No Place Like Home - Ancient Near Eastern Houses and Households, 2022
In this paper, we explore the issue of household archaeology during the Early Bronze III of the s... more In this paper, we explore the issue of household archaeology during the Early Bronze III of the southern Levant based on our recently completed systematic excavations at Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath. Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath is a very large (ca. 24 ha) and significant regional urban center entirely surrounded by a thick fortification system composed of stone foundation and mud-brick superstructure. A part of an Early Bronze Age III neighborhood has been excavated at the eastern end of the site (Area E). Our analysis explores the implications for household behaviour in this lower stratum residential neighborhood. Some of the occupants were probably merchants, but in general seem to pursue a middle-class lifestyle.
In this paper, we explore the issue of household archaeology during the Early Bronze III of the s... more In this paper, we explore the issue of household archaeology during the Early Bronze III of the southern Levant based on our recently completed systematic excavations at Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath. Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath is a very large (ca. 24 ha) and significant regional urban center entirely surrounded by a thick fortification system composed of stone foundation and mud-brick superstructure. A part of an Early Bronze Age III neighborhood has been excavated at the eastern end of the site (Area E). Our analysis explores the implications for household behaviour in this lower stratum residential neighborhood. Some of the occupants were probably merchants, but in general seem to pursue a middle-class lifestyle.
More than two hundred vessels with pot marks were found in the Early Bronze Age Strata E5 and E6 ... more More than two hundred vessels with pot marks were found in the Early Bronze Age Strata E5 and E6 at Tell es-Sâfi/Gath, Area E (fig. 1). This is one of the largest corpora of pot marks analyzed from a domestic residential neighborhood complex. Given their variability, it is difficult to understand their meanings. It is unlikely that the pot marks represent the contents of the pots or their volume, since they were made during manufacture—that is, they were incised while the clay was still wet. It is unlikely that they were made by specialist potters to reflect their personal mark or that of their workshop since the variability would imply that there were over twenty potters (according to the various types), potters’ workshops, or individuals in households making and selling/distributing pots to just this small area of the site. It is also unlikely that the inhabitants of these buildings were serviced by so many different potters, even though the repertoire of vessels is so limited. Further, if they were made by each household, we would expect more homogeneity of the pot marks within buildings. Kisos has suggested an alternative explanation: that the marks perhaps served as preliterate media conveying messages from the ruling strata of this society (Kisos 2014). In general, the EB III is a preliterate era in the southern Levant. There is no evidence for any form of indigenous writing system that can be used to infer the nature of administrative activities (Shai and Uziel 2010). The only other possible evidence for administrative activities during the Early Bronze III comes in the form of the occasional cylinder seal that shows up across the region (Ben-Tor 1995; Greenberg 2001; Joffe 2001). In the northernmost building in Area E, in Stratum E5c, adjacent to a pebble hearth and in the vicinity of an assemblage of six beads, an exquisitely carved hippopotamus ivory cylinder seal was recovered (Maeir, Shai, and Horwitz 2011). The skill required to make such an object suggests a highly proficient artist. The exotic nature of the raw material (ivory) and the high artistic level in the shaping and carving suggest that it was a relatively expensive item. The owner of such an item was probably of relatively high status, suggesting that the local inhabitants of this neighborhood were involved in more than simply mundane and quotidian activities; most likely they were involved in activities that required the use of administrative tools. During the EB I at other sites, evidence of administration comes in the form of Egyptian bullae (Gophna 1995). The bulla found this year (2017) in the EB III strata of Area E is an indication of administration in this period. However, there is always the possibility that it is a leftover fragment of an EB I bulla and not a later bulla. Analysis is ongoing (see also Katz, this issue).
Abstract A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze ... more Abstract A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, were recently unearthed at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. The beads were subjected to analysis by FTIR spectrometry in order to identify the mineralogy and materials used for their making. Among the various materials identified, such as carnelian, steatite and shells, twenty-five were made of faience. The microstructure and chemical composition of two faience beads were analyzed by electron microscopy and are the focus of this short report. Results show that cementation glazing was most likely used for one, whereas efflorescence glazing was most probably used in the production of the other. These preliminary results shed light on the variability that existed in manufacturing procedures and choice of raw materials for the production of early vitreous materials during this period.
Most studies of ritual and symbolism in early complex societies of the Near East have focused on ... more Most studies of ritual and symbolism in early complex societies of the Near East have focused on elite and/or public behavioural domains. However, the vast bulk of the population would not have been able to fully participate in such public displays. This paper explores the zooarchaeological and associated archaeological evidence for household rituals in lower-stratum residences in the Early Bronze Age (EB) of the southern Levant. Data from the EB III (c. 2850–2550 BCE) deposits excavated at the site of Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath, Israel, are illustrative of the difficulty in identifying the nature of household rituals. An integrated analytical approach to the architecture, figurines, foundation deposits, and domestic donkey burials found in lower-stratum domestic residences provides insights into the nature of household rituals. This integrated contextual perspective allows the sacred and symbolic role(s) of each to be understood and their importance for EB urban society to be evaluated.
In this paper, we review the evidence for the use of the domestic donkey as a mode of transportat... more In this paper, we review the evidence for the use of the domestic donkey as a mode of transportation in the Early Bronze Age. The study will present the domestic donkey remains (artefactual and zoological) and their archaeological context from the Early Bronze Age III domestic neighborhood at Tell es-Safi/Gath. The remains indicate the significant role that donkeys played in the daily life of the inhabitants. This reflects on our understanding of their role in the trade networks and mode of transportation that existed within the emerging urban cultures in the southern Levant during the third millennium BCE.
In this paper, we present the results of recent research on the potential movement of animals and... more In this paper, we present the results of recent research on the potential movement of animals and other goods between Old Kingdom Egypt and the southern Levant during the Early Bronze III (c. 2850–2550 BCE). Several types of goods found at the site within a domestic residential neighbourhood (possibly of merchants) suggest that the inhabitants had extensive trade connections with the surrounding regions. A variety of durable goods derived from a variety of nonlocal sources, some of which are potentially located in Egypt. Other objects may have had a raw material origin in Egypt, but were modified in the northern Levant, and end up in the southern Levant. Scientific analysis of the normally assumed items, such as domestic livestock, demonstrate that donkey caravans were coming from Egypt during a period when trade supposedly has ceased between Egypt and the southern Levant. Isotopic analysis of donkey and other domestic animals are the first bioarchaeological evidence for the movement of livestock between the two regions – that the animals were born and raised in Egypt, brought to Canaan, and slaughtered soon after their arrival at the site. These results can challenge our traditional assumptions about evidence for direct trade between regions. We should be cautious in our labeling of raw material of artefacts that are non-local before a full scientific analysis is conducted.
Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern L... more Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Levant. However, their function is often assumed or unknown. Thirteen circular pebble installations were found scattered throughout a residential neighbourhood dating to the Early Bronze Age III at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Five such installations were recently studied by implementing an integrated micro-archaeological approach by which all micro- and macro-artefacts were analysed using various analytical techniques. Based on the analysis of ash-micro remains identified in the sediments, associated plant remains, flint and pottery, we suggest that these installations were used for food-processing, cooking and/or other domestic low-heat tasks. The installations first appear at Tell es-Safi/Gath during the Early Bronze Age III, and seem to disappear during later periods. The functional roles of these installations are discussed in comparison to finds from other Early Bronze Age sites, and of other food preparation traditions known from other periods and cultures.
With the emergence of urban culture in the southern Levant in the Early Bronze Age, new types of ... more With the emergence of urban culture in the southern Levant in the Early Bronze Age, new types of pottery and ceramic techniques appeared, among them pottery (usually combed) coated with a white material. A selection of sherds from Early Bronze strata was studied in an attempt to analyze this material. Using microscopy and various other methods, the authors were able to determine that the white material was a lime-plaster applied to the vessels after firing. The paper contends that the most likely reason for applying the lime-plaster was functional—to decrease permeability and protect the contents of the vessels.
Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern L... more Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Levant. However, their function is often assumed or unknown. Thirteen circular pebble installations were found scattered throughout a residential neighbourhood dating to the Early Bronze Age III at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Five such installations were recently studied by implementing an integrated micro-archaeological approach by which all micro-and macro-artefacts were analysed using various analytical techniques. Based on the analysis of ash-micro remains identified in the sediments, associated plant remains, flint and pottery, we suggest that these installations were used for food-processing, cooking and/or other domestic low-heat tasks. The installations first appear at Tell es-Safi/Gath during the Early Bronze Age III, and seem to disappear during later periods. The functional roles of these installations are discussed in comparison to finds from other Early Bronze Age sites, and of other ...
Beads are the most common decorative jewelry item found at archaeological sites around the Southe... more Beads are the most common decorative jewelry item found at archaeological sites around the Southern Levant. The earliest known use of beads was in the Neolithic Period, and they remained a popular jewelry item throughout ancient times. Jewelry has been used for millennia as a way to communicate social status, cultural affiliation, religion and beliefs, and personal expression. It is part of the personal story of the individual who was wearing it. The material beads are fashioned from also plays a significant role in what we can learn from them.
The origin of domestic donkeys (Equus asinus dom.) appears to lie in northeastern Africa, somewhe... more The origin of domestic donkeys (Equus asinus dom.) appears to lie in northeastern Africa, somewhere in the region of Somalia, Sudan, and Ethiopia. They were domesticated from the Nubian ass (Equus asinus fer.) sometime early in fourth millennium b.c.e., or around the end of the Chalcolithic (Kimura et al. 2010; Milevski 2009: 251; Rossel et al. 2008). The donkey rapidly spread into Egypt where it was considered a valuable animal and incorporated into the royal grave goods during the First Dynasty (Rossel et al. 2008). Subsequently, domesticated donkeys spread across the southern Levant (as early as the Chalcolithic) and the rest of the Near East during the EB (Grigson 1993, 1995; Hesse and Wapnish 2002).
A total of 27 jewelry items were found in
LB contexts in Area E. The artifacts are
made from diff... more A total of 27 jewelry items were found in LB contexts in Area E. The artifacts are made from different raw materials (such as precious stones, faience, shells and bones) and formed into various shapes. The assemblage includes 24 beads, two pendants and one ring. All of the jewelry was measured using a digital caliper (mm). If the artifact was symmetrical, the diameter was measured, while if the item was not symmetrical, the length and width were measured. In addition, all of the jewelry was weighed on a digital scale (g) .
Beads are the most common decorative element of jewelry found in excavations. They are commonly
u... more Beads are the most common decorative element of jewelry found in excavations. They are commonly used as components of chains and bracelets, whether as individual items or concentrated in small numbers. The earliest beads are known from the Neolithic period, coupled with the development of various industries related to jewelry production (see Bar-Yosef Mayer 2005; Sherr 2009). Over time, craftsmen developed various technological changes in order to create more elaborate beads with special decorations, using a variety of different raw materials.
Psychologists confirm that play is just
as critical for adults as for kids—not only as simple,
un... more Psychologists confirm that play is just as critical for adults as for kids—not only as simple, unproductive leisure, but also as a mental and social catalyst. Board games represent a unique kind of human play. Millions of board games are sold every year, as people from different walks of life, ages, races and ethnicities all enjoy the kind of brain-teasing and social engagement that board games offer. And archaeology demonstrates that this pastime has deep roots.
Qadmoniot: A Journal for the Antiquities of Eretz-Israel and Bible Lands , 2017
ביות החמור ) Equus asinus ( החל בצפון–מזרח אפריקה
בתקופה הכלקוליתית, באלף החמישי או בראשית האלף
ה... more ביות החמור ) Equus asinus ( החל בצפון–מזרח אפריקה בתקופה הכלקוליתית, באלף החמישי או בראשית האלף הרביעי לפני הספירה, והשפיע רבות על חיי האדם והחברה מאז. המניעים לביות החמור אינם ידועים לנו, ואפשר שהשימוש הראשוני בו היה לצורכי בשר וחלב. בכל מקום שהחמור הופיע בו הייתה לו תרומה עצומה להתפתחות התרבות והכלכלה, והיכולת לנצל אותו אפשרה שינויים בדפוסי התחבורה, המסחר והחקלאות. חשיבותו זו משתקפת גם במקום שתפס בטקסים דתיים. משלהי האלף הרביעי לפני הספירה נפוץ החמור במצרים ומשם עבר לכל רחבי המזרח הקדום. עדות לכך הן עצמות החמור, השכיחות כמעט בכל אתר ואזור במזרח הקדום. בתקופה זו שימש החמור בהמת משא )בעיקר למסחר ארוך טווח( במצרים, במסופוטמיה ובלבנט. במאמר שלפנינו נציג את הממצאים מתקופת הברונזה הקדומה )להלן הבה״ק( III שנחשפו בתל צפית, ממצאים המשקפים את חשיבותו של החמור בחברה הארצישראלית בת התקופה.
The origin of domestic donkeys (Equus asinus dom.)
appears to lie in northeastern Africa, somewhe... more The origin of domestic donkeys (Equus asinus dom.) appears to lie in northeastern Africa, somewhere in the region of Somalia, Sudan, and Ethiopia. They were domesticated from the Nubian ass (Equus asinus fer.) sometime early in fourth millennium b.c.e., or around the end of the Chalcolithic (Kimura et al. 2010; Milevski 2009: 251; Rossel et al. 2008). The donkey rapidly spread into Egypt where it was considered a valuable animal and incorporated into the royal grave goods during the First Dynasty (Rossel et al. 2008). Subsequently, domesticated donkeys spread across the southern Levant (as early as the Chalcolithic) and the rest of the Near East during the EB (Grigson 1993, 1995; Hesse and Wapnish 2002).
In this paper, we present the results of recent research on the potential movement of animals and... more In this paper, we present the results of recent research on the potential movement of animals and other goods between Old Kingdom Egypt and the southern Levant during the Early Bronze III (c. 2850-2550 BCE). Several types of goods found at the site within a domestic residential neighbourhood (possibly of merchants) suggest that the inhabitants had extensive trade connections with the surrounding regions. A variety of durable goods derived from a variety of non-local sources, some of which are potentially located in Egypt. Other objects may have had a raw material origin in Egypt, but were modified in the northern Levant, and end up in the southern Levant. Scientific analysis of the normally assumed items, such as domestic livestock, demonstrate that donkey caravans were coming from Egypt during a period when trade supposedly has ceased between Egypt and the southern Levant. Isotopic analysis of donkey and other domestic animals are the first bioarchaeological evidence for the movement of livestock between the two regions-that the animals were born and raised in Egypt, brought to Canaan, and slaughtered soon after their arrival at the site. These results can challenge our traditional assumptions about evidence for direct trade between regions. We should be cautious in our labeling of raw material of artefacts that are non-local before a full scientific analysis is conducted.
No Place Like Home - Ancient Near Eastern Houses and Households, 2022
In this paper, we explore the issue of household archaeology during the Early Bronze III of the s... more In this paper, we explore the issue of household archaeology during the Early Bronze III of the southern Levant based on our recently completed systematic excavations at Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath. Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath is a very large (ca. 24 ha) and significant regional urban center entirely surrounded by a thick fortification system composed of stone foundation and mud-brick superstructure. A part of an Early Bronze Age III neighborhood has been excavated at the eastern end of the site (Area E). Our analysis explores the implications for household behaviour in this lower stratum residential neighborhood. Some of the occupants were probably merchants, but in general seem to pursue a middle-class lifestyle.
In this paper, we explore the issue of household archaeology during the Early Bronze III of the s... more In this paper, we explore the issue of household archaeology during the Early Bronze III of the southern Levant based on our recently completed systematic excavations at Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath. Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath is a very large (ca. 24 ha) and significant regional urban center entirely surrounded by a thick fortification system composed of stone foundation and mud-brick superstructure. A part of an Early Bronze Age III neighborhood has been excavated at the eastern end of the site (Area E). Our analysis explores the implications for household behaviour in this lower stratum residential neighborhood. Some of the occupants were probably merchants, but in general seem to pursue a middle-class lifestyle.
More than two hundred vessels with pot marks were found in the Early Bronze Age Strata E5 and E6 ... more More than two hundred vessels with pot marks were found in the Early Bronze Age Strata E5 and E6 at Tell es-Sâfi/Gath, Area E (fig. 1). This is one of the largest corpora of pot marks analyzed from a domestic residential neighborhood complex. Given their variability, it is difficult to understand their meanings. It is unlikely that the pot marks represent the contents of the pots or their volume, since they were made during manufacture—that is, they were incised while the clay was still wet. It is unlikely that they were made by specialist potters to reflect their personal mark or that of their workshop since the variability would imply that there were over twenty potters (according to the various types), potters’ workshops, or individuals in households making and selling/distributing pots to just this small area of the site. It is also unlikely that the inhabitants of these buildings were serviced by so many different potters, even though the repertoire of vessels is so limited. Further, if they were made by each household, we would expect more homogeneity of the pot marks within buildings. Kisos has suggested an alternative explanation: that the marks perhaps served as preliterate media conveying messages from the ruling strata of this society (Kisos 2014). In general, the EB III is a preliterate era in the southern Levant. There is no evidence for any form of indigenous writing system that can be used to infer the nature of administrative activities (Shai and Uziel 2010). The only other possible evidence for administrative activities during the Early Bronze III comes in the form of the occasional cylinder seal that shows up across the region (Ben-Tor 1995; Greenberg 2001; Joffe 2001). In the northernmost building in Area E, in Stratum E5c, adjacent to a pebble hearth and in the vicinity of an assemblage of six beads, an exquisitely carved hippopotamus ivory cylinder seal was recovered (Maeir, Shai, and Horwitz 2011). The skill required to make such an object suggests a highly proficient artist. The exotic nature of the raw material (ivory) and the high artistic level in the shaping and carving suggest that it was a relatively expensive item. The owner of such an item was probably of relatively high status, suggesting that the local inhabitants of this neighborhood were involved in more than simply mundane and quotidian activities; most likely they were involved in activities that required the use of administrative tools. During the EB I at other sites, evidence of administration comes in the form of Egyptian bullae (Gophna 1995). The bulla found this year (2017) in the EB III strata of Area E is an indication of administration in this period. However, there is always the possibility that it is a leftover fragment of an EB I bulla and not a later bulla. Analysis is ongoing (see also Katz, this issue).
Abstract A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze ... more Abstract A total of thirty-eight beads, including one pendant securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III, were recently unearthed at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. The beads were subjected to analysis by FTIR spectrometry in order to identify the mineralogy and materials used for their making. Among the various materials identified, such as carnelian, steatite and shells, twenty-five were made of faience. The microstructure and chemical composition of two faience beads were analyzed by electron microscopy and are the focus of this short report. Results show that cementation glazing was most likely used for one, whereas efflorescence glazing was most probably used in the production of the other. These preliminary results shed light on the variability that existed in manufacturing procedures and choice of raw materials for the production of early vitreous materials during this period.
Most studies of ritual and symbolism in early complex societies of the Near East have focused on ... more Most studies of ritual and symbolism in early complex societies of the Near East have focused on elite and/or public behavioural domains. However, the vast bulk of the population would not have been able to fully participate in such public displays. This paper explores the zooarchaeological and associated archaeological evidence for household rituals in lower-stratum residences in the Early Bronze Age (EB) of the southern Levant. Data from the EB III (c. 2850–2550 BCE) deposits excavated at the site of Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath, Israel, are illustrative of the difficulty in identifying the nature of household rituals. An integrated analytical approach to the architecture, figurines, foundation deposits, and domestic donkey burials found in lower-stratum domestic residences provides insights into the nature of household rituals. This integrated contextual perspective allows the sacred and symbolic role(s) of each to be understood and their importance for EB urban society to be evaluated.
In this paper, we review the evidence for the use of the domestic donkey as a mode of transportat... more In this paper, we review the evidence for the use of the domestic donkey as a mode of transportation in the Early Bronze Age. The study will present the domestic donkey remains (artefactual and zoological) and their archaeological context from the Early Bronze Age III domestic neighborhood at Tell es-Safi/Gath. The remains indicate the significant role that donkeys played in the daily life of the inhabitants. This reflects on our understanding of their role in the trade networks and mode of transportation that existed within the emerging urban cultures in the southern Levant during the third millennium BCE.
In this paper, we present the results of recent research on the potential movement of animals and... more In this paper, we present the results of recent research on the potential movement of animals and other goods between Old Kingdom Egypt and the southern Levant during the Early Bronze III (c. 2850–2550 BCE). Several types of goods found at the site within a domestic residential neighbourhood (possibly of merchants) suggest that the inhabitants had extensive trade connections with the surrounding regions. A variety of durable goods derived from a variety of nonlocal sources, some of which are potentially located in Egypt. Other objects may have had a raw material origin in Egypt, but were modified in the northern Levant, and end up in the southern Levant. Scientific analysis of the normally assumed items, such as domestic livestock, demonstrate that donkey caravans were coming from Egypt during a period when trade supposedly has ceased between Egypt and the southern Levant. Isotopic analysis of donkey and other domestic animals are the first bioarchaeological evidence for the movement of livestock between the two regions – that the animals were born and raised in Egypt, brought to Canaan, and slaughtered soon after their arrival at the site. These results can challenge our traditional assumptions about evidence for direct trade between regions. We should be cautious in our labeling of raw material of artefacts that are non-local before a full scientific analysis is conducted.
Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern L... more Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Levant. However, their function is often assumed or unknown. Thirteen circular pebble installations were found scattered throughout a residential neighbourhood dating to the Early Bronze Age III at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Five such installations were recently studied by implementing an integrated micro-archaeological approach by which all micro- and macro-artefacts were analysed using various analytical techniques. Based on the analysis of ash-micro remains identified in the sediments, associated plant remains, flint and pottery, we suggest that these installations were used for food-processing, cooking and/or other domestic low-heat tasks. The installations first appear at Tell es-Safi/Gath during the Early Bronze Age III, and seem to disappear during later periods. The functional roles of these installations are discussed in comparison to finds from other Early Bronze Age sites, and of other food preparation traditions known from other periods and cultures.
With the emergence of urban culture in the southern Levant in the Early Bronze Age, new types of ... more With the emergence of urban culture in the southern Levant in the Early Bronze Age, new types of pottery and ceramic techniques appeared, among them pottery (usually combed) coated with a white material. A selection of sherds from Early Bronze strata was studied in an attempt to analyze this material. Using microscopy and various other methods, the authors were able to determine that the white material was a lime-plaster applied to the vessels after firing. The paper contends that the most likely reason for applying the lime-plaster was functional—to decrease permeability and protect the contents of the vessels.
Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern L... more Pebble stone installations are commonly found at various Early Bronze Age sites in the southern Levant. However, their function is often assumed or unknown. Thirteen circular pebble installations were found scattered throughout a residential neighbourhood dating to the Early Bronze Age III at Tell es-Safi/Gath. Five such installations were recently studied by implementing an integrated micro-archaeological approach by which all micro-and macro-artefacts were analysed using various analytical techniques. Based on the analysis of ash-micro remains identified in the sediments, associated plant remains, flint and pottery, we suggest that these installations were used for food-processing, cooking and/or other domestic low-heat tasks. The installations first appear at Tell es-Safi/Gath during the Early Bronze Age III, and seem to disappear during later periods. The functional roles of these installations are discussed in comparison to finds from other Early Bronze Age sites, and of other ...
Beads are the most common decorative jewelry item found at archaeological sites around the Southe... more Beads are the most common decorative jewelry item found at archaeological sites around the Southern Levant. The earliest known use of beads was in the Neolithic Period, and they remained a popular jewelry item throughout ancient times. Jewelry has been used for millennia as a way to communicate social status, cultural affiliation, religion and beliefs, and personal expression. It is part of the personal story of the individual who was wearing it. The material beads are fashioned from also plays a significant role in what we can learn from them.
The origin of domestic donkeys (Equus asinus dom.) appears to lie in northeastern Africa, somewhe... more The origin of domestic donkeys (Equus asinus dom.) appears to lie in northeastern Africa, somewhere in the region of Somalia, Sudan, and Ethiopia. They were domesticated from the Nubian ass (Equus asinus fer.) sometime early in fourth millennium b.c.e., or around the end of the Chalcolithic (Kimura et al. 2010; Milevski 2009: 251; Rossel et al. 2008). The donkey rapidly spread into Egypt where it was considered a valuable animal and incorporated into the royal grave goods during the First Dynasty (Rossel et al. 2008). Subsequently, domesticated donkeys spread across the southern Levant (as early as the Chalcolithic) and the rest of the Near East during the EB (Grigson 1993, 1995; Hesse and Wapnish 2002).
A total of 27 jewelry items were found in
LB contexts in Area E. The artifacts are
made from diff... more A total of 27 jewelry items were found in LB contexts in Area E. The artifacts are made from different raw materials (such as precious stones, faience, shells and bones) and formed into various shapes. The assemblage includes 24 beads, two pendants and one ring. All of the jewelry was measured using a digital caliper (mm). If the artifact was symmetrical, the diameter was measured, while if the item was not symmetrical, the length and width were measured. In addition, all of the jewelry was weighed on a digital scale (g) .
Beads are the most common decorative element of jewelry found in excavations. They are commonly
u... more Beads are the most common decorative element of jewelry found in excavations. They are commonly used as components of chains and bracelets, whether as individual items or concentrated in small numbers. The earliest beads are known from the Neolithic period, coupled with the development of various industries related to jewelry production (see Bar-Yosef Mayer 2005; Sherr 2009). Over time, craftsmen developed various technological changes in order to create more elaborate beads with special decorations, using a variety of different raw materials.
Psychologists confirm that play is just
as critical for adults as for kids—not only as simple,
un... more Psychologists confirm that play is just as critical for adults as for kids—not only as simple, unproductive leisure, but also as a mental and social catalyst. Board games represent a unique kind of human play. Millions of board games are sold every year, as people from different walks of life, ages, races and ethnicities all enjoy the kind of brain-teasing and social engagement that board games offer. And archaeology demonstrates that this pastime has deep roots.
Qadmoniot: A Journal for the Antiquities of Eretz-Israel and Bible Lands , 2017
ביות החמור ) Equus asinus ( החל בצפון–מזרח אפריקה
בתקופה הכלקוליתית, באלף החמישי או בראשית האלף
ה... more ביות החמור ) Equus asinus ( החל בצפון–מזרח אפריקה בתקופה הכלקוליתית, באלף החמישי או בראשית האלף הרביעי לפני הספירה, והשפיע רבות על חיי האדם והחברה מאז. המניעים לביות החמור אינם ידועים לנו, ואפשר שהשימוש הראשוני בו היה לצורכי בשר וחלב. בכל מקום שהחמור הופיע בו הייתה לו תרומה עצומה להתפתחות התרבות והכלכלה, והיכולת לנצל אותו אפשרה שינויים בדפוסי התחבורה, המסחר והחקלאות. חשיבותו זו משתקפת גם במקום שתפס בטקסים דתיים. משלהי האלף הרביעי לפני הספירה נפוץ החמור במצרים ומשם עבר לכל רחבי המזרח הקדום. עדות לכך הן עצמות החמור, השכיחות כמעט בכל אתר ואזור במזרח הקדום. בתקופה זו שימש החמור בהמת משא )בעיקר למסחר ארוך טווח( במצרים, במסופוטמיה ובלבנט. במאמר שלפנינו נציג את הממצאים מתקופת הברונזה הקדומה )להלן הבה״ק( III שנחשפו בתל צפית, ממצאים המשקפים את חשיבותו של החמור בחברה הארצישראלית בת התקופה.
The origin of domestic donkeys (Equus asinus dom.)
appears to lie in northeastern Africa, somewhe... more The origin of domestic donkeys (Equus asinus dom.) appears to lie in northeastern Africa, somewhere in the region of Somalia, Sudan, and Ethiopia. They were domesticated from the Nubian ass (Equus asinus fer.) sometime early in fourth millennium b.c.e., or around the end of the Chalcolithic (Kimura et al. 2010; Milevski 2009: 251; Rossel et al. 2008). The donkey rapidly spread into Egypt where it was considered a valuable animal and incorporated into the royal grave goods during the First Dynasty (Rossel et al. 2008). Subsequently, domesticated donkeys spread across the southern Levant (as early as the Chalcolithic) and the rest of the Near East during the EB (Grigson 1993, 1995; Hesse and Wapnish 2002).
In this paper, we present the results of recent research on the potential movement of animals and... more In this paper, we present the results of recent research on the potential movement of animals and other goods between Old Kingdom Egypt and the southern Levant during the Early Bronze III (c. 2850-2550 BCE). Several types of goods found at the site within a domestic residential neighbourhood (possibly of merchants) suggest that the inhabitants had extensive trade connections with the surrounding regions. A variety of durable goods derived from a variety of non-local sources, some of which are potentially located in Egypt. Other objects may have had a raw material origin in Egypt, but were modified in the northern Levant, and end up in the southern Levant. Scientific analysis of the normally assumed items, such as domestic livestock, demonstrate that donkey caravans were coming from Egypt during a period when trade supposedly has ceased between Egypt and the southern Levant. Isotopic analysis of donkey and other domestic animals are the first bioarchaeological evidence for the movement of livestock between the two regions-that the animals were born and raised in Egypt, brought to Canaan, and slaughtered soon after their arrival at the site. These results can challenge our traditional assumptions about evidence for direct trade between regions. We should be cautious in our labeling of raw material of artefacts that are non-local before a full scientific analysis is conducted.
The definition of faience covers a range of artefacts and technological procedures, though in gen... more The definition of faience covers a range of artefacts and technological procedures, though in general it consists of a finely ground quartz or quartz sand, fused together with alkali and lime and coated with an alkali-rich glaze. It was first produced in Egypt and the Near East as early as the 4th millennium BCE1. Although beads are commonly found in Bronze and Iron Age archaeological contexts in the Levant, their study rarely goes beyond description of shape and color and has been lacking analytical characterization at the microscopic scale in order to infer on technological aspects. This is especially true for beads dating to the Early Bronze Age, as most of the technological studies have been conducted on Egyptian and Aegean artifacts mostly dating to Late Bronze Age (New Kingdom, Minoan culture respectively). A total of 38 beads securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III (2900-2500 BCE) were unearthed at Tell es-Safi/Gath. The beads were made from various materials; among semi-precious stones and shells, more than half (23) were identified as faience, and are the focus of this study. The beads were found on floors of various rooms and buildings. To the best of our knowledge this is the earliest assemblage of faience beads so far studied in depth from the Levant. In order to infer on technological aspects, such as formation methods and, the use of raw materials and pigments, the beads were subjected to chemical and microstructure analysis using SEM-EDS, Infra-red spectroscopy and pXRF analyses. The results shed light on the production of early vitreous material during this period.
Goal: To be able to determine if there are different sheep and/or goat breeds present at Tell es‐... more Goal: To be able to determine if there are different sheep and/or goat breeds present at Tell es‐Safi/Gath during the (Early Bronze (EB) III (2850‐2500 BCE) occupation in order to provide insights into the animal husbandry strategies at Tell es‐ Safi/Gath. Will use the ovicaprine remains from the EB occupation at Tell es‐Safi/Gath, Israel. Data: The site of Tell es‐Safi, located in the Shephelah region in Israel, has yielded the remains of an EB neighbourhood with a rich assemblages of animal bones from several houses, courtyards and an adjacent alleyway. This neighbourhood is thought to be a merchant’s quarter since it has evidence of extensive trade with the surrounding regions. Using ovicaprine astragali recovered from these deposits, geometric morphometric comparisons were conducted to determine the composition of and changes to sheep and goat breeds during this period.
The Early Bronze Age (EBIII) site of Tell-es Safi is characterized by the archaeological remains ... more The Early Bronze Age (EBIII) site of Tell-es Safi is characterized by the archaeological remains of an early urban neighbourhood. Architectural and artefactual remains suggest this was a merchant quarter for lower-stratum occupants. The occupants appear to have been involved in a long distance trade with Egypt as interesting artifacts originated in Egypt have appeared. Further, three donkey (Equus asinus) skeletons were discovered buried beneath the floors of the houses. At least one of these has an isotopic signature indicating it came from Eqypt.
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Papers by Shira Albaz
LB contexts in Area E. The artifacts are
made from different raw materials (such
as precious stones, faience, shells and bones) and
formed into various shapes. The assemblage includes
24 beads, two pendants and one ring. All
of the jewelry was measured using a digital caliper
(mm). If the artifact was symmetrical, the diameter
was measured, while if the item was not symmetrical,
the length and width were measured. In
addition, all of the jewelry was weighed on a digital
scale (g) .
used as components of chains and bracelets, whether as individual items or concentrated in small numbers.
The earliest beads are known from the Neolithic period, coupled with the development of various
industries related to jewelry production (see Bar-Yosef Mayer 2005; Sherr 2009). Over time, craftsmen
developed various technological changes in order to create more elaborate beads with special decorations,
using a variety of different raw materials.
as critical for adults as for kids—not only as simple,
unproductive leisure, but also as a mental
and social catalyst. Board games
represent a unique kind of
human play. Millions of board
games are sold every year, as
people from different walks
of life, ages, races and ethnicities
all enjoy the kind
of brain-teasing and social
engagement that board
games offer. And archaeology
demonstrates that this
pastime has deep roots.
בתקופה הכלקוליתית, באלף החמישי או בראשית האלף
הרביעי לפני הספירה, והשפיע רבות על חיי האדם והחברה
מאז. המניעים לביות החמור אינם ידועים לנו, ואפשר
שהשימוש הראשוני בו היה לצורכי בשר וחלב. בכל מקום
שהחמור הופיע בו הייתה לו תרומה עצומה להתפתחות
התרבות והכלכלה, והיכולת לנצל אותו אפשרה שינויים
בדפוסי התחבורה, המסחר והחקלאות. חשיבותו זו
משתקפת גם במקום שתפס בטקסים דתיים. משלהי האלף
הרביעי לפני הספירה נפוץ החמור במצרים ומשם עבר לכל
רחבי המזרח הקדום. עדות לכך הן עצמות החמור, השכיחות
כמעט בכל אתר ואזור במזרח הקדום. בתקופה זו שימש
החמור בהמת משא )בעיקר למסחר ארוך טווח( במצרים,
במסופוטמיה ובלבנט. במאמר שלפנינו נציג את הממצאים
מתקופת הברונזה הקדומה )להלן הבה״ק( III שנחשפו בתל
צפית, ממצאים המשקפים את חשיבותו של החמור בחברה
הארצישראלית בת התקופה.
appears to lie in northeastern Africa, somewhere in
the region of Somalia, Sudan, and Ethiopia. They
were domesticated from the Nubian ass (Equus asinus fer.)
sometime early in fourth millennium b.c.e., or around the
end of the Chalcolithic (Kimura et al. 2010; Milevski 2009:
251; Rossel et al. 2008). The donkey rapidly spread into Egypt
where it was considered a valuable animal and incorporated
into the royal grave goods during the First Dynasty (Rossel et
al. 2008). Subsequently, domesticated donkeys spread across
the southern Levant (as early as the Chalcolithic) and the rest
of the Near East during the EB (Grigson 1993, 1995; Hesse
and Wapnish 2002).
LB contexts in Area E. The artifacts are
made from different raw materials (such
as precious stones, faience, shells and bones) and
formed into various shapes. The assemblage includes
24 beads, two pendants and one ring. All
of the jewelry was measured using a digital caliper
(mm). If the artifact was symmetrical, the diameter
was measured, while if the item was not symmetrical,
the length and width were measured. In
addition, all of the jewelry was weighed on a digital
scale (g) .
used as components of chains and bracelets, whether as individual items or concentrated in small numbers.
The earliest beads are known from the Neolithic period, coupled with the development of various
industries related to jewelry production (see Bar-Yosef Mayer 2005; Sherr 2009). Over time, craftsmen
developed various technological changes in order to create more elaborate beads with special decorations,
using a variety of different raw materials.
as critical for adults as for kids—not only as simple,
unproductive leisure, but also as a mental
and social catalyst. Board games
represent a unique kind of
human play. Millions of board
games are sold every year, as
people from different walks
of life, ages, races and ethnicities
all enjoy the kind
of brain-teasing and social
engagement that board
games offer. And archaeology
demonstrates that this
pastime has deep roots.
בתקופה הכלקוליתית, באלף החמישי או בראשית האלף
הרביעי לפני הספירה, והשפיע רבות על חיי האדם והחברה
מאז. המניעים לביות החמור אינם ידועים לנו, ואפשר
שהשימוש הראשוני בו היה לצורכי בשר וחלב. בכל מקום
שהחמור הופיע בו הייתה לו תרומה עצומה להתפתחות
התרבות והכלכלה, והיכולת לנצל אותו אפשרה שינויים
בדפוסי התחבורה, המסחר והחקלאות. חשיבותו זו
משתקפת גם במקום שתפס בטקסים דתיים. משלהי האלף
הרביעי לפני הספירה נפוץ החמור במצרים ומשם עבר לכל
רחבי המזרח הקדום. עדות לכך הן עצמות החמור, השכיחות
כמעט בכל אתר ואזור במזרח הקדום. בתקופה זו שימש
החמור בהמת משא )בעיקר למסחר ארוך טווח( במצרים,
במסופוטמיה ובלבנט. במאמר שלפנינו נציג את הממצאים
מתקופת הברונזה הקדומה )להלן הבה״ק( III שנחשפו בתל
צפית, ממצאים המשקפים את חשיבותו של החמור בחברה
הארצישראלית בת התקופה.
appears to lie in northeastern Africa, somewhere in
the region of Somalia, Sudan, and Ethiopia. They
were domesticated from the Nubian ass (Equus asinus fer.)
sometime early in fourth millennium b.c.e., or around the
end of the Chalcolithic (Kimura et al. 2010; Milevski 2009:
251; Rossel et al. 2008). The donkey rapidly spread into Egypt
where it was considered a valuable animal and incorporated
into the royal grave goods during the First Dynasty (Rossel et
al. 2008). Subsequently, domesticated donkeys spread across
the southern Levant (as early as the Chalcolithic) and the rest
of the Near East during the EB (Grigson 1993, 1995; Hesse
and Wapnish 2002).
Although beads are commonly found in Bronze and Iron Age archaeological contexts in the Levant, their study rarely goes beyond description of shape and color and has been lacking analytical characterization at the microscopic scale in order to infer on technological aspects. This is especially true for beads dating to the Early Bronze Age, as most of the technological studies have been conducted on Egyptian and Aegean artifacts mostly dating to Late Bronze Age (New Kingdom, Minoan culture respectively).
A total of 38 beads securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III (2900-2500 BCE) were unearthed at Tell es-Safi/Gath. The beads were made from various materials; among semi-precious stones and shells, more than half (23) were identified as faience, and are the focus of this study. The beads were found on floors of various rooms and buildings. To the best of our knowledge this is the earliest assemblage of faience beads so far studied in depth from the Levant.
In order to infer on technological aspects, such as formation methods and, the use of raw materials and pigments, the beads were subjected to chemical and microstructure analysis using SEM-EDS, Infra-red spectroscopy and pXRF analyses. The results shed light on the production of early vitreous material during this period.
Bronze (EB) III (2850‐2500 BCE) occupation in order to provide insights into the animal husbandry strategies at Tell es‐
Safi/Gath. Will use the ovicaprine remains from the EB occupation at Tell es‐Safi/Gath, Israel.
Data: The site of Tell es‐Safi, located in the Shephelah region in Israel, has yielded the remains of an EB neighbourhood with
a rich assemblages of animal bones from several houses, courtyards and an adjacent alleyway. This neighbourhood is
thought to be a merchant’s quarter since it has evidence of extensive trade with the surrounding regions. Using ovicaprine
astragali recovered from these deposits, geometric morphometric comparisons were conducted to determine the
composition of and changes to sheep and goat breeds during this period.