Business Administration

Öz Turizm işletmeleri, çeşitli olumsuz çevresel koşullara maruz kalarak türbülanslı çevrede ayakta kalmaya çalışmaktadır. Bu çevresel faktörlerin ise kimi işletmelerde daha etkili olduğu ve kırılganlıklara yol açtığı dikkat çekmektedir. Bu açıdan turizm işletmelerini etkileyecek bu unsurların neler olduğunun bilinmesi ve işletme türlerine göre etkisinin değerlendirilmesi, işletme özeline göre farklı önlemlerin alınması açısından önemli görülmektedir. Bu kapsamda araştırmada, turizm işletmelerinin kırılganlıklarının neler olduğu, kırılganlık düzeyleri ve kırılganlıkların işletme gruplarına göre farklılık gösterip göstermediğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Veriler anket tekniğiyle ile toplanmış ve İstanbul'da konaklama, seyahat ve havayolu işletmelerinde çalışan toplam 401 üst, orta ve alt düzey yönetici örnekleme dâhil edilmiştir. Turizm işletmelerinin kırılganlıkları "mevsimsel dalgalanmalar", "turist tercihindeki ani değişimler", "yasa ve mevzuat sorunları", "ekonomik sorunlar", "güvenlik sorunları", "politik sorunlar" ve "rekabetçi baskılar" olarak belirlenmiştir. Politik ve güvenlik sorunlarına karşı konaklama ve havayolu işletmelerinin seyahat acentalarına göre daha kırılgan olduğu belirlenirken, turist tercihindeki ani değişimlere karşı en çok kırılgan olan sektörün seyahat acentaları olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Rekabetçi baskılara karşı ise konaklama işletmelerinin havayolu işletmeleri ve seyahat acentalarına göre daha kırılgan olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Tourism companies often experience vulnerabilities due to the crisis and adverse environmental conditions. Today, one of the ways to cope with vulnerabilities and gain superiority in competition is the development of resilience capacity. Th is research attempts to determine the eff ect of resilience capacity on vulnerabilities. In the research, the data has been obtained via survey technique from a total of 401 managers from 141 accommodation businesses, 137 travel agencies and 123 airline businesses. As a result, the tourism-specifi c resilience model, which consists of 'planning strategies', 'proactive posture', 'access to information', 'networks and relations', 'leadership' and 'business culture', has been developed. Th e results of the Path Analysis have exhibited that the resilience capacity in tourism businesses decreases the vulnerabilities. Th e research has also compared resilience capacities of accommodation, travel and airline businesses. Th e results revealed that in general there were no signifi cant diff erences between diff erent types of tourism establishments in terms of resilience capacity dimensions except the leadership dimension. Further, this study revealed that travel agencies performed signifi cantly higher than the accommodation businesses in terms of leadership dimension of the resilience capacity.

Recreational activities have psychological and social contributions in addition to individual recreation, and are extremely important especially for university students in development of healthy personality and establishing positive social relations. Continuation of a student's recreational activities after graduation, which has commenced at school, is quite significant in internalization of recreational awareness. The student's decision to continue a recreational activity in the future is dependent on the experiences of the student in this activity. This study aims to reveal detailed information about the recreation experiences of the students. Thus, the primary objective of the study was to access the information on preferred recreation activity categories, recreation experiences, and the intent to continue these activities. In the study, quantitative research approach was adopted and survey form was applied to a sample of 268 students who were registered to student clubs in the university. Factor analysis, correlation, and regression analysis were used in the analysis of the survey data. Result of the factor analysis conducted on the "Recreation Experience Preferences" (REP) scale items, it was determined that the scale was structured in seven dimensions of "physical exercise and rest," "learning about new and different objects and people," "leading and introspection," "achievement," "escape from personal-social pressures," "learning about culture, arts and nature," and "human relations" and REP scale could be used to assess recreational experiences as well as the determination of recreational preferences. The findings of the study determined that the students preferred social recreation activities the most, followed by cultural, artistic, and physical recreational activities. Student participation frequencies based on activity categories could be sorted as social, artistic, cultural, and physical, respectively. As the students' participation frequency in recreation activities increased, the experiences acquired increased as well. Thus, it was observed that as the frequency of participation in social, cultural, and artistic categories increased, the experiences in "learning about to nature, culture and art" and "escape from personal-social pressures" increased accordingly. The findings of the study determined that the dimensions of experience acquitted as a result of recreational activities of "leading and introspection" and "human relations" were effective on the intent of the students on sustaining the related recreational activity. Thus, applications that would help students to spend their leisure times in sustainable activities to become physically, mentally, and socially healthy individuals in the future and would develop their experiences in the dimensions of "leadership" and "human relations" should be prioritized.

Distance Education System of Anadolu University offers flexible university education in 57 undergraduate and associate degree programs supported with the latest technologies for learners in 17 countries around the world. In total, the system has about 3 million active and passive students and 3 million graduates, and Tourism Management is among the undergraduate programs offered within the system. The program was first established as Hospitality Management in the 2009-2010 academic year and the name of the program was changed to Tourism Management in 2019. Since then, 16.737 students have graduated from the program and have started their professionals. 9.700 students are currently receiving education from the program.

Campgrounds are an essential part of the camping experience due to the attractions and facilities they offer to campers. The factors that motivate campers to travel have increasingly become more complex making it vital to take camper expectations into account for effective planning of campgrounds. The present study aimed to determine the trailer park amenities based on expert opinion. The paper systematically applied the Fuzzy Pivot Pairwise RElative Criteria Importance Assessment (Fuzzy PIPRECIA) Method in the selection of the trailer park criteria. Four main criteria and 20 sub-criteria were considered. In the findings the amenities were structured as follows: primarily, 'location,' followed by 'necessities' and 'campground attributes' and finally 'facilities and camping tools.' Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients were employed to determine the consistency of the proposed model.

Th e large number of tourism facilities along the coasts of Antalya, which is one of the world's mostvisited tourist attractions, led to extinction of many cultural and landscape elements that attract tourists and local community towards the coasts. Th e camping sites, which bear the traces of temporary accommodation and transient lifestyle of the local community in places called 'oba' locally, are on the brink of shutdown today. Since these transformation on the coastline of Antalya impede the social and cultural lifestyles of local community, this subject becomes important within the context of both tourism and socio-cultural evolution. From this viewpoint, it is aimed to analyze the impacts of coastal structuring and commercialization on the coastal campgrounds that increased along with mass tourism development in Antalya. In this paper, the evolution and transformation of camping and coastal campgrounds in Antalya are investigated, and root causes and resultant eff ects of this transformation are qualitatively presented by using oral history method from the viewpoint of the witnesses.

In this paper, it is evaluated performance of Turkish Type A mutual funds and pension stock funds by using TOPSIS method which is a multicriteria decision making approach. Both of these funds compose of stocks in their portfolios, so it can be enabled to compare each other. Generally, mutual or pension funds are evaluated according to their risk and return. At this point, it is used traditional performance measurement techniques of funds like Sharpe ratio, Sortino ratio, Treynor index and Jensen's alpha. TOPSIS method takes into consideration all of these fund performance measurement techniques and provides more reasonable performance measurement.

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the usage of Analytic Hierarchy Process in choosing performance criteria of the balanced scorecard considering firms' differentiation strategies. The balanced scorecard is a strategic planning and management system which is aligning firms' activities and strategies, and is aimed to continually improve strategic performance. Analytic Hierarchy Process is a multi-criteria decision method including qualitative factors in addition to quantitative factors in a decision process. In this paper, it is mentioned that how can be choosing performance criteria constructing the balanced scorecard as the firms' strategic performance measurement tool by using Analytic Hierarchy Process and it is explained by an illustrative example.

A time series has a long memory, in this case there is autocorrelation at long lags. If prices or rates display long memory, they show significant autocorrelation between observations widely separated in time. The characterization of real exchange rate series as random in nature has been questioned in recent times by the application of some new statistical tools. This paper analysis long memory of foreign exchange rate US Dollar (USD) against the New Turkish Lira (TRL). The KPSS statistic, the Modified R/S statistic and the modified variance V/S statistic are used to detect long memory property of the series. Application of these tests suggests that USD/TRL real exchange rate movement shows evidence of long memory.

Gene profiling studies of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has revealed increased expression of Ror1, a cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase. The aim of present study was to analyze gene and protein expression of Ror1 in CLL cells and normal blood leukocytes. Gene expression analysis reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of ROR1 revealed that all patients with CLL (n = 100) spontaneously expressed ROR1 mRNA whereas enriched blood B and T cells as well as granulocytes from healthy donors (n = 10) were negative. A strong nonphysiological activation signal (PMA/ionomycin) was required to induce expression in vitro in normal lymphocytes. Major genomic aberrations (mutations or truncation) of ROR1 were not observed. Protein expression was analyzed by Western blot using a panel of polyclonal anti-Ror antibodies as well as flow cytometry. Blood lymphocytes from 18/18 CLL patients, but none of the 10 healthy donors, expressed surface Ror1. The majority of CLL cells exhibited Ror1 surface expression (71% mean; range 36–92%) with a mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of 20 (range 10–45). The corresponding MFI of CD19 on CLL cells was 26 (range 9–48). There was no difference in the Ror1 protein expression comparing IgVH mutated and unmutated cases as well as progressive and nonprogressive CLL patients. Two different variants of the Ror1 protein, 105 and 130 kDa, were identified. The Ror1 protein expression in patients with CLL but not in normal leukocytes merits further studies of its role in the pathobiology of CLL, which may provide a basis for development of Ror1 directed targeted therapy. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.