Books by Fabien Montcher
From Lisbon to Rome via the Gulf of Guinea and the sugar mills of northern Brazil, this book expl... more From Lisbon to Rome via the Gulf of Guinea and the sugar mills of northern Brazil, this book explores the strategies and practices that displaced scholars cultivated to navigate the murky waters of late Renaissance politics. By tracing the life of the Portuguese jurist-scholar Vicente Nogueira (1586-1654) across diverse social, cultural, and political spaces, Fabien Montcher reveals a world of religious conflicts and imperial rivalries. Here, European agents developed the practice of 'bibliopolitics'-using local and international systems for buying and selling books and manuscripts to foster political communication and debate, and ultimately to negotiate their survival. Bibliopolitics fostered the advent of a generation of 'mercenaries of knowledge' whose stories constitute a key part of seventeenthcentury social and cultural history. This book also demonstrates their crucial role in creating an international and dynamic Republic of Letters with others who helped shape early modern intellectual and political worlds.
The Sixteenth Century Journal, 2024
REVIEWED BY Adrian Masters Trier University Mercenaries of Knowledge sets out to study the practi... more REVIEWED BY Adrian Masters Trier University Mercenaries of Knowledge sets out to study the practices and tactics of a type of scrappy semimarginal traveling scholar active during the turbulent seventeenth century. Montcher proposes that in an era straddling that of the humanists of the 1500s and of the philosophes of the 1700s, circulated what he calls "mercenaries of knowledge." These were widely dispersed, pragmatic, mobile, and socially precarious intellectuals. They held tolerant, reformist views and often engaged in libertine practices behind closed doors. These scholars of fortune traveled between the mightiest courts of the time, hopping from patron to patron and offering new intellectual, bibliographical, and political services to each new master. Montcher envisions these merchants as the products of a generation of instability and conflict. During to the Thirty Years' War, in which many intellectual circles rose, fell, and were dispersed, these actors operated in-between states and patrons and thereby linked multiple Republics of Letters. Yet their political loyalties were as fluid as the times. Some such mercenaries were women, like Catalina de Eraso, but most were men; all traded in strong masculine styles of behavior. Many also moved in a globe-spanning network of libertine connections, which Montcher describes as "emotional communities" held together in part by "same-sex relations" (18). This book (which is very nearly a biography) studies this generation of mercenaries of knowledge through the life of Portuguese-born Vicente Nogueira (1586-1654). It consists of three sections. The first, comprised of two chapters, describes Nogueira's early life in the context of the 1580 to 1640 Spanish-Portuguese composite monarchy and its vast social and intellectual circles. It traces how Nogueira, son of a Portuguese New Christian jurist, trained at elite Iberian universities, formed a robust network of intellectual contacts, became a Lisbon jurist, clergyman, and book collector and editor of literary and historical works. Propelling Nogueira's abandonment of law was his own servant's 1614 allegation he was a "sodomite," a scandal worsened by his polemical aristocratic protector Juan de Tassis's loss of courtly favor with the 1618 retirement of Spanish royal premier Francisco de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma. Tassis's libertine dalliances with other men provided a pretext for the new Spanish premier Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares, and his inquisitorial allies to pursue Nogueira and other dissenters. Chapter 2 considers how Nogueira's location in the Iberian Peninsula during his early life gave him access to
Articles by Fabien Montcher
Iberian-connections, 2020
https://iberian-connections.yale.edu/articles/the-zest-of-still-life-empires/
"...While working... more https://iberian-connections.yale.edu/articles/the-zest-of-still-life-empires/
"...While working on the economic and intellectual history of citrus fruits–including their derivatives like jams, perfumes or images–across the Iberian Empire (1580-1640), I have determined that the circulations of these fruits and associated products contributed to the rhizomatic articulation and disarticulation of empires that were perpetually prolonging themselves, breaking off and starting up again. Through these processes, fruit circulations contributed to visual reinventions, physical displacements, and intellectual connections across and amid the ever-changing political structures of empires..."
Pedralbes, 2020
This article analyses how intellectual and political conversations about the exchanges of fruits ... more This article analyses how intellectual and political conversations about the exchanges of fruits interacted with knowledge-power relations across the Western Mediterranean during the Late Renaissance. I argue that scholarly networks fostered informal diplomacy through the use of paradoxical meaning of citrus goods newly arrived via Iberian monarchies, and that this political communication was articulated around concepts such as tolerance and sweetness. Between Spain, Portugal, and Rome, I demonstrate how political practices and discourses about citruses fuelled struggles for sovereignty during a time marked by continuous wars and debates about the status of religious minorities.
Dimensioni e problemi della ricerca storica 2, 2019
À l ’époque moderne, l ’écriture officielle de l ’histoire dans la monarchie
hispanique passait p... more À l ’époque moderne, l ’écriture officielle de l ’histoire dans la monarchie
hispanique passait par la nomination d’historiographes royaux. Ces nominations contribuèrent à la mise en place d’un dispositif de contrôle de l ’accès aux archives et de l ’écriture de l ’histoire. Cet article décrit les principaux éléments de ce dispositif en montrant ses limites et son caractère polycentrique et polyphonique.
This article analyses the formation of scholar-jurists’ archives during Late Renaissance conflict... more This article analyses the formation of scholar-jurists’ archives during Late Renaissance conflicts, and their use by individuals and state powers. Departing from the case of the French scholar, Théodore Godefroy (1580-1649), and his role in the Peace of Westphalia (1643-1648), this article shows how scholars’ portable archives were used as archival arsenals during diplomatic negotiations, eventually leading to the adoption of a system of “archival absolutism” in France. This archival absolutism was a reaction to the fragmentation of archives that had previously fostered trans-imperial exchanges among scholars. This article also demonstrates, through the case of Godefroy’s portable archive and correspondence, how the search for legitimacy by a peripheral actor–like Portugal–during a period of conflict between the chief hegemonic powers in western Europe–Spain and France–contributed to the distinct development of those states’ uses of legal experts and their archives over the course of the seventeenth century.
This article focuses on how learned communication conditioned the continuity and developments of ... more This article focuses on how learned communication conditioned the continuity and developments of political communication during early modern times of war. Exchanges of books and the plundering of libraries and archives constituted only a small part of a wide array of practices, which this articles refers to as "bibliopolitics," which were responsible for such continuity and developments. During open conflict, bibliopolitics secured political communication and contributed to the development of multilateral foreign relations. By taking as its main point of reference the relations that Iberian scholarly dissidents established with other European states from positions of exile in Rome during the first part of the seventeenth century, this article invites the reader to reconsider the role that Iberian men of letters and the Republic of Letters played in connecting multiple state information systems and in securing transfers of imperial hegemonies.
The trajectory of Vicente Nogueira (1586–1654) demonstrates how an Iberian intellectual who was w... more The trajectory of Vicente Nogueira (1586–1654) demonstrates how an Iberian intellectual who was well attuned to the composite governmental structure of the Iberian empire (c.1580–c.1640) strengthened the ties between state communication systems and learned communities during the Late Renaissance. This article highlights the political valence of historical knowledge that was gathered and distributed throughout the Republic of Letters with emphasis on the code-switching of a scholar who styled himself differently across learned communities depending on his political circumstances, interests, and interlocutors. The study of Nogueira’s itinerary demonstrates the need for a history of early modern scholarship that takes into account the ways that early modern politics and state communication systems were connected by learned networks.
L’intégration de nouvelles élites politiques dans la Monarchie hispanique, fut liée au marché gén... more L’intégration de nouvelles élites politiques dans la Monarchie hispanique, fut liée au marché généalogique qu’organisèrent les héritiers du fameux exégète de Tacite, Juste Lipse (1547-1596) aux débuts du XVIIe siècle. Malgré l’incapacité d’achever l’écriture d’une histoire générale de la Monarchie hispanique et de ses sujets, même avec l’aide de Tacite, les négociations généalogiques des héritiers de Lipse révèlent des pratiques savantes qui permettent de mieux saisir la nature des relations politiques que les discours historiographiques produits dans cette monarchie établirent entre le pouvoir royal et les différents élites territoriales la composant. Cet article démontre comment les débats portant sur la nature composite et polycentrique de la Monarchie hispanique reposèrent sur la circulation d’hommes savants dans les réseaux politiques européens de la première moitié du XVIIe siècle.
The official writing of history in the Iberian Empire (c. 1580-1640) relied on royal historiograp... more The official writing of history in the Iberian Empire (c. 1580-1640) relied on royal historiographers appointed throughout its many territories. Though non systematic, these appointments aimed to create a historiographical arrangement or dispositif that would monopolize the writing of history by controlling access and use of archives. This article points out the limits of such a dispositif. The access of royal historiographers to archives was by no means restricted to the central repositories of the Empire; furthermore, the writing of history did not even rely exclusively on royal historiographers. These wrote their works in collaboration with members of the administrations of the Empire but often other scholars reacted against the privileges of royal appointees and took full responsibility as self-declared official writers of history. Scholarly collaborations and/or confrontations, however, all eventually contributed to reinforce the polycentric organization of the Empire. They fostered scholarly communication within and beyond the Empire that transcended the networks promoted by the court.
in La dame de cœur. Patronage et mécénat religieux des femmes de pouvoir dans l’Europe des XIVe-X... more in La dame de cœur. Patronage et mécénat religieux des femmes de pouvoir dans l’Europe des XIVe-XVIIe siècles, M. Gaude-Ferragu et Cécile Vincent-Cassy (dir.), PUR, 2016, pp. 167-192
Este artículo contextualiza las prácticas y las ideas historiograficas insertadas en la obra de C... more Este artículo contextualiza las prácticas y las ideas historiograficas insertadas en la obra de Cervantes tomando en cuenta los cambios culturales y politicos que afectaron la escritura de la historia a finales del siglo XVI y a principios del siglo XVII. Las dos primeras partes de este artículo tratan de la influencia de las reflexiones del humanista Juan López de Hoyos sobre Cervantes a la par que indagan cómo el “caro y amado discípulo” se enfren-tó a la herencia de su maestro entre 1570 y 1598. Las tres últimas partes cuestionan cómo, frente al giro político del conocimiento historico a finales del siglo XVI, Cervantes desa-rolló ficciones metahistoriograficas en pos de ofrecer una crítica política y una alternativa poética a las formas de hacer historia de su época. De esta manera, Cervantes se hizo un hueco en el competitivo mercado de narraciones históricas que se constituyó en relación con las políticas europeas de paz entre 1598 y 1615.
This lecture focuses on biographical writing about multifaceted figures in the
Early Modern Repub... more This lecture focuses on biographical writing about multifaceted figures in the
Early Modern Republic of Letters, going beyond the categories of
intermediaries and go-betweens. In order to do so, it is necessary to rethink the
individual trajectories that were forged between the polycentric worlds of the
Iberian Empire, Rome and the Mediterranean. The case of the Castilian-
Portuguese Vicente Nogueira (1586-1654), who was first trained as a jurist and
later suffered exile in Africa, Brazil and Rome, is a perfect example of how an
Iberian counselor, librarian and book hunter contributed to the Mediterranean
circulation of political models that fostered the Portuguese Restauração and his
own restoration as a scholar.
Fabien MONTCHER, « The Transatlantic Mediation of Historical Knowledge across the Iberian Empire (c1580-c1640) », e-Spania [Online], 18 | juin 2014, URL : http://e-spania.revues.org/23697 ; DOI : 10.4000/e-spania.23697, Jul 2014
During the time of the Political Turn in the historiography of the Iberian Empire (1580-1640), th... more During the time of the Political Turn in the historiography of the Iberian Empire (1580-1640), the parallel careers of the royal historiographer Antonio de Herrera and the would-be historian Francisco Caro de Torres are indicative of the developing mutual relations between global informants and court officials. Departing from the case of the defeat of the English corsair Drake in Panama (1596), this paper examines the processes by which the narrative of such a recent event was negotiated, censored, and reshaped according to the strategies of different court factions, and revived decades later for different professional and political uses. The case of how both Herrera and Caro de Torres used the narrative of Drake's final expedition shows the historical and political enjeux of the writing of recent history across the Atlantic between Madrid and Panama. Finally, both trajectories demonstrate continuity between the political practices royal historiographers in the reigns of Philip II and Philip III and the « hired pens » who would come to foster political action by the means of the politics of history under Philip IV.
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Books by Fabien Montcher
Articles by Fabien Montcher
"...While working on the economic and intellectual history of citrus fruits–including their derivatives like jams, perfumes or images–across the Iberian Empire (1580-1640), I have determined that the circulations of these fruits and associated products contributed to the rhizomatic articulation and disarticulation of empires that were perpetually prolonging themselves, breaking off and starting up again. Through these processes, fruit circulations contributed to visual reinventions, physical displacements, and intellectual connections across and amid the ever-changing political structures of empires..."
hispanique passait par la nomination d’historiographes royaux. Ces nominations contribuèrent à la mise en place d’un dispositif de contrôle de l ’accès aux archives et de l ’écriture de l ’histoire. Cet article décrit les principaux éléments de ce dispositif en montrant ses limites et son caractère polycentrique et polyphonique.
Early Modern Republic of Letters, going beyond the categories of
intermediaries and go-betweens. In order to do so, it is necessary to rethink the
individual trajectories that were forged between the polycentric worlds of the
Iberian Empire, Rome and the Mediterranean. The case of the Castilian-
Portuguese Vicente Nogueira (1586-1654), who was first trained as a jurist and
later suffered exile in Africa, Brazil and Rome, is a perfect example of how an
Iberian counselor, librarian and book hunter contributed to the Mediterranean
circulation of political models that fostered the Portuguese Restauração and his
own restoration as a scholar.
"...While working on the economic and intellectual history of citrus fruits–including their derivatives like jams, perfumes or images–across the Iberian Empire (1580-1640), I have determined that the circulations of these fruits and associated products contributed to the rhizomatic articulation and disarticulation of empires that were perpetually prolonging themselves, breaking off and starting up again. Through these processes, fruit circulations contributed to visual reinventions, physical displacements, and intellectual connections across and amid the ever-changing political structures of empires..."
hispanique passait par la nomination d’historiographes royaux. Ces nominations contribuèrent à la mise en place d’un dispositif de contrôle de l ’accès aux archives et de l ’écriture de l ’histoire. Cet article décrit les principaux éléments de ce dispositif en montrant ses limites et son caractère polycentrique et polyphonique.
Early Modern Republic of Letters, going beyond the categories of
intermediaries and go-betweens. In order to do so, it is necessary to rethink the
individual trajectories that were forged between the polycentric worlds of the
Iberian Empire, Rome and the Mediterranean. The case of the Castilian-
Portuguese Vicente Nogueira (1586-1654), who was first trained as a jurist and
later suffered exile in Africa, Brazil and Rome, is a perfect example of how an
Iberian counselor, librarian and book hunter contributed to the Mediterranean
circulation of political models that fostered the Portuguese Restauração and his
own restoration as a scholar.
The aim of this paper is to understand how the many experiences created by the practices of the Iberian Empire were processed by the historians and men of letters in the Catholic
Monarchy. The information contained in their writings subsequently became part of the information system of the composite monarchy, and by means of this system these experiences were difused among the French erudite and state networks during the reigns of
Henry IV and Louis XIII. This circulation of political ideas contributed to strengthen the contents of the patrimonial collections owned by French families of scholars who served the King. It was these scholars who held the most prominant place in institutions that
were both intelectual and political such as as the King´s library. Although the French scholars did not awknowledge that they used information created within the Hispanic Monarchy, by the way of political intermediaries and their own papers they developed a
precise knowledge of the political nature of that monarchy and used that received experience to influence French political models.
Readers can explore how the rhizome concept can be applied to the study of the early modern Iberian world on the blog (Stories) of the Newberry Center for Renaissance Studies, in three connected posts: Rhizome I: Entering the Iberian Rhizomatic Worlds, Rhizome II: Entangled Spaces and Words, and Rhizome III: Entangled Experiences and Meanings.
https://www.newberry.org/blog/rhizome-i-entering-the-iberian-rhizomatic-worlds
Page 5 à 16 Savoirs et Pouvoirs à l'âge de l'humanisme tardif
- Richard Maber
Page 17 à 29 Les réseaux de communication érudits et les pouvoirs de l'État en France au XVIIe siècle : indépendance et interpénétration
Alfredo Alvar-Ezquerra
Page 31 à 41 Les humanistes de l'Escorial et la révolution historiographique à la cour de Philippe II d'Espagne
Chantal Grell
Page 43 à 53 Astrologie et politique au milieu du XVIIe siècle : les « nativités » et « révolutions » de Boulliau et de des Noyers
Guy Lazure
Page 55 à 76 Pratiques intellectuelles et transmission du savoir dans les milieux lettrés sévillans. L'archéologie de deux grandes bibliothèques, XVIe-XVIIe siècles
Mercedes García-Arenal, Fernando Rodríguez Mediano
Page 77 à 89 Les Antiquités hébraïques dans l'historiographie espagnole à l'époque moderne
Henk Nellen
Page 91 à 117 Être à la page de l'ère de l'information : Grotius collectionneur de manuscrits sur l'union des églises
Marco Penzi
Page 119 à 137 Les Rouges, les noirs et les larmes d'un Roi : autour de l'enregistrement de l'édit de Nemours, dans l'historiographie et l'histoire
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeXAe0TTqZrcjoI5v-FJTLGE03V6dv7RPl6hOyyYtgHObbm7g/viewform
The Mediterranean Seminar and Saint Louis University invite you to attend: "Mediterranean Ecologies,” the Mediterranean Seminar 2024 Spring Workshop, to be held on 26 & 27 April at Saint Louis University, in at Saint Louis, Missouri.
This workshop is organized by Brian A. Catlos (University of Colorado Boulder), Claire Gilbert (Saint Louis University). Sharon Kinoshita (University of California Santa Cruz), and Fabien Montcher (Saint Louis University).
It is sponsored by the SLU Center for Iberian Historical Studies (CIHS), the Taylor Geospatial Institute Spatial Humanities Working Group (TGI-SH), College of Arts and Sciences and Office of the Vice President for Research, and the Office of the Provost at Saint Louis University, together with the Mediterranean Seminar and the CU Mediterranean Studies Group.
The Mediterranean region represents both a human and a natural archive. Scholars now and in the past have drawn on this archive to define patterns of interaction and explain cultural or political outcomes across the Mediterranean region or connecting it to other regions. The multiplicity of forms of such interactions offers an opportunity to rethink our understanding of the relationship between human and natural processes as defining characteristics of Mediterranean history. “Mediterranean Ecologies” aims to bring together specialists from a range of humanistic, social scientific, creative, and scientific disciplines to engage with diverse practices–past and present–that connected a multitude of beings across diverse Mediterranean environments.
What do these practices teach us about how such actors understood their lived and perceived environments and what the consequences are for present-day political and ecological questions? The terms “ecologies” and “environments” are here capacious. During the workshop, we will reflect collectively and critically upon how the sea, its micro-regions, and its connected ecological units cultivated a sense of shared space and at the same time became laboratories through which awareness about natural and human phenomena, like disasters and diasporas, manifested in cultural forms and political attitudes.
https://www.newberry.org/calendar/on-iberian-rhizomatic-worlds-1400s-1700s
Depuis quelques années, on assiste sur la scène internationale à l’apparition d’une nouvelle histoire culturelle des archives. Mais si l’histoire des sciences aujourd’hui se préoccupe de comprendre comment les technologies modèlent la connaissance, y compris les «technologies de papier » (paper technologies) — de la liste administrative aux livres de lieux communs, de la fiche de police au dossier médical, jusque précisément aux archives, quelle que soit leur nature -, cette problématique semble encore éloignée de l’histoire, de même que des sciences humaines en général. De fait, les travaux sur l’historiographie et les historiographes de l’époque moderne (jusqu’au XIXe siècle) n’abordent que rarement, ou seulement de manière indirecte, la question de la matérialité du travail érudit. Même en dépassant la fausse dichotomie entre érudition et philosophie, la pratique des spécialistes de l’histoire de l’historiographie témoigne de leur proximité avec l’histoire intellectuelle dans la mesure où ils privilégient des historiens qui construisaient eux-mêmes leur discours à partir de textes conservés dans des bibliothèques plutôt que de sources consignées dans des archives. De la même façon, rares sont les études qui s’interrogent sur les relations entre l’usage des archives et le développement des sciences humaines. Si depuis les années 1980 l’accent est mis sur les significations politiques et symboliques des archives, la question des pratiques savantes que celles-ci génèrent, tant dans leur gestion que dans les modalités d’utilisation des documents, reste un domaine largement inexploré. Le but de ce projet est donc de mettre à l’épreuve l’hypothèse selon laquelle un changement de perspective consistant à mettre en avant les pratiques savantes d’archives serait susceptible de renouveler les approches traditionnelles de l’histoire de l’historiographie et, partant, des sciences humaines : plutôt que de pointer les particularismes, il se propose de mettre en lumière les caractéristiques communes aux historiographies nationales ainsi que les liens entre les différents domaines de connaissance.
Le premier volet de l’enquête se concentrera sur l’histoire et l’historiographie. Un atelier de recherche d’une journée et demie réunissant des chercheurs issus de diverses
disciplines (histoire, archivistique, histoire de l’art, histoire du livre, etc.) sera organisé en mars 2015. Il portera sur les archives comme sources de construction de l’histoire et lieux d’élaboration du discours historique entre les XVIIe et XIXe siècles. Cet atelier aura d’abord pour mission d’explorer les usages des archives pour l’écriture de l’histoire et, inversement, l’utilisation de l’histoire — souvent implicite — pour l’organisation des archives. Il examinera ensuite la question des modalités de transferts de savoir et de savoir-faire entre « histoire générale » et histoire de l’art, de l’église et histoire locale, en interrogeant les effets de la mobilité des hommes (voyages dans différents fonds d’archives), les déplacements des fonds d'archives et la circulation de systèmes de classification entre des domaines contigus (bibliographie, catalogage muséale). Il ouvrira enfin la voie à un repérage des arguments employés tant pour justifier la création d’archives que pour mettre en oeuvre des choix de conservation.
During the 2023-2024 academic year, a group of Newberry fellows and scholars-in-residence from different fields and disciplines in early modern Iberian studies developed a common interest in a methodological approach called “the rhizome,” which embraces the vast array of complicated connections between ideas, objects, and actions in the past, just like the complex root systems of subterranean plants that originally carried that name. The so-called Newberry Rhizome Group explored this interest through informal conversations, research in the reading rooms, and at CRS programming throughout the year. This post is Part One of a series in which these scholars share the fruit of these explorations. To see Part Two, click here; for Part Three, click here.
This collection of contributions was designed and edited by Fabien Montcher (The Saint Louis University Center for Iberian Historical Studies - CIHS) and Maria Vittoria Spissu (Marie Skłodowska-Curie Global Fellow - University of Bologna/The Newberry Library) in the Spring and Summer of 2024.
Fabien Montcher, Department of History, Saint Louis University
Entanglements in 'Place(s) Whose Names I Do Not Care to Remember'
&
Maria Vittoria Spissu, Department of the Arts, University of Bologna
Magnetic Iberian Interactions
https://www.newberry.org/blog/rhizome-ii-entangled-spaces-and-words
This collection of contributions was designed and edited by Fabien Montcher (The Saint Louis University Center for Iberian Historical Studies - CIHS) and Maria Vittoria Spissu (Marie Skłodowska-Curie Global Fellow - University of Bologna/The Newberry Library) in the Spring and Summer of 2024.
Claire Gilbert, Department of History, Saint Louis University
Lexicography as Rhizome
&
Miguel Martínez, Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, University of Chicago
Against Depth. On Shipwreck in the Spanish Pacific
&
Fabien Montcher, Department of History, Saint Louis University
Indigenous 'Libertins,' French 'Naturales,' and African 'Dévots,' in 'La Martinique' (c. 1640)
During the 2023-2024 academic year, a group of Newberry fellows and scholars-in-residence from different fields and disciplines in early modern Iberian studies developed a common interest in a methodological approach called “the rhizome,” which embraces the vast array of complicated connections between ideas, objects, and actions in the past, just like the complex root systems of subterranean plants that originally carried that name. The so-called Newberry Rhizome Group explored this interest through informal conversations, research in the reading rooms, and at CRS programming throughout the year. This post is Part Three of a series in which these scholars share the fruit of these explorations.
This collection of contributions was designed and edited by Fabien Montcher (The Saint Louis University Center for Iberian Historical Studies - CIHS) and Maria Vittoria Spissu (Marie Skłodowska-Curie Global Fellow - University of Bologna/The Newberry Library) in the Spring and Summer of 2024.
Maria Vittoria Spissu, Department of the Arts, University of Bologna
Dreams of Pacified Societies in Rhizomatic Worlds
&
Javier Villa-Flores, Department of Religion, Emory University
On the Rhizomatic Potential of Emblems
&
Andrea Reed-Leal, Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, University of Chicago
Entangled Times in 'Codex Zempoala'
&
Diana Berruezo-Sánchez, Department of Spanish Studies, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Rhizomatic Conversion Environments