increased significantly more in LC
group; although concentration
decreased over time, they remained
higher than in LF group throughout
intervention
Significant time x diet interaction for 24h
urinary urea excretion (P = 0,004);
excretion was significantly greater in LC
group at week 8 and week 52 -> higher
protein intake in LC group during study
Blood pressure, fasting glucose,
HOMA2-IR, and HOMA2%B all
decreased and HOMA2%S increased
over time in both groups (P<0,001 for
time effect) with no effect of diet or sex;
completers similar results.
CRP concentration decreased during
study (P < 0,001 for time), with no effect
of diet ir sex; completers showed similar
response between diets
Overall, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and
HDL-C increased more with LC (P<=
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0,02 for time x diet interaction);
triglyceride concentrations and
triglyceride:HDL-C ratio decreased to a
greater extent in LC group (P = 0,001
for time x diet interaction)
LDL-C increased by >10% in 18
individuals in LC group and 8
individuals in LF group (P= 0,009)
Completers: FRS decreased in both
groups at week 52 (P=0,01 for time
effect)
Aldrich 18 healthy, midlife Whey protein diet Standard weight Weight change, body Significant weight loss within each 1- Small study group
ND, et al. adults, aged 40- (WP) loss diets: composition, rennin treatment group (p< 0,05 for CD, MP (power analysis n.a.)
(2011) 60y, BMI 27-32 Mixed protein angiotensin aldosterone and WP) ITT n.a.
[92] kg/m², no recent (MP) system activity Measured outcomes were not
Energy: 40% CoA n.a.
weight change, statistically different, but trend in WP
carbohydrate, 15% Energy: 40% Blinding n.a.
RCT fasting blood group towards greater weight loss and
mixed protein, 15% carbohydrate,
glucose measure greater fat loss. AE, CI n.a.
whey protein, 30% 30% protein, 30
<126 mg/dL,
fat fat Significantly greater decrease in systolic
willingness to
blood pressure (p< 0,05) and in regional
comply with dietary
fat loss (leg and gynoid, p< 0,05) in WP
treatments Duration: 5 months Control diet (CD)
group compared to CD
( 8 weeks Energy; 55%
controlled food Week 8: all groups had similar ACE
Exclusion: current carbohydrate,
intake. 12 weeks measures with significant derease
medical problem, 15% protein, 30%
ad libitum intake) within CD group (p<0,05)
pregnancy, use of fat
Protein intake between diets was
prescription
significantly different throughout 20
medication
weeks
Protein and carbohydrate intake were
significantly different (p<0,05) between
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CD treatment and both high protein
treatments
Kreider 90 sedentary, Meal-replacement- Meal-plan-based Weight loss (weight, fat Significantly higher moderate and 1- Small study group
RB, et al. apparently healthy based diet (MRP) diet + supervised mass, centimetres from vigorous physical activity levels in SDE <3 months horizon, for
(2011) obese women, exercise program hips and waist) group with no differences between subgroup (n=77) >3
[93] aged 18-55y, BMI (SED) Body composition, groups in daily energy intake months
Duration: 10 weeks
27-40 kg/m² REE, and fitness SDE group lost more weight (P = 0,03),
(+24 weeks weight
RCT Fasting blood lipid, fat mass (P = 0,02),centimetres from
maintenance
Exclusion: recent glucose, and insulin hips (P = 0,002) and waist (P = 0,005)
phase, n= 77)
story of weight and had greater increase in peak
Nutrition intake and
change (+/- 3,2kg) aerobic capacity (P = 0,001) vs. MRP
physical activity
within 3 months, group
metabolic or REE levels significantly decreased in
cardiovascular both groups (P = 0,001)
disorder, including Energy and fat intake decreased
known electrolyte significantly over time with no significant
abnormalities, differences observed between groups;
heart disease, protein intake was significantly higher in
arrhythmias, SDE group
diabetes, thyroid
HDL-C levels were significantly higher
disease,
in SDE group
hypogonadism, or
history of Significant time effects were seen in
hypertension, physical function (P = 0,02), vitality (P =
hepatorenal, 0,01) and mental health (P = 0,001)
musculoskeletal, with no differences between groups
autoimmune or
neurologic Maintenance phase: (n=77)
disease,
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prescription Dieting significantly decreased total
thyroid, energy intake (P = 0,001) and fat intake
hyperlipidemic, (P = 0,001) in both groups over time
hypoglycaemic, Analysis of diet satisfaction inventories:
anti-hypertensive SED group reported significantly more
and/or androgenic energy (P = 0,05)
medication, history
SED group reported significantly less
of pregnancy or
light physical activity(P = 0,002), more
lactation within
of moderate physical activity (P = 0,04)
past 12mo or
and more of vigorous physical activity
intention to
(P = 0,004) vs. MRP
become pregnant
during next 12mo, SED group lost significantly more
participation in weight (P = 0,001), fat mass (P = 0,01)
regular exercise and centimetres from hips (P = 0,001).
program within Mean RRE significantly decreased in
past 3mo, both groups over time
unwillingness to SDE group observed significantly
consume study greater improvements in peak aerobic
products on a capacity (P = 0,001) as well as upper (P
regular basis after = 0,006) and lower body (P = 0,02)
testing, taking any 1RM strength
weight loss
medication and/or Triglyceride levels were significantly
dietary higher in MRP group than in SDE group
supplements that Physical function (P = 0,06) and vitality
may affect muscle (P = 0,09) tended to increase to a
mass or body greater degree in SDE group
weight during 3mo
before beginning
the study, and any
condition
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classifying them as
high risk for
cardiovascular
disease
Te 83 overweight or Moderately high High fiber, Weight loss Participants on HP lost more body 1- Drop out rate 11 %
Morenga obese women, protein diet (HP) relatively high Total body fat mass, weight (p = 0,039) and total body fat (p Analysis of 74
LA, et al. aged 18-65y, BMI Energy: 30% carbohydrate diet lean mass, body fat = 0,029) individuals = small
(2011) >= 27 kg/m² protein, 40% (HiFib) percentage, truncal fat Diastolic blood pressure decreased study group
[94] carbohydrate, 30% Energy: 50% mass, waist more on HP (p = 0,005) Short duration
Exclusion: heart fat carbohydrate, circumference, resting Change in weight was statistically CI
RCT disease, cancer or >35g total dietary blood pressure, fasting significant predictor for the reduction in
fibre, 20% protein, insulin, glucose, Flow chart
kidney disease Duration: 8weeks SBP (p= 0,026)
diagnosed; taking 10% fat triglycerides, AE n.a.
Significantly greater energy reduction
medication cholesterol, metabolic Partially-blinded
on HFiB than on HP
influencing syndrome
Sample size (n=35)
appetite and determined by power
weight control; analysis (power =
participated in a 90%)
weight loss
Computer-generated
programm or had
lost more than 1kg randomization
bodyweight in (schemea n.a.)
previous 2mo; Per-protocol analysis
pregnancy, Comparability of diets
planning a concerning energy
pregnancy or intake not clear
breastfeeding (p=0,047)
Kerksick 141 sedentary, Diet + exercise No diet + no Weight loss diet+exercise groups reported 1- Wide question
CM, et al. obese women groups: exercise group Body composition significant greater anthropometric (waist Small groups (in total
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(2010) Exclusion: 1.) (CON) Cardiovascular disease circumference and body mass) and 141)
[95] presence or High-energy diet No diet + exercise risk body composition via DXA (fat mass
diagnosis of any (HED) control (ND) and %fat)
RCT metabolic or Energy: 2600 Significant fitness improvements
cardiovascular kcals, 55% (aerobic capacity and max strength)
disorder including carbohydrate, 15% occurred in all exercising groups.
known electrolyte protein, 30% fat Significant reductions in serum leptin
abnormalities, Phase II: 2600 occurred in all caloric restriction +
heart disease, kcals, 40% exercise groups after 14 weeks, but
arrhythmias, carbohydrate, 30% unchanged in other non-diet/non-
diabetes, thyroid protein, 30% fat exercise groups
disease, or Phase III: 2600
hypogonadism, kcals, 55%
history of carbohydrate, 15%
hypertension, protein, 30% fat
hepatorenal,
Very low
musculoskeletal,
carbohydrate, high
autoimmune or
protein diet
neurologic
(VLCHP)
disease; 2.)
Energy: 1200kcals,
currently taking or
7% carbohydrates,
prescribed
63% protein, 30%
medication for
fat
hyperlipidemia,
Phase II: 1600
hypoglycaemia,
kcal, 15%
hypertension, or
carbohydrate, 55%
androgenic
protein, 30% fat
medications; 3.)
Phase III: 2600
ergogenic levels of
kcals, 55%
nutritional
carbohydrate, 15%
supplements
protein, 30% fat
affecting muscle
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mass,
anabolic/catabolic Low carbohydrate,
hormone levels, or moderate protein
weight loss within diet (LCHP)
six mo prior to start Energy: 1200
of study; 4.) kcals, 20%
classified as high carbohydrate, 50%
risk for protein, 30% fat
cardiovascular Phase II: 1600
disease; 5.) kcals
agreed to not Phase III: 2600
participate in any kcals, 55%
other form of a diet carbohydrate, 15%
or exercise protein, 30% fat
programm during
High carbohydrate,
their participation
low protein (HCLP)
in the study
Energy: 1200 kcal,
55% carbohydrate,
15% protein, 30%
fat;
Phase II: 1600
kcal, 15%
carbohydrate, 55%
protein, 30% fat
Phase III: 2600
kcals, 55%
carbohydrate, 15%
protein, 30% fat
Duration: 14 weeks
(Phase I 1week,
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Phase II 9 weeks,
Phase III 4 weeks)
Phase III: upon 3
pounds weight gain
-> phase I diet until
additional weight
was lost -> then
backt o 2600 kcals
Claes- 60 overweight, High carbohydrate High protein Weight loss HC and HP groups differed significantly 1- Small study
sens M, obese subjects, diet (HC) + casein diet (HPC) Others: body from each other in carbohydrate intake population, power
et al. BMI >= 27 kg/m², maltodexin + casein composition, blood and protein intake (P< 0,005) analysis n.a.
(2009) m and f, aged 30- supplements supplements pressure, glucose and Weight loss period: Short time horizon
[96] 60y, weight stable VLCD: 500kcal/d VLCD: 500kcal/d lipid metabolism BW, fat-free mass, waist and hip CI n.a.
over past 2 mo circumference (all P<= 0,001) and blood
Energy intake: 30% Energy intake: Flow chart n.a.
RCT before enrollment pressure (P<=0,001) were lowered.
fat, 55% 30% fat, 25%
Significant decrease was found in all AE n.a.
carbohydrate, 15% protein, 45 %
Exclusion: protein carbohydrate blood lipids (P<=0,001). ITT n.a.
increased fasting Plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon and Not blinded, but HP
glucose (>6mmoll- leptin concentrations, and LDL/HDL group blinded for for
Duration: 5-6 High protein whey ratio were significantly reduced (P<
1), TGs (>2,3 the kind of protein
weeks energy diet (HPW) + 0,001).
mmoll-1) or total they were
restriction period whey HbA1c was significantly increased
cholesterol levels supplemented with
(VLCD), 12 weeks supplements (P=0,03)
(> 6,5 mmoll-1),
weight VLCD: 500kcal/d
diastolic blood Weight maintenance period.
maintenance
pressure >100 Energy intake: Change in body fat percentage (week
period
mmHg, unable to 30% fat, 25% 18-week6) was significantly different
lose at least 5% of protein, 45 % between HC and HP groups (P=0,02).
their initial body carbohydrate Fasting glucose concentration
weight during increased significantly more from week6
weight loss phase to week18 in HP group (P=0,02).
Fasting glucagon concentrations
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increased significantly on HC diet
compared with HP diet (P=0,02)
Delbridge 141 healthy High protein diet High Weight loss Significant weight loss after 3mo, 1+ Sufficient study
EA, et al. overweight and (HP) carbohydrate diet Anthropometric maintained for 1year for both groups. population size; power
(2009) obese men and Energy intake: 30% (HC) measurements, lipids, Phase 1: all anthropometric analysis n.a.
[97] women, aged 18- protein, <30% fat Energy intake: blood pressure, measurements decreased significantly Long time horizon
75y, BMI >= 30 or 15% protein, during for all subjects. ITT
RCT >=27, with <30% fat Significant decrease in fat mass and fat-
comorbidities Flow chart
free mass.
Exclusion: Duration: phase 1 Significant reductions in waist and hip CI reported
significant disease, 3mo intensive circumferences. Total cholesterol and AEs described
endocrine weight loss; phase triglycerides decreased significantly. Randomization
disorder, 2 Significant mean SBP and DBP described
psychiatric illness, 12mo weight decrease (P<0,001).
alcohol or drug maintenance phase
abuse, lactation,
Phase2: Significant increase in fat
pregnancy or
mass. Significant increase in mean HDL
planned to become
(P<0,001). Significant increase in SBP
pregnant during
(P<0,014). Small but significant
study
increase in DBP during phase 2
(P<0,012).
By the end of the study:

all subjects experienced significant
decrease in weight, fat mass, and fat-
free mass.
Reductions in systolic blood pressure
for the HP group and for the HC group
(P<0.045).
Total and LDL-Cholesterol and
triglyceride concentrations remained
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significantly reduced. Overall decrease
in SBP (P<0,001), statistically difference
between groups (P<0,045).
Dale KS, 200 women, High-carbohydrate High- Weight loss Average weight loss did not differ 1+ Sufficient population
et al. intentionally lost diet monounsaturated- Secondary: BMI, waist between support programs or diets. size; power analysis
(2009) >5% initial body + fat diet circumference, fat Total and LDL-C were significantly done
[98] weight in prev. + mass, blood pressure, higher in high-monounsaturated-fat diet. Long time horizon
Intensive/ nurse
6mo, BMI lipids, glucose and High-monounsaturated-fat diet had
Energy intake: 15- Intensive/ nurse CI reported
RCT >=27kg/m² insulin levels significantly higher intages of total fat
20% protein, 25- AEs reported
Exclusion: chronic and saturated fat (both P<0,001).. All
30% fat, 55% Energy intake: ITT
physical or other clinical and laboratory measures
carbohydrates 25% protein, 21%
psychiatric illness were similar among support programs Flow chart
(incl. diabetes, monounsaturated and diets. Not blinded
gestational Duration: 2 years fat, 40%
diabetes, carbohydrates
cardiovascular
disease, renal
disease,
malabsorption
disorders, active
treatment for
cancer, conditions
that would prevent
them from being
physically active),
taking medications
affecting weight,
not intend to live in
the region for 2
years, pregnancy
or intend to
conceive within 2
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years of
recruitment
Jeffery 213 adults, aged Maintenance- Standard Change in body weight SBT group lost more weight than MTT 1+ Large study
RW, et al. >=18y, BMI 30-39 tailored therapy behaviour therapy group in first 6mo of treatment (p<0,02). population
(2009) kg/m², free from (MTT) (SBT) Mo 12-18, SBT group gained weight Power analysis n.a.
[99] serious medical significantly different from zero (p<0,
Long time horizon
conditions 01). Difference between groups was
Duration: 18mo Non-blinded
RCT highly significant (p<0,01).
MTT group’s overall homework Flow chart
completion rate (52%) was significantly CI n.a.
greater than the other’s group rate (p< AEs n.a.
0,001).
Randomization by
MTT group reported significantly higher computer
perceived reinforcement from weight
loss at 18mo.
Strong associations in both session
attendance and homework completion
(both p<0,001) predicted greater weight
loss.
Rodri- 105 obese (BMI Cognitive Controls: % Weight loss Adding CBT to either LF or LC diet 1+ ITT
guez- >=30kg/m²) behavioural Control group with Blood pressure, total produced significantly greater short- Sufficient duration
Hern- women, average treatment (CBT): low-carbohydrate body fat, waist term weight loss in obese women
Moderate study
andez H, age 45,4 years, diet (C-LC) circumference, BMI, compared with diet alone.
population, no power
et al. average BMI 36 fasting glucose, TAG
+ low-carbohydrate Control group with analysis
(2009) kg/m²
diet (CBT-LC) low-fat diet (C-LF) LC groups: AEs n.a.
[100] Exclusion:
+ low-fat diet (CBT- At post-test, women in CBT-LC group
Pregnancy, CI n.a.
LF) significantly decreased TAG
RCT hypothyroidism, concentration Not blinded
heart failure, renal
and hepatic Duration: 6 mo
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disease LF groups:
At post-test, women in CBF-LF group
had significantly decreased body fat,
weight, BMI and TAG concentrations.
Greater weight loss in CBT-LF group

(P=0,049), but difference between C-LC
and C-LF was not significant (P=0,75).
Cooper Z, 150 Female, aged Cognitive Behaviour therapy Weight changes 24 weeks: BT lost significantly more 1+ Randomization
et al. 20-60y, BMI 30- behaviour therapy (BT): BMI, binge eating weight than GSH (p=0,003). described
(2010) 39,9 kg/m², (CBT): 24 sessions a frequency, acceptance At 44 weeks: BT lost significantly more Flow chart
[101] available for 24 sessions a 50min; ~1200 of shape and weight weight than GSH (p=0,001). Sufficient population
treatment for 44 50min; first 24-30 kcal/d; week 24- Period between 24 and 44 weeks: size; power analysis
RCT weeks, willing to weeks weight loss 30 & week 36 significant increase in weight among with sufficient power
participate in study phase (~1500 weight both the GSH and CBT conditions (p= (80%)
kcal/d) maintenance 0,003); small significant decrease in ITT
Exclusion: weight optional weight among BT participants (p=
CI
loss >=10% within Duration: 44 Duration: 44 0,024), with overall difference between
prev. 6mo, major weeks, FU 3 groups being statistically significant AE n.a.
weeks, FU 3 years
medical or years (p<0,001). Long FU
psychiatric illness CBT vs. BT: independent
(incl. T1dm, assessors blind to the
Guided self-help Initial weight and FU time (both
T2dm), current participants’ treatment
(GSH): p<0,001) were strongest predictors of
psychiatric or conditions
~1200 kcal/d, FU weight. Significant (p=0,04) adjusted
psychological
healthy food mean difference in FU weight between
treatment,
choices, and participants in CBT and BT conditions.
disorders or
treatments known gradually increase At the end of treatment the greater the
to affect eating, level of activity; weight loss, and in particular the greater
weight or 24 weeks; 2 face- the percentage weight loss, the higher
metabolic rate, and to-face sessions the acceptance of shape (both
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disorders in which & 15 20-min p<0,001). After adjustment, CBT group
calorie or fat telephone was significantly more accepting their
restriction are sessions shape (p=0,001).
contraindicated. Duration: 24 During FU there being a progressive
weeks, FU 3 increase in acceptance of shape in CBT
years but not BT (p=0,040). And significant
relationship across and within both
groups between acceptance of shape at
end of treatment and weight during FU,
with greater the acceptance the lower
the weight (p<0,001).
Statistically significant improvement
from baseline to end of treatment in BSI
scores across all treatment groups
(p<0,001).
Across all three groups there were
statistically significant improvements in
the eight SF-36 domains and the two
summary scores (PCS and MCS) from
baseline to the end of treatment (PCS:
p<0,001; MCS: p<0,001), although
generally there were statistically
significant deteriorations in scores
during FU (p=0,002).
Gripeteg 169 patients, m Group 1 : 1week Group 6 : 6 week Difference in weight Between week 12 and 52, completers in 1+ ITT
L, et al. and f, aged 18-60 re-feeding + 40 re-feeding + 40 change (%) week 12-52 Group 6 regained significantly less Long study horizon
(2010) y, BMI >30 kg/m², weeks active weeks active and week 18-52 weight as compared to Group 1 (P =
Sufficient study
[102] Swedish speaking treatment treatment Eating behaviour 0.006), (ITT, P = 0.05).
population, power
scores, cardiovascular Overall weight loss at week 52 analysis (power 80%)
RCT Exclusion: Duration: 1 year risk factors (waist compared to baseline was significantly
Non-blinded
contraindications treatment program circumference, systolic greater in Group 6 than in Group1 (P =
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for VLED as + 12 weeks initial and diastolic blood 0.03). Flow chart
pregnancy, very-low-energy pressure, P-Glucose, Eight (10%) and 20 (24%) patients in AEs reported
lactation, unstable diet (VLED) S-HDL, and S- Group 1 and Group 6 respectively, CI n.a.
T1dM, cardiac Triacylglycerol) continued to lose weight after ordinary
disease, recent Randomisation
foods were re-introduced and had a
cerebrovascular described
lower weight at week 52 than at week
disease, history of 12 (P =0.01).
eating disorder,
severe psychiatric
disorder or other Statistically significant changes were
severe disease, observed in both groups after the VLED
weight loss period, i.e., cognitive restraint
medication. increased, while uncontrolled and
emotional eating decreased, except for
emotional eating at week 52.
At week 21 (P = 0.01) and 26 (P =
0.02), dietary restraint was significantly
higher in Group 6 than in Group 1.
After one year, cognitive restraint and
uncontrolled eating had significantly
improved in both groups as compared
to baseline.
Week 52, waist circumference, systolic
and diastolic blood pressure, P-
Glucose, S-HDL, and S-Triacylglycerol
were significantly improved in both
treatment groups as compared to
baseline, with the exception of diastolic
blood pressure in Group 1.
Nancha- 123 adults (80.3% structured lifestyle usual care (n = Weight loss, waist Weight loss: 1+ Flow chart
hal K, et women, mean age support (n = 30), 31), or usual care circumference adjusted mean difference in weight in ITT
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al. (2009) 47.2 years), weight structured lifestyle plus pedometer (n structured support compared to usual Inclusion criteria were
[103] ranged from 66 to support plus = 31) care groups was –2.63 kg (95% CI = – reported
165 kg, BMI - from pedometer (n = 31) 4.06 to –1.20 kg), and for pedometer randomization using a
RCT 27.6 to 50.9 duration: 12 week compared to no pedometer groups – 2 × 2 factorial design
kg/m2, and waist 0.11 kg (95% CI = –1.52 to 1.30 kg).
Moderate study
circumferences One in three (17/50, 34.0%) participants population
from 78 to 157 cm, in the structured support groups lost 5%
and 95.8% Short duration!
or more of their initial weight, compared
(114/119) to fewer than one in five (10/53, 18.9%) CI were reported
described in usual-care groups; provision of a AE n.a.
themselves as pedometer made little difference (14/48,
white; not 29.2% pedometer; 13/55, 23.6% no
pregnant, and not pedometer)
on weightloss
Structured support resulted in a greater
medication
percentage weight loss than did usual
recruited from
care (adjusted difference mean –2.78%;
eight practices;
95% CI = –4.25 to –1.30%); provision of
Characteristics did a pedometer did not affect the degree of
not vary weight loss (adjusted difference mean –
significantly by 0.36%; 95% CI = –1.82 to 1.10%)
randomisation
waist circumference
group
Difference in waist circumference
change between structured-support and
usual-care groups was –1.80 cm (95%
CI = –3.39 to –0.20 cm), and between
the pedometer and no pedometer
groups it was –0.84 cm (95% CI = –
2.42 to 0.73 cm).
Wing RR, Study 1: Study 1: Study 1: Weight losses Study 1: 1+ Flow chart
et al. 179 individuals, Shape Up RI + Standard Shape Greater proportion of Did not significantly improve weight ITT
(2010) male and female, lessons individuals achieving
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[104] averaged 46,5y, (SURI+lessons) Up RI weight loss of >5% at losses No exclusion criteria
BMI 33,8, initial Weekly lessons the end of competition Study 2: Inclusion criteria not
RCT weight averaged teaching detailed
Study 2: Weight losses for Shype Up RI
92,0kg behavioural
Standard Shape enhanced were significantly greater Study 2:
strategies than for standard Shape Up RI randomization ratio
Up RI
Study 2: (P<0,01). Greater proportion of Shape Moderate study
128 individuals, Study 2: Up RI enhanced lost at least 5% of population
male and female, starting weight (P<0,01).
Standard Shape Short duration!
averaged age Up RI enhanced Similar results for ITT.
CI n.a.
46,9y, BMI 33,9, Weight loss in Shape Up RI enhanced
Multimedia lessons AE n.a.
initial weight group was related to the number of
+ increased self-
averaged 92,0kg days of calorie and weight reporting and
monitoring and
automated number of lessons viewed (all P<0,01)
computer feedback and to post-treatment levels of physical
on behaviour activity (p<0,05), number of weight
changes and control strategies used (P<0,01) and
weight loss frequency of selfweighing (P<0,01).
Duration: 12 weeks Study 1 vs. study 2:

Addition of video lessons and self-
monitoring with automated feedback
resulted in a large significant increase in
weight losscompared with the standard
Shape Up RI program.
Nackers 262 relatively SLOW: MODERAT: Change In body weight Ethnicity varied significantly by group 1- Large study
LM, et al. healthy, weight (<0,23 kg/week) (>=0,23 and Caloric intake, physical categorization (p=0,001): largest population: power
(2010) stable, obese <0,68 kg/week) activity, attendance, proportion of Caucasians in FAST analysis n.a.
1200 kcal/d
[105] women, aged 50- adherence group, largest proportion of minority Long time horizon
1200 kcal/d
75y, mean participants in SLOW.
CI n.a.
RCT baseline weight of Duration: 6mo Significant interaction effect for time x
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96,5+/- 14,9kg, lifestyle weight loss group (p<0,001). AE n.a.
BMI 36,8 +/- intervention + 1 FAST: Between baseline and 6mo FAST group Flow cahrt n.a.
5,0kg/m² year extended care lost significantly more weight than
(>= 0,68 kg/week) ITT n.a.
program (FU) MODERATE group, and SLOW group;
1200 kcal/d Randomisation n.a.
MODERATE group lost significantly
more weight than SLOW group (all
p<0,001)
Baseline to 18mo: FAST group lost
significantly more weight than SLOW
group (p<0,001)
At 18mo:
weight loss group was significantly
associated with maintenance of 10%
weight loss at 18mo (p<0,001); FAST
group was significantly more likely to
maintenain a 10% weight loss than
MODERATE group (p=0,048) and
SLOW group (p<0,001). MODERATE
group was significantly more likely to
maintain 10% weight loss than
participants in SLOW group (p=0,003).
2. outcomes:
Error variance was significantly different
between groups for attendance
(p<0,001) and adherence (p<0,001).
Significant main effect was found for
weight loss groups (p<0,001) such that
attendance, adherence, caloric intake,
and physical activity during first month
of treatment varied by weight loss
group.
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FAST group attendet significantly more
sessions than SLOW group (p=0,025),
completed significantly more food
records (p<0,001) and consumed
significantly fewer calories (p=0,034).
MODERATE group completed
significantly more food records
(p<0,001) and walked significantly more
steps per day (p=0,014).
Vazquez 62 Caucasian Intervention group Control group Maintenance of weight Weight maintenance or further weight 1+ Not blinded
C, et al. adults, 18-75y, Phase 1+2: diet loss or further weight loss occurred in 83,9% of patients in the Small study
(2009) male and female, 400-500kcal/d loss intervention group, only 58,1% in population; but power
Phase 1:diet
[106] >=5% weight loss Energy: 55% Changes in body control group (P=0,025). analysis: 31 patients
Phase 2:
during induction carbohydrates, composition, blood Intervention group lost significantly per group for β=0,2
low-calorie diet
RCT phase 30% fat , 15% pressure and more of initial weight compared to and α=0,05.
formular instead of
dinner proteins biochemical variables control group (P=0,030). Flow chart
Exclusion: related to glucose and Waist circumference diminished Patients’
pharmacological lipid metabolism (P<0,001) and HDL concentration
Phase 1+2: 400- characteristics not
therapy for weight increased (P=0,001) with time very detailed
500kcal/d
loss, renal, (significant within-subject effects) in the
Energy: 55% ITT
hepatic, pulmonary studied patients.
carbohydrates, CI n.a.
or cardiovascular
30% fat , 15%
disease, major AE reported
proteins
depression, Sufficient duration
pregnancy or
lactation Duration: phase 1
6mo; phase 2
(weight
maintenance) 6mo
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Anderson 45 volunteers, Meal replacement Control group (C- Weight loss Mean weight losses during weight-loss 1+ ITT
JW, et al. aged 20-65y, BMI + fruits, vegetables group): phase (week 8 and 16) for MR-FV Flow chart
(2011) 30-39,9 km/m², (MR-FV-group) Energy-restricted group was significantlygreater
AEs reported
[107] good health standardized diet; (P<0,0001).
behavioural CI n.a.
Exclusion: Energy: 30%, Weight losses were significantly greater
RCT allergies to education program: at 24wks for the MR-FV group (ITT: Randomisation
50%
ingredients, combination of P<0,0001; Completers: P<0,0001) described
carbohydrates,
participation or behaviour-change 2 lead physicians
20%protein Reduction in waist circumference for
were recently strategies + diet blinded
Aim: achieve MR_FV were significantly graeter than
participating in any and exercise goals.
weight loss of for C-group (8 and 16 weeks, Small study
other clinical study, low energy diet:
~10% during 6mo P<0,0001). population; but power
lost or gained >5lb, >=5.0mJ or 1200
kcal/d Glucose values were significantly lower analysis (80% power
participation in a for 4,5% difference)
in MR-FV group at 16 and 24 weeks but
structured weight-
not in C-group (24 week difference, Moderate time horizon
loss program Duration: 24 weeks P=0,02).
during previous (weight loss phase
3mo, currently MR_FV group had significantly lower
at 8 and 16 weeks,
using weight-loss serum cholesterol values at 16 weeks
maintenance
medicatios or (P vs. C group <0,05).
period 16-24
supplements, weeks) Serum LDL-C were significantly lower
medications for the MR-FV group at 16 weeks
affecting body (P=0,0168 vs. C-group)
weight, surgical At 24weeks, systolic blood pressure
intervention for values were significantly below baseline
treatment of values in both groups (P<0,05)
obesity, diagnosis
of diabetes Reductions in diastolic blood pressure
were greater in MR-FV group than in C-
mellitus or fasting
blood glucose group and differences between groups
value >=126 were significant at 16 weeks (P=0,0045)
mg/dL, use of
anticoagulants or
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oxcarbazepine
Van Wier 1386 empoyees, m Phone counselling e-mail counselling Body weight In the main analysis the phone group 1+ CI reported
MF, et al. and f, BMI ≥ 25 (phone group): (internet group): Fat, fruit and vegetable had a significant weight loss of 1.5 kg Blinding n.a.
(2011) kg/m2, paid intervention web-based intake, physical activity (95% CI -2.2; -0.8) in comparison with Power calculation
[108] employment for >= materials + phone intervention with and waist the control group. (90% power) to detect
8 hours a week, counselling e-mail counselling circumference In the secondary analysis the phone 1,4kg weight losswith
RCT able to read and
group had a significant loss of 1.6 kg sample seize at 1500
write Dutch, having
Duration: 6mo + usual care (95% CI -2.2; -1.0) and in the internet AE n.a.
access to internet
2years FU (control group): group 1.1 kg (95% CI -1.7; -0.5),
(either at work or Large study
i.e. lifestyle compared with the control group.
at home) and population
skilled in using it, brochures Compared with the control group, the
Sufficient time horizon
aged >=18 years phone group significantly lost 1.9 cm
(95% CI -2.7; -1.0) and the internet Randomization
group 1.2 cm (95% CI -2.1; -0.4), described
Exclusion: ITT n.a.
The comparison of the phone group
Pregnancy or with the control group showed
treatment for statistically significant changes for fat
disorders making intake and for physical activity.
physical activity
difficult
Van Wier See Van Wier MF, et al. (2011)
MF, et al.
(2009)
[109]
RCT
Befort 34 rural women, Group phone Individual phone Weight loss Completers analysis showed that 1- Randomisation
CA, et al. age 22–65 y, counselling counselling Dietary, physical weight loss was greater in the group described
(2010) residence in a rural Diet: 1200- Diet: 1200- activity, and condition compared to the individual Small study
[110]
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area 1500kcal/d, <25% 1500kcal/d, <25% psychosocial condition (p=.03). population; power
RCT defined Census fat fat contributors analysis n.a.
Bureau as outside Ca.60min group Ca.25-45 min costs Participants in the group condition CI n.a.
urban areas with calls weekly individual calls showed greater weight loss from AEs n.a.
10,000 or more, Duration: 6mo weekly Baseline to week 16 (p=.01), from Sufficient time horizon
BMI 25 - 44.9 Baseline to Week24 (p=.01), and
kg/m2, English- Blinding n.a.
marginally greater weight loss from
speaking, weight week 16 to week 24 (p=.10). Pairwise
stable comparisons across time showed that
(no more than 10 both conditions had significant weight
lb weight loss from baseline to week 16 (both
fluctuation within ps<.001), but only the group condition
previous 6 mo), showed significant weight loss from
able to walk briskly week 16 to week 24 (p=.009).
unassisted for at
least 10 min,
From Baseline to Week 24,
working cell or
home phone participants in the group and individual
number, no special conditions decreased their daily caloric
dietary restrictions intake by, decreased their fat
(e.g. consumption, increased their fruit and
vegetable consumption, and increased
vegetarian), able
their physical activity, respectively (all
to obtain clearance
ps for time <.001).
to participate from
a primary care Participants in group and individual
provider who conditions both showed improvements
in self-efficacy for controlling diet and
verified medical
problem-solving skills (ps for time <.001
risk exclusion
and .05, respectively).
criteria.
Participants in the group condition
reported greater agreement on goals,
Exclusion: not greater agreement on how to achieve
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typ
pregnant during those goals, and a stronger personal
previous six bond with their counselor (all ps<.05).
months, lactating,
currently pregnant,
or planning to
become pregnant,
serious medical
risk such as
unstable cardiac
condition,
congestive heart
failure, recent
cancer treatment,
or severe
pulmonary
disease,
substance abuse
depression or
binge eating
disorder
Patrick K, 441 Internet-based Wait-list Control: BMI, weight, waist Baseline adjusted differences at 12mo 1+ Flow chart
et al. overweight/obese weight loss Alternate web site circumference were not found between groups in ITT Large study
(2011) men, aged 25-55y, intervention Behavioural outcomes analysis for BMI, weight, or waist population
[111] BMI >=25kg/m² circumference.
Long time horizon
Duration: 1 year At 12mo, intervention decreased
CI n.a.
RCT percent of energy from saturated fat
and increased grams of fiber and ITT
fuit/vegetable servings per 1000kcal (p AE n.a.
values < 0,001) and walked 16min/d Blinding n.a.
more (p<0,05).
No detailed
Among completers, men in highest characteristics, no
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typ
tertile of intervention participation had exclusion criteria
lower weight, BMI and waist
circumference.
McDoniel 111 obese adults, Experimental group Usual care group: Body weight, arterial Completer analysis indicated a 1- Participants blided zo
SO, et al. m and f, aged 18- : i.e. self-monitoring Standard nutrition blood pressure, significant improvement in bodyweight, opposing treatment
(2010) 70y, BMI and resting plan 3day food psychobehavioral systolic arterial pressure, and all group
[112] 30>=kg/m², home metabolic rate menu (i.e. women constructs motivational constructs following the 12- ITT
personal technology 1200 kcal/d, men week study (p<= .05).
AEs n.a.
RCT computer, access (SMART) 1600 kcal/d) + ITT: both groups showed significant
to email >=2 nutrition CI n.a.
standard 30d reduction in systolic arterial blood
days/week, not program,+compute paper journal for pressure (p=0,02). Sufficient study
using tobacco rized self- selfmonitoring population
1-way-ANOVA: significant relationship
products since monitoring software Power analysis:
among all 3 motivational constructs and
study was program motivational
week12 bodyweight ∆ (p=0,001).
centered on weight constructs power of
Combined motivational ∆ accounted for
reduction versus 80% for total sample
Duration: 12 weeks 25,7% of 12-week bodyweight ∆
smoking cessation size of 90
(p=0,001).
along with risk for
weight fain during Short time horizon
and/or following Flow chart
smoking cessation Randomisation:
computerbalanced
Exclusion:
pregnancy,
lactation, weight
reducing
medications,
participation in
other weight loss
programs
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Schroder 91 individuals, CAD-only: CAD+G: BMI The two intervention groups combined 1- Small study population
KE, et al. male and female, Single session CAD + 4 weeks Lipid panel result (total showed significant but moderate weight Flow chart
(2010) aged 18-65y, BMI CAD intervention: group intervention blood cholesterol, HDL, loss relative to control group.
Randomisation
[113] >=27, interested in 1. general targeting self - LDL, cholesterol ratio, described
pursuing weight information about management triglycerides)
loss, daily access skills Only 14 men in study
RCT healthy nutrition, 2.
to PC, willing to population!
software training, 3. Duration: 3mo
accept random individualised goal intervention + re- Team members
group assign, not setting assessment at blinded to intervention
enrolled in mo 3 and mo6 type of participants
alternative weight ITT
loss program, Duration: 3mo
sufficient English- intervention + re- Waiting-list group: Sufficient duration
language assessment at mo no-treatment power-analysis :power
proficiency, 3 and mo 6 control group, 80% for N=126 (42
possession or after first FU per group): treatment
access to PC with randomised to groups combined
Windows, internet intervention
and email groups
Exclusion:
diagnosed Duration: 3mo
diabetes, waiting-list, 3mo
hypercholesterol or intervention + re-
mental disorder, assessment at
friend or relative mo6 and mo9
already enrolled in
study
Burke LE, 210 participants, PR group: PDA group: Weight change All participants had a significant weight 1+ Flow chart
et al. aged 18-59y, BMI paper diaries + PDAs with Adherence to self- loss (P < 0.01) but weight loss did not CI n.a.
(2011) 27-43kg/m² daily self- software + daily monitoring, waist differ among groups. A higher
AEs n.a.
[114] monitoring self-monitoring circumference and diet proportion of PDA+FB participants
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Exclusion: of eating and of eating and (63%) achieved ≥5% weight loss in ITT
RCT conditions that exercise behaviors, exercise comparison to the PR group (46%) (P < Sufficient study
required medical group sessions, behaviors, group 0.05) and PDA group (49%) (P = 0.09). population
supervision of diet daily dietary goals sessions, daily Median percent self-monitoring
No power analsis
or exercise, and dietary goals and adherence over the 6 months was
participated in a higher in the PDA groups than in the PR Sufficient time horizon
weekly exercise weekly exercise
weight-loss goals goals group (P< 0.01).
program in the 6 Waist circumference decreased more in
months prior to the PDA groups than the PR group (Ps
recruitment or = 0.02).
planned an PDA+FB group: Similarly, the PDA groups reduced
extended acation Duration:24 mo but PDAs with custom energy and saturated fat intake ore than
or relocation 6mo assessment! software + daily the PR group (Ps <0.05).
during the 24- self-monitoring
month study period of eating and
exercise
behaviors, group
sessions, daily
dietary goals and
weekly exercise
goals
Acharya 192 PDA + feedback PDA group: Weight, At 6 months, both groups had 1+ Sufficient study
SD, et al. overweight/obese group: PDA + Cognitive- Energy intake, significant reductions in weight, energy population
(2011) adults, aged 18- PDA + feedback + behavioural consumption of fruit, intake, and percent calories from total No power analysis
[115] 59y, mean BMI = Cognitive- intervention: 20 vegetable and refined fat and saturated fatty acids (P_0.001);
ITT n.a.
34,1, on average behavioural group sessions grains no between-group differences were
15 y of education intervention: 20 during the first found. CI n.a.
RCT
group sessions 6mo. Compared to the paper record group, AE n.a.
during the first the PDA group significantly increased Sufficient time horizon
Exclusion:
6mo. consumption of fruit (P_0.02) and
conditions Paper record Blinding n.a.
vegetables (P_0.04) and decreased
requiring medical group:
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supervision of diet Duration: 6mo (of Paper record + consumption of refined grains (P_0.02).
or exercise, 24mo trial) Cognitive- Interactions among self-monitoring and
participation in behavioral the two groups were found in relation to
weight-loss intervention: 20 changes in percent calories from total
program in 6mo group sessions fat (P_0.02), monounsaturated fatty
before recruitment during the first acids (P_0.002), and trans-fatty acids
6mo. (P_0.04).
Frequent self-monitoring was
significantly associated with total sugar
(P_0.02) and added sugar (P_0.01)
intake in both groups.
Shuger 197 participants, SWA: Standard Care: Body weight Significant weight loss in all 3 1+ Flow chart
SL, et al. male and female, Armband alone + self-directed BMI and %body fat intervention groups (GWL P = Sufficient study
(2011) aged 18-64y, BMI web account + weight loss 0.0002; GWL+SWA P < 0.0001) but population
[116] 25-45kg/m², manual program via an not in the Standard Care group (P = Power analysis: 80%
underactive (not evidence-based 0.39) at month 9. to detect effect size of
RCT accumulating weight loss Only the GWL+SWA group achieved
GWL: group-based 0,81 for weight loss
150min of manual significant weight loss at month 9
behavioural weight and waist
moderate-to- compared to the Standard Care group
loss program + circumference
vigorous physical (P = 0.04).
manual reduction, 80% to
activity/week in Significant waist circumference detect 0,434kg
bouts >=10min), reductions were achieved in all 4 difference in weight-
access to internet GWL + SWA: GWL groups at month 9 (Standard Care P = loss and 0,567cm
plus the armband + 0.0004; GWL P = 0.008; SWA-alone P difference in waist size
Exclusion: web account + < 0.0001; GWL+SWA P < 0.0001), but reduction
manual no intervention group had significantly
significant weight Moderate time horizon
reduced waist circumference compared
loss (>20 lbs) in AEs n.a.
to the Standard Care group.
the last 6 months,
CI n.a.
elevated blood Duration: 9mo
pressure (160/95 ITT n.a.
mm Hg), ailments Researchers blinded
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that limited
physical activity, or
serious medical
conditions or other
issues (e.g.,
pregnancy or
depression) that
contraindicated or
confounded the
weight loss
intervention.
Idoate F, 34 sedentary, non- Hypocaloric diet Diet + resistance Visceral adipose tissue WL-RT lead to significant changes in 1- Statistical power
et al. smoking, obese group (WL), 500 training group (VAT), subcutaneous location of highest mean VAT area. calculations: power
(2011) women, BMI 30-40 kcal/d (WL+RT), adipose tissue (SAT), the location of highest mean VAT area ranged from 0,75-0,8 -
[117] kg/m², aged 40- Energy: 55% 500 kcal/d and total abdominal fat within abdomen differ (P < 0,01) to > β=0,25-0,2
60y carbohydrates, Energy: 55% (TAT) reported before intervention in WL-RT Small study group:
RCT 15% proteins, 30% carbohydrates, Total TAT, VAT and SAT were CI n.a.
Exclusion: fat 15% proteins, significantly reduced for WL and
AE n.a.
cardiovascular, Duration: 16 weeks 30% fat WL+RT
Zielkriterium relevant?
neuromuscular, After intervention, VAT and SAT areas
-> nicht direkt weight
arthritic, pulmonary Control group (C) significantly decreased in most discal
loss
or other debilitating -> maintaining levels analyszed (P < 0,005) except for
diseases body weight VFAT at L2-L3 in WL group, and for
VAT at L5-S1 in WL+RT group.
magnitude of decrease in VAT at L5-S1
level was significantly greater in WL
compared tp WL+RT
VAT volume decreased significantly (P
> 0,05) in most images levels referred
to L4-L5 in WL group and in WL+RT
groups
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Morgan 65 overweight / SHED-IT (Self- Control group: Change in body weight Significant weight loss of 5.3 kg (95% 1+ Assessor blinded
PJ, et al. obese male Help, Exercise and one information (kg & %change) CI: −7.3, −3.3) at 6 months for the ITT
(2009) participants, BMI Diet using session BMI, waist Internet group and 3.5 kg (95% CI:
CI
[118] 25-37kg/m², aged Information circumference, blood −5.5, −1.4) for the control group.
18-60y Technology) A significant time effect was found for Power analysis: 80%
pressure, dietary intake
Internet group: one all outcomes but no between-group power for sample size
RCT
face-to-face differences. of 18 participants for
Exclusion:
information session Per-protocol analysis revealed a each group was
history of major
(75 min) plus 3 significant group-by-time interaction (P needed to detect a 3
medical problems
months of online < 0.001), with compliers losing more kg difference
such as heart
support weight at 6 months (−9.1 kg; 95% CI among groups
disease in the past −11.8, −6.5) than non-compliers (−2.7
5 years, diabetes, kg; 95% CI −5.3, −0.01) and the control AEs n.a.
orthopaedic, or Duration: 6mo group (−4.2 kg; 95% CI −6.2, −2.2). Flow chart
joint problems that
would be a barrier
No significant difference in percent
to physical activity,
weight loss between groups (P > 0.05).
recent weight loss
At 3 mo, significantly more participants
of ≥4.5 kg, or
(55.6%) in the Internet group had lost
taking medications
>5% of their baseline weight compared
that might affect
to the control group (28.0%) (χ2 = 4.03,
body weight.
df = 1, P = 0.04).
There were no significant between-
group differences for any of the
secondary outcomes from baseline to 3
or baseline to 6 months. At 6 months,
participants reduced their: waist
circumference (P < 0.001); BMI (P <
0.001) systolic (P < 0.001) and diastolic
(P < 0.001) blood pressure; resting
heart rate (P < 0.001); daily kJ intake (P
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< 0.001), and increased physical activity
(P < 0.05).
Significant correlations were found

between weight loss at 3 months and
number of days of diet entries (P <
0.001), number of daily exercise entries
(P = 0.002), and number of weekly
check-ins (P = 0.01). Similar results
were found for weight loss at 6 months:
number of daily diet entries (P < 0.001),
number of daily exercise entries (P =
0.002) and number of weekly check-ins
(P = 0.01).
Morgan 65 overweight / SHED-IT (Self- Control group: Change in body weight ITT-analysis using linear mixed models 1+ Assessor blinded
PJ, et al. obese male Help, Exercise and one information (kg & %change) revealed significant and sustained ITT
(2011) participants, BMI Diet using session BMI, waist weight loss of −5.3 kg (95%CI: −7.5,
CI
[119] 25-37kg/m², aged Information circumference, blood −3.0) at 12 months for the Internet
18-60y Technology) group and −3.1 kg (95% CI: −5.4, −0.7) Power analysis: 80%
pressure
Internet group: one for the control group with no group power for sample size
RCT
face-to-face difference. of 18 participants for
Exclusion:
information session A significant time effect was found for each group was
history of major
(75 min) plus 3 all outcomes (P < 0.001). needed to detect a 3
medical problems
months of online kg difference
such as heart Per-protocol analysis revealed a
support significant group-by-time interaction for among groups
disease in the past
5 years, diabetes, weight, waist circumference, BMI, and AEs n.a.
orthopaedic, or Duration: 12 mo systolic blood pressure. Flow chart
joint problems that Internet group compliers (who self-
would be a barrier monitored as instructed) maintained
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to physical activity, greater weight loss at 12 months (−8.8
recent weight loss kg; 95% CI −11.8, −5.9) than non-
of ≥4.5 kg, or compliers (−1.9 kg; 95% CI −4.8, 1.0)
taking medications and controls (−3.0 kg; 95% CI −5.2,
that might affect −0.9).
body weight.
Rock CL, 442 overweight or The program, Usual care control Weight loss and weight For Weight loss and weight loss 1+ Randomized, not
et al. obese women which involves in- group Participants loss maintenance maintenance: blinded
(2010) BMI 25-40 kg/m2 person center- assigned to usual Others At 24 months: analysis for 407 women Allocation
[120] age 18-69 years based or telephone care received 2 (Cardiopulmonary (92.1% of the study sample) concealment was
(mean age, 44 based on weekly individualized Fitness and reported
In the intent-to-treat analysis using
RCT years), from USA; one-to-one weight weight loss Psychosocial and baseline value substitution: ITT
loss counselling counseling Laboratory Measures)
No differences At 24 months: mean weight loss: CI
with follow up e- sessions (at
in baseline mail contacts and baseline and For center-based group: 7.4 kg (95% Flow chart
characteristics web site or again at a 6 CI, 6.1-8.7 kg) or 7.9% (95% CI, 6.5%- Power analysis (83%
across the study message board months) with a 9.3%) of initial weight power
groups were availability. Freeof- dietetics For telephone-based group: 6.2 kg to detect an
observed. professional and
charge counseling (95% CI, 4.9-7.6 kg) or 6.8% (95% CI, intervention effect)
Eligibility criteria sessions were monthly contacts 5.2%-8.4%)
included age 18 offered via e-mail or
telephone. For usual care control: 2.0 kg (95% CI,
years or older; BMI
to participants for 0.6-3.3 kg) or 2.1% (95% CI, 0.7%-
of 25 to 40 and a Energy intake
the entire 2-year 3.5%) (P<0,001 for intervention effect)
minimum of 15 kg level
over ideal weight; period.
to achieve a
not pregnant or Duration: over a 2- At 12 months: mean weight loss:
weight loss of
breastfeeding or year period. For center-based group: 10.1 kg (95%
10% over a
planning to Behavioral goals CI, 9.0-11.2 kg) or 10.9% (95% CI,
become pregnant were an energy- 6-month period
was prescribed, 9.7%-12.1%) of initial weight
in the next 2 years; reduced,
willing to nutritionally aiming For telephone-based group: 8.5 kg
(95% CI, 7.2-9.7 kg) or 9.2% (95% CI,
participate in any adequate diet, for a deficit of 500
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of the 3 study facilitated by the to 1000 kcal/d. 7.8%-10.6%) of initial weight
groups over a 2- inclusion of For usual care control: 2.4 kg (95% CI,
year period; no prepackaged food 1.2-3.6 kg) or 2.6% (95% CI, 1.4%-
All participants
eating disorders, items in a planned 3.8%) of initial weight
were provided a
food allergies, or menu during the
small monetary
intolerances; and initial weight loss
compensation
willing and able to phase (low-fat
perform a simple (20%-30% of
step test for energy), reduced
assessing energy
cardiopulmonary diet (typically 1200-
fitness. Women at 2000 kcal/d)), and
BMI levels of increased physical
greater than 40 activity (the goal
were excluded. was 30 minutes of
physical activity on
5 or more days per
week).
Silva MN, 258 females, aged Intervention: Control: weight change others Moderate & vigorous exercise at 2 yr 1- Lon study horizon,
et al. 25-50y, Diet with moderate General health (Autonomous had significant effect (P<0,001) on very long FU
(2011) premenopausal, energy deficit + education regulation, physical weight loss success at 3 yr and partly Large study
[121] BMI 25-40, willing exercise & eating curriculum activity) mediated the effect of treatment on population, but only
to attend weekly patterns weight change. obese,
RCT meetings, free premenopausal
from major women
illnesses, not Duration: 1y
intervention, 2y FU CI n.a.
taking medications
known to interdere Flow chart n.a.
with body weight AEs n.a.
regulation. ITT
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Exclusion:
medication
affecting weight,
serious chronic
disease diagnosis
or severe
illness/injury,
pregnancy,
entering
menopause
Jebb SA, 772 overweight Standard care as Free membership Primary outcome: Mean weight loss: 1+ ITT
et al. and obese adults defined by national to commercial weight change over 12 LOCF=last observation carried Computer generated
(2011) with at least one treatment programme months forward analysis: randomisation
[122] additional risk guidelines: (promoted Secondary outcomes: Standard care: - 2.25 kg Non-blinded
factor for obesity- weight loss advice hypoenergetic, changes in fat mass,
related balanced diet Weight Watchers: -5.06 kg; Power analysis
RCT from a primary care waist circumference,
Were recruited by professional at their based on healthy- blood pressure, and Adjusted difference (95% CI) : −2·77
primary care local general eating principles, biomarkers of (−3·50 to −2·03), p<0.0001
practices in practitioner (GP) increased cardiovascular risk BOCF=baseline observation carried
Australia, practice. =Weight forward analysis :
Germany and the Watchers (free
access to weekly Standard care: - 1.77 kg
UK
Follow up: 12 community-based Weight Watchers: -4.06 kg;
Weight Watchers: months Weight Watchers Adjusted difference (95% CI): −2·29
377 were
meetings for a (−2·99 to −1·58) ; p<0.0001
recruited, 230
weigh-in and Greater waist circumference and fat
completed the 12
group discussion, mass loss in commercial care
months
behavioural
assestment SA Analysis: Participants assigned to
counselling, and
Standard care: 395 motivation for 12 the commercial programme : 5% or
were recruited, months) more weight loss (OR 3·0, 95% CI 2·0–
212 completed the 4·4)/10% or more weight loss (3·2, 2·0–
self-selected
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study Weight loss goals 5·3) ; participants who completed the
with input from 12-month assessment: 5% or more
the group leader weught loss (2·9, 2·1–3·9)/10% or more
weight loss (3·5, 2·3–5·4)
Sec. Outcomes : sy/diast. blood
presure : n.s. difference ; greater
improvements in insulin and ratio of
total to HDL cholesterol in commercial
programm group ; n.s. difference
glucose, and HDL and LDL cholesterol
inprovement
Appel LJ, 415 obese patients 1) “Remote support Control group: primary outcome: mean change in weight from baseline: 1+ Randomisation with a
et al. with at least one only” group: self-directed change in weight from control group: -0.8 (±0.6) kg (=weight web-based program;
(2011) cardiovascular risk providing with weight loss baseline to 24 months change of −1.1%) the research staff who
[123] factor weight-loss support notified
group receiving remote support only : -
(hypertension, remotely — participants of their
Other weight-related 4.6 (±0.7) kg (=weight change of
RCT hypercholesterole through the assignment were not
outcomes: percentage −5.0%) (MD −3.8 kg, 95% CI −5.7 to
mia, or diabetes), telephone, a study- involved
of weight change from −1.9; p<0.001 in comparison to control
with regular specific Web site,
access to a and e-mail baseline, percentage of group); n.s. difference in comparison in the collection of
participants without other intervention group (MD −0.5 kg, follow-up data
computer, and 2)” in-pearson
have basic weight gain, percentage 95% CI, −2.5 to 1.5; P = 0.63) ITT
support” group: in
of participants who lost group receiving in-person support: -5.1 no significant
computer skills, addition providing
at least 5% of their (±0.8) kg (=weight change of −5.2%) differences in baseline
recruited from six in-person support
initial weight, and (MD – 4.3 kg, 95% CI, −6.3 to −2.3; characteristics among
primary care during group (90
change from baseline p<0.001 in comparison to control group) the three study groups
practices; sex: minutes) and
63.6% women, individual sessions in BMI percentage of participants who lost 5% single-center trial
in person or by or more of their initial weight:
41.0% black long duration
participants telephone (20 control group: 18.8 %
minutes), along blinding n.a.
mean age: 54.0 group receiving remote support only :
with the three 38.2 % (p<0.001 in comparison to
years
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mean BMI: 36.6 remote means of control group)
kg/m2 support group receiving in-person support: 41.4
mean weight: % (p<0.001 in comparison to control
103.8 kg Participants in both group)
intervention groups percentage of participants who lost 10%
were or more of their initial weight:
encouraged to log control group: 8.6 %
on to the study- group receiving remote support only :
specific Web site 18.3 % (p<0.02 in comparison to control
(learning modules; group)
opportunities for group receiving in-person support: 19.5
self-monitoring of % (p<0.01 in comparison to control
weight, calorie group)
intake, and
exercise; and
feedback on
progress in
these key
behaviors)
weekly.
Duration: 24
months
Ryan DH, Setting: 8 cities in intensive medical usual care Primary outcome: year- After 2 years: 1+ Randomization and
et al. Louisiana (family intervention (IMI) condition (UCC) 2 percentage change 5% or more weight loss : data acquisition using
(2010) or internal (recommendations: (instruction in an from baseline weight an Internet-based data
31% in the IMI group vs. 9% in the UCC
[124] medicine; 4 appr. 900-kcal Internet capture system
group.
dietitians) liquid diet for 12 ITT
weight 20% or more weight loss:
RCT Participants: 465 weeks or less management Blinding n.a.
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participants were (=Phase 1), group program: Mayo 7 % in the IMI group vs. 1 % in the UCC
(Louisia- randomised (post behavioral Clinic Weight group
na Obese screening): 200 to counselling Management
Subjects IMI and 190 to (individually Web site)
In the mean±SEM baseline observation
Study UCC tailored treatment
carried forward analysis (BOCF): weight
(LOSS)) mean age: 47 strategies, included
loss of −4.9%±0.8% in IMI and
years; physical activity
−0.2±0.3% in UCC group
recommendation-
83% were women
walking, water
(nonpregnant)
exercise, and In the last observation carried forward
75% were white analysis (LOCF): weight loss of
weight training),
Most comorbidities structured diet −8.3%±0.79% for IMI and −0.0%±0.4%
were excluded (appr. 1200 to 1600 for UCC.
21%with known kcal/d), and choice A total of 101 IMI completers
type 2DM, 5.4% of lost −9.7%±1.3% (−12.7±1.7kg); 89
who were taking pharmacotherapy UCC completers lost −0.4%±0.7%
insulin, and 42% (sibutramine (−0.5±0.9 kg)
with fasting blood hydrochloride,
glucose orlistat, or
diethylpropion The group differences were significant
levels of 100 hydrochloride) for BOCF, LOCF, completers, and
mg/dL or higher at during months 3 to mixed models analyses (P<0.001 for all
study start group differences).
7 (=Phase 2) and
continued use of
medications and
maintenance
strategies for
months 8 to 24
(=Phase 3)
Duration: 24
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months
Jolly K, et Setting: Primary 6 Weight loss 12 vouchers The primary outcome Weight loss at programme end: 1+ Age differences
al. (2011) care trust in programmes of 12 enabling free was weight loss at all programmes achieved significant between interventions
[125] Birmingham, weeks’ duration: entrance to a programme end (12 weight loss from baseline to programme and control groups
England Three weight loss local leisure weeks). Secondary end (range 1.4 kg (general practice) to Blinding n.a.
RCT Participants: 740 programmes were (fitness) centre outcomes were weight 4.4 kg (Weight Watchers)) ITT
(Lighten obese or provided by (=exersice only). loss at one year, self
In the between group analyses, only the
Up, 8 overweight men commercial reported physical
commercial providers (Weight Watchers
arm) and women with a operators:Weight activity, and percentage
(adjusted MD −2.34 (−3.56 to −1.13)
comorbid disorder Watchers; weight loss at
and Rosemary Conley (adjusted MD
identified from Slimming World; programme end and
−2.39 (−3.61 to −1.16) had a
general practice Rosemary Conley; one year.
statistically significantly (p<0.001)
records Three were greater weight loss and percentage
provided by the weight loss than the exercise only
NHS: a group comparator
weight loss
the proportion of participants in each
programme (Size
arm who achieved at least 5% weight
Down) and two
loss at programme end ranged from
primary care
16% to 46% (between general practice
programmes—
and Weight Watchers)
nurse led one to
one support in Weight loss at one year:
general practice all programmes except general practice
and one to one and pharmacy provision resulted in
support by a significant weight loss at one year
pharmacist only the Weight Watchers group had
7. study arm significantly greater weight loss than did
allowed for the comparator group (adjusted MD 2.5
participants to (95% CI 0.83 to 4.15) kg greater loss,
choose one of the p=0.024).
six interventions the commercial programmes achieved
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significantly greater weight loss than did
the primary care programmes at
programme end (mean difference 2.3
(1.3 to 3.4) kg).
Foster Setting: 3 low-carbohydrate low-fat diet (n = primary outcome: Weight loss: 1+ Randomisation:
GD, et al. academic medical diet (n = 153), 154), (limited weight at 2 years In both groups (n. s. differneces random-number
(2010) centers in USA (limited energy intake: Secondary outcomes: between the groups, p>0,05): generator was used
[126] Participants: 307 carbohydrate 1200 to 1800 weight at 3, 6, and 12 ITT not reported
at 1 year: appr. 11 kg (11%): low fat
participants intake (20 g/d for 3 kcal/d; with months, serum lipid diet : MD −10.81 (−12.4 to −9.28)/ low Blinding n.a.
RCT months), low– approximately concentrations, blood
mean age 45.5 carbohydrate diet: −10.87 (−12.1 to Long duration
glycemic index 55% of calories pressure, urinary
years (SD, 9.7 −9.67), p-value between the groups
vegetables with from ketones, symptoms,
years) 0.95
unrestricted carbohydrate, bone mineral density,
mean BMI 36.1 consumption of fat 30% from fat, and at 2 years: appr. 7 kg (7%); %): low fat
and body composition
kg/m2 (SD, 3.5 and protein. 15% from protein) diet : MD−7.37 (−9.10 to −5.63) / low
throughout the study
kg/m2) carbohydrate diet: −6.34 (−8.06 to
after 3 months: in addition:
74.9% white −4.63), p-value between the groups
increased comprehensive,
participants 0.41
carbohydrate in-person group
Exclusion: patients intake (5 g/d per behavioral p-value between the groups 0.019 at 3
with dyslipidemia, wk) by consuming therapie (weekly months, but no differences between the
diabetes, more vegetables, a for 20 weeks, 75 groups at any other time point
hapertension and limited amount of to 90 minutes: other outcomes:
pregnant women fruits, and selfmonitoring, no differences between the groups at
were excluded eventually small stimulus control, any time point: in bone mineral density
no statistically quantities of whole and relapse
During the first 6 months: low-
sign.differences grains and dairy management)
products (followed carbohydrate diet group had greater
between the 2 diet reductions in diastolic blood pressure,
groups in any Dr. Atkins’ New
Diet Revolution) triglyceride levels, and very-low-density
baseline variables lipoprotein cholesterol levels,
in addition:
But: lesser reductions in low-density
comprehensive, in-
lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and more
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person group adverse symptoms than did the low-fat
behavioral therapie diet group.
(weekly for 20 The low-carbohydrate diet group had
weeks, 75 to 90 greater increases in high-density
minutes: lipoprotein cholesterol levels at all time
selfmonitoring, points, approximating a 23% increase at
stimulus control, 2 years.
and relapse
management)
Duration: 2 years
Molenaar 130 overweight individual Participants in the Primary outcome: Weight reduction at 6 months: 1+ Clearly focussed
EA, et al. adults counselling control group weight related in D group [mean –2.2; 95% CI (–3.1 question,
(2010) 58% of the sessions by a received usual outcomes (BMI, waist to –1.4) kg] Allocation
[127] participants in the dietician (D) care and were not circumference) concealment?
in D + E group [mean –3.0; 95% CI (–
intervention groups invited to receive seven individual face- 4.0 to –2.0) kg] modified intention-to-
RCT were men with a structured to-face counselling
counselling Weight reduction at 12 months: treat approach, which
mean age of 43 ± nutritional or sessions
sessions included all
9 years and a exercise In D group [mean –2.0; 95% CI (–3.1 to
by a dietician plus participants that had
mean BMI of 31.0 counselling by a –1.4) kg
physiotherapist (D at least one follow-up
± 1.9 kg/m2 dietician or in D + E group: mean –3.1; 95% CI (–
+ E) measurement
physiotherapist. 4.5 to –1.6) kg,
In the control blinding n.a.
seven individual
group, 63% were weight reduction did not significantly
face-to-face Participant recruitment
men with a mean differ between D and D +E (P = 0.48).
counselling took place between
age of 41 ± 11
sessions February 2006 and
years and a mean
Duration: Waist circumference at 6 months: October 2006
BMI of 30.2 ± 1.9
kg/m2 6 months with one in D group: [mean –2.1; 95% CI (–3.3 to UHP research nurses
follow-up session –0.8) cm; randomly assigned the
The intervention
at 12 months. in D + E group: mean –3.7; 95% CI (– 134 participants to the
and control group
5.1 to –2.3) nutritional counseling
were well matched
or nutritional plus
with regard to the
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baseline Waist circumference at 12 months exercise counselling
characteristics, in D group: mean–2.1; 95% CI(–3.5 to – group, using
except that 0.7) cm computerized
participants in the randomization
in D + E group: mean –4.2; 95% CI (–
intervention groups
6.0 to –2.5) cm
had a higher BMI.
non significant difference between the
groups (P = 0.14)
28 percent (95% CI; 16 to 40) of the
participants in the D + E group lost >5%
of their baseline weight at 6 months,
while the proportion of participants in
the D group was 16% (6 to 25%) (RR of
losing >5% weight in D+ E versus D
was 1.8 (95% CI; 0.9 to 3.8) At 12
months, the proportion of participants
who achieved >5% of weight loss in the
D + E and D groups were 32% (19 to
45%) and 20% (9 to 31%), ( RR of 1.6
(0.8 to 3.2)
D and D + E group vs. control group:
significant more weight reduction at 6
months [–2.7 (–4.2 to –1.1) kg for D and
–3.5 (–5.1 to –1.8) kg for D+E,
Differences in weight loss from baseline
to 12 months were smaller [–1.3 (–4.0
to 1.4) kg for D; –2.4 (–5.2 to 0.5) kg for
D + E].
Wadden 390 obese adults usual care brief lifestyle primary outcome: 86% of participants completed trial 1+ Focused question
TA, et al. Setting: six primary (quarterly PCP counseling, which change in body weight Mean (±SE) weight loss was: Randomised (use of a
(2011) care practices visits that included provided the at month 24 in each of computer-generated
with usual care 1.7±0.7
[128] education about same care as the lifestyle counseling
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(=PCP) weight described for the groups as compared brief lifestyle counseling 2.9±0.7 algorithm;
RCT 311 women management) previous with the usual-care enhanced brief lifestyle counseling Assignments were
(79.7%) and 79 brief lifestyle intervention but group. 4.6±0.7 kg stratified by clinic, with
men with a mean counseling included meal randomly varied block
Initial weight decreased at least 5%:
(±SD) age of (quarterly PCP replacements or sizes (3, 6, or 9).
weight-loss with usual care in 21.5%,
51.5±11.5 years, a visits combined Randomization began
mean body weight with brief monthly medication brief lifestyle counseling 26.0% on January 9, 2008,
of 107.7±18.3 kg, sessions with (orlistat or enhanced brief lifestyle counseling and final outcome
and a mean BMI of lifestyle coaches sibutramine), 34.9% assessments were
38.5±4.7 who instructed chosen by the completed on
participants in Enhanced lifestyle counseling was
Nearly 95% had participants about superior to usual care on both these February 11, 2011.
behavioral weight consultation with
completed high measures of success (P = 0.003 and P ITT
control) the PCPs, to
school or above; = 0.02, respectively), with no other Non blinded
potentially
59.0% identified significant differences among the
increase weight
themselves as 2-year trial groups.
loss.
white, 38.5% as Adverse events:
black, and 4.6% as
Hispanic. A total of 73 hospitalizations for serious
Participants who adverse events were reported trial (21
events in 16 participants in the usual-
received enhanced
lifestyle counseling care group, 26 events in 20 participants
weighed in the brief-lifestyle-counseling group,
and 26 events in 22 participants in the
significantly less
than those who enhanced-lifestyle-counseling group,
received usual with no significant differences between
care (P = 0.02) groups (P= 0.556). There were no
deaths.
Werrij participants dietetic Dietetic BMI and others significant decreases in BMI and other 1- Wide question,
MQ, et al. (N=204) treatment+cognitiv treatment+physic outcomes: randomisation
(2009) were recruited at e therapy al exercise (1-h in the short-term: precedere n.a.
[129] the dietetics (Participants were low intensity ITT
CDT group lost 1.36 BMI points (4.1%)
department of the provided with exercise program
12 Anhänge | 286

Studien- merkmale
typ
RCT local health center workbooks entitled (gym) supervised EDT group lost 1.44 BMI points (4.3%) Blinding n.a.
(Green Cross Dik Tevreden by a qualified weight loss in both treatments was p-value, CI n.a.
Care) in Maastricht (Pleasantly Plump) Physiotherapist) significant, no short-term differences
Inclusion criteria containing between both treatments
(10 weekly
were BMI above background
sessions of 2 h
27 and age information about
each) In the long term, the cognitive dietetic
between 18 and 65 the cognitive
intervention and treatment was significantly better than
years. Exclusion
homework the exercise dietetic treatment;
criteria were
assignments, participants in the cognitive dietetic
participating in
including thought treatment maintained all their weight
another treatment
diaries) loss, whereas participants in the
for weight loss,
physical exercise dietetic treatment
being treated by a (10 weekly
regained part (25%) of their lost weight
mental health sessions of 2 h
within 1 year:
professional, not each)
being able to CDT group lost 1.35 BMI points (4.0%)
exercise, and The EDT group lost 1.08 BMI points
Follow-up
pregnancy (3.2%)
measurements
In analysis: 200 took place at the
participants (4 university, 1 year
were excluded) after the end of
81% were female. treatment
Mean age was 45
(S.D.=12) years,
ranging from 19 to
65 years, and
mean BMI was
33.4 (S.D.=4.6).
BMI ranged from
27.0 to 52.3.
There were no
12 Anhänge | 287

Studien- merkmale
typ
differences in
gender and age
between both
conditions
There were
differences, for
weight concerns
shape concerns,
eating
psychopathology,
and self-esteem
Harvie 107 overweight or 25% energy 25% energy Weight and other IER and CER for weight loss at 6 month 1- Clearly focused
MN, et al. obese restriction as restriction as CER outcomes (LOCF=last observation carried forward question,
(2011) premenopausal IER=intermittent (~6276 kJ/day for analysis) Randomisation
[130] women energy restriction 7 days/week): mean weight change (95% confidence precedere n.a.
mean BMI 30.6 (~2266 kJ/day for 2 daily 25% interval [CI]): ITT
RCT kg/m2 [±SD ±5.1] days/week): restriction based for IER: −6.4 kg (95% CI −7.9 to −4.8): Allocation
mainly Caucasian VLCD (75% on a weight reduced from mean (95% CI) concealment n.a.
restriction; 2060 to Mediterranean 81.5 (77.5 to 85.4) kg to 75 (71.2 to
comorbidities: Six Drop out: 18 women
2266 kJ of energy type diet (30% fat, 78.8) kg; percentage of women losing
IER (11%) and 10
and 50 g 15% 5–10% body Groups were similar
CER (18%) met
protein/day monounsaturated, an baseline
the Diabetes weight were 30 % and losing 10% or
and comprised 7% saturated fat, Primary outcome non
Federation Criteria more body weight were 34 %
1.136 litres (2 7% defined
for the metabolic for CER:−5.6 (95% CI −6.9 to −4.4) kg:
pints) of semi polyunsaturated
syndrome; majority reduction from 84.4 (79.7 to 89.1) kg to
skimmed milk, 4 fatty acids, 45%
of subjects 78.7 (74.2 to 83.2) kg; percentage of
portions of low glycaemic
reported previous women losing 5–10% body weight were
vegetables (~80 load
attempts to diet 33 % and and losing 10% or more body
g/portion), 1 portion carbohydrate, and
(IER 92%, CER weight were 22 %
of fruit, a salty low 25% protein)
78%), with
calorie drink and a P-value for weight loss difference
comparable
12 Anhänge | 288

Studien- merkmale
typ
previous attempts multivitamin and between groups = 0.4; p-value for
between the mineral percentage of losing weight P=0.39
groups; IER 2.8 supplement) on 2 adverse events:
(2.1) and CER 2.4 consecutive days
no major adverse effects; 4, 8% of the
(1.9) (P=0.29) and to consume
IER group reported minor adverse
estimated
physical symptoms, 15% - hunger
requirements for
weight Eight (15%) of the IER and 4 (7%) of
maintenance for the CER group - lack of concentration,
the remaining 5 bad temper and preoccupation with
days food, whilst 17 (32%) of the IER and 25
(46%) of the CER group -increased self
Duration 6 months
confidence and positive mood.
More of the IER group reported
problems fitting the diet into daily
routine; 51% IER vs. 30% CER.
13 Literatur | 289
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Erstellungsdatum: 11/1998
Überarbeitung von: 04/2014
Nächste Überprüfung geplant: 04/2019
Die "Leitlinien" der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften sind

systematisch entwickelte Hilfen für Ärzte zur Entscheidungsfindung in spezifischen
Situationen. Sie beruhen auf aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen und in der
Praxis bewährten Verfahren und sorgen für mehr Sicherheit in der Medizin, sollen
aber auch ökonomische Aspekte berücksichtigen. Die "Leitlinien" sind für Ärzte
rechtlich nicht bindend und haben daher weder haftungsbegründende noch
haftungsbefreiende Wirkung.
Die AWMF erfasst und publiziert die Leitlinien der Fachgesellschaften mit
größtmöglicher Sorgfalt - dennoch kann die AWMF für die Richtigkeit des Inhalts
keine Verantwortung übernehmen. Insbesondere bei Dosierungsangaben sind
stets die Angaben der Hersteller zu beachten!
© Deutsche Adipositas-Gesellschaft
Autorisiert für elektronische Publikation: AWMF online

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Leitlinienreport

der S3 Leitlinie „Prävention und Therapie der

Version 1.0 (April 2014)

1. INFORMATIONEN ZUR LEITLINIE............................................................................................................ 4

2. GELTUNGSBEREICH UND ZIELE............................................................................................................... 4

2.1. ZIELSETZUNG ................................................................................................................................................. 4

3. ZUSAMMENSETZUNG DER LEITLINIENGRUPPE ...................................................................................... 4

3.1. BETEILIGTE AUTOREN UND MITGLIEDER DER LEITLINIENGRUPPE .............................................................................. 4

4. FRAGESTELLUNG UND GLIEDERUNG...................................................................................................... 6

5.1. EVIDENZBASIERUNG ........................................................................................................................................ 6

6. EXTERNE BEGUTACHTUNG (ÖFFENTLICHE KONSULTATION) .................................................................18

7. REDAKTIONELLE UNABHÄNGIGKEIT .....................................................................................................19

8. VERBREITUNG UND IMPLEMENTIERUNG..............................................................................................19

9. GÜLTIGKEITSDAUER DER LEITLINIE .......................................................................................................20

10. ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS ..................................................................................................................21

12.1. THEMENKOMPLEXE UND BETEILIGTE AUTOREN ............................................................................................... 22

1. Informationen zur Leitlinie

2. Geltungsbereich und Ziele

3. Zusammensetzung der Leitliniengruppe

Tabelle 1: Mitglieder der Leitliniengruppe

Name Organisation Auflage

3.3. Andere Institutionen/Personen

4. Fragestellung und Gliederung

Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF) gemeinsam erarbeiteten „Deutschen Leitlinien-

5.1.2. Erstellung der 1. Aktualisierung 2011-2014

Themen der Aktualisierung

 Vor- und Nachteile der Gewichtsreduktion

Berücksichtigung evidenzbasierter Leitlinien

Eine Ausnahme hinsichtlich der methodischen Mindestanforderungen wurde wegen ihrer

Systematische Recherche nach aggregierter Evidenz und Einzelstudien

 Erste themenübergreifende Recherche

Tabelle 3: Suchstrategie in Medline für erste themenübergreifende Recherche

Nr. Suchfrage Anzahl

Nr. Suchfrage Anzahl

 Aktualisierungsrecherche zum Thema Prävention

Tabelle 4: Suchstrategie in Medline für die Aktualisierungsrecherche zum Thema Prävention

Nr. Suchfrage Anzahl

Aktualisierungsrecherche zum Thema Therapie (ausgenommen chirurgische Therapie)

Nr. Suchfrage Anzahl

Auswahl und Bewertung der Evidenz

Grundsätzlich wurden systematische Übersichtsarbeiten (Reviews, Metaanalysen) sowie

A1a nur oder vorrangig Kinder/Jugendliche werden untersucht

A1b eingeschränkte Repräsentativität: spezielle Personengruppen (Schwangere und

A1c anderer kultureller Kontext, Lebensumstände und Ernährungsgewohnheiten, die nicht

A1d es werden keine Menschen, sondern Tiere untersucht

A1e primäres Outcome ist nicht Gewicht oder BMI

A2 die Publikation ist vor 2009 publiziert (Rechercheschluss SIGN-Leitlinie 2010)

A3 die Publikation ist nicht in deutscher oder englischer Sprache verfügbar

A5 es erfolgt keine Beschreibung der methodischen Vorgehensweise (zum Beispiel:

A6 Publikation ist keine systematische Übersichtsarbeit bzw. kein RCT

A7 Volltext der Publikation ist nicht verfügbar

A9 die Publikation wurde in einer berücksichtigten Quelle der aggregierten Evidenz

Eingeschlossen wurden zu den Fragestellungen der Leitlinie passende Studien unter

Erstellung von Kapiteln für die keine systematische Literaturrecherche nach

Kapitels durch die Experten unter Heranziehung ergänzender Literaturquellen (Handsuche).

5.2. Formulierung der Empfehlungen und Festlegung der

Konsensuskonferenzen Datum Themen

1. Konsensuskonferenz 22.02.2012  Besprechung der methodischen

5.2.1. Themenbezogene Gruppenarbeit

5.2.2. Konsensuskonferenzen mit endgültiger Verabschiedung der Empfehlungen